RIV RiverNorth Opportunities Fund Inc

 

UNITED STATES 

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION 

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

FORM N-CSR

 

CERTIFIED SHAREHOLDER REPORT OF REGISTERED 

MANAGEMENT INVESTMENT COMPANIES

 

811-22472 

(Investment Company Act File Number)

 

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc. 

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Charter)

 

360 South Rosemary Avenue, Suite 1420 

West Palm Beach, FL 33401 

(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

 

Marcus L. Collins, Esq. 

RiverNorth Capital Management, LLC 

360 South Rosemary Avenue, Suite 1420 

West Palm Beach, FL 33401 

(Name and Address of Agent for Service)

 

(561) 484-7185 

(Registrant’s Telephone Number)

 

Date of Fiscal Year End: July 31

 

Date of Reporting Period: July 31, 2023

Item 1.

Reports to Stockholders.

 

(a)

 

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Table of Contents

 

Shareholder Letter	2
Performance Overview	4
Statement of Investments	8
Statement of Assets and Liabilities	22
Statement of Operations	23
Statements of Changes in Net Assets Attributable to Common Shareholders	24
Financial Highlights	26
Notes to Financial Statements	29
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	44
Dividend Reinvestment Plan	45
Additional Information	47
Portfolio Holdings	47
Proxy Voting	47
Unaudited Tax Information	47
Expense Example	48
Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund	50
Directors and Officers	83
Data Privacy Policies and Procedures	91

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Shareholder Letter

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

Dear Fellow Shareholders,

 

At this time last year, the Federal Reserve (“Fed”) was in the early stages of what has turned out to be a historic interest rate hiking cycle in an effort to cool inflation. The dramatic increase in short term rates has caused the U.S. Treasury yield curve to invert as longer-term treasury yields have been relatively sticky. Further, potential increases in rates – both short term and long term – have been acting as somewhat of a “Sword of Damocles” hanging over the closed-end fund (“CEF”) market.

 

Given the environment as described above, the sentiment of CEF investors over the past year has remained somewhat negative after experiencing significant negative performance from the fall of 2021 throughout most of calendar year 2022. This negative sentiment, combined with yields on “risk free”, short term treasuries that now yield more than 5%, may have been an excuse for traditional CEF investors to remain on the sidelines.

 

While challenging to quantify, we are appearing to see CEF investor sentiment shifting towards a more positive sentiment. The Fed paused rate hikes at their June 2023 meeting to provide the necessary time for the historic increases to have their lagged effect. It does appear that inflation is cooling, while the overall U.S. economy has remained resilient. Notwithstanding recent cuts, CEF distribution rates remain attractive. Further, net asset value (“NAV”) performance for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2023 has been positive across all CEF broad peer groups that we monitor with the exception of municipal CEFs (down 2.04%). We believe that attractive discounts, high distribution yields, and recent positive performance, combined with a waning fear of recession can combine to drive significant positive performance and discount narrowing from here. Of course, the primary risks of rising rates and economic weakness continue to warrant conservatism in CEF investing.

 

We believe interest rate uncertainty combined with volatility favors a bottom-up, active investment strategy comprised of a handful of unique asset classes RiverNorth specializes in. We believe that our ability to react to CEF volatility, while also owning an actively managed portfolio of debt and equity securities issued by business development companies (“BDCs”), plus pre-merger special purpose acquisition companies (“SPACs”), provides a bespoke alternative to traditional fixed income strategies.

 

We are pleased to provide you with the following 2023 Annual Report. Please visit www.rivernorth.com for additional information. We thank you for your investment and trust in managing your assets.

 

Respectfully,

 

RiverNorth Capital Management, LLC

 

Opinions and estimates offered constitute our judgment and are subject to change.

 

2	www.rivernorth.com

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Shareholder Letter

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

  

DEFINITIONS

 

Sword of Damocles refers to an imminent threat and is attributed to the Roman philosopher Cicero (106-43 BC).

 

U.S. Treasuries are seen as a good example of a risk-free investment because they are backed by the “full faith and credit” of the U.S. government.

 

Business Development Companies (BDC) are organizations that invest in small- and medium-sized companies as well as distressed companies. A BDC helps the small- and medium-sized firms grow in the initial stages of their development.

 

Special Purpose Acquisition Companies (SPAC) are publicly traded companies that raises a blind pool capital through an initial public offering (IPO) for the purpose of acquiring an existing company.

 

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

3

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Performance Overview

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

WHAT IS THE FUND’S INVESTMENT STRATEGY?

 

The RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc. (the “Fund”) pursues a tactical asset allocation strategy and opportunistically invests under normal circumstances in closed-end funds ("CEFs"), exchange-traded funds ("ETFs"), business development companies ("BDCs" and collectively, "Underlying Funds") and special purpose acquisition companies ("SPACs"). In selecting CEFs, RiverNorth Capital Management, LLC (the "Adviser") will opportunistically utilize a combination of short-term and longer-term trading strategies to seek to derive value from the discount and premium spreads associated with CEFs. The Fund will invest in other Underlying Funds and SPACs (that are not CEFs) to gain exposure to specific asset classes when the Adviser believes CEF discount or premium spreads are not attractive or to manage overall CEF exposure in the Fund.

 

HOW DID THE FUND PERFORM RELATIVE TO ITS BENCHMARK DURING THE PERIOD?

 

PERFORMANCE as of July 31, 2023          

 

	CUMULATIVE	AVERAGE ANNUAL
TOTAL RETURNS(1)	6 Months	1 Year	3 Year	5 Year	Since Inception(2)
RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc. - NAV(3)	2.69%	4.41%	7.94%	5.10%	7.27%
RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc. - Market Price(4)	0.23%	-9.22%	5.68%	3.58%	5.88%
S&P 500® Total Return Index	13.52%	13.02%	13.72%	12.20%	13.14%

 

(1)

Total returns assume reinvestment of all distributions.

(2)

The Fund commenced operations on December 24, 2015.

(3)

Performance returns are net of management fees and other Fund expenses.

(4)

Market price is the value at which the Fund trades on an exchange. This market price can be more or less than its NAV.

 

Performance data quoted represents past performance, which is not a guarantee of future results. Current performance may be lower or higher than the performance quoted. The principal value and investment return of an investment will fluctuate so that your shares may be worth more or less than their original cost. You can obtain performance data current to the most recent month end by calling (844) 569-4750 or by visiting www.rivernorth.com. Total return measures net investment income and capital gain or loss from portfolio investments. All performance shown assumes reinvestment of dividends and capital gains distributions but does not reflect the deduction of taxes that a shareholder would pay on Fund distributions or the sale of Fund shares.

 

WHAT CONTRIBUTING FACTORS WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FUND’S RELATIVE PERFORMANCE DURING THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JULY 31, 2023?

 

During the fiscal year ended July 31, 2023, exposure to CEFs, primarily NAV exposure, and secondarily discount narrowing, was the largest positive contributor to performance. Exposure to investment company debt (tradable debt issued by CEFs and BDCs to lever their portfolios) and SPACs also contributed positively over the period. The Fund’s short hedge contributed negatively to performance for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2023.

 

4	www.rivernorth.com

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Performance Overview

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

HOW WAS THE RIVERNORTH OPPORTUNITIES FUND POSITIONED AT THE END OF THE FISCAL YEAR?

 

The Fund had 54% of its portfolio invested in CEFs at the end of the fiscal year. Additionally, the Fund had 13% invested in investment company debt, 10% in SPACs and 10% in U.S. Treasuries.

 

Total leverage of the portfolio at period end was 27%.

 

DISTRIBUTION TO COMMON STOCKHOLDERS

 

The Fund intends to make regular monthly distributions to stockholders at a constant and fixed (but not guaranteed) rate that is reset annually to a rate equal to a percentage of the average of the Fund’s NAV per share as reported for the final five trading days of the preceding calendar year. The Board of Directors approve the distribution and may adjust it from time to time. The monthly distribution amount paid from August 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022 was $0.1700 and the monthly distribution amount paid from January 1, 2023 to July 31, 2023 was $0.1278 per share. At times, to maintain a stable level of distributions, the Fund may pay out less than all of its net investment income or pay out accumulated undistributed income, or return of capital, in addition to current net investment income. In addition to the contributing factors referenced above, the Adviser believes that the Fund's level distribution policy did not have a material impact on the Fund's ability to execute on its investment strategy during the fiscal year ended July 31, 2023.

 

Total annual expense ratio as a percentage of net assets attributable to common shares as of July 31, 2023, is 1.91% (excluding dividend expense and line of credit expense). Including dividend expense and line of credit expense, the expense ratio is 2.09%.

 

The Fund is a CEF and does not continuously issue shares for sale as open-end mutual funds do. The Fund now trades only in the secondary market. Investors wishing to buy or sell shares need to place orders through an intermediary or broker and additional charges or commissions will apply. The share price of a CEF is based on the market’s value.

 

Distributions may be paid from sources of income other than ordinary income, such as net realized short-term capital gains, net realized long-term capital gains and return of capital. The actual amounts and sources of the amounts for tax reporting purposes will depend upon a Fund’s investment experience during the remainder of its fiscal year and may be subject to changes based on tax regulations. If a distribution includes anything other than net investment income, the Fund provides a Section 19(a) notice of the best estimate of its distribution sources at that time. These estimates may not match the final tax characterization (for the full year’s distributions) contained in shareholders’ 1099-DIV forms after the end of the year.

 

S&P 500^® Total Return Index – A market value weighted index of 500 stocks chosen for market size, liquidity and industry grouping, among other factors. This index is designed to be a leading indicator of U.S. equities and is meant to reflect the risk/return characteristics of the large cap universe. This index reflects the effects of dividend reinvestment.

 

Indices are unmanaged; their returns do not reflect any fees, expenses, or sales charges.

 

An investor cannot invest directly in an index.

 

RiverNorth Capital Management, LLC is the investment adviser to the Fund.

 

Secondary market support provided to the Fund by ALPS Advisors, Inc.'s affiliate, ALPS Portfolio Solutions Distributor, Inc., a FINRA member.

 

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

5

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Performance Overview

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

GROWTH OF A HYPOTHETICAL $10,000 INVESTMENT

 

The graph below illustrates the growth of a hypothetical $10,000 investment assuming the purchase of common shares at NAV or the closing market price (NYSE: RIV) of $19.40 on December 24, 2015, and tracking its progress through July 31, 2023.

 

 

Past performance does not guarantee future results. Performance will fluctuate with changes in market conditions. Current performance may be lower or higher than the performance data shown. Performance information does not reflect the deduction of taxes that shareholders would pay on Fund distributions or the sale of Fund shares. An investment in the Fund involves risk, including loss of principal.

 

ASSET ALLOCATION as of July 31, 2023^

 

 

^	Holdings are subject to change.

Percentages are based on total investments of the Fund.

 

6	www.rivernorth.com

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Performance Overview

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

TOP TEN HOLDINGS* as of July 31, 2023  

	% of Net Assets**
BlackRock ESG Capital Allocation Term Trust	9.96%
BlackRock Capital Allocation Term Trust	9.20%
Pershing Square Holdings Ltd.	8.15%
PIMCO Energy & Tactical Credit Opportunities Fund	4.03%
Saba Capital Income & Opportunities Fund	3.85%
Western Asset Inflation-Linked Opportunities & Income Fund	3.45%
Nuveen Preferred & Income Securities Fund	3.31%
Virtus Total Return Fund, Inc.	3.18%
PIMCO Access Income Fund	3.02%
PIMCO Dynamic Income Opportunities Fund	2.97%
	51.12%

 

*

Holdings are subject to change and exclude cash equivalents. Only long positions are listed.

**

Percentages are based on net assets attributable to common shareholders, including securities sold short.

 

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

7

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Statement of Investments

July 31, 2023

 

Shares				Description		Value  (Note 2)
CLOSED-END FUNDS - COMMON SHARES (74.35%)
	24,707			AllianzGI Convertible & Income 2024 Target Term Fund		$	219,397
	452,491			Barings Corporate Investors			6,990,986
	308,625			Barings Participation Investors			4,110,885
	159,926			BlackRock Build America Bond Trust			2,624,386
	333,927			BlackRock California Municipal Income Trust			3,870,214
	1,580,378			BlackRock Capital Allocation Term Trust(a)			24,290,410
	1,643,238			BlackRock ESG Capital Allocation Term Trust(a)			26,308,240
	173,461			BlackRock Health Sciences Term Trust			2,834,353
	151,932			Calamos Long/Short Equity & Dynamic Income Trust(a)			2,391,410
	679,091			Clough Global Opportunities Fund			3,483,737
	323,801			First Trust High Yield Opportunities 2027 Term Fund			4,533,214
	243,270			Invesco Dynamic Credit Opportunity Fund			2,685,699
	333,768			Kayne Anderson Midstream/Energy Fund, Inc.			2,516,611
	149,298			MainStay CBRE Global Infrastructure Megatrends Term Fund			2,112,567
	126,611			Morgan Stanley Emerging Markets Domestic Debt Fund, Inc.			620,394
	241,818			Nuveen AMT-Free Quality Municipal Income Fund			2,643,071
	46,350			Nuveen Build America Bond Fund			724,914
	266,735			Nuveen Core Plus Impact Fund			2,707,360
	1,333,633			Nuveen Preferred & Income Securities Fund			8,748,632
	101,868			Nuveen Preferred & Income Term Fund			1,795,933
	558,979			Pershing Square Holdings Ltd.			21,520,691
	535,823			PIMCO Access Income Fund			7,983,763
	207,294			PIMCO Dynamic Income Fund			3,953,097
	599,741			PIMCO Dynamic Income Opportunities Fund			7,856,607
	635,154			PIMCO Energy & Tactical Credit Opportunities Fund(a)			10,638,829
	339,415			PIMCO Global StocksPLUS & Income Fund			2,525,248
	613,676			Pioneer Municipal High Income Fund Trust			5,326,708
	1,275,236			Saba Capital Income & Opportunities Fund(a)			10,176,379
	226,250			Special Opportunities Fund, Inc.			2,617,712
	2,906			Virtus AllianzGI Diversified Income & Convertible Fund			63,136
	1,349,732			Virtus Total Return Fund, Inc.			8,408,830
	1,018,110			Western Asset Inflation-Linked Opportunities & Income Fund			9,101,903
TOTAL CLOSED-END FUNDS - COMMON SHARES
(Cost $194,262,405)							196,385,316

 

Shares				Description		Rate				Maturity Date		Value (Note 2)
BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT COMPANIES - PREFERRED SHARES (3.41%)
	222,107			Crescent Capital BDC, Inc.			5.000	%		05/25/26			5,172,872
	44,336			Oxford Square Capital Corp.			6.500	%		03/30/24			1,107,070
	89,285			Virtus Convertible & Income Fund II(b)			5.500	%					1,897,306

 

See Notes to Financial Statements.

8	www.rivernorth.com

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Statement of Investments

July 31, 2023

 

Shares				Description		Rate				Maturity Date		Value (Note 2)
	33,699			XAI Octagon Floating Rate Alternative Income Term Trust			6.500	%		03/31/26		$	837,420
TOTAL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT COMPANIES - PREFERRED SHARES
(Cost $9,176,070)													9,014,668

 

Principal  Amount				Description		Rate				Maturity  Date		Value  (Note 2)
BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT COMPANY NOTES (2.50%)
$	1,500,000			Golub Capital BDC, Inc.			2.050	%		02/15/27			1,262,415
	2,744,753			Golub Capital BDC, Inc.			3.375	%		04/15/24			2,676,991
	1,450			New Mountain Finance Corp.			5.750	%		08/15/23			1,451
	2,923,130			PennantPark Floating Rate Capital, Ltd.			4.250	%		04/01/26			2,664,749
													6,605,606
TOTAL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT COMPANY NOTES
(Cost $6,856,878)													6,605,606
CORPORATE BONDS (12.02%)
	6,459,394			Blackstone Private Credit Fund(c)			2.625	%		12/15/26			5,546,874
	2,856,157			Blackstone Private Credit Fund(c)			3.250	%		03/15/27			2,488,932
	3,082,262			Blackstone Secured Lending Fund			2.850	%		09/30/28			2,554,754
	500,000			Blue Owl Capital Corp.			2.875	%		06/11/28			413,741
	632,813			Blue Owl Capital Corp.			3.400	%		07/15/26			571,529
	3,000,000			Blue Owl Capital Corp.			3.750	%		07/22/25			2,802,409
	557,143			Blue Owl Capital Corp. III			3.125	%		04/13/27			472,910
	2,492,428			Blue Owl Credit Income Corp.(c)			3.125	%		09/23/26			2,177,325
	2,505,752			Blue Owl Credit Income Corp.(c)			5.500	%		03/21/25			2,427,068
	2,718,300			Blue Owl Credit Income Corp.(c)			7.750	%		09/16/27			2,714,609
	2,500,000			Blue Owl Technology Finance Corp.(c)			6.750	%		06/30/25			2,399,083
	3,072,928			Franklin BSP Lending Corp.			3.250	%		03/30/26			2,750,674
	1,300,000			Franklin BSP Lending Corp.(c)			4.850	%		12/15/24			1,240,073
	1,000,000			FS KKR Capital Corp.			2.625	%		01/15/27			862,194
	1,500,000			MidCap Financial Investment Corp.			5.250	%		03/03/25			1,447,692
	1,000,000			PennantPark Investment Corp.			4.000	%		11/01/26			876,954
													31,746,821
TOTAL CORPORATE BONDS
(Cost $31,778,961)													31,746,821

 

Shares				Description		Value (Note 2)
SPECIAL PURPOSE ACQUISITION COMPANIES - COMMON SHARES/UNITS (16.47%)(d)
	48,020			A SPAC I Acquisition Corp.			509,492
	50,470			A SPAC II Acquisition Corp.			532,963
	28,748			Achari Ventures Holdings Corp. I			306,741
	28,640			Adit EdTech Acquisition Corp.			302,438

 

See Notes to Financial Statements.

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

9

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Statement of Investments

July 31, 2023

 

Shares				Description		Value  (Note 2)
	27,690			Alpha Star Acquisition Corp.		$	297,391
	7,852			Apeiron Capital Investment Corp.			82,525
	149,999			Ares Acquisition Corp.			1,597,489
	260,926			Ares Acquisition Corp. II			2,682,319
	39,063			Arisz Acquisition Corp.			413,962
	72,474			Aurora Technology Acquisition Corp.			776,921
	800,365			Barings BDC, Inc.			6,683,048
	54,328			Bellevue Life Sciences Acquisition Corp.			560,122
	114,802			Blue Ocean Acquisition Corp.			1,220,345
	65,000			Bowen Acquisition Corp.			658,450
	42,480			CC Neuberger Principal Holdings III			456,660
	128,000			Churchill Capital Corp. V			1,310,720
	60,000			Churchill Capital Corp. VII			622,800
	45,091			Concord Acquisition Corp. II			464,888
	52,566			Distoken Acquisition Corp.			546,686
	34,404			ESH Acquisition Corp.			346,792
	34,274			Everest Consolidator Acquisition Corp.			366,732
	67,520			FG Merger Corp.			717,062
	30,880			FutureTech II Acquisition Corp.			331,188
	37,000			Gardiner Healthcare Acquisitions Corp.			393,680
	65,531			Globalink Investment, Inc.			695,939
	48,320			Graf Acquisition Corp. IV			501,078
	65,632			Growth For Good Acquisition Corp.			690,449
	30,342			Haymaker Acquisition Corp. 4			307,668
	72,500			Hennessy Capital Investment Corp. VI			746,025
	64,668			Horizon Space Acquisition I Corp.			675,781
	63,942			Inflection Point Acquisition Corp. II			652,208
	14,300			Innovative International Acquisition Corp.			159,161
	78,504			Integrated Rail and Resources Acquisition Corp.			847,058
	87,536			Integrated Wellness Acquisition Corp.			949,766
	64,922			Kairous Acquisition Corp. ltd			710,896
	41,936			Kensington Capital Acquisition Corp. V			446,618
	39,630			Lakeshore Acquisition II Corp.			422,852
	9,574			Learn CW Investment Corp.			100,623
	65,640			LIV Capital Acquisition Corp. II			699,722
	19,191			M3-Brigade Acquisition III Corp.			201,314
	67,493			Mars Acquisition Corp.			699,903
	64,028			Mercato Partners Acquisition Corp.			674,855
	14,063			Moolec Science SA			973
	66,944			Nabors Energy Transition Corp. II			678,143
	42,162			Newbury Street Acquisition Corp.			440,593
	48,836			OceanTech Acquisitions I Corp.			537,684
	58,799			OPY Acquisition Corp. I			603,278
	51,134			PHP Ventures Acquisition Corp.			555,842
	32,271			Pono Capital Three, Inc.			337,555
	33,890			Priveterra Acquisition Corp. II			362,962

 

See Notes to Financial Statements.

10	www.rivernorth.com

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Statement of Investments

July 31, 2023

 

Shares				Description		Value (Note 2)
	30,397			Quantum FinTech Acquisition Corp.		$	321,904
	68,194			Redwoods Acquisition Corp.			719,788
	3,596			REE Automotive, Ltd.			1,223
	64,612			RF Acquisition Corp.			680,364
	65,163			Screaming Eagle Acquisition Corp.			675,740
	83,236			Sizzle Acquisition Corp.			898,949
	14,408			SportsMap Tech Acquisition Corp.			153,445
	39,232			Tristar Acquisition I Corp.			410,367
	92,054			UTA Acquisition Corp.			979,455
	31,196			Vahanna Tech Edge Acquisition I Corp.			333,173
	51,495			Waverley Capital Acquisition Corp. 1			535,033
	66,708			Welsbach Technology Metals Acquisition Corp.			707,772
	52,742			WinVest Acquisition Corp.			570,141
	60,341			Yotta Acquisition Corp.			633,581
TOTAL SPECIAL PURPOSE ACQUISITION COMPANIES - COMMON SHARES/UNITS
(Cost $41,986,589)							43,501,295
RIGHTS (0.08%)
	48,020			A SPAC I Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $0.01, Expires 12/31/2049			6,291
	50,470			A SPAC II Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $0.01, Expires 12/31/2049			3,725
	33,634			Accretion Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $0.01, Expires 12/31/2049			2,475
	24,649			Allegro Merger Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2049			–
	27,690			Alpha Star Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $0.01, Expires 12/13/2026			2,769
	39,063			Arisz Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 11/16/2026			3,125
	72,474			Aurora Technology Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 02/07/2028			10,001
	39,963			AXIOS SUSTAINABLE GROWTH ACQUISITION Corp., Strike Price $0.01, Expires 12/31/2049			24
	51,497			Bannix Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $0.01, Expires 12/31/2049			10,299
	54,328			Bellevue Life Sciences Acquisi, Strike Price $0.01, Expires 12/31/2045			13,039
	21,512			Breeze Holdings Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $0.01, Expires 05/25/2027			3,657
	11,614			Brilliant Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2025			1,880
	62,670			ClimateRock, Strike Price $0.01, Expires 06/01/2027			5,697
	35,695			Data Knights Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2028			750

 

See Notes to Financial Statements.

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

11

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Statement of Investments

July 31, 2023

 

Shares				Description		Value (Note 2)
	28,601			Deep Medicine Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 10/26/2023		$	5,863
	52,566			Distoken Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $0.01, Expires 12/31/2049			10,513
	34,404			ESH Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $10.00, Expires 12/31/2049			5,161
	65,633			Financial Strategies Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 03/31/2028			8,106
	65,531			Globalink Investment, Inc., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 08/19/2023			8,231
	65,632			Growth For Good Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 06/14/2023			10,560
	64,668			Horizon Space Acquisition I Corp., Strike Price $0.01, Expires 12/31/2049			9,034
	64,922			Kairous Acquisition Corp. ltd, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 11/24/2023			6,297
	39,630			Lakeshore Acquisition II Corp., Strike Price $0.01, Expires 12/31/2049			7,332
	67,493			Mars Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $0.01, Expires 12/31/2049			11,811
	67,514			Mountain Crest Acquisition Corp. V, Strike Price $0.01, Expires 12/31/2049			10,667
	36,206			Nocturne Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $0.01, Expires 12/29/2025			6,220
	69,600			NorthView Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $0.01, Expires 12/31/2049			9,048
	51,134			PHP Ventures Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $0.01, Expires 10/08/2022			6,699
	68,194			Redwoods Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $0.01, Expires 12/31/2049			7,760
	64,612			RF Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $0.01, Expires 12/31/2049			7,114
	32,618			Viveon Health Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $0.01, Expires  12/31/2049			1,794
	66,708			Welsbach Technology Metals Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $0.01, Expires 12/31/2049			4,670
	52,742			WinVest Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $0.01, Expires 12/31/2049			2,305
	60,341			Yotta Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $0.01, Expires 12/31/2049			5,304
TOTAL RIGHTS
(Cost $303,074)							208,221
WARRANTS (0.18%)
	3,022			26 Capital Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2027			272

 

See Notes to Financial Statements.

12	www.rivernorth.com

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Statement of Investments

July 31, 2023

 

Shares				Description		Value (Note 2)
	1,245			7GC & Co. Holdings, Inc., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2026		$	97
	36,015			A SPAC I Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 05/21/2027			1,225
	25,235			A SPAC II Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 05/03/2027			540
	13,995			Abacus Life, Inc., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 07/01/2027			3,289
	16,817			Accretion Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 03/01/2028			504
	23,244			Ace Global Business Acquisition, Ltd., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2027			946
	28,748			Achari Ventures Holdings Corp. I, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 10/15/2026			676
	14,320			Adit EdTech Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2027			896
	2,250			AEON Biopharma, Inc., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2027			428
	318			African Gold Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 03/13/2028			–
	30,384			AGBA Group Holding, Ltd., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 05/10/2024			1,513
	24,649			Allegro Merger Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2049			–
	27,690			Alpha Star Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/13/2026			401
	43,371			ALSP Orchid Acquisition Corp. I, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 11/30/2028			1,305
	11,896			AltEnergy Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 11/02/2028			634
	13,545			American Acquisition Opportunity, Inc., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 05/28/2026			593
	67,418			Amprius Technologies, Inc., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 09/14/2027			28,996
	3,926			Apeiron Capital Investment Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 04/02/2026			43
	8,612			Apexigen, Inc., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 08/31/2027			240
	20,000			Ares Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2027			17,602
	39,063			Arisz Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 11/16/2026			1,051
	32,655			Ault Disruptive Technologies Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 06/20/2028			3,004
	72,474			Aurora Technology Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 02/07/2028			1,268
	39,963			AXIOS SUSTAINABLE GROWTH ACQUISITION Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 02/16/2027			80

 

See Notes to Financial Statements.

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

13

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Statement of Investments

July 31, 2023

 

Shares				Description		Value (Note 2)
	51,497			Bannix Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 07/31/2026		$	1,257
	54,641			Battery Future Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 05/26/2028			5,461
	54,328			Bellevue Life Sciences Acquisi, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 02/10/2028			2,722
	81,786			Beneficient, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 06/07/2028			2,658
	15,314			BioPlus Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 07/19/2028			2,144
	41,904			Bitcoin Depot, Inc., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 07/03/2028			10,895
	29,424			Black Mountain Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 10/15/2027			1,473
	7,840			Blockchain Coinvestors Acquisition Corp. I, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 11/01/2028			296
	57,401			Blue Ocean Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 10/21/2028			2,927
	21,512			Breeze Holdings Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 05/25/2027			5,701
	49,850			Bridger Aerospace Group Holdings, Inc., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 01/25/2028			13,828
	6,735			Brilliant Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2025			404
	23,792			Cactus Acquisition Corp. 1, Ltd., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 10/29/2026			961
	15,319			Cardio Diagnostics Holdings, Inc., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/01/2026			2,413
	10,367			CC Neuberger Principal Holdings III, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2027			1,867
	830			CF Acquisition Corp. IV, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/14/2025			70
	6,768			CF Acquisition Corp. VIII, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2027			309
	24,500			Churchill Capital Corp. V, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 10/29/2027			4,900
	9,909			Churchill Capital Corp. VI, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2027			1,883
	32,084			Churchill Capital Corp. VII, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 02/29/2028			4,200
	31,335			ClimateRock, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 06/01/2027			766
	2,087			Corner Growth Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2027			271
	11,670			Crescera Capital Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 11/19/2028			39
	5,688			DHC Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2027			348

 

See Notes to Financial Statements.

14	www.rivernorth.com

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Statement of Investments

July 31, 2023

 

Shares				Description		Value  (Note 2)
	19,208			Digital Health Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 10/14/2023		$	624
	17,658			Direct Selling Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 09/30/2028			177
	52,566			Distoken Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 03/30/2028			2,944
	9,479			Dune Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 10/29/2027			509
	2,171			ECARX Holdings, Inc., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/21/2027			163
	14,153			Edify Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2027			277
	6,303			EdtechX Holdings Acquisition Corp. II, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 06/15/2027			422
	4,802			Enterprise 4.0 Technology Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 09/24/2023			9
	54,501			Euda Health Holdings, Ltd., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 09/24/2026			3,270
	54,641			EVe Mobility Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2028			3,339
	17,137			Everest Consolidator Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 07/19/2028			4,183
	4,804			ExcelFin Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 10/21/2026			234
	6,779			FAST Acquisition Corp. II, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 03/16/2026			3,932
	50,640			FG Merger Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 06/17/2027			5,064
	65,633			Financial Strategies Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 03/31/2028			984
	24,010			Finnovate Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 09/30/2026			735
	2,129			Flame Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2028			729
	37,823			Forafric Global PLC, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 06/09/2027			35,554
	20,705			FOXO Technologies, Inc., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 08/01/2027			89
	22,574			Frontier Investment Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2026			2,704
	7,176			Fusion Acquisition Corp. II, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2027			36
	30,880			FutureTech II Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 02/16/2027			1,847
	67,312			Gardiner Healthcare Acquisitions Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 07/30/2028			4,039
	43,768			Genesis Growth Tech Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 05/19/2028			109

 

See Notes to Financial Statements.

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

15

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Statement of Investments

July 31, 2023

 

Shares				Description		Value (Note 2)
	53,773			Genesis Unicorn Capital Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 06/30/2026		$	3,226
	42,380			GigCapital5, Inc., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2028			636
	65,531			Globalink Investment, Inc., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/03/2026			1,224
	1,264			Golden Falcon Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 11/04/2026			191
	20,390			Gorilla Technology Group, Inc., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 07/14/2027			3,466
	9,664			Graf Acquisition Corp. IV, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 05/31/2028			3,866
	32,816			Growth For Good Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 11/12/2026			2,986
	25,071			Healthcare AI Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/14/2026			1,254
	24,100			Hennessy Capital Investment Corp. VI, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2027			3,615
	64,668			Horizon Space Acquisition I Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 01/26/2028			3,233
	44,569			Hub Cyber Security, Ltd., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 02/27/2028			2,006
	7,150			Innovative International Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 07/01/2028			395
	39,252			Integrated Rail and Resources Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 11/12/2026			16,486
	43,768			Integrated Wellness Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 10/31/2028			35,014
	1,067			InterPrivate III Financial Partners, Inc., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2027			29
	16,682			Jaws Mustang Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 01/30/2026			731
	32,461			Kairous Acquisition Corp. ltd, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 09/15/2026			198
	31,452			Kensington Capital Acquisition Corp. V, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 08/13/2028			3,843
	15,057			Kingswood Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 05/01/2027			161
	19,815			Lakeshore Acquisition II Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 11/18/2026			452
	55,368			LAMF Global Ventures Corp. I, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 11/11/2026			3,389
	4,787			Learn CW Investment Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2028			211
	19,555			LF Capital Acquisition Corp. II, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 01/07/2026			1,310

 

See Notes to Financial Statements.

16	www.rivernorth.com

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Statement of Investments

July 31, 2023

 

Shares				Description		Value  (Note 2)
	49,230			LIV Capital Acquisition Corp. II, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 02/16/2027		$	985
	6,397			M3-Brigade Acquisition III Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 07/31/2028			2,822
	7,755			Maquia Capital Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2027			233
	32,014			Mercato Partners Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/28/2026			1,706
	16,878			MicroAlgo, Inc., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2027			101
	41,578			Monterey Innovation Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 10/01/2026			915
	2,547			Moringa Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 02/10/2026			64
	13,723			MSP Recovery, Inc., Strike Price $0.01, Expires 02/14/2026			3,945
	20,306			MultiMetaVerse Holdings, Ltd., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 03/15/2027			1,017
	51,016			Murphy Canyon Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 02/03/2027			1,439
	31,288			Nabors Energy Transition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 11/17/2026			5,432
	4,126			Near Intelligence, Inc., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 07/08/2027			309
	21,081			Newbury Street Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2027			3,468
	9,620			Newcourt Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 04/12/2028			146
	4,228			Northern Revival Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2027			97
	34,800			NorthView Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 08/02/2027			1,044
	5,790			Nuburu, Inc., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 09/07/2027			194
	48,836			OceanTech Acquisitions I Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 05/10/2026			879
	45,872			OmniLit Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 11/08/2026			2,339
	8,341			Onyx Acquisition Co. I, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 11/30/2028			300
	58,811			OPY Acquisition Corp. I, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 09/22/2027			3,611
	23,946			Osiris Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 05/01/2028			1,916
	52,752			Oxbridge Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 08/12/2026			4,378
	53,236			Oxus Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 08/26/2026			5,324
	1,733			Peak Bio, Inc., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2027			2

 

See Notes to Financial Statements.

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

17

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Statement of Investments

July 31, 2023

 

Shares			Description		Value (Note 2)
5,294			Phoenix Biotech Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 09/01/2026		$	376
25,567			PHP Ventures Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/04/2023			910
32,271			Pono Capital Three, Inc., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 04/03/2028			1,291
65,632			Power & Digital Infrastructure Acquisition II Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/14/2028			4,601
7,982			Prenetics Global, Ltd., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 05/17/2027			407
35,388			Presto Automation, Inc., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 09/21/2027			4,077
16,945			Priveterra Acquisition Corp. II, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 01/07/2027			1,173
19,034			Project Energy Reimagined Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2028			2,284
34,072			PROOF Acquisition Corp. I, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/03/2028			3,077
15,120			ProSomnus, Inc., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 04/20/2028			381
33,768			Prospector Capital Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 01/01/2025			3,897
14,026			PSQ Holdings, Inc., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2028			24,545
2,383			Pyrophyte Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/17/2023			273
30,397			Quantum FinTech Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2027			1,064
68,194			Redwoods Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 03/15/2027			3,908
37,808			Relativity Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 02/11/2027			1,781
64,612			RF Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 05/01/2028			1,034
69			RMG Acquisition Corp. III, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2027			5
30,975			Roth CH Acquisition V Co., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/10/2026			2,747
14,790			Sandbridge X2 Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2027			148
21,721			Screaming Eagle Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/15/2027			3,258
31,863			SeaStar Medical Holding Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 01/26/2026			1,004
3,201			Semper Paratus Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 11/04/2026			160
17,810			SHUAA Partners Acquisition Corp. I, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 03/02/2027			1,088
41,618			Sizzle Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 03/12/2026			6,613

 

See Notes to Financial Statements.

18	www.rivernorth.com

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Statement of Investments

July 31, 2023

 

Shares			Description		Value (Note 2)
51,043			SMX Security Matters PLC, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 03/07/2028		$	1,026
46,715			Southland Holdings, Inc., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 09/01/2026			42,043
32,793			Southport Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 05/24/2028			2,374
10,806			SportsMap Tech Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 09/01/2027			260
77,424			Spree Acquisition Corp. 1, Ltd., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/22/2028			2,214
29,011			SunCar Technology Group, Inc., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 05/18/2028			13,055
1,369			Sustainable Development Acquisition I Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2028			3
32,785			Swiftmerge Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 06/17/2028			2,459
25,664			TG Venture Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 08/13/2023			577
953			TKB Critical Technologies 1, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 10/29/2028			66
6,195			TLGY Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 01/14/2028			569
19,616			Tristar Acquisition I Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2028			1,323
2,277			Twelve Seas Investment Co. II, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 03/02/2028			156
46,027			UTA Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 10/30/2026			1,404
15,598			Vahanna Tech Edge Acquisition I Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 11/30/2028			884
32,618			Viveon Health Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/31/2027			685
17,165			Waverley Capital Acquisition Corp. 1, Strike Price $11.50, Expires 04/30/2027			378
52,742			WinVest Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 08/09/2026			791
24,668			Worldwide Webb Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 10/20/2026			987
60,341			Yotta Acquisition Corp., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 03/15/2027			730
14,153			Zapp Electric Vehicles Group, Ltd., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 03/03/2028			568

 

See Notes to Financial Statements. 

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

19

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Statement of Investments

July 31, 2023

 

Shares			Description		Value (Note 2)
48,471			ZyVersa Therapeutics, Inc., Strike Price $11.50, Expires 12/20/2026		$	3,393
TOTAL WARRANTS
(Cost $1,205,350)						482,004

 

Principal Amount			Description		Rate				Maturity Date		Value (Note 2)
GOVERNMENT BOND (13.87%)
10,662,000			U.S. Treasury Bond			3.625	%		02/15/53			9,952,938
4,000,000			U.S. Treasury Bond			4.000	%		11/15/52			3,997,500
3,000,000			U.S. Treasury Note			3.000	%		07/31/24			2,931,118
5,000,000			U.S. Treasury Note			3.250	%		08/31/24			4,890,332
10,000,000			U.S. Treasury Note			4.250	%		09/30/24			9,872,988
1,000,000			U.S. Treasury Note			4.500	%		11/30/24			990,078
4,000,000			United States Treasury Bill			4.690	%		08/10/23			3,994,739
TOTAL GOVERNMENT BOND
(Cost $37,346,171)												36,629,693

 

Shares			Description		7-Day Yield				Value (Note 2)
SHORT-TERM INVESTMENTS (12.09%)
31,905,465			State Street Institutional Treasury Money Market Fund Premier Class			5.104	%			31,905,465
TOTAL SHORT-TERM INVESTMENTS
(Cost $31,905,465)										31,905,465
TOTAL INVESTMENTS (134.96%)
(Cost $354,820,963)									$	356,479,089
Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Shares (-37.01%)										(97,750,000	)
Other Assets In Excess Of Liabilities (2.05%)(e)										5,420,944
NET ASSETS ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMMON SHAREHOLDERS (100.00%)									$	264,150,033

 

See Notes to Financial Statements.

20	www.rivernorth.com

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Statement of Investments

July 31, 2023

 

SCHEDULE OF SECURITIES SOLD SHORT

 

Description		Shares				Value (Note 2)
EXCHANGE TRADED FUNDS - COMMON SHARES (-15.49%)
Invesco S&P 500 Equal Weight ETF			(225,844	)		$	(34,978,719	)
SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust			(13,000	)			(5,951,270	)
TOTAL EXCHANGE TRADED FUNDS - COMMON SHARES							(40,929,989	)
TOTAL SECURITIES SOLD SHORT
(Proceeds $39,844,356)						$	(40,929,989	)

 

(a)

All or a portion of the security is pledged as collateral for securities sold short. As of July 31, 2023, the aggregate value of those securities was $15,944,000 representing 6.04% of net assets.

(b)

Perpetual maturity.

(c)

Security exempt from registration under Rule 144A of the Securities Act of 1933. This security may be resold in transactions exempt from registration, normally to qualified institutional buyers. As of July 31, 2023, the market value of those Rule 144A securities held by the Fund was $6,355,544 representing 2.41% of the Fund's net assets.

(d)

Non-income producing security.

(e)

Includes cash in the amount of $43,389,899 which is being held as collateral for securities sold short.

 

See Notes to Financial Statements.

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

21

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Statement of Assets and Liabilities

July 31, 2023

  

ASSETS:
Investments, at value		$	356,479,089
Cash			108,150
Deposit with broker for securities sold short			43,389,899
Foreign currency, at value (Cost $527)			548
Receivable for investments sold			4,842,801
Interest receivable			871,235
Dividends receivable			326,616
Deferred offering costs (Note 6)			166,169
Total Assets			406,184,507
LIABILITIES:
Securities sold short (Proceeds $39,844,356)			40,929,989
Dividend payable - Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Shares			1,227,188
Payable for investments purchased			1,708,022
Payable to adviser			398,765
Payable to administrator			2,460
Payable for professional fees			18,050
Total Liabilities			44,284,474
Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Shares, $0.0001 par value per share, 3,910,000 of shares authorized
Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Shares (6.00%, $25.00 liquidation value per share, 3,910,000 shares issued and outstanding)		$	97,750,000
Net Assets Attributable to Common Shareholders		$	264,150,033
NET ASSETS CONSIST OF:
Paid-in capital		$	282,024,668
Total distributable earnings/(accumulated deficit)			(17,874,635	)
Net Assets Attributable to Common Shareholders		$	264,150,033
PRICING OF SHARES:
Net Assets Attributable to Common Shareholders		$	264,150,033
Shares of common stock outstanding (37,500,000 of shares authorized, at $0.0001 par value per share)			21,453,174
Net Asset Value Per Share Attributable to Common Shareholders		$	12.31
Cost of Investments		$	354,820,963

 

See Notes to Financial Statements.

22	www.rivernorth.com

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Statement of Operations

For the Year Ended July 31, 2023

 

INVESTMENT INCOME:
Dividends		$	14,121,990
Interest			4,567,815
Total Investment Income			18,689,805
EXPENSES:
Investment advisory fees			4,472,237
Dividend and interest expense - short sales			971,443
Legal fees			246,308
Administration fees			83,504
Printing fees			50,527
Director fees			48,692
Audit and tax fees			21,726
Transfer agent fees			8,800
Insurance fees			4,816
Other expenses			17,790
Total Expenses			5,925,843
Net Investment Income			12,763,962
REALIZED AND UNREALIZED GAIN/(LOSS) ON INVESTMENTS:
Net realized gain/(loss) on:
Investments			(6,630,053	)
Securities sold short			781,528
Long-term capital gains from other investment companies			897,316
Net realized loss			(4,951,209	)
Net change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation on:
Investments			13,376,539
Securities sold short			(2,589,334	)
Translation of assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies			21
Net change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation			10,787,226
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain on Investments			5,836,017
Dividends to Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Shares		$	(5,865,000	)
Net Increase in Net Assets Attributable to Common Shareholders Resulting from Operations		$	12,734,979

 

See Notes to Financial Statements.

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

23

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Statements of Changes in Net Assets Attributable to Common Shareholders

 

		For the  Year Ended  July 31, 2023				For the  Year Ended  July 31, 2022
OPERATIONS:
Net investment income		$	12,763,962			$	3,010,738
Net realized loss			(5,848,525	)			(644,785	)
Long-term capital gains from other investment companies			897,316				1,128,937
Net change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation			10,787,226				(20,966,192	)
Net increase/(decrease) in net assets resulting from operations			18,599,979				(17,471,302	)
Distributions to Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Shareholders			(5,865,000	)			(1,634,610	)
Net increase/(decrease) in net assets attributable to common shareholders resulting from operations			12,734,979				(19,105,912	)
TOTAL DISTRIBUTIONS TO COMMON SHAREHOLDERS:
From distributable earnings			(10,767,356	)			(15,769,747	)
From return of capital			(25,211,317	)			(22,464,896	)
Net decrease in net assets from distributions to common shareholders			(35,978,673	)			(38,234,643	)
PREFERRED SHARE TRANSACTIONS:
Issuance and offering costs for Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Shares			–				(3,699,671	)
Net decrease in net assets attributable to common shareholders from preferred share transactions			–				(3,699,671	)
COMMON SHARE TRANSACTIONS:
Proceeds from sales of shares, net of offering costs			37,867,362				95,791,104
Dividend Reinvestment			836,635				2,227,599
Net increase in net assets attributable to common shareholders from capital share transactions			38,703,997				98,018,703
Net Increase in Net Assets Attributable to Common Shareholders			15,460,303				36,978,477
NET ASSETS ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMMON SHAREHOLDERS:
Beginning of period			248,689,730				211,711,253
End of period		$	264,150,033			$	248,689,730
OTHER INFORMATION:
Common Share Transactions:
Shares outstanding - beginning of period			18,291,243				12,436,466
Shares issued in connection with public offering			3,097,795				5,708,985
Shares issued as reinvestment of dividends			64,136				145,792
Shares outstanding - end of period			21,453,174				18,291,243

 

See Notes to Financial Statements.

24	www.rivernorth.com

Intentionally Left Blank

 

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Financial Highlights

For a common share outstanding throughout the periods presented.

 

Net asset value - beginning of period

Income/(loss) from investment operations:

Net investment income(a)

Net realized and unrealized gain/(loss)

Total income/(loss) from investment operations

Less distributions to common shareholders:

From net investment income

From net realized gains

From tax return of capital

Total distributions to common shareholders

Less distributions to preferred shareholders:

From net investment income(a)

Total distributions to preferred shareholders

Common share transactions:

Dilutive effect of rights offering

Common share offering costs charged to paid-in capital

Total common share transactions

Preferred Share issuance and offering costs charged to paid-in capital

Total preferred share transactions

Net increase/(decrease) in net asset value

Net asset value - end of period

Market price - end of period

Total Return - Net Asset Value(h)

Total Return - Market Price(h)

Supplemental Data:

Net assets, end of period (in thousands)

Ratios to Average Net Assets (including dividend expense and line of credit expense)

Total expenses

Net investment income

Ratios to Average Net Assets (excluding dividend expense and line of credit expense)

Total expenses

Net investment income

Portfolio turnover rate

Borrowings at End of Period

Loan Payable (in thousands)

Asset Coverage Per $1,000 of loan payable (in thousands)(i)

Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock (in thousands)

Asset coverage per share of Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock(j)

 

Involuntary liquidating preference per share of Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock Average market value per share of Series A Cumulative Preferred Stock

 

See Notes to Financial Statements.

26	www.rivernorth.com

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Financial Highlights

For a common share outstanding throughout the periods presented.

 

For the  Year Ended  July 31, 2023				For the  Year Ended  July 31, 2022				For the  Year Ended  July 31, 2021				For the  Year Ended  July 31, 2020				For the  Year Ended  July 31, 2019
$	13.60			$	17.02			$	14.89			$	17.39			$	19.07
	0.62				0.18				0.31				0.41				0.55
	0.22				(0.85	)			4.03				(0.56	)			0.29
	0.84				(0.67	)			4.34				(0.15	)			0.84
	(0.52	)			(0.70	)			(0.72	)			(0.51	)			(0.63	)
	–				(0.24	)			(1.37	)			(0.00	)(b)			(0.41	)
	(1.22	)			(1.34	)			–				(1.60	)			(1.20	)
	(1.74	)			(2.28	)			(2.09	)			(2.11	)			(2.24	)
	(0.28	)			(0.10	)			–				–				–
	(0.28	)			(0.10	)			–				–				–
	(0.10	)(c)			(0.13	)(d)			(0.08	)(e)			(0.21	)(f)			(0.26	)(g)
	(0.01	)			(0.02	)			(0.04	)			(0.03	)			(0.02	)
	(0.11	)			(0.15	)			(0.12	)			0.24				(0.28	)
	–				(0.22	)			–				–				–
	–				(0.22	)			–				–				–
	(1.29	)			(3.42	)			2.13				(2.50	)			(1.68	)
$	12.31			$	13.60			$	17.02			$	14.89			$	17.39
$	11.49			$	14.60			$	18.21			$	14.81			$	17.38
	4.41	%			(7.41	%)			30.09	%			(1.75	%)			3.77	%
	(9.22	%)			(7.10	%)			39.94	%			(2.22	%)			3.33	%
$	264,150			$	248,690			$	211,711			$	139,166			$	124,664
	2.29	%			1.91	%			1.91	%			2.06	%			2.17	%
	4.93	%			1.18	%			1.87	%			2.59	%			3.11	%
	1.91	%			1.58	%			1.45	%			1.54	%			1.56	%
	5.31	%			1.51	%			2.33	%			3.11	%			3.72	%
	73	%			119	%			190	%			133	%			76	%
	–				–				–			$	7,500				–
	–				–				–				19,556				–
$	97,750			$	97,750				–				–				–
	93				89				–				–				–
$	25.00			$	25.00				–				–				–
$	23.40			$	24.41				–				–				–

 

See Notes to Financial Statements.

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

27

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Financial Highlights

For a common share outstanding throughout the periods presented.

 

(a)

Calculated using average common shares throughout the period.

(b)

Less than ($0.005) per share.

(c)

Represents the impact of the Fund's rights offering of 2,752,078 common shares in November 2022 at a subscription price per share based on a formula. For more details, please refer to Note 8 of the Notes to Financial Statements.

(d)

Represents the impact of the Fund's rights offering of 4,373,407 common shares in November 2021 at a subscription price per share based on a formula. For more details, please refer to Note 8 of the Notes to Financial Statements.

(e)

Represents the impact of the Fund's rights offering of 575,706 common shares in November 2020 at a subscription price per share based on a formula. For more details, please refer to Note 8 of the Notes to Financial Statements.

(f)

Represents the impact of the Fund's rights offering of 2,163,193 common shares in November 2019 at a subscription price per share based on a formula.

(g)

Represents the impact of the Fund's rights offering of 1,790,000 common shares in November 2018.

(h)

Total investment return is calculated assuming a purchase of a common share at the opening on the first day and a sale at closing on the last day of each period reported. For purposes of this calculation, dividends and distributions, if any, are assumed to be reinvested at prices obtained under the Fund’s dividend reinvestment plan. Total investment returns do not reflect brokerage commissions, if any. Periods less than one year are not annualized.

(i)

Calculated by subtracting the Fund's total liabilities (excluding the principal amount of Loan Payable) from the Fund's total assets and dividing by the principal amount of the Loan Payable and then multiplying by $1,000.

(j)

The asset coverage ratio for a class of senior securities representing stock is calculated as the Fund's total assets, less all liabilities and indebtedness not represented by the Fund's senior securities, divided by secured senior securities representing indebtedness plus the aggregate of the involuntary liquidation preference of secured senior securities which are stock. With respect to the Preferred Stock, the asset coverage per share is expressed in terms of dollar amounts per share of outstanding Preferred Stock (based on a liquidation preference of $25).

 

See Notes to Financial Statements.

28	www.rivernorth.com

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Notes to Financial Statements

July 31, 2023

 

1. ORGANIZATION

 

River North Opportunities Fund, Inc. (the “Fund”) is a Maryland corporation registered as a diversified, closed-end management investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”).

 

The Fund’s investment objective is total return consisting of capital appreciation and current income. The Fund seeks to achieve its investment objective by pursuing a tactical asset allocation strategy and opportunistically investing under normal circumstances in closed-end funds, exchange-traded funds (“ETFs), business development companies (“BDCs” and collectively, "Underlying Funds") and special purpose acquisition companies ("SPACs"). All Underlying Funds are registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). The Fund incurs higher and additional expenses when it invests in Underlying Funds. There is also the risk that the Fund may suffer losses due to the investment practices or operations of the Underlying Funds. To the extent that the Fund invests in one or more Underlying Funds that concentrate in a particular industry, the Fund would be vulnerable to factors affecting that industry and the concentrating Underlying Funds’ performance, and that of the Fund, may be more volatile than Underlying Funds that do not concentrate. In addition, one Underlying Fund may purchase a security that another Underlying Fund is selling.

 

The Fund may be converted to an open-end investment company at any time if approved by two-thirds of the Fund's Board of Directors (the "Board") and at least two-thirds of the Fund’s total outstanding shares. If the Fund converted to an open-end investment company, it would be required to redeem all preferred stock of the Fund then outstanding, if any (requiring in turn that it liquidate a portion of its investment portfolio). Conversion to open-end status could also require the Fund to modify certain investment restrictions and policies. The Board may at any time (but is not required to) propose conversion of the Fund to open-end status, depending upon its judgment regarding the advisability of such action in light of circumstances then prevailing.

 

Under normal circumstances, the Fund intends to maintain long positions in Underlying Funds, but may engage in short sales for investment purposes. When the Fund engages in a short sale, it sells a security it does not own and, to complete the sale, borrows the same security from a broker or other institution. The Fund may benefit from a short position when the shorted security decreases in value.

 

2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES 

 

Use of Estimates: The preparation of the financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and disclosures, including the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, in the financial statements during the period reported. Management believes the estimates and security valuations are appropriate; however, actual results may differ from those estimates, and the security valuations reflected in the financial statements may differ from the value the Fund ultimately realizes upon sale of the securities. The Fund is considered an investment company under GAAP and follows the accounting and reporting guidance applicable to investment companies in the Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 946. The financial statements have been prepared as of the close of the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) on July 31, 2023.

 

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

29

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Notes to Financial Statements

July 31, 2023

 

Portfolio Valuation: The Fund's investments are generally valued at their fair value using market quotations. If a market quotation is unavailable, a security may be valued at its estimated fair value as described in Note 3.

 

Securities Transactions and Investment Income: Investment security transactions are accounted for on a trade date basis. Dividend income is recorded on the ex-dividend date. Interest income, which includes accretion of discounts and amortization of premiums calculated using yield to maturity, is accrued and recorded as earned. Realized gains and losses from securities transactions and unrealized appreciation and depreciation of securities are determined using the specific identification method for both financial reporting and tax purposes.

 

Preferred Stock: In accordance with ASC 480-10-25, the Fund's Series A Term preferred shares have been classified as equity on the Statement of Assets and Liabilities. Refer to "Note 7. Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock" for further details.

 

Fair Value Measurements: Fair value is defined as the price that the Fund might reasonably expect to receive upon selling an investment in a timely transaction to an independent buyer in the principal or most advantageous market of the investment. GAAP establishes a three-tier hierarchy to maximize the use of observable market data and minimize the use of unobservable inputs and to establish classification of fair value measurements for disclosure purposes.

 

Inputs refer broadly to the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, including assumptions about risk, for example, the risk inherent in a particular valuation technique used to measure fair value including using such a pricing model and/or the risk inherent in the inputs to the valuation technique. Inputs may be observable or unobservable. Observable inputs are inputs that reflect the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances.

 

Various inputs are used in determining the value of the Fund’s investments. These inputs are summarized in the three broad levels listed below.

 

	Level 1 –	Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical investments, unrestricted assets or liabilities that the Fund has the ability to access at the measurement date;
	Level 2 –	Quoted prices which are not active, quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets or inputs other than quoted prices that are observable (either directly or indirectly) for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; and
	Level 3 –	Significant unobservable prices or inputs (including the Fund’s own assumptions in determining the fair value of investments) where there is little or no market activity for the asset or liability at the measurement date.

 

30	www.rivernorth.com

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Notes to Financial Statements

July 31, 2023

 

The inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, for disclosure purposes, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement falls in its entirety is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.

 

Equity securities, including closed-end funds and business development company notes, are generally valued by using market quotations, but may be valued on the basis of prices furnished by a pricing service when the Adviser believes such prices more accurately reflect the fair market value of such securities. Securities that are traded on any stock exchange are generally valued by the pricing service at the last quoted sale price. Lacking a last sale price, an exchange traded security is generally valued by the pricing service at its last bid price. Securities traded in the NASDAQ over-the-counter market are generally valued by the pricing service at the NASDAQ Official Closing Price. When using the market quotations or close prices provided by the pricing service and when the market is considered active, the security will be classified as a Level 1 security. Sometimes, an equity security owned by the Fund will be valued by the pricing service with factors other than market quotations or when the market is considered inactive. When this happens, the security will be classified as a Level 2 security. When market quotations are not readily available, when the Adviser determines that the market quotation or the price provided by the pricing service does not accurately reflect the current fair value, or when restricted or illiquid securities are being valued, such securities are valued as determined in good faith by the Adviser, as valuation designee, in conformity with guidelines adopted by and subject to review by the Board. These securities will be categorized as Level 3 securities.

 

Investments in mutual funds, including short term investments, are generally priced at the ending NAV provided by the service agent of the funds. These securities will be classified as Level 1 securities.

 

Domestic and foreign fixed income securities, including foreign and U.S. corporate bonds, foreign and U.S. government bonds, non-agency collateralized mortgage obligations, U.S. Government/Agency mortgage backed securities, bank loans, and collateralized loan obligations are normally valued on the basis of quotes obtained from brokers and dealers or independent pricing services. Foreign currency positions, including forward foreign currency contracts, are priced at the mean between the closing bid and asked prices at 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time. Prices obtained from independent pricing services typically use information provided by market makers or estimates of market values obtained from yield data relating to investments or securities with similar characteristics. Data used to establish quotes includes analysis of cash flows, pre-payment speeds, default rates, delinquency assumptions and assumptions regarding collateral and loss assumptions. These securities will be classified as Level 2 securities.

 

Pursuant to the requirements of Rule 2a-5 under the 1940 Act, the Board approved updated valuation procedures for the Fund and designated the Adviser as the Fund's valuation designee to make all fair valuation determinations with respect to the Fund's portfolio investments, subject to the Board's oversight.

 

In accordance with the Fund’s good faith pricing guidelines, the Adviser is required to consider all appropriate factors relevant to the value of securities for which it has determined other pricing sources are not available or reliable as described above. No single standard exists for determining fair value, because fair value depends upon the circumstances of each individual case. As a general principle, the current fair value of an issue of securities being valued by the Adviser would appear to be the amount which the owner might reasonably expect to receive for them upon their current sale. Methods which are in accordance with this principle may, for example, be based on (i) a multiple of earnings; (ii) discounted cash flow models; (iii) weighted average cost or weighted average price; (iv) a discount from market of a similar freely traded security (including a derivative security or a basket of securities traded on other markets, exchanges or among dealers); or (v) yield to maturity with respect to debt issues, or a combination of these and other methods. Good faith pricing is permitted if, in the Adviser’s opinion, the validity of market quotations appears to be questionable based on factors such as evidence of a thin market in the security based on a small number of quotations, a significant event occurs after the close of a market but before the Fund’s NAV calculation that may affect a security’s value, or the Adviser is aware of any other data that calls into question the reliability of market quotations.

 

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

31

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Notes to Financial Statements

July 31, 2023

 

 

Good faith pricing may also be used in instances when the bonds in which the Fund invests default or otherwise cease to have market quotations readily available.

 

The following is a summary of the inputs used to value the Fund’s investments as of July 31, 2023:

 

Investments in Securities at Value		Level 1 - Quoted Prices				Level 2 - Other Significant Observable Inputs				Level 3 - Significant Unobservable Inputs				Total
Closed-End Funds - Common Shares		$	196,385,316			$	–			$	–			$	196,385,316
Business Development Companies - Preferred Shares			9,014,668				–				–				9,014,668
Business Development Company Notes			–				6,605,606				–				6,605,606
Corporate Bonds			–				31,746,821				–				31,746,821
Special Purpose Acquisition Companies - Common Shares/Units			43,501,295				–				–				43,501,295
Rights			175,519				32,702				–				208,221
Warrants			467,717				14,287				–				482,004
Government Bond			–				36,629,693				–				36,629,693
Short-Term Investments			31,905,465				–				–				31,905,465
Total		$	281,449,980			$	75,029,109			$	–			$	356,479,089
Other Financial Instruments Liabilities:
Securities Sold Short Exchange Traded Funds - Common Shares		$	(40,929,989	)		$	–			$	–			$	(40,929,989	)
Total		$	(40,929,989	)		$	–			$	–			$	(40,929,989	)

 

32	www.rivernorth.com

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Notes to Financial Statements

July 31, 2023

 

The Fund did not have any securities that used significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) in determining fair value, and there were no transfers into or out of Level 3, during the year.

 

Short Sale Risks: The Fund and the Underlying Funds may engage in short sales. A short sale is a transaction in which a fund sells a security it does not own in anticipation that the market price of that security will decline. To establish a short position, a fund must first borrow the security from a broker or other institution. The fund may not always be able to borrow a security at a particular time or at an acceptable price. Accordingly, there is a risk that a fund may be unable to implement its investment strategy due to the lack of available securities or for other reasons. After selling a borrowed security, a fund is obligated to “cover” the short sale by purchasing and returning the security to the lender at a later date. Until the security is replaced, the Fund is required to pay the lender amounts equal to the dividend or interest that accrue during the period which is recorded as an expense on the Statement of Operations. A Fund may also incur stock loan fees which represent the cost of borrowing securities used for short sale transactions. A Fund may also earn rebates as an element of the broker arrangement, which are recorded as an offset to stock loan fees on short sales transactions. The stock loan fees on short sales are recognized on the Statement of Operations. In the event that rebates exceed the stock loan fees on short sales, the net rebates are recognized as a component of interest income on the Statement of Operations. The Fund and the Underlying Funds cannot guarantee that the security will be available at an acceptable price. Positions in shorted securities are speculative and more risky than long positions (purchases) in securities because the maximum sustainable loss on a security purchased is limited to the amount paid for the security plus the transaction costs, whereas there is no maximum attainable price of the shorted security. Therefore, in theory, securities sold short have unlimited risk. Short selling will also result in higher transaction costs (such as interest and dividends), and may result in higher taxes, which reduce a fund’s return.

 

Special Purpose Acquisition Company Risk: The Fund may invest in SPACs. SPACs are collective investment structures that pool funds in order to seek potential acquisition opportunities. SPACs are generally publicly traded companies that raise funds through an initial public offering (“IPO”) for the purpose of acquiring or merging with another company to be identified subsequent to the SPAC’s IPO. The securities of a SPAC are often issued in “units” that include one share of common stock and one right or warrant (or partial right or warrant) conveying the right to purchase additional shares or partial shares. Unless and until an acquisition is completed, a SPAC generally invests its assets (less an amount to cover expenses) in U.S. Government securities, money market fund securities and cash. SPACs and similar entities may be blank check companies with no operating history or ongoing business other than to seek a potential acquisition. Accordingly, the value of their securities is particularly dependent on the ability of the entity’s management to identify and complete a profitable acquisition. Certain SPACs may seek acquisitions only in limited industries or regions, which may increase the volatility of their prices. If an acquisition or merger that meets the requirements for the SPAC is not completed within a predetermined period of time, the invested funds are returned to the entity’s shareholders, less certain permitted expenses. Accordingly, any rights or warrants issued by the SPAC will expire worthless. Certain private investments in SPACs may be illiquid and/or be subject to restrictions on resale. Additionally, the Fund may acquire certain private rights and other interests issued by a SPAC (commonly referred to as “founder shares”), which may be subject to forfeiture or expire worthless and which typically have more limited liquidity than SPAC shares issued in an IPO. To the extent the SPAC is invested in cash or similar securities, this may impact the Fund’s ability to meet its investment objective.

 

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

33

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Notes to Financial Statements

July 31, 2023

 

Private Debt Risk: The Fund may invest in notes issued by private funds (“private debt”). Private debt often may be illiquid and is typically not listed on an exchange and traded less actively than similar securities issued by public funds. For certain private debt, trading may only be possible through the assistance of the broker who originally brought the security to the market and has a relationship with the issuer. Due to the limited trading market, independent pricing services may be unable to provide a price for private debt, and as such the fair value of the securities may be determined in good faith under procedures approved by the Board, which typically will include the use of one or more independent broker quotes.

 

Rights and Warrants Risks: Warrants are securities giving the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy the stock of an issuer at a given price (generally higher than the value of the stock at the time of issuance) during a specified period or perpetually. Warrants do not carry with them the right to dividends or voting rights with respect to the securities that they entitle their holder to purchase and they do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuer. As a result, warrants may be considered to have more speculative characteristics than certain other types of investments. In addition, the value of a warrant does not necessarily change with the value of the underlying securities and a warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date.

 

Rights are usually granted to existing shareholders of a corporation to subscribe to shares of a new issue of common stock before it is issued to the public. The right entitles its holder to buy common stock at a specified price. Rights have similar features to warrants, except that the life of a right is typically much shorter, usually a few weeks.

 

On October 28, 2020, the SEC adopted Rule 18f-4 under the 1940 Act providing for the regulation of the use of derivatives and certain related instruments by registered investment companies. Rule 18f-4 prescribes specific value-at-risk leverage limits for certain derivatives users. In addition, Rule 18f-4 requires certain derivatives users to adopt and implement a derivatives risk management program (including the appointment of a derivatives risk manager and the implementation of certain testing requirements) and prescribes reporting requirements in respect of derivatives. Subject to certain conditions, if a fund qualifies as a “limited derivatives user,” as defined in Rule 18f-4, it is not subject to the full requirements of Rule 18f-4. In connection with the adoption of Rule 18f-4, the SEC rescinded certain of its prior guidance regarding asset segregation and coverage requirements in respect of derivatives transactions and related instruments. The Fund was required to comply with Rule 18f-4 beginning August 19, 2022 and has adopted procedures for investing in derivatives and other transactions in compliance with Rule 18f-4. Rule 18f-4 under the 1940 Act requires funds that invest in derivatives above a specified amount to adopt and implement a derivatives risk management program ("DRMP") administered by a derivatives risk manager that is appointed by and overseen by the fund's board of trustees, and to comply with an outer limit on fund leverage risk based on value at risk, or "VaR." The Fund has established a DRMP and appointed a derivatives risk manager to administer the DRMP, consistent with Rule 18f-4.

 

During the year ended July 31, 2023, the Fund invested in rights and warrants, which are disclosed in the Statement of Investments.

 

34	www.rivernorth.com

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Notes to Financial Statements

July 31, 2023

 

The effect of derivative instruments on the Statement of Assets and Liabilities as of July 31, 2023:

 

		Asset Derivatives
Risk Exposure		Statement of Assets and Liabilities Location		Value
Equity Contracts (Rights)		Investments, at value		$	208,221
Equity Contracts (Warrants)		Investments, at value			482,004
				$	690,225

  

The effect of derivative instruments on the Statement of Operations for the year ended July 31, 2023:

 

Risk Exposure		Statement of Operations Location		Realized Gain/(Loss) on Derivatives				Change in Unrealized Appreciation/ (Depreciation) on Derivatives
Equity Contracts (Rights)		Net realized gain/(loss) on investments/ Net change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation on investments		$	(20,599	)		$	116,471
Equity Contracts (Warrants)		Net realized gain/(loss) on investments/ Net change in unrealized appreciation/depreciation on investments			(703,774	)			644,415
Total				$	(724,373	)		$	760,886

 

The Fund’s average fair value of rights and warrants held for the year ended July 31, 2023 were $172,729 and $415,845 respectively.

 

Other: The Fund holds certain investments which pay dividends to their shareholders based upon available funds from operations. It is possible for these dividends to exceed the underlying investments’ taxable earnings and profits resulting in the excess portion of such dividends being designated as a return of capital. Distributions received from investments in securities that represent a return of capital or long-term capital gains are recorded as a reduction of the cost of investments or as a realized gain, respectively.

 

3. INVESTMENT ADVISORY AND OTHER AGREEMENTS

 

Effective October 1, 2022, RiverNorth Capital Management, LLC ("RiverNorth") serves as the adviser to the Fund under the Fund's new Investment Advisory Agreement with RiverNorth (the "Advisory Agreement"). Effective October 1, 2022, the Fund pays the Adviser a management fee payable on a monthly basis at the annual rate of 1.30% of the Fund’s average daily Managed Assets (as defined below) for the services it provides. This management fee paid by the Fund to the Adviser is essentially an all-in fee structure (the “Unified Management Fee”) and, as part of the unified management fee, the Adviser provides or causes to be furnished all supervisory and administrative and other services reasonably necessary for the operation of the Fund, except the Fund pays, in addition to the unified management fee, taxes and governmental fees (if any) levied against the Fund; brokerage fees and commissions and other portfolio transaction expenses incurred by or for the Fund; costs of borrowing money including interest expenses or engaging in other types of leverage financing; dividend and/or interest expenses and other costs associated with the Fund’s issuance, offering, redemption and maintenance of preferred shares or other instruments for the purpose of incurring leverage; fees and expenses of any underlying funds in which the Fund invests; dividend and interest expenses on short positions taken by the Fund; fees and expenses, including travel expenses and fees and expenses of legal counsel retained for the benefit of the Fund or directors of the Fund who are not officers, employees, partners, stockholders or members of the Adviser or its affiliates; fees and expenses associated with and incident to stockholder meetings and proxy solicitations involving contested elections of directors, stockholder proposals or other non-routine matters that are not initiated or proposed by the Adviser; legal, marketing, printing, accounting and other expenses associated with any future share offerings, such as rights offerings and shelf offerings, following the Fund’s initial offering; expenses associated with tender offers and other share repurchases and redemptions; and other extraordinary expenses, including extraordinary legal expenses, as may arise, including, without limit, expenses incurred in connection with litigation, proceedings, other claims and the legal obligations of the Fund to indemnify its directors, officers, employees, stockholders, distributors and agents with respect thereto. The Unified Management Fee is designed to pay substantially all of the Fund's expenses and to compensate the Adviser for providing services for the Fund.

 

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

35

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Notes to Financial Statements

July 31, 2023

 

Formerly, ALPS Advisors, Inc. (“AAI”) served as the Fund’s investment adviser pursuant to an Investment Advisory Agreement with the Fund. As compensation for its services to the Fund, AAI received a management fee payable on a monthly basis at the annual rate of 1.00% of the Fund's average daily Managed Assets (as defined below). Formerly, RiverNorth served as the sub-adviser to the Fund pursuant to an Investment Sub-Advisory Agreement between AAI and RiverNorth. As compensation for RiverNorth's services to the Fund as sub-adviser, AAI paid RiverNorth a sub-advisory fee payable on a monthly basis at the annual rate of 0.85% of the Fund’s average daily Managed Assets. For the year ended July 31, 2023, the prior and current Adviser earned fees of $4,472,237, of which $398,765 remained payable at July 31, 2023.

 

ALPS Fund Services, Inc. (‘‘AFS’’) serves as administrator to the Fund. Under an Administration, Bookkeeping and Pricing Services Agreement, AFS is responsible for calculating the net asset values, providing additional fund accounting and tax services, and providing fund administration and compliance-related services to the Fund. AFS is entitled to receive a monthly fee, accrued daily based on the Fund’s average Managed Assets, as defined below, plus a fixed fee for completion of certain regulatory filings and reimbursement for certain out-of-pocket expenses. Effective October 1, 2022, these fees are paid by the Adviser, not the Fund, out of the Unified Management Fee.

 

DST Systems, Inc. (‘‘DST’’), the parent company of AFS, serves as the Transfer Agent to the Fund. Under the Transfer Agency Agreement, DST is responsible for maintaining all shareholder records of the Fund. DST is a wholly-owned subsidiary of SS&C Technologies Holdings, Inc. (“SS&C”), a publicly traded company listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market. Effective October 1, 2022, these fees are paid by the Adviser, not the Fund, out of the Unified Management Fee.

 

36	www.rivernorth.com

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Notes to Financial Statements

July 31, 2023

 

State Street Bank & Trust Co. serves as the Fund's custodian. Effective October 1, 2022, the fees of State Street Bank & Trust Co. are paid by the Adviser, not the Fund, out of the Unified Management Fee.

 

The Fund pays no salaries or compensation to its officers or to interested Directors employed by the Adviser. For their services, the Directors of the Fund, who are not employed by the Adviser, receive an annual retainer in the amount of $17,000, an additional $2,000 for attending each meeting of the Board and $1,000 for attending a special meeting of the Board. The Directors not employed by the Adviser, are also reimbursed for all reasonable out-of-pocket expenses relating to attendance at meetings of the Board. Effective October 1, 2022, these fees are paid by the Adviser, not the Fund, out of the Unified Management Fee.

 

The Chief Compliance Officer ("CCO") of the Fund is an employee of the Adviser. The Fund reimburses the Adviser for certain compliance costs related to the Fund, including a portion of the CCO's compensation.

 

Managed Assets: For these purposes, the term Managed Assets is defined as the total assets of the Fund, including assets attributable to leverage, minus liabilities (other than debt representing leverage and any preferred stock that may be outstanding).

 

4. LEVERAGE

 

The Fund may use leverage for investment purposes, which may include the use of borrowings, the issuance of preferred stock, and/or the use of derivatives or other transactions that may provide leverage (such as the investment of proceeds received from selling securities short). The Adviser will assess whether or not to engage in leverage based on its assessment of conditions in the debt and credit markets. Leverage, if used, may take the form of a borrowing or the issuance of preferred stock, although the Fund currently anticipates that leverage will primarily be obtained through the use of bank borrowings or other similar term loans.

 

The provisions of the 1940 Act further provide that the Fund may borrow or issue notes or debt securities in an amount up to 33 1/3% of its total assets or may issue preferred shares in an amount up to 50% of the Fund’s total assets (including the proceeds from leverage). Notwithstanding each of the limits discussed above, the Fund may enter into derivatives or other transactions (e.g., total return swaps) that may provide leverage (other than through borrowings or the issuance of preferred stock), but which are not subject to the above foregoing limitations, if the Fund earmarks or segregates liquid assets (or enters into offsetting positions) in accordance with applicable SEC regulations and interpretations to cover its obligations under those transactions and instruments. However, these transactions will entail additional expenses (e.g., transaction costs) which will be borne by the Fund.

 

If the net rate of return on the Fund’s investments purchased with the leverage proceeds exceeds the interest or dividend rate payable on the leverage, such excess earnings will be available to pay higher dividends to the Fund’s stockholders. If the net rate of return on the Fund’s investments purchased with leverage proceeds does not exceed the costs of leverage, the return to stockholders will be less than if leverage had not been used. The use of leverage magnifies gains and losses to stockholders. Since the stockholders pay all expenses related to the issuance of debt or use of leverage, any use of leverage would create a greater risk of loss for stockholders than if leverage is not used. There can be no assurance that a leveraging strategy will be successful during any period in which it is employed.

 

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

37

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Notes to Financial Statements

July 31, 2023

 

The Fund entered into a $65,000,000 credit agreement for margin financing with Pershing LLC (the "Pershing Credit Agreement"). Per the Pershing Credit Agreement, the Fund may borrow at an interest rate of 0.85% plus the Overnight Bank Funding Rate. Prior to March 20, 2022, the Fund borrowed at an interest rate of 1.10% plus the Overnight Bank Funding Rate. The Pershing Credit Agreement does not have an expiration date.

 

There was no outstanding balance on and the Fund did not borrow the credit facility during the year ended July 31, 2023.

 

5. DISTRIBUTIONS TO COMMON SHAREHOLDERS

 

The Fund intends to make regular monthly distributions to stockholders at a constant and fixed (but not guaranteed) rate that is reset annually to a rate equal to a percentage of the average of the Fund’s NAV per share (the “Distribution Amount”), as reported for the final five trading days of the preceding calendar year (the “Distribution Rate Calculation”). The Distribution Amount is set by the Board and may be adjusted from time to time. The Fund’s intention is that monthly distributions paid to stockholders throughout a calendar year will be at least equal to the Distribution Amount (plus any additional amounts that may be required to be included in a distribution for federal or excise tax purposes) and that, on the close of the calendar year, the Distribution Amount applicable to the following calendar year will be reset based upon the new results of the Distribution Rate Calculation.

 

Dividends and distributions may be payable in cash or shares of common stock, with stockholders having the option to receive additional common stock in lieu of cash. The Fund may at times, in its discretion, pay out less than the entire amount of net investment income earned in any particular period and may at times pay out such accumulated undistributed income in addition to net investment income earned in other periods in order to permit the Fund to maintain a more stable level of distributions. As a result, the dividend paid by the Fund to common stockholders for any particular period may be more or less than the amount of net investment income earned by the Fund during such period. Any distribution that is treated as a return of capital generally will reduce a shareholder’s basis in his or her shares, which may increase the capital gain or reduce the capital loss realized upon the sale of such shares. Any amounts received in excess of a shareholder’s basis are generally treated as capital gain, assuming the shares are held as capital assets. The Fund’s ability to maintain a stable level of distributions to stockholders will depend on a number of factors, including the stability of income received from its investments and the costs of any leverage. As portfolio and market conditions change, the amount of dividends on the Fund’s common stock could change. For federal income tax purposes, the Fund is required to distribute substantially all of its net investment income each year to both reduce its federal income tax liability and to avoid a potential federal excise tax. The Fund intends to distribute all realized net capital gains, if any, at least annually.

 

6. CUMULATIVE PERPETUAL PREFERRED STOCK

 

At July 31, 2023, the Fund had issued and outstanding 3,910,000 shares of Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, listed under trading symbol RIVPRA on the NYSE, with a par value of $0.0001 per share and a liquidation preference of $25.00 per share plus accrued and unpaid dividends (whether or not declared). The Fund issued 3,910,000 shares of Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock on April 20, 2022. The Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock is entitled to voting rights and a dividend at a rate of 6.00% per year, paid quarterly, based on the $25.00 liquidation preference before the common stock is entitled to receive any dividends. The Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock is generally not redeemable at the Fund’s option prior to May 15, 2027, and is subject to mandatory redemption by the Fund in certain circumstances. On or after May 15, 2027, the Fund may redeem in whole, or from time to time in part, outstanding Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock at a redemption price per share equal to the per share liquidation preference of $25.00 per share, plus accumulated and unpaid dividends, if any, through the date of redemption.

 

38	www.rivernorth.com

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Notes to Financial Statements

July 31, 2023

 

Series		First Redemption Date		Fixed Rate				Shares Outstanding				Aggregate Liquidation Preference				Fair Value
Series A		May 15, 2027			6.000%				3,910,000			$	97,750,000			$	91,806,800

 

7. CAPITAL TRANSACTIONS

 

The Fund’s authorized capital stock consists of 37,500,000 shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, all of which is initially classified as common shares. Under the rules of the NYSE applicable to listed companies, the Fund is required to hold an annual meeting of stockholders in each year.

 

Under the Fund’s Charter, the Board is authorized to classify and reclassify any unissued shares of stock into other classes or series of stock and authorize the issuance of shares of stock without obtaining stockholder approval. Also, the Fund’s Board, with the approval of a majority of the entire Board, but without any action by the stockholders of the Fund, may amend the Fund’s Charter from time to time to increase or decrease the aggregate number of shares of stock of the Fund or the number of shares of stock of any class or series that the Fund has authority to issue.

 

During the years ended July 31, 2022 and July 31, 2023, the Board approved rights offerings to participating shareholders of record who were allowed to subscribe for new common shares of the Fund. Record date shareholders received one right for each common share held on the respective record dates. For every three rights held, a holder of the rights was entitled to buy one new common share of the Fund. Record date shareholders who fully exercised all rights initially issued to them in the primary subscription were entitled to buy those common shares that were not purchased by other record date shareholders. The Fund issued new shares of common stock at 95% of NAV per share for the October 2, 2020 rights offering, and at 97.5% of NAV per share for the October 1, 2021 rights offering. Offering costs were charged to paid-in-capital upon the exercise of the rights.

 

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

39

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Notes to Financial Statements

July 31, 2023

 

The shares of common stock issued, subscription price, and offering costs for the rights offerings were as follows:

 

Record Date		Expiration Date		Shares of common stock issued				Subscription price				Gross Proceeds				Offering costs				Net Proceeds
October 1, 2021		November 5, 2021			4,373,407			$	16.81			$	73,516,972			$	191,237			$	73,325,735
October 14, 2022		November 8, 2022			2,752,078			$	11.97			$	32,942,374			$	208,954			$	32,733,420

 

On August 31, 2018, the Fund entered into a sales agreement with Jones Trading Institutional Services LLC ("Jones"), under which the Fund may from time to time offer and sell up to 3,300,000 of the Fund's common stock in an "at-the-market" offering. On November 11, 2020, the agreement with Jones was terminated and the Fund entered into a distribution agreement with ALPS Distributors, Inc. (“ADI”), pursuant to which the Fund may offer and sell up to 3,196,130 shares of the Fund's common stock from time to time through ADI. On September 17, 2021, the Fund entered into a new distribution agreement with ADI, as amended, pursuant to which the Fund may offer and sell an additional 5,000,000 shares of the Fund's common stock from time to time through ADI, for a total of 8,196,130 shares.

 

The shares of common stock issued, gross proceeds from the sale of shares, and commissions to Jones and ADI were as follows:

 

Period Ended			Shares of common stock issued				Gross Proceeds				Commissions				Offering Costs				Net Proceeds
July 31, 2022				1,335,578			$	22,707,554			$	227,219	*		$	14,966			$	22,465,369
July 31, 2023				345,717			$	5,144,378			$	51,562	*		$	8,378			$	5,084,438

 

*

Includes commissions in the amount of $45,415 and $10,289 retained by the Fund's related party distributor, ADI for the years ended July 31, 2022 and July 31, 2023, respectively.

 

The Fund's 2020 rights offering and previous at-the-market offerings were made under the shelf registration statement that was initially effective with the SEC on July 26, 2018. Offering costs incurred through July 31, 2023 as a result of the Fund's shelf registration statement initially effective with the SEC on September 17, 2021 are approximately $1,192,419. The Fund's 2021 and 2022 rights offerings, the current at-the-market offering and preferred shares offering were made under this shelf registration statement. The Statement of Assets and Liabilities reflects the deferred offering costs of $166,169 as accrued offering costs. These offering costs, as well as offering costs incurred subsequent to July 31, 2023, will be charged to paid-in-capital upon the issuance of shares.

 

Additional shares of the Fund may be issued under certain circumstances, including pursuant to the Fund’s Automatic Dividend Reinvestment Plan, as defined within the Fund’s organizational documents. Additional information concerning the Automatic Dividend Reinvestment Plan is included within this report.

  

40

www.rivernorth.com

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Notes to Financial Statements

July 31, 2023

 

8. PORTFOLIO INFORMATION

 

Purchases and Sales of Securities: For the year ended July 31, 2023, the cost of purchases and proceeds from sales of securities, excluding short-term securities, were $242,872,868, and $252,400,237, respectively.

 

9. TAXES

  

Classification of Distributions: Net investment income/(loss) and net realized gain/(loss) may differ for financial statement and tax purposes. The character of distributions made during the year from net investment income or net realized gains may differ from its ultimate characterization for federal income tax purposes. Also, due to the timing of dividend distributions, the fiscal year in which amounts are distributed may differ from the fiscal year in which the income or realized gain was recorded by the Fund.

 

The tax character of distributions paid during the years ended July 31, 2023 and July 31, 2022 was as follows:

 

		For the Year Ended July 31, 2023				For the Year Ended July 31, 2022
Ordinary Income (Common)		$	10,767,356			$	10,126,899
Ordinary Income (Preferred)			4,637,812				412,822
Tax-Exempt Income			–				–
Long-Term Capital Gain			–				5,642,848
Return of Capital			25,211,317				22,464,896
Total		$	40,616,485			$	38,647,465

 

Components of Distributable Earnings on a Tax Basis: The tax components of distributable earnings are determined in accordance with income tax regulations which may differ from the composition of net assets reported under GAAP. Accordingly, for the year ended July 31, 2023, certain differences were reclassified. The amounts reclassified did not affect net assets and were primarily related to the prior year tax return true-up. The reclassifications were as follows:

 

Paid-in capital				Total distributable earnings/(accumulated deficit)
$	(328,611	)		$	328,611

 

At July 31, 2023, the components of distributable earnings on a tax basis for the Fund were as follows:

 

Accumulated Capital Loss		$	(11,405,686	)
Unrealized Depreciation			(5,241,761	)
Preferred Distributions Payable			(1,227,188	)
Total		$	(17,874,635	)

 

Capital Losses: As of July 31, 2023, the Fund had capital loss carryforwards which may reduce the Fund’s taxable income arising from future net realized gains on investments, if any, to the extent permitted by the IRC and thus may reduce the amount of the distributions to shareholders which would otherwise be necessary to relieve the Fund of any liability for federal tax pursuant to the IRC. The capital loss carryforwards may be carried forward indefinitely. Capital losses carried forward for the year ended July 31, 2023, were as follows:

  

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

41

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Notes to Financial Statements

July 31, 2023

 

		Short-Term
RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.		$	11,405,686

 

Tax Basis of Investments: Net unrealized appreciation/(depreciation) of investments based on federal tax cost as of July 31, 2023, was as follows:

 

Cost of investments for income tax purposes		$	360,635,238
Gross appreciation on investments (excess of value over tax cost)(a)			12,808,785
Gross depreciation on investments (excess of tax cost over value)(a)			(18,050,567	)
Net appreciation of foreign currency and derivatives			21
Net unrealized depreciation on investments		$	(5,241,761	)

 

(a)

Includes appreciation/(depreciation) on securities sold short.

 

The differences between book-basis and tax-basis are primarily due to wash sales, investments in passive foreign investment companies, and the tax treatment of certain other investments.

 

Federal Income Tax Status: For federal income tax purposes, the Fund currently qualifies, and intends to remain qualified, as a regulated investment company under the provisions of Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, by distributing substantially all of its investment company taxable net income and realized gain, not offset by capital loss carryforwards, if any, to its shareholders. No provision for federal income taxes has been made.

 

As of and during the year ended July 31, 2023, the Fund did not have a liability for any unrecognized tax benefits in the accompanying financial statements. The Fund recognizes the interest and penalties, if any, related to the unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense in the Statement of Operations. Management has analyzed the Fund’s tax positions taken on federal income tax returns for all open tax periods and has concluded that no provision for federal income tax is required in the Fund’s financial statements. During the year, the Fund did not incur any interest or penalties. The Fund files U.S. federal, state, and local tax returns as required. The Fund’s tax returns are subject to examination by the relevant tax authorities until expiration of the applicable statute of limitations which is generally three years after the filing of the tax return.

 

10. INDEMNIFICATIONS

  

Under the Fund’s organizational documents, its officers and Directors are indemnified against certain liabilities arising out of the performance of their duties to the Fund. Additionally, in the normal course of business, the Fund enters into contracts with service providers that may contain general indemnification clauses. The Fund’s maximum exposure under those arrangements is unknown, as this would involve future claims that may be made against the Fund that have not yet occurred.

 

42

www.rivernorth.com

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Notes to Financial Statements

July 31, 2023

 

11. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

  

Subsequent to July 31, 2023, the Fund paid the following distributions:

 

Ex-Date	Record Date	Payable Date	Rate (per share)
August 14, 2023	August 15, 2023	August 31, 2023	$0.1278
September 14, 2023	September 15, 2023	September 29, 2023	$0.1278

 

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

43

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

July 31, 2023

 

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

 

Opinion on the Financial Statements

 

We have audited the accompanying statement of assets and liabilities, including the statement of investments, of RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc. (the “Fund”) as of July 31, 2023, the related statement of operations for the year then ended, the statements of changes in net assets for each of the two years in the period then ended, the related notes, and the financial highlights for each of the five years in the period then ended (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Fund as of July 31, 2023, the results of its operations for the year then ended, the changes in net assets for each of the two years in the period then ended, and the financial highlights for each of the five years in the period then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

 

Basis for Opinion

 

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Fund’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Fund’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Fund in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement whether due to error or fraud.

 

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our procedures included confirmation of securities owned as of July 31, 2023, by correspondence with the custodian, brokers, and transfer agents; when replies were not received from brokers, we performed other auditing procedures. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 

We have served as the auditor of one or more of RiverNorth Capital Management, LLC’s investment companies since 2006.

 

 

COHEN  & COMPANY, LTD.

Cleveland, Ohio

September 28, 2023

  

44

www.rivernorth.com

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Dividend Reinvestment Plan

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc. (the “Fund”) has a dividend reinvestment plan commonly referred to as an “opt-out” plan. Unless the registered owner of the Fund’s shares of common stock (the “Common Shares”) elects to receive cash by contacting DST Systems, Inc. (the "Plan Administrator"), all dividends and distributions declared on Common Shares will be automatically reinvested by the Plan Administrator for shareholders in the Fund’s Automatic Dividend Reinvestment Plan (the “Plan”), in additional Common Shares. Common Shareholders who elect not to participate in the Plan will receive all dividends and other distributions in cash paid by check mailed directly to the shareholder of record (or, if the Common Shares are held in street or other nominee name, then to such nominee) by the Plan Administrator as dividend disbursing agent. Participation in the Plan is completely voluntary and may be terminated or resumed at any time without penalty by notice if received and processed by the Plan Administrator prior to the dividend record date; otherwise such termination or resumption will be effective with respect to any subsequently declared dividend or other distribution. Such notice will be effective with respect to a particular dividend or other distribution (together, a “Dividend”). Some brokers may automatically elect to receive cash on behalf of Common Shareholders and may re-invest that cash in additional Common Shares.

 

Whenever the Fund declares a Dividend payable in cash, non-participants in the Plan will receive cash and participants in the Plan will receive the equivalent in Common Shares. The Common Shares will be acquired by the Plan Administrator for the participants’ accounts, depending upon the circumstances described below, either (i) through receipt of additional unissued but authorized Common Shares from the Fund (“Newly Issued Common Shares”) or (ii) by purchase of outstanding Common Shares on the open market (“Open-Market Purchases”) on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) or elsewhere. If, on the payment date for any Dividend, the closing market price plus estimated brokerage commissions per Common Share is equal to or greater than the net asset value per Common Share, the Plan Administrator will invest the Dividend amount in Newly Issued Common Shares on behalf of the participants. The number of Newly Issued Common Shares to be credited to each participant’s account will be determined by dividing the dollar amount of the Dividend by the Fund’s net asset value per Common Share on the payment date. If, on the payment date for any Dividend, the net asset value per Common Share is greater than the closing market value plus estimated brokerage commissions (i.e., the Fund’s Common Shares are trading at a discount), the Plan Administrator will invest the Dividend amount in Common Shares acquired on behalf of the participants in Open-Market Purchases.

 

In the event of a market discount on the payment date for any Dividend, the Plan Administrator will have until the last business day before the next date on which the Common Shares trade on an “ex-dividend” basis or 30 days after the payment date for such Dividend, whichever is sooner (the “Last Purchase Date”), to invest the Dividend amount in Common Shares acquired in Open-Market Purchases. It is contemplated that the Fund will pay monthly income Dividends. If, before the Plan Administrator has completed its Open-Market Purchases, the market price per Common Share exceeds the net asset value per Common Share, the average per Common Share purchase price paid by the Plan Administrator may exceed the net asset value of the Common Shares, resulting in the acquisition of fewer Common Shares than if the Dividend had been paid in Newly Issued Common Shares on the Dividend payment date. Because of the foregoing difficulty with respect to Open-Market Purchases, the Plan provides that if the Plan Administrator is unable to invest the full Dividend amount in Open-Market Purchases during the purchase period or if the market discount shifts to a market premium during the purchase period, the Plan Administrator may cease making Open-Market Purchases and may invest the uninvested portion of the Dividend amount in Newly Issued Common Shares at the net asset value per Common Share at the close of business on the Last Purchase Date.

 

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

45

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Dividend Reinvestment Plan

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

  

The Plan Administrator maintains all shareholders’ accounts in the Plan and furnishes written confirmation of all transactions in the accounts, including information needed by shareholders for tax records. Common Shares in the account of each Plan participant will be held by the Plan Administrator on behalf of the Plan participant, and each shareholder proxy will include those shares purchased or received pursuant to the Plan. The Plan Administrator will forward all proxy solicitation materials to participants and vote proxies for shares held under the Plan in accordance with the instructions of the participants.

 

Beneficial owners of Common Shares who hold their Common Shares in the name of a broker or nominee should contact the broker or nominee to determine whether and how they may participate in the Plan. In the case of Common Shareholders such as banks, brokers or nominees which hold shares for others who are the beneficial owners, the Plan Administrator will administer the Plan on the basis of the number of Common Shares certified from time to time by the record shareholder’s name and held for the account of beneficial owners who participate in the Plan.

 

There will be no brokerage charges with respect to Common Shares issued directly by the Fund. However, each participant will pay a pro rata share of brokerage commissions incurred in connection with Open-Market Purchases. The automatic reinvestment of Dividends will not relieve participants of any federal, state or local income tax that may be payable (or required to be withheld) on such Dividends. Participants that request a sale of Common Shares through the Plan Administrator are subject to brokerage commissions.

 

The Fund reserves the right to amend or terminate the Plan. There is no direct service charge to participants with regard to purchases in the Plan; however, the Fund reserves the right to amend the Plan to include a service charge payable by the participants.

 

All correspondence or questions concerning the Plan should be directed to the Plan Administrator at Mail Stop: RiverNorth Opp, 430 West 7th Street, Kansas City, MO 64105-1407.

 

46

www.rivernorth.com

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Additional Information

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS

 

The Fund files a complete schedule of portfolio holdings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for the first and third quarters of each fiscal year on Form N-PORT within 60 days after the end of the period. Copies of the Fund’s Form N-PORT are available without a charge, upon request, by contacting the Fund at 1-(844)-569-4750 and on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.

 

PROXY VOTING

  

A description of the Fund’s proxy voting policies and procedures is available (1) without charge, upon request, by calling 1-(844)-569-4750, (2) on the Fund’s website located at http://www.rivernorthcef.com, or (3) on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. Information regarding how the Fund voted proxies relating to portfolio securities during the twelve-month period ended June 30th is available on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.

 

UNAUDITED TAX INFORMATION

  

The Fund designated the following for federal income tax purposes for the year ended July 31, 2023:

 

	Foreign Taxes Paid	Foreign Source Income
RiverNorth Opportunities Fund	$0	$0

 

	Tax-Exempt Percentage
RiverNorth Opportunities Fund	0.00%

 

Of the distributions paid by the Fund from ordinary income for the calendar year ended December 31, 2022, the following percentages met the requirements to be treated as qualifying for the corporate dividends received deduction and qualified dividend income:

 

	Dividend Received Deduction	Qualified Dividend Income
RiverNorth Opportunities Fund	2.54%	5.80%

 

In early 2023, if applicable, shareholders of record received this information for the distributions paid to them by the Funds during the calendar year 2022 via Form 1099. The Fund will notify shareholders in early 2024 of amounts paid to them by the Fund, if any, during the calendar year 2023.

 

Pursuant to Section 852(b)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code, RiverNorth Opportunities Fund designated $0 as long term capital gain dividends.

  

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

47

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Expense Example

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

The following table is intended to assist investors in understanding the fees and expenses (annualized) that an investor in Common Shares would bear, directly or indirectly. The table is based on the capital structure of the Fund as of July 31, 2023.

 

The table shows Fund expenses as a percentage of net assets attributable to Common Shares. The following table should not be considered a representation of the Fund’s future expenses. Actual expenses may be greater or less than those shown below.

 

 

Shareholder Transaction Expenses	As a Percentage of Offering Price
Sales Load(1)	—%
Expenses Borne by Common Stockholders of the Fund(1)	—%
Dividend Reinvestment Plan Fees	None(2)

 

 

Shareholder Transaction Expenses	As a Percentage of Net Assets Attributable to Common Shares (1)(6)
Management Fee(3)	1.73%
Dividend and Interest Expense on Short Sales(4)	0.18%
Interest Expense on borrowings(4)	0.00%
Other Expenses(4)	0.18%
Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses(5)	1.25%
Total Annual Expenses	3.34%

 

Example⁽⁶⁾

 

The purpose of the following table is to help a holder of Common Shares understand the fees and expenses that such holder would bear directly or indirectly. The following example illustrates the expenses that you would pay on a $1,000 investment in Common Shares, assuming (1) that the Fund incurs total annual expenses of 3.34% of its net assets in years 1 through 10 and (2) a 5% annual return.

 

	1 year	3 years	5 years	10 years
Total Expenses Incurred	$34	$103	$174	$363

 

The example should not be considered a representation of future expenses. Actual expenses may be greater or less than those assumed.

 

 

48

www.rivernorth.com

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Expense Example

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

  

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

49

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

The following information in this annual report is a summary of certain information about the Fund and changes since the Fund’s registration statement dated January 25, 2022 (the “prior disclosure date”). This information may not reflect all of the changes that have occurred since you purchased the Fund.

 

Investment Objective

 

There have been no changes in the Fund’s investment objective since the prior disclosure date that has not been approved by shareholders.

 

The Fund’s investment objective is total return consisting of capital appreciation and current income.

 

Principal Investment Strategies

 

There have been no material changes to the Fund’s principal investment strategies since the prior disclosure date, other than updates related to RiverNorth Capital Management, LLC (“RiverNorth” or the “Adviser”) serving as investment adviser to the Fund effective as of October 1, 2022.

 

The Fund seeks to achieve its investment objective by pursuing a tactical asset allocation strategy and opportunistically investing under normal circumstances in closed-end funds, exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”), business development companies (“BDCs” and collectively, “Underlying Funds”) and special purpose acquisition companies (“SPACs”). BDCs are a type of closed-end fund that invests in small companies in the initial stages of their development and are similar to venture capital funds. SPACs are collective investment structures that pool funds in order to seek potential acquisition opportunities. The Adviser has the flexibility to change the Fund’s asset allocation based on its ongoing analysis of the equity, fixed income and alternative asset markets. The Adviser considers various quantitative and qualitative factors relating to the domestic and foreign securities markets and economies when making asset allocation and security selection decisions. While the Adviser continuously evaluates these factors, material shifts in the Fund’s asset class exposures will typically take place over longer periods of time. In addition, the Fund, in seeking to achieve its investment objective, will not take activist positions in the Underlying Funds or SPACs.

 

Under normal market conditions, the Fund will invest at least 80% of its Managed Assets in Underlying Funds and SPACs. The Fund directly, and therefore Common Stockholders indirectly, will bear the expenses of the Underlying Funds or SPACs.

 

Under normal market conditions: (i) no more than 80% of the Fund’s Managed Assets will be invested in “equity” Underlying Funds and SPACs; (ii) no more than 60% of the Fund’s Managed Assets will be invested in “fixed income” Underlying Funds and SPACs; (iii) no more than 30% of the Fund’s Managed Assets will be invested in “global equity” Underlying Funds and SPACs; (iv) no more than 15% of the Fund’s Managed Assets will be invested in “emerging market equity” Underlying Funds; (v) no more than 30% of the Fund’s Managed Assets will be invested in “high yield” (also known as “junk bond”) and “senior loan” Underlying Funds and SPACs; (vi) no more than 15% of the Fund’s Managed Assets will be invested in “emerging market income” Underlying Funds and SPACs; (vii) no more than 10% of the Fund’s Managed Assets will be invested in “real estate” Underlying Funds and SPACs; and (viii) no more than 15% of the Fund’s Managed Assets will be invested in “energy master limited partnership” (“MLP”) Underlying Funds and SPACs. Underlying Funds and SPACs included in the 30% limitation applicable to investments in “global equity” Underlying Funds and SPACs may include Underlying Funds and SPACs that invest a portion of their assets in emerging markets securities. The Fund will also limit its investments in closed-end funds (including BDCs) that have been in operation for less than one year to no more than 10% of the Fund’s Managed Assets. The Fund will not invest in inverse ETFs and leveraged ETFs. The types of Underlying Funds and SPACs referenced in this paragraph will be categorized in accordance with the fund categories established and maintained by Morningstar, Inc. The investment parameters stated above (and elsewhere in this report) apply only at the time of purchase. The Underlying Funds and SPACs in which the Fund invests will not include those that are advised or subadvised by the Adviser or its affiliates.

  

 

50

www.rivernorth.com

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

 

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

In selecting closed-end funds, the Adviser opportunistically utilizes a combination of short-term and longer-term trading strategies to seek to derive value from the discount and premium spreads associated with closed-end funds. The Fund benefits if it purchases a closed-end fund at a discount and the discount narrows. In addition, the Fund may purchase closed-end funds at a premium if the Adviser believes the premium will increase. The Adviser employs both a quantitative and qualitative approach in its selection of closed-end funds and has developed proprietary screening models and trading algorithms to trade closed-end funds. The Adviser employs the following trading strategies, among others:

 

Statistical Analysis (Mean Reversion)

 

●

Using proprietary quantitative models, the Adviser seeks to identify closed-end funds that are trading at compelling absolute and / or relative discounts.

 

●

The Fund will attempt to capitalize on the perceived mispricing if the Adviser believes that the discount widening is irrational and expects the discount to narrow to longer-term mean valuations.

 

Corporate Actions

 

●

The Adviser will pursue investments in closed-end funds that have announced, or the Adviser believes are likely to announce, certain corporate actions that may drive value for their shareholders.

 

●

The Adviser has developed trading strategies that focus on closed-end fund tender offers, rights offerings, shareholder distributions, open-endings and liquidations.

 

The Fund will invest in other Underlying Funds and SPACs (that are not closed-end funds) to gain exposure to specific asset classes when the Adviser believes closed-end fund discount or premium spreads are not attractive or to manage overall closed-end fund exposure in the Fund.

 

An index-based ETF is an investment company that seeks to track the performance of a particular market index. These indices include not only broad-market indices, but more specific indices as well, including those relating to particular sectors, markets, regions and industries. The Adviser selects ETFs based on their ability to offer specific sector and style exposure in a cost and tax efficient manner. The Fund purchases ETF shares on the secondary market. Unlike a fund that allocates its assets among mutual funds based on the perceived ability of the advisers to those mutual funds, the Adviser actively manages the Fund’s portfolio among the Underlying Funds and SPACs based on the Adviser’s research and analysis of the market and the investment merit of the Underlying Funds and SPACs themselves. In evaluating the investment merit of Underlying Funds and SPACs, the Adviser analyzes the asset class, the portfolio manager(s) and the adviser, past performance, recent portfolio holdings and concentration risks.

  

 

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

51

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

 

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

Under normal circumstances, the Fund intends to maintain long positions in Underlying Funds and SPACs, however, may engage in short sales for investment purposes. When the Fund engages in a short sale, it sells a security it does not own and, to complete the sale, borrows the same security from a broker or other institution. The Fund may benefit from a short position when the shorted security decreases in value. The Fund may also at times establish hedging positions. Hedging positions may include short sales and derivatives, such as options and swaps (“Hedging Positions”). Under normal market conditions, no more than 30% of the Fund’s Managed Assets will be in Hedging Positions. The Fund’s investments in derivatives will be included under the 80% policy noted above so long as the underlying asset of such derivatives is a closed-end fund or Underlying Fund, respectively. The Adviser intends to use Hedging Positions to lower the Fund’s volatility but they may also be used to seek to enhance the Fund’s return. A short sale is a transaction in which the Fund sells a security that it does not own in anticipation of a decline in the market price of the security. To complete the short sale, the Fund must arrange through a broker to borrow the security in order to deliver it to the buyer. The Fund is obligated to replace the borrowed security by purchasing it at a market price at or prior to the time it must be returned to the lender. The price at which the Fund is required to replace the borrowed security may be more or less than the price at which the security was sold by the Fund. The Fund will incur a loss if the price of the security sold short increases between the date of the short sale and the date on which the Fund replaces the borrowed security. The Fund will realize a gain if the price of the security declines between those dates.

 

The Adviser performs both a quantitative and qualitative analysis, including fundamental and technical analysis to assess the relative risk and reward potential for each SPAC investment. Among other things, the Adviser will evaluate the management team’s strategy, experience, deal flow, and demonstrated track record in building enterprise value. The Adviser will also evaluate the terms of each SPAC offering, including the aggregate amount of the offering, the offering price of the securities, the equity yield to termination, the option value of warrants, the sponsor’s interest in the SPAC, and the expected liquidity of the SPAC’s securities. The Fund will purchase securities of SPACs in their initial public offerings and in the secondary market.

 

In selecting SPAC investments, the Adviser will also utilize trading strategies and programs to seek to derive value from buying and selling SPAC securities, including units, common shares and warrants. Under normal market conditions, the Fund intends to purchase SPAC securities in an initial public offering and opportunistically buy and sell SPAC securities on the secondary market prior to a SPAC’s initial business combination. The Fund does not intend to hold common shares after a SPAC’s initial business combination has been completed other than common shares obtained temporarily through the conversion of a SPAC’s warrants into common shares. The Fund may redeem common shares of a SPAC in exchange for the Fund’s pro rata portion of the SPAC’s trust account.

 

The Fund also may invest up to 20% of its Managed Assets in exchange-traded notes (“ETNs”), certain derivatives, such as options and swaps, cash and cash equivalents. Such investments will not be counted towards the Fund’s 80% policy. ETNs are debt securities whose returns are linked to a particular index.

  

 

52	www.rivernorth.com

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

 

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

The Fund may invest directly in debt securities issued by certain credit-oriented unlisted funds and BDCs (“Private Debt”) identified by the Adviser in its due diligence process. The Adviser believes that investments in Private Debt can provide the Fund with the opportunity to obtain more favorable terms and similar risk profiles to similar publicly traded debt investments available. Private Debt often may be illiquid and is typically not listed on an exchange and traded less actively than similar securities issued by publicly traded-vehicles. For certain Private Debt investments, trading may only be possible through the assistance of the broker who originally brought the security to the market and has a relationship with the issuer. Due to the limited trading market, independent pricing services may be unable to provide a price for Private Debt, and the fair value of the securities may be determined in good faith under procedures approved by the Board, which typically will include the use of one or more independent broker quotes.

 

In selecting appropriate Private Debt investments for the Fund, the Adviser completes a fundamental and technical analysis of the issuer, with a focus on reducing downside risk. As part of this analysis, the Adviser evaluates the manager’s experience and ability based on historical track record regarding credit performance of previously originated loans and meetings with the management team. In addition, the Adviser reviews the issuer’s investment portfolio, including the issuer’s asset diversification across type and sector, before further evaluating the issuer’s financials to review its capital structure, particularly details of any existing leverage and the maximum leverage permitted on any senior debt of the issuer. Once comfort is reached regarding the issuer’s investment portfolio, manager, and capital structure, the Adviser then evaluates details of the terms of the Private Debt opportunity, beginning with a review to ensure appropriate covenants are contained within to limit the Fund’s downside risk across a range of scenarios (which typically will include a minimum level of subordination requirement.) Following, the Adviser will review and weigh pricing levels on the Private Debt compared to other opportunities in the market to assess relative value and arrive at an investment decision. Opportunities for the Fund to make investments in Private Debt may be limited, especially those which fit the Adviser’s investment criteria.

 

The Fund may attempt to enhance the return on the cash portion of its portfolio by investing in a total return swap agreement. A total return swap agreement provides the Fund with a return based on the performance of an underlying asset, in exchange for fee payments to a counterparty based on a specific rate. The difference in the value of these income streams is recorded daily by the Fund, and is typically settled in cash at least monthly. If the underlying asset declines in value over the term of the swap, the Fund would be required to pay the dollar value of that decline plus any applicable fees to the counterparty. The Fund may use its own net asset value (“NAV”) or any other reference asset that the Adviser chooses as the underlying asset in a total return swap. The Fund will limit the notional amount of all total return swaps in the aggregate to 15% of the Fund’s Managed Assets. Using the Fund’s own NAV as the underlying asset in the total return swap serves to reduce cash drag (the impact of cash on the Fund’s overall return) by replacing it with the impact of market exposure based upon the Fund’s own investment holdings. This type of total return swap would provide the Fund with a return based on its NAV. Like any total return swap, the Fund would be subject to counterparty risk and the risk that its own NAV declines in value.

 

 

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

53

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

 

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

The Fund generally seeks to hold securities for the long term, but may liquidate positions in order to change the Fund’s asset allocation or to generate cash to invest in more attractive opportunities, which may result in a larger portion of any net gains being realized as short-term capital gains. In addition, a negative change in the fundamental or qualitative characteristics of the issuer may cause the Adviser to sell a security. Finally, the Adviser may sell a security when its price approaches, meets or exceeds the Adviser’s target price. For instance, the Adviser may sell shares of a closed-end fund when it is no longer selling at a discount. This may result in a high rate of portfolio turnover.

 

The Fund’s investment objective is non-fundamental and may be changed by the Board without Common Stockholder approval. Common Stockholders will, however, receive at least 60 days’ prior notice of any change in this investment objective.

 

Use of Leverage

 

This section has been updated since the prior disclosure date to reflect certain non-material updates.

 

The Fund may borrow money and/or issue preferred stock, notes or debt securities for investment purposes. These practices are known as leveraging. The Fund may utilize leverage to purchase portfolio securities and for portfolio or cash management purposes. The Fund also may borrow money as a temporary measure for extraordinary or emergency purposes, including settlement of securities transactions, which otherwise might require untimely dispositions of the Fund’s portfolio securities. The Fund currently anticipates that if employed, leverage will primarily be obtained through the use of bank borrowings or other similar term loans. The Underlying Funds and SPACs that the Fund invests in may also use leverage. The Fund may be subject to certain restrictions on investments imposed by lenders or by one or more rating agencies that may issue ratings for any senior securities issued by the Fund. Borrowing covenants or rating agency guidelines may impose asset coverage or Fund composition requirements that are more stringent than those imposed on the Fund by the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”).

 

The provisions of the 1940 Act further provide that the Fund may borrow or issue notes or debt securities in an amount up to 33 1/3% of its total assets or may issue preferred shares in an amount up to 50% of the Fund’s total assets (including the proceeds from leverage).

 

The Fund may enter into derivatives or other transactions (e.g., total return swaps) that may provide leverage (other than through borrowings or the issuance of preferred shares). The Fund also invests in reverse repurchase agreements, total return swaps and derivatives or other transactions with leverage embedded in them in a limited manner or subject to a limit on leverage risk calculated based on value-at-risk, as required by Rule 18f-4 under the 1940 Act. These transactions will not cause the Fund to pay higher advisory or administration fee rates than it would pay in the absence of such transactions.

 

However, these transactions will entail additional expenses (e.g., transaction costs) which will be borne by the Fund. These types of transactions have the potential to increase returns to Common Stockholders, but they also involve additional risks. This additional leverage will increase the volatility of the Fund’s investment portfolio and could result in larger losses than if the transactions were not entered into. However, to the extent that the Fund enters into offsetting transactions or owns positions covering its obligations, the leveraging effect is expected to be minimized or eliminated.

  

54	www.rivernorth.com

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

Under the 1940 Act, the Fund is not permitted to incur indebtedness unless immediately after doing so the Fund has an asset coverage of at least 300% of the aggregate outstanding principal balance of indebtedness (i.e., such indebtedness may not exceed 33 1/3% of the value of the Fund’s total assets including the amount borrowed). Additionally, under the 1940 Act, the Fund may not declare any dividend or other distribution upon any class of its shares, or purchase any such shares, unless the aggregate indebtedness of the Fund has, at the time of the declaration of any such dividend or distribution or at the time of any such purchase, asset coverage of at least 300% after deducting the amount of such dividend, distribution, or purchase price, as the case may be. With respect to the asset coverage for preferred stock, under the 1940 Act, the Fund is not permitted to issue preferred stock unless immediately after such issuance the total asset value of the Fund’s portfolio is at least 200% of the liquidation value of the outstanding preferred stock (i.e., such liquidation value may not exceed 50% of the Fund’s Managed Assets). In addition, the Fund is not permitted to declare any cash dividend or other distribution on its Common Shares unless, at the time of such declaration, the NAV of the Fund’s portfolio (determined after deducting the amount of such dividend or other distribution) is at least 200% of such liquidation value of the preferred stock. If preferred stock is issued, the Fund intends, to the extent possible, to purchase or redeem shares, from time to time, to maintain coverage of any preferred stock of at least 200%. Normally, holders of Common Shares will elect the directors of the Fund except that the holders of any preferred stock will elect two directors. In the event the Fund failed to pay dividends on its preferred stock for two years, holders of preferred stock would be entitled to elect a majority of the directors until the dividends are paid.

 

Effects of Leverage

 

The following table is furnished in response to requirements of the SEC. It is designed to illustrate the effect of leverage on total return on common shares, assuming investment portfolio total returns (comprised of income, net expenses and changes in the value of investments held in the Fund’s portfolio) of -10%, -5%, 0%, 5% and 10%. The table below reflects the Fund's continued use of Preferred Shares as of July 31, 2023 as a percentage of total managed assets (including assets attributable to such leverage), and the annual return that the Fund's portfolio must experience (net of expenses) in order to cover such costs. These assumed investment portfolio returns are hypothetical figures and are not necessarily indicative of what the Fund’s investment portfolio returns will be. In other words, the Fund’s actual returns may be greater or less than those appearing in the table below. The table further reflects the use of leverage representing approximately 27.02% of the Fund’s Managed Assets and estimated leverage costs of 6.00%.

 

Assumed Portfolio Return	-10.00%	-5.00%	0.00%	5.00%	10.00%
Common Share Total Return	-15.92%	-9.07%	-2.22%	4.63%	11.48%

 

Total return is composed of two elements—the dividends on common shares paid by the Fund (the amount of which is largely determined by the Fund’s net investment income after paying the cost of leverage) and realized and unrealized gains or losses on the value of the securities the Fund owns. As the table shows, leverage generally increases the return to common shareholders when portfolio return is positive or greater than the costs of leverage and decreases return when the portfolio return is negative or less than the costs of leverage.

  

 

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

55

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

 

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

During the time in which the Fund is using leverage, the amount of the fees paid to the Adviser for investment management services is higher than if the Fund did not use leverage because the fees paid are calculated based on the Fund’s Managed Assets. This may create a conflict of interest between the Adviser, on the one hand, and common shareholders, on the other. Also, because the leverage costs are borne by the Fund at a specified interest rate, only the Fund’s common shareholders bear the cost of the Fund’s management fees and other expenses. There can be no assurance that a leveraging strategy will be successful during any period in which it is employed.

 

Market and Net Asset Value Information

 

The Fund’s Common Shares are listed on the NYSE under the symbol “RIV.” The Fund’s Common Shares commenced trading on the NYSE in December 2015.

 

The Fund’s Common Shares have traded both at a premium and a discount to NAV. The Fund cannot predict whether the Common Shares will trade in the future at a premium or discount to NAV. The provisions of the 1940 Act generally require that the public offering price of Common Shares (less any underwriting commissions and discounts) must equal or exceed the NAV per share of a company’s common stock (calculated within 48 hours of pricing). The Fund’s issuance of Common Shares may have an adverse effect on prices in the secondary market for the Fund’s Common Shares by increasing the number of Common Shares available, which may put downward pressure on the market price for the Fund’s Common Shares. Shares of common stock of closed-end investment companies frequently trade at a discount from NAV.

 

The following table shows, for each fiscal quarter since the quarter ended January 31, 2021: (i) high and low NAVs per share of common stock, (ii) the high and low sale prices per share of common stock, as reported in the consolidated transaction reporting system, and (iii) the percentage by which the Common Shares traded at a premium over, or discount from, the high and low NAVs per shares of common stock. The Fund’s NAV per Common Share is determined on a daily basis.

 

Quarter Ended		Market Price		NAV at		Market Premium (Discount) to NAV at
		High	Low	Market High	Market Low	Market High	Market Low
2023	July 31	$11.51	$10.96	$12.32	$12.23	-6.57%	-10.38%
	April 30	$12.50	$10.89	$12.82	$12.24	-2.50%	-11.03%
	January 31	$13.29	$11.74	$12.73	$12.30	4.40%	-4.55%
2022	October 31	$15.20	$11.85	$13.82	$12.29	9.99%	-3.58%
	July 31	$15.10	$12.56	$14.06	$13.01	7.40%	-3.46%
	April 30	$16.68	$14.78	$15.87	$15.31	5.10%	-3.46%
	January 31	$17.69	$14.86	$17.09	$15.64	3.51%	-4.99%
2021	October 31	$18.75	$16.71	$17.12	$16.87	9.52%	-0.95%
	July 31	$18.75	$16.75	$17.24	$17.02	8.76%	-1.59%
	April 30	$17.88	$16.71	$17.23	$16.61	3.77%	0.60%
	January 31	$17.07	$13.81	$16.48	$14.53	3.58%	-4.96%

 

56	www.rivernorth.com

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

Risks

 

Investing in the Fund involves certain risks relating to its structure and investment objective. You should carefully consider these risk factors, together with all of the other information included in this report, before deciding whether to make an investment in the Fund. An investment in the Fund may not be appropriate for all investors, and an investment in the common shares of the Fund should not be considered a complete investment program.

 

The risks set forth below are not the only risks of the Fund, and the Fund may face other risks that have not yet been identified, which are not currently deemed material or which are not yet predictable. If any of the following risks occur, the Fund’s financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. In such case, the Fund’s NAV and the trading price of its securities could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

 

Certain risk factors included below have been updated since the prior disclosure date to reflect certain non-material updates.

 

Structural Risks:

 

Not a Complete Investment Program

 

The Fund is intended for investors seeking capital appreciation and current income over the long-term, and is not intended to be a short-term trading vehicle. An investment in the Common Shares of the Fund should not be considered a complete investment program. Each investor should take into account the Fund’s investment objective and other characteristics as well as the investor’s other investments when considering an investment in the Common Shares. An investment in the Fund may not be appropriate for all investors.

 

Risks Associated with Offerings of Additional Common Shares

 

The voting power of current Common Stockholders will be diluted to the extent that current Common Stockholders do not purchase Common Shares in any future offerings of Common Shares or do not purchase sufficient Common Shares to maintain their percentage interest. If the Fund is unable to invest the proceeds of such offering as intended, the Fund’s per Common Share distribution may decrease and the Fund may not participate in market advances to the same extent as if such proceeds were fully invested as planned. If the Fund sells Common Shares at a price below NAV pursuant to the consent of Common Stockholders, shareholders will experience a dilution of the aggregate NAV per Common Share because the sale price will be less than the Fund’s then-current NAV per Common Share. Similarly, were the expenses of the offering to exceed the amount by which the sale price exceeded the Fund’s then current NAV per Common Share, shareholders would experience a dilution of the aggregate NAV per Common Share. This dilution will be experienced by all shareholders, irrespective of whether they purchase Common Shares in any such offering.

 

 

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

57

 

 

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

 

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

Additional Risks of Rights

 

There are additional risks associated with an offering of subscription rights to purchase Common Shares (“Rights”). Shareholders who do not exercise their Rights may, at the completion of such an offering, own a smaller proportional interest in the Fund than if they exercised their Rights. As a result of such an offering, a shareholder may experience dilution in NAV per share if the subscription price per share is below the NAV per share on the expiration date. If the subscription price per share is below the NAV per share of the Fund’s Common Shares on the expiration date, a shareholder will experience an immediate dilution of the aggregate NAV of such shareholder’s Common Shares if the shareholder does not participate in such an offering and the shareholder will experience a reduction in the NAV per share of such shareholder’s Common Shares whether or not the shareholder participates in such an offering. Such a reduction in NAV per share may have the effect of reducing market price of the Common Share. The Fund cannot state precisely the extent of this dilution (if any) if the shareholder does not exercise such shareholder’s Rights because the Fund does not know what the NAV per share will be when the offer expires or what proportion of the Rights will be exercised. If the subscription price is substantially less than the then current NAV per Common Share at the expiration of a rights offering, such dilution could be substantial. Any such dilution or accretion will depend upon whether (i) such shareholders participate in the rights offering and (ii) the Fund’s NAV per Common Share is above or below the subscription price on the expiration date of the rights offering. In addition to the economic dilution described above, if a Common Stockholder does not exercise all of their rights, the Common Stockholders will incur voting dilution as a result of this rights offering. This voting dilution will occur because the Common Stockholders will own a smaller proportionate interest in the Fund after the rights offering than prior to the rights offering. There is a risk that changes in market conditions may result in the underlying Common Shares purchasable upon exercise of the subscription rights being less attractive to investors at the conclusion of the subscription period. This may reduce or eliminate the value of the subscription rights. If investors exercise only a portion of the rights, the number of Common Shares issued may be reduced, and the Common Shares may trade at less favorable prices than larger offerings for similar securities. Subscription rights issued by the Fund may be transferable or non-transferable rights. In a non-transferable rights offering, Common Stockholders who do not wish to exercise their rights will be unable to sell their rights. In a transferrable rights offering, the Fund will use its best efforts to ensure an adequate trading market for the rights; however, investors may find that there is no market to sell rights they do not wish to exercise.

 

Leverage Risks

 

The Fund may borrow money, or issue debt or preferred stock. Since the holders of Common Shares pay all expenses related to the issuance of debt or use of leverage, the use of leverage through borrowing of money, issuance of debt securities or the issuance of preferred stock for investment purposes creates risks for the holders of Common Shares. Leverage is a speculative technique that exposes the Fund to greater risk and increased costs than if it were not implemented. Increases and decreases in the value of the Fund’s portfolio will be magnified when the Fund uses leverage. As a result, leverage may cause greater changes in the Fund’s NAV. The Fund will also have to pay interest on its borrowings or dividends on preferred stock, if any, which may reduce the Fund’s return. The leverage costs may be greater than the Fund’s return on the underlying investment. The Fund’s leveraging strategy may not be successful.

 

 

58	www.rivernorth.com

 

 

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

 

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

If the Fund utilizes leverage in the form of borrowing, it anticipates that the money borrowed for investment purposes will incur interest based on shorter-term interest rates that would be periodically reset. So long as the Fund’s portfolio provides a higher rate of return, net of expenses, than the interest rate on borrowed money, as reset periodically, the leverage may cause the holders of Common Shares to receive a higher current rate of return than if the Fund were not leveraged. If, however, long-term and/or short-term rates rise, the interest rate on borrowed money could exceed the rate of return on securities held by the Fund, reducing return to the holders of Common Shares.

 

There is no assurance that a leveraging strategy will be successful. Leverage involves risks and special considerations for Common Stockholders, including:

 

•

the likelihood of greater volatility of NAV, market price and dividend rate of the Common Shares than a comparable portfolio without leverage;

 

•

the risk that fluctuations in interest rates on borrowings or on short-term debt or in the interest or dividend rates on any debt securities or preferred shares that the Fund must pay will reduce the return to the Common Stockholders;

 

•

the effect of leverage in a declining market, which is likely to cause a greater decline in the NAV of the Common Shares than if the Fund were not leveraged, may result in a greater decline in the market price of the Common Shares;

 

•

when the Fund uses financial leverage, the investment management fees payable to the Adviser will be higher than if the Fund did not use leverage. This may create a conflict of interest between the Adviser, on the one hand, and the holders of Common Shares, on the other; and

 

•

leverage may increase operating costs, which may reduce total return.

 

The use of leverage may require the Fund to segregate assets to cover its obligations (or, if the Fund borrows money or issues preferred shares, to maintain asset coverage in conformity with the requirements of the 1940 Act). While the segregated assets will be invested in liquid securities, they may not be used for other operational purposes. Consequently, the use of leverage may limit the Fund’s flexibility and may require that the Fund sell other portfolio investments to pay Fund expenses, to maintain assets in an amount sufficient to cover the Fund’s leveraged exposure or to meet other obligations at a time when it may be disadvantageous to sell such assets. Certain types of borrowings by the Fund may result in the Fund being subject to covenants in credit agreements relating to asset coverage and portfolio composition requirements. The Fund may be subject to certain restrictions on investments imposed by guidelines of one or more rating agencies, which may issue ratings for the short-term debt securities or preferred shares issued by the Fund. These guidelines may impose asset coverage or portfolio composition requirements that are more stringent than those imposed by the 1940 Act. The Adviser does not believe that these covenants or guidelines will impede it from managing the Fund’s portfolio in accordance with the Fund’s investment objective and policies if the Fund were to utilize leverage.

 

Leverage risk would also apply to the Fund’s investments in Underlying Funds and SPACs to the extent an Underlying Fund or SPAC uses leverage.

 

 

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

59

 

 

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

 

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

Market Discount

 

The stock of closed-end management investment companies often trade at a discount from their NAV, and the Fund’s Common Shares may likewise trade at a discount from NAV. The trading price of the Fund’s Common Shares may be less than the NAV. The returns earned by Common Stockholders who sell their Common Shares below NAV will be reduced. The Fund’s Common Shares are currently sold at a premium to NAV. This risk would also apply to the Fund’s investments in closed-end funds.

 

Anti-Takeover Provisions

 

Maryland law and the Fund’s Charter and Bylaws include provisions that could limit the ability of other entities or persons to acquire control of the Fund or to convert the Fund to open-end status. These provisions could deprive the holders of Common Shares of opportunities to sell their Common Shares at a premium over the then current market price of the Common Shares or at NAV. This risk would also apply to many of the Fund’s investments in closed-end funds.

 

Investment-Related Risks:

 

The risks listed below are in alphabetical order. With the exception of Underlying Fund risk (and except as otherwise noted below), the following risks apply to the direct investments the Fund may make, and generally apply to the Fund’s investments in Underlying Funds and SPACs. That said, each risk described below may not apply to each Underlying Fund or SPAC investment. Similarly, an Underlying Fund may be subject to additional or different risks than those described below.

 

Asset Allocation Risks

 

To the extent that the Adviser’s asset allocation strategy may fail to produce the intended result, the Fund’s return may suffer. Additionally, the active asset allocation style of the Fund leads to changing allocations over time and represents a risk to investors who target fixed asset allocations.

 

Convertible Securities Risks

 

The market value of convertible securities tends to fall when prevailing interest rates rise. The value of convertible securities also tends to change whenever the market value of the underlying common or preferred stock fluctuates. Convertible securities tend to be of lower credit quality.

 

Defensive Measures

 

The Fund may invest up to 100% of its assets in cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments as a defensive measure in response to adverse market conditions or opportunistically at the discretion of the Adviser. During these periods or during periods when an Underlying Fund invests defensively, the Fund may not be pursuing its investment objective.

 

 

60	www.rivernorth.com

 

 

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

 

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

Derivatives Risks

 

The Fund and the Underlying Funds may enter into derivatives transactions. Derivative transactions involve investment techniques and risks different from those associated with investments in Underlying Funds. Generally, a derivative is a financial contract the value of which depends upon, or is derived from, the value of an underlying asset, reference rate, or index, and may relate to individual debt or equity instruments, interest rates, currencies or currency exchange rates, commodities, related indexes, and other assets. Derivatives can be volatile and involve various types and degrees of risk, depending upon the characteristics of a particular derivative. Derivatives may entail investment exposures that are greater than their cost would suggest, meaning that a small investment in a derivative could have a large potential impact on the performance of a fund. A fund could experience a loss if derivatives do not perform as anticipated, if they are not correlated with the performance of other investments which they are used to hedge or if the fund is unable to liquidate a position because of an illiquid secondary market. The market for many derivatives is, or can suddenly become, illiquid. Changes in liquidity may result in significant, rapid and unpredictable changes in the prices of derivatives. When used for speculative purposes, derivatives will produce enhanced investment exposure, which will magnify gains and losses. Certain derivatives transactions may give rise to a form of leverage. The use of leverage may cause a fund to liquidate portfolio positions when it may not be advantageous to do so to satisfy its obligations. Leverage may cause a fund to be more volatile than if it had not been leveraged. This is because leverage tends to exaggerate the effect of any increase or decrease in the value of the fund’s portfolio securities. Further, using derivatives may include the risk of mispricing or improper valuation of derivatives and the inability of derivatives to correlate perfectly, or at all, with the value of the assets, reference rates or indexes they are designed to closely track. The Fund also will be subject to credit risk with respect to the counterparties to the derivatives contracts purchased by the Fund. If a counterparty becomes bankrupt or otherwise fails to perform its obligations under a derivative contract due to financial difficulties, the Fund may experience significant delays in obtaining any recovery under the derivative contract in a bankruptcy or other reorganization proceeding. The Fund may obtain only a limited recovery or may obtain no recovery in such circumstances.

 

On October 28, 2020, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) adopted Rule 18f-4 under the 1940 Act relating to a registered investment company’s use of derivatives and related instruments. Rule 18f-4 prescribes specific value-at-risk leverage limits for certain derivatives users and requires certain derivatives users to adopt and implement a derivatives risk management program (including the appointment of a derivatives risk manager and the implementation of certain testing requirements), and prescribes reporting requirements in respect of derivatives. Subject to certain conditions, if a fund qualifies as a “limited derivatives user,” as defined in Rule 18f-4, it is not subject to the full requirements of Rule 18f-4. In connection with the adoption of Rule 18f-4, the SEC rescinded certain of its prior guidance regarding asset segregation and coverage requirements in respect of derivatives transactions and related instruments. With respect to reverse repurchase agreements or other similar financing transactions in particular, Rule 18f-4 permits a fund to enter into such transactions if the fund either (i) complies with the asset coverage requirements of Section 18 of the 1940 Act, and combines the aggregate amount of indebtedness associated with all similar financing with the aggregate amount of any other senior securities representing indebtedness when calculating the relevant asset coverage ratio, or (ii) treats all similar financing transactions as derivatives transactions for all purposes under Rule 18f-4. The Fund was required to comply with Rule 18f-4 beginning August 19, 2022 and has adopted procedures for investing in derivatives and other transactions in compliance with Rule 18f-4. Disclosure regarding Rule 18f-4 under the 1940 Act has been added since the prior disclosure date.

 

 

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

61

 

 

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

 

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

Defaulted and Distressed Securities Risks

 

The Underlying Funds may invest directly in defaulted and distressed securities. Legal difficulties and negotiations with creditors and other claimants are common when dealing with defaulted or distressed companies. Defaulted or distressed companies may be insolvent or in bankruptcy. In the event of a default, an Underlying Fund may incur additional expenses to seek recovery. The repayment of defaulted bonds is subject to significant uncertainties, and in some cases, there may be no recovery of repayment. Defaulted bonds might be repaid only after lengthy workout or bankruptcy proceedings, during which the issuer might not make any interest or other payments. Because of the relative illiquidity of defaulted or distressed debt and equity securities, short sales are difficult, and most Underlying Funds primarily maintain long positions. Some relative value trades are possible, where an investor sells short one class of a defaulted or distressed company’s capital structure and purchases another. With distressed investing, often there is a time lag between when an Underlying Fund makes an investment and when the Underlying Fund realizes the value of the investment. In addition, an Underlying Fund may incur legal and other monitoring costs in protecting the value of the Underlying Fund’s claims.

 

Equity Securities Risks

 

While equity securities have historically generated higher average returns than fixed income securities, equity securities have also experienced significantly more volatility in those returns. An adverse event, such as an unfavorable earnings report, may depress the value of an issuer’s equity securities held by an Underlying Fund. Equity security prices fluctuate for several reasons, including changes in investors’ perceptions of the financial condition of an issuer or the general condition of the relevant stock market, or when political or economic events affecting the issuers occur. The value of a particular equity security may fall in value. The prices of stocks change in response to many factors, including the historical and prospective earnings of the issuer, the value of its assets, management decisions, decreased demand for an issuer’s products or services, increased production costs, general economic conditions, interest rates, currency exchange rates, investor perceptions and market liquidity. The value of an Underlying Fund’s shares will go up and down due to movement in the collective returns of the individual securities held by the Underlying Fund. Common stocks are subordinate to preferred stocks and debt in a company’s capital structure, and if a company is liquidated, the claims of secured and unsecured creditors and owners of preferred stocks take precedence over the claims of those who own Common Shares. In addition, equity security prices may be particularly sensitive to rising interest rates, as the cost of capital rises and borrowing costs increase.

 

Exchange-Traded Note Risks

 

The Fund and the Underlying Funds may invest in exchange-traded notes (“ETNs”), which are notes representing unsecured debt issued by an underwriting bank. ETNs are typically linked to the performance of an index plus a specified rate of interest that could be earned on cash collateral. The value of an ETN may be influenced by time to maturity, level of supply and demand for the ETN, volatility and lack of liquidity in underlying markets, changes in the applicable interest rates, changes in the issuer’s credit rating and economic, legal, political or geographic events that affect the referenced index. ETNs typically mature 30 years from the date of issue. The issuer’s credit rating will be investment grade at the time of investment, however, the credit rating may be revised or withdrawn at any time and there is no assurance that a credit rating will remain in effect for any given time period. If a rating agency lowers the issuer’s credit rating, the value of the ETN will decline and a lower credit rating reflects a greater risk that the issuer will default on its obligation. When a fund invests in ETNs, it will bear its proportionate share of any fees and expenses associated with investment in such securities. Such fees reduce the amount of return on investment at maturity or upon redemption.

 

 

62	www.rivernorth.com

 

 

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

 

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

There may be restrictions on a fund’s right to liquidate its investment in an ETN prior to maturity (for example, a fund may only be able to offer its ETN for repurchase by the issuer on a weekly basis), since ETNs are meant to be held until maturity. A fund’s decision to sell its ETN holdings may be limited by the availability of a secondary market.

 

Fixed Income Securities Risks

 

The Underlying Funds and the Fund may invest in fixed income securities. Fixed income securities increase or decrease in value based on changes in interest rates. If rates increase, the value of an Underlying Fund’s fixed income securities generally declines. On the other hand, if rates fall, the value of the fixed income securities generally increases. The issuer of a fixed income security may not be able to make interest and principal payments when due. This risk is increased in the case of issuers of high yield securities, also known as “junk bonds.” If a U.S. Government agency or instrumentality in which an Underlying Fund invests defaults, and the U.S. Government does not stand behind the obligation, the Underlying Fund’s share price or yield could fall. Securities of certain U.S. Government sponsored entities are neither issued nor guaranteed by the U.S. Government. The Underlying Funds may invest in fixed income securities of any credit quality, maturity or duration. Fixed income securities risks include components of the following additional risks:

 

Credit Risk. The issuer of a fixed income security may not be able to make interest and principal payments when due. Generally, the lower the credit rating of a security, the greater the risk that the issuer will default on its obligation, which could result in a loss to a fund. The Underlying Funds may invest in securities that are rated in the lowest investment grade category. Issuers of these securities are more vulnerable to changes in economic conditions than issuers of higher grade securities.

 

High Yield Securities Risk. The Underlying Funds may invest in high yield securities, also known as “junk bonds.” High yield securities provide greater income and opportunity for gain, but entail greater risk of loss of principal. High yield securities are predominantly speculative with respect to the issuer’s capacity to pay interest and repay principal in accordance with the terms of the obligation. The market for high yield securities is generally less active than the market for higher quality securities. This may limit the ability of a fund to sell high yield securities at the price at which it is being valued for purposes of calculating NAV.

 

U.S. Government Securities Risk. The Underlying Funds may invest in U.S. Government securities. The U.S. Government’s guarantee of ultimate payment of principal and timely payment of interest on certain U.S. Government securities owned by an Underlying Fund does not imply that the Underlying Fund’s shares are guaranteed or that the price of the Underlying Fund’s shares will not fluctuate. In addition, securities issued by Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae and Federal Home Loan Banks are not obligations of, or insured by, the U.S. Government. If a U.S. Government agency or instrumentality in which an Underlying Fund invests defaults and the U.S. Government does not stand behind the obligation, the Fund’s NAV could fall.

 

 

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

63

 

 

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

 

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

Interest Rate Risk. An Underlying Fund’s NAV and total return will vary in response to changes in interest rates. If rates increase, the value of an Underlying Fund’s investments generally will decline, as will the Underlying Fund’s NAV. In typical interest rate environments, the prices of longer-term fixed income securities generally fluctuate more than the prices of shorter-term fixed income securities as interest rates change.

 

Interest rates in the United States and many other countries have risen in recent periods and may continue to rise in the future. Additionally, as a result of increasing interest rates, reserves held by banks and other financial institutions in bonds and other debt securities could face a significant decline in value relative to deposits and liabilities, which coupled with general economic headwinds resulting from a changing interest rate environment, creates liquidity pressures at such institutions, as evidenced by the bank run on the Silicon Valley Bank Financial Group (“SVB”) causing it to be placed into receivership. As a result, certain sectors of the credit markets could experience significant declines in liquidity, and it is possible that the Fund (or an Underlying Fund) will not be able to manage this risk effectively. It is yet to be determined how the bank run on SVB will fully impact the overall performance of the Fund or an Underlying Fund and how similar events may affect the ability of the Fund or an Underlying Fund to execute its investment strategy.

 

Sovereign Obligation Risk. The Underlying Funds may invest in sovereign (i.e., foreign government) debt obligations. Investment in sovereign debt obligations involves special risks not present in corporate debt obligations. The issuer of the sovereign debt or the governmental authorities that control the repayment of the debt may be unable or unwilling to repay principal or interest when due, and the Underlying Funds may have limited recourse in the event of a default. During periods of economic uncertainty, the market prices of sovereign debt may be more volatile than prices of U.S. debt obligations. In the past, certain emerging markets have encountered difficulties in servicing their debt obligations, withheld payments of principal and interest, and declared moratoria on the payment of principal and interest on their sovereign debts. See also “Foreign Investing Risks” below.

 

Foreign Investing Risks

 

The Fund and the Underlying Funds may invest in foreign securities. Investments in foreign securities may be affected by currency controls and exchange rates; different accounting, auditing, financial reporting, and legal standards and practices; expropriation; changes in tax policy; social, political and economic instability; greater market volatility; differing securities market structures; higher transaction costs; and various administrative difficulties, such as delays in clearing and settling portfolio transactions or in receiving payment of dividends. In addition, changes in government administrations or economic or monetary policies in the United States or abroad could result in appreciation or depreciation of the Fund’s or Underlying Fund’s securities. These risks may be heightened in connection with investments in emerging or developing countries. To the extent that a Fund or Underlying Fund invests in depositary receipts, the Fund or Underlying Fund will be subject to many of the same risks as when investing directly in foreign securities. The effect of recent, worldwide economic instability on specific foreign markets or issuers may be difficult to predict or evaluate, and some national economies continue to show profound instability, which may in turn affect their international trading partners.

 

 

64	www.rivernorth.com

 

 

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

 

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

Illiquid Securities Risks

 

The Underlying Funds may invest in illiquid securities. It may not be possible to sell or otherwise dispose of illiquid securities both at the price and within the time period deemed desirable by a fund. Illiquid securities also may be difficult to value.

 

Initial Public Offerings Risks

 

The Fund and the Underlying Funds may purchase securities in initial public offerings (“IPOs”). Because securities sold in an IPO frequently are volatile in price, the Fund or an Underlying Fund may hold IPO shares for a very short period of time. This may increase the turnover of a fund’s portfolio and may lead to increased expenses to the fund, such as commissions and transaction costs. By selling shares, a fund may realize taxable capital gains that it will subsequently distribute to shareholders. Investing in IPOs has added risks because the shares are frequently volatile in price. As a result, their performance can be more volatile and they face greater risk of business failure, which could increase the volatility of a fund’s portfolio.

 

The Fund’s IPO investments may be in IPOs of Underlying Funds. There is a significant risk that the shares of closed-end funds purchased in an IPO will trade at a price below their IPO price.

 

Investment and Market Risks

 

An investment in Common Shares is subject to investment risk, including the possible loss of the entire principal amount invested. An investment in Common Shares represents an indirect investment in the Underlying Funds owned by the Fund. The value of the Underlying Funds, like other market investments, may move up or down, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably. Overall stock market risks may also affect the NAV of the Fund or the Underlying Funds. Factors such as domestic and foreign economic growth and market conditions, interest rate levels and political events affect the securities markets. The Common Shares at any point in time may be worth less than the original investment, even after taking into account any reinvestment of dividends and distributions.

 

Legislation, Policy and Regulatory Risks

 

At any time after the date of this annual report, legislation or additional regulations may be enacted that could negatively affect the assets of the Fund or the issuers of such assets. Recent changes in the U.S. political landscape and changing approaches to regulation may have a negative impact on the entities and/or securities in which the Fund or an Underlying Fund invests. Legislation or regulation may also change the way in which the Fund or an Underlying Fund is regulated. New or amended regulations may be imposed by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”), the SEC, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System or other financial regulators, other governmental regulatory authorities or self-regulatory organizations that supervise the financial markets that could adversely affect the Fund or the Underlying Funds. In particular, these agencies are empowered to promulgate a variety of new rules pursuant to financial reform legislation in the United States. There can be no assurance that future legislation, regulation or deregulation will not have a material adverse effect on the Fund or will not impair the ability of the Fund to achieve its investment objective. The Fund and the Underlying Funds also may be adversely affected by changes in the enforcement or interpretation of existing statutes and rules by these governmental regulatory authorities or self regulatory organizations.

 

 

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

65

 

 

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

 

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

  

LIBOR Risk

 

Certain of the Fund's or Underlying Funds’ investments, payment obligations and financing terms may be based on floating rates, such as LIBOR, Euro Interbank Offered Rate and other similar types of reference rates. In July of 2017, the head of the United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”) announced a desire to phase out the use of LIBOR at the end of 2021. Most LIBOR settings are no longer published as of December 31, 2021. Overnight and 12-month U.S. dollar LIBOR settings permanently ceased after publication on June 30, 2021. 1-, 3-and 6-month U.S. dollar LIBOR settings will continue to be published using a synthetic methodology until September 2024. Neither the effect of the LIBOR transition process nor its ultimate success can yet be known. Although the transition away from LIBOR has become increasingly well-defined, any potential effects of the transition away from LIBOR and other benchmark rates on financial markets, a fund or the financial instruments in which a fund invests can be difficult to ascertain. Not all existing LIBOR-based instruments may have alternative rate-setting provisions and there remains uncertainty regarding the willingness and ability of issuers to add alternative rate-setting provisions in certain existing instruments. Global regulators have advised market participants to cease entering into new contracts using LIBOR as a reference rate, and it is possible that investments in LIBOR-based instruments could invite regulatory scrutiny. In addition, a liquid market for newly-issued instruments that use a reference rate other than LIBOR still may be developing. All of the aforementioned may adversely affect the Fund’s or an Underlying Fund’s performance or NAV.

 

Management Risks

 

The Adviser’s judgments about the attractiveness, value and potential appreciation of a particular asset class or individual security in which the Fund invests may prove to be incorrect and there is no guarantee that the Adviser’s judgment will produce the desired results. Similarly, the Fund’s investments in Underlying Funds are subject to the judgment of the Underlying Funds’ managers which may prove to be incorrect. In addition, the Adviser will have limited information as to the portfolio holdings of the Underlying Funds at any given time. This may result in the Adviser having less ability to respond to changing market conditions. The Fund may allocate its assets so as to under-emphasize or over-emphasize ETFs or other investments under the wrong market conditions, in which case the Fund’s NAV may be adversely affected.

 

Market Disruption and Geopolitical Risks

 

The value of your investment in the Fund is based on the values of the Fund’s investments, which may change due to economic and other events that affect markets generally, as well as those that affect particular regions, countries, industries, companies or governments. These movements, sometimes called volatility, may be greater or less depending on the types of securities the Fund owns and the markets in which the securities trade. The increasing interconnectivity between global economies and financial markets increases the likelihood that events or conditions in one region or financial market may adversely impact issuers in a different country, region or financial market. Securities in the Fund’s portfolio may underperform due to inflation (or expectations for inflation), interest rates, global demand for particular products or resources, natural disasters, pandemics, epidemics, terrorism, regulatory events and governmental or quasi-governmental actions. The occurrence of global events similar to those in recent years, such as terrorist attacks around the world, natural disasters, social and political discord or debt crises and downgrades, among others, may result in market volatility and may have long term effects on both the U.S. and global financial markets. The occurrence of such events may be sudden and unexpected, and it is difficult to predict when similar events affecting the U.S. or global financial markets may occur, the effects that such events may have and the duration of those effects. Any such event(s) could have a significant adverse impact on the value, liquidity and risk profile of the Fund’s portfolio, as well as its ability to sell securities to meet redemptions. There is a risk that you may lose money by investing in the Fund.

 

 

66	www.rivernorth.com

 

 

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

 

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

Social, political, economic and other conditions and events, such as natural disasters, health emergencies (e.g., epidemics and pandemics), terrorism, conflicts and social unrest, may occur and could significantly impact issuers, industries, governments and other systems, including the financial markets. As global systems, economies and financial markets are increasingly interconnected, events that once had only local impact are now more likely to have regional or even global effects. Events that occur in one country, region or financial market will, more frequently, adversely impact issuers in other countries, regions or markets. These impacts can be exacerbated by failures of governments and societies to adequately respond to an emerging event or threat. These types of events quickly and significantly impact markets in the U.S. and across the globe leading to extreme market volatility and disruption. The extent and nature of the impact on supply chains or economies and markets from these events is unknown, particularly if a health emergency or other similar event persists for an extended period of time. Social, political, economic and other conditions and events, such as natural disasters, health emergencies (e.g., epidemics and pandemics), terrorism, conflicts and social unrest, could reduce consumer demand or economic output, result in market closures, travel restrictions or quarantines, and generally have a significant impact on the economies and financial markets and the Adviser’s investment advisory activities and services of other service providers, which in turn could adversely affect the Fund’s investments and other operations. The value of the Fund’s investment may decrease as a result of such events, particularly if these events adversely impact the operations and effectiveness of the Adviser or key service providers or if these events disrupt systems and processes necessary or beneficial to the investment advisory or other activities on behalf the Fund.

 

In early 2020, an outbreak of a novel strain of coronavirus (COVID-19) emerged globally. The outbreak of COVID-19 and its variants resulted in closing international borders, enhanced health screenings, healthcare service preparation and delivery, quarantines, cancellations, disruptions to supply chains and customer activity, as well as general public concern and uncertainty. This outbreak negatively affected the worldwide economy, as well as the economies of individual countries, the financial health of individual companies and the market in general in significant and unforeseen ways. On May 5, 2023, the World Health Organization declared the end of the global emergency status for COVID-19. The United States subsequently ended the federal COVID-19 public health emergency declaration effective May 11, 2023. Although vaccines for COVID-19 are widely available, it is unknown how long certain circumstances related to the pandemic will persist, whether they will reoccur in the future and what additional implications may follow from the pandemic. The impact of these events and other epidemics or pandemics in the future could adversely affect Fund performance.

 

 

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

67

 

 

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

 

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

In February 2022, Russia commenced a military attack on Ukraine. The outbreak of hostilities between the two countries and the threat of wider-spread hostilities could have a severe adverse effect on the region and global economies, including significant negative impacts on the markets for certain securities and commodities, such as oil and natural gas. In addition, sanctions imposed on Russia by the United States and other countries, and any sanctions imposed in the future, could have a significant adverse impact on the Russian economy and related markets. The price and liquidity of investments may fluctuate widely as a result of the conflict and related events. How long the armed conflict and related events will last cannot be predicted. These tensions and any related events could have a significant impact on Fund performance and the value of Fund investments.

 

Disclosures related to the COVID-19 pandemic and Russian military attack on Ukraine have been updated since the prior disclosure date.

 

Master Limited Partnerships Risks

 

The Underlying Funds may invest in MLPs. Investments in publicly traded MLPs, which are limited partnerships or limited liability companies taxable as partnerships, involve some risks that differ from an investment in the common stock of a corporation, including risks related to limited control and limited rights to vote on matters affecting MLPs, risks related to potential conflicts of interest between an MLP and the MLP’s general partner, cash flow risks, dilution risks and risks related to the general partner’s right to require unit-holders to sell their common units at an undesirable time or price. MLPs may derive income and gains from the exploration, development, mining or production, processing, refining, transportation (including pipelines transporting gas, oil, or products thereof), or the marketing of any mineral or natural resources. MLPs generally have two classes of owners, the general partner and limited partners. When investing in an MLP, an Underlying Fund generally purchases publicly traded common units issued to limited partners of the MLP. The general partner is typically owned by a major energy company, an investment fund, the direct management of the MLP or is an entity owned by one or more of such parties. The general partner may be structured as a private or publicly traded corporation or other entity. The general partner typically controls the operations and management of the MLP through an up to 2% equity interest in the MLP plus, in many cases, ownership of common units and subordinated units. Limited partners own the remainder of the partnership, through ownership of common units, and have a limited role in the partnership’s operations and management. As compared to common stockholders of a corporation, holders of MLP common units have more limited control and limited rights to vote on matters affecting the partnership.

 

MLPs are typically structured such that common units and general partner interests have first priority to receive quarterly cash distributions up to an established minimum amount (“minimum quarterly distributions” or “MQD”). Common and general partner interests also accrue arrearages in distributions to the extent the MQD is not paid. Once common and general partner interests have been paid, subordinated units receive distributions of up to the MQD; however, subordinated units do not accrue arrearages. Distributable cash in excess of the MQD paid to both common and subordinated units is distributed to both common and subordinated units generally on a pro rata basis. The general partner is also eligible to receive incentive distributions if the general partner operates the business in a manner which results in distributions paid per common unit surpassing specified target levels. As the general partner increases cash distributions to the limited partners, the general partner receives an increasingly higher percentage of the incremental cash distributions. A common arrangement provides that the general partner can reach a tier where it receives 50% of every incremental dollar paid to common and subordinated unit holders. These incentive distributions encourage the general partner to streamline costs, increase capital expenditures and acquire assets in order to increase the partnership’s cash flow and raise the quarterly cash distribution in order to reach higher tiers. Such results benefit all security holders of the MLP.

 

 

68	www.rivernorth.com

 

 

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

 

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

MLP common units represent a limited partnership interest in the MLP. MLP common units are listed and traded on U.S. securities exchanges, with their value fluctuating predominantly based on prevailing market conditions and the success of the MLP. An Underlying Fund may purchase MLP common units in market transactions. Unlike owners of common stock of a corporation, owners of MLP common units have limited voting rights and have no ability to elect directors. In the event of liquidation, MLP common units have preference over subordinated units, but not over debt or preferred units, to the remaining assets of the MLP.

 

MLPs may be subject to legal and other restrictions on resale or will otherwise be less liquid than publicly traded securities. Certain MLP securities may trade in lower volumes due to their smaller capitalizations. Accordingly, those MLPs may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements and may lack sufficient market liquidity to enable an Underlying Fund to effect sales at an advantageous time or without a substantial drop in price. As a result, these investments may be difficult to dispose of at a fair price at the times when an Underlying Fund believes it is desirable to do so. MLPs are generally considered interest-rate sensitive investments. During periods of interest rate volatility, these investments may not provide attractive returns, which may adversely impact the overall performance of the Fund or an Underlying Fund.

 

MLPs are subject to various risks related to the underlying operating companies they control, including dependence upon specialized management skills and the risk that those operating companies may lack or have limited operating histories. The success an Underlying Fund’s investments in an MLP will vary depending on the underlying industry represented by the MLP’s portfolio. Certain MLPs in which an Underlying Fund may invest depend upon their parent or sponsor entities for the majority of their revenues.

 

Certain MLPs in which an Underlying Fund may invest depend upon a limited number of customers for substantially all of their revenue. Similarly, certain MLPs in which an Underlying Fund may invest depend upon a limited number of suppliers of goods or services to continue their operations. The loss of those customers or suppliers could have a material adverse effect on an MLP’s results of operations and cash flow, and on its ability to make distributions to unit holders such as an Underlying Fund.

 

The benefit an Underlying Fund will derive from its investment in MLPs will be largely dependent on the MLPs being treated as partnerships and not as corporations for federal income tax purposes. As a partnership, an MLP generally has no tax liability at the entity level. If, as a result of a change in current law or a change in an MLP’s business, an MLP were treated as a corporation for federal income tax purposes, such MLP would be obligated to pay federal income tax on its income at the corporate tax rate. If an MLP were classified as a corporation for federal income tax purposes, the amount of cash available for distribution by the MLP would be reduced and distributions received by an Underlying Fund would be taxed under federal income tax laws applicable to corporate dividends (as dividend income, return of capital, or capital gain). Therefore, treatment of an MLP as a corporation for federal income tax purposes would result in a reduction in the after-tax return to an Underlying Fund, likely causing a reduction in the value of the Common Shares.

 

 

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

69

 

 

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

 

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

Micro-, Small- and Medium-Sized Company Risks

 

The Underlying Funds may invest in securities without regard to market capitalization. Investments in securities of micro-, small-and medium-sized companies may be subject to more abrupt or erratic market movements than larger, more established companies, because these securities typically are traded in lower volume and issuers are typically more subject to changes in earnings and future earnings prospects. Small- and medium-sized companies often have narrower markets for their goods and/or services and more limited managerial and financial resources than larger, more established companies. Furthermore, these companies often have limited product lines, services, markets or financial resources, or are dependent on a small management group. Since these stocks are not well-known to the investing public, do not have significant institutional ownership and are followed by relatively few security analysts, there will normally be less publicly available information concerning these securities compared to what is available for the securities of larger companies. Adverse publicity and investor perceptions, whether or not based on fundamental analysis, can decrease the value and liquidity of securities held by the Fund. As a result, small- and medium-sized companies’ performance can be more volatile and the companies face greater risk of business failure, which could increase the volatility of the Fund’s portfolio. The risks are intensified for investments in micro-cap companies.

 

Options and Futures Risks

 

The Fund and the Underlying Funds may invest in options and futures contracts. The use of futures and options transactions entails certain special risks. In particular, the variable degree of correlation between price movements of futures contracts and price movements in the related securities position of the Fund or an Underlying Fund could create the possibility that losses on the hedging instrument are greater than gains in the value of the Fund’s or Underlying Fund’s position. In addition, futures and options markets could be illiquid in some circumstances and certain over-the-counter options could have no markets. As a result, in certain markets, the Fund or an Underlying Fund might not be able to close out a transaction without incurring substantial losses. Although the Fund’s or an Underlying Fund’s use of futures and options transactions for hedging should tend to minimize the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged position, at the same time it will tend to limit any potential gain to the Fund or an Underlying Fund that might result from an increase in value of the position. There is also the risk of loss by the Fund or an Underlying Fund of margin deposits in the event of bankruptcy of a broker with whom the Fund or Underlying Fund has an open position in a futures contract or option thereon. Finally, the daily variation margin requirements for futures contracts create a greater ongoing potential financial risk than would purchases of options, in which case the exposure is limited to the cost of the initial premium. However, because option premiums paid by the Fund or an Underlying Fund are small in relation to the market value of the investments underlying the options, buying options can result in large amounts of leverage. This leverage offered by trading in options could cause the Fund’s or an Underlying Fund’s NAV to be subject to more frequent and wider fluctuation than would be the case if the Fund or Underlying Fund did not invest in options.

 

 

70	www.rivernorth.com

 

 

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

 

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

Options transactions may be effected on securities exchanges or in the over-the-counter market. When options are purchased over-the-counter, the Fund or an Underlying Fund bears the risk that the counterparty that wrote the option will be unable or unwilling to perform its obligations under the option contract. The counterparties to these transactions typically will be major international banks, broker-dealers and financial institutions. Such options may also be illiquid, and in such cases, the Fund or an Underlying Fund may have difficulty closing out its position. Banks, broker- dealers or other financial institutions participating in such transactions may fail to settle a transaction in accordance with the terms of the option as written. In the event of default or insolvency of the counterparty, the Fund or an Underlying Fund may be unable to liquidate an over-the-counter option position.

 

The Fund may purchase put options. An Underlying Fund may purchase and sell call and put options with respect to specific securities, and may write and sell covered or uncovered call and put options. A call option gives the purchaser of the call option, in return for a premium paid, the right to buy the security underlying the option from the writer of the call option at a specified exercise price within a specified time frame. A put option gives the purchaser of the put option, in return for a premium paid, the right to sell the underlying security to the writer of the put option at a specified price within a specified time frame. A covered call option is a call option with respect to an underlying security that a fund owns. A covered put option is a put option with respect to which a fund has segregated cash or liquid securities to fulfill the obligation of the option. The purchaser of a put or call option runs the risk of losing the purchaser’s entire investment, paid as the premium, in a relatively short period of time if the option is not sold at a gain or cannot be exercised at a gain prior to expiration. In selling put options, there is a risk that the Underlying Fund may be required to buy the underlying security at a disadvantageous price above the market price. The un-covered writer of a call option is subject to a risk of loss if the price of the underlying security should increase, and the un-covered writer of a put option is subject to a risk of loss if the price of the underlying security should decrease.

 

The Fund may invest a significant portion of its total assets in Underlying Funds that write covered call options. To the extent that an Underlying Fund writes a covered call option, it forgoes, during the option’s life, the opportunity to profit from increases in the market value of the security covering the call option above the sum of the premium and the strike price of the call, but has retained the risk of loss should the price of the underlying security decline. As the writer of the option, the Underlying Fund bears the market risk of an unfavorable change in the price of the security underlying a written option. As an Underlying Fund writes covered calls over more of its portfolio, its ability to benefit from capital appreciation becomes more limited and the risk of NAV erosion increases. To the extent an Underlying Fund experiences NAV erosion (which itself may have an indirect negative effect on the market price of interests in the Underlying Fund), the Underlying Fund will have a reduced asset base over which to write covered calls, which may eventually lead to reduced distributions to shareholders such as the Fund. The writer of an option has no control over the time when it may be required to fulfill its obligation as a writer of the option. Once an option writer has received an exercise notice, it cannot effect a closing purchase transaction in order to terminate its obligation under the option and must deliver the underlying security at the exercise price.

 

 

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

71

 

 

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

 

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

To the extent that an Underlying Fund engages in selling options that trade in over-the-counter markets, the Underlying Fund may be subject to additional risks. Participants in these markets are typically not subject to the same credit evaluation and regulatory oversight as members of “exchange based” markets. By engaging in option transactions in these markets, an Underlying Fund may take credit risk with regard to parties with which it trades and also may bear the risk of settlement default. These risks may differ materially from those involved in exchange-traded transactions, which generally are characterized by clearing organization guarantees, daily marking-to-market and settlement, and segregation and minimum capital requirements applicable to intermediaries. Transactions entered into directly between two counterparties generally do not benefit from these protections, which may subject an Underlying Fund to the risk that a counterparty will not settle a transaction in accordance with agreed terms and conditions because of a dispute over the terms of the contract or because of a credit or liquidity problem. Such “counterparty risk” is increased for contracts with longer maturities when events may intervene to prevent settlement.

 

The Fund or an Underlying Fund may enter into futures contracts in U.S. domestic markets or on exchanges located outside of the United States. Foreign markets may offer advantages, including trading opportunities or arbitrage possibilities, not available in the United States. Foreign markets, however, may have greater risk potential than domestic markets. For example, some foreign exchanges are principal markets, so that no common clearing facility exists and an investor may look only to the broker or counterparty for the performance of the contract. Unlike trading on domestic commodity exchanges, trading on foreign commodity exchanges is not regulated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission.

 

There can be no assurance that a liquid market will exist for any particular futures contract at any particular time. Many futures exchanges and boards of trade limit the amount of fluctuation permitted in futures contract prices during a single trading day. Once the daily limit has been reached in a particular contract, no trades may be made that day of a price beyond that limit or trading may be suspended for specified periods during the trading day.

 

The Fund or an Underlying Fund may purchase and sell single stock futures, stock index futures contracts, interest rate futures contracts, currency futures and other commodity futures. A stock index future obligates a fund to pay or receive an amount of cash based upon the value of a stock index at a specified date in the future. An interest rate futures contract obligates a fund to purchase or sell an amount of a specific debt security at a future date at a specified price. A currency futures contract obligates a fund to purchase or sell an amount of a specific currency at a future date at a future price.

 

If the Fund or an Underlying Fund purchases an option and the price of the underlying stock fails to move in the expected direction, the Fund or Underlying Fund will lose most or all of the amount the fund paid for the option, plus commission costs. If an Underlying Fund writes (“sells”) an option and the price of the underlying stock fails to move in the expected direction, the Underlying Fund’s losses could easily exceed the proceeds it received when it wrote the options.

 

 

72	www.rivernorth.com

 

 

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

 

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

Private Debt Risk

 

The Fund may invest in debt issued by non-listed funds and BDCs (“Private Debt”). Private Debt often may be illiquid and is typically not listed on an exchange and traded less actively than similar securities issued by publicly traded-vehicles. For certain Private Debt investments, trading may only be possible through the assistance of the broker who originally brought the security to the market and has a relationship with the issuer. Due to the limited trading market, independent pricing services may be unable to provide a price for Private Debt, and as such the fair value of the securities may be determined in good faith under procedures approved by the Board, which typically will include the use of one or more independent broker quotes.

 

Real Estate Investment Trust (“REIT”) Risks

 

The Underlying Funds may invest in equity and mortgage REITs. Equity REITs invest in real estate, and mortgage REITs invest in loans secured by real estate. Investing in REITs involves certain unique risks in addition to those risks associated with investing in the real estate industry in general. Equity REITs may be affected by changes in the value of the underlying property owned by the REITs, while mortgage REITs may be affected by the quality of any credit extended. REITs are dependent upon management skills, are not diversified, and are subject to heavy cash flow dependency, default by borrowers and self-liquidation. REITs also are subject to the possibilities of failing to qualify for tax free pass-through of income under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and failing to maintain their exemption from registration under the 1940 Act. Investment in REITs involves risks similar to those associated with investing in small capitalization companies, and REITs (especially mortgage REITs) are subject to interest rate risks. When interest rates decline, the value of a REIT’s investment in fixed rate obligations can be expected to rise. Conversely, when interest rates rise, the value of a REIT’s investment in fixed rate obligations can be expected to decline. By investing in REITs directly or indirectly through the Underlying Funds, the Fund will indirectly bear its proportionate share of the expenses of the REITs. The expenses at the REIT level are not included in the Fund’s expense table as acquired fund fees and expenses.

 

Securities Lending Risks

 

The Underlying Funds may engage in securities lending. Securities lending involves counterparty risk, including the risk that the loaned securities may not be returned in a timely manner and/or a loss of rights in the collateral if the borrower or the lending agent defaults. This risk is increased when an Underlying Fund’s loans are concentrated with a single or limited number of borrowers. In addition, an Underlying Fund bears the risk of loss in connection with the investments of the cash collateral it receives from the borrower. To the extent that the value or return of an Underlying Fund’s investments of the cash collateral declines below the amount owed to a borrower, the Underlying Fund may incur losses that exceed the amount it earned in lending the security.

 

Securities Risks

 

The value of the Fund or an Underlying Fund may decrease in response to the activities and financial prospects of individual securities in the Fund’s portfolio.

 

 

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

73

 

 

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

 

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

Senior Loan Risks

 

The Underlying Funds may invest in senior secured floating rate and fixed-rate loans (“Senior Loans”). There is less readily available and reliable information about most Senior Loans than is the case for many other types of instruments, including listed securities. Senior Loans are not listed on any national securities exchange or automated quotation system and as such, many Senior Loans are illiquid, meaning that an Underlying Fund may not be able to sell them quickly at a fair price. To the extent that a secondary market does exist for certain Senior Loans, the market is more volatile than for liquid, listed securities and may be subject to irregular trading activity, wide bid/ask spreads and extended trade settlement periods. The market for Senior Loans could be disrupted in the event of an economic downturn or a substantial increase or decrease in interest rates. Senior Loans, like most other debt obligations, are subject to the risk of default. Default in the payment of interest or principal on a Senior Loan will result in a reduction of income to the Fund, a reduction in the value of the Senior Loan and a potential decrease in the Fund’s NAV of the Common Shares.

 

The Underlying Funds may acquire or hold Senior Loans of borrowers that are experiencing, or are more likely to experience, financial difficulty, including Senior Loans issued to highly leveraged borrowers or borrowers that have filed for bankruptcy protection. Borrowers may have outstanding debt obligations, including Senior Loans, that are rated below investment grade. An Underlying Fund may invest a substantial portion of its assets in Senior Loans that are rated below investment grade or that are unrated at the time of purchase but are deemed by the Underlying Fund’s adviser’s to be of comparable quality. The values of Senior Loans of borrowers that have filed for bankruptcy protection or that are experiencing payment difficulty could be affected by, among other things, the assessment of the likelihood that the lenders ultimately will receive repayment of the principal amount of such Senior Loans, the likely duration, if any, of a lapse in the scheduled payment of interest and repayment of principal and prevailing interest rates. There is no assurance that an Underlying Fund will be able to recover any amount on Senior Loans of such borrowers or that sale of the collateral granted in connection with Senior Loans would raise enough cash to satisfy the borrower’s payment obligation or that the collateral can or will be liquidated. In the event of bankruptcy, liquidation may not occur and the bankruptcy court may not give lenders the full benefit of their senior position in the capital structure of the borrower.

 

Short Sale Risks

 

The Fund and Underlying Funds may sell securities short. Positions in shorted securities are speculative and more risky than long positions (purchases) in securities because the maximum sustainable loss on a security purchased is limited to the amount paid for the security plus the transaction costs, whereas there is no maximum attainable price of the shorted security. Therefore, in theory, securities sold short have unlimited risk. Short selling will also result in higher transaction costs (such as interest and dividends), directly or indirectly through the investments in Underlying Funds, and may result in higher taxes, which reduce the Fund’s return.

 

If a security sold short increases in price, a fund may have to cover its short position at a higher price than the short sale price, resulting in a loss. With respect to a fund’s short positions, the Fund must borrow those securities to make delivery to the buyer. A fund may not be able to borrow a security that it needs to deliver or it may not be able to close out a short position at an acceptable price and may have to sell related long positions before it had intended to do so. As a result, a fund may not be able to successfully implement its short sale strategy due to the limited availability of desired securities or for other reasons.

 

 

74	www.rivernorth.com

 

 

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

 

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

When borrowing a security for delivery to a buyer, a fund also may be required to pay a premium and other transaction costs, which would increase the cost of the security sold short. A fund must normally repay to the lender an amount equal to any dividends or interest earned while the loan is outstanding. The amount of any gain will be decreased, and the amount of any loss increased, by the amount of the premium, dividends, interest or expenses a fund may be required to pay in connection with the short sale. Also, the lender of a security may terminate the loan at a time when a fund is unable to borrow the same security for delivery. In that case, a fund would need to purchase a replacement security at the then current market price or “buy in” by paying the lender an amount equal to the costs of purchasing the security.

 

Until a fund replaces a borrowed security, it is required to maintain a segregated account of cash or liquid assets to cover the fund’s short position. Securities held in a segregated account cannot be sold while the position they are covering is outstanding, unless they are replaced with similar securities. Additionally, a fund must maintain sufficient liquid assets (less any additional collateral held by the broker), marked-to-market daily, to cover its short sale obligations. This may limit a fund’s investment flexibility, as well as its ability to meet redemption requests or other current obligations.

 

In addition, until a fund replaces a borrowed instrument, a fund may also be required to maintain short sale proceeds with the lending broker as collateral. Moreover, a fund will be required to make margin payments to the lender during the term of the borrowing if the value of the security it borrowed (and sold short) increases. Thus, short sales involve credit exposure to the broker that executes the short sales. In the event of the bankruptcy or other similar insolvency with respect to a broker with whom a fund has an open short position, a fund may be unable to recover, or be delayed in recovering, any margin or other collateral held with or for the lending broker.

 

Because a fund’s loss on a short sale arises from increases in the value of the security sold short, the loss is theoretically unlimited. In certain cases, purchasing a security to cover a short position can itself cause the price of the security to rise further, which would exacerbate the loss. Conversely, gains on short sales, after transaction and related costs, are generally the difference between the price at which a fund sold the borrowed security and the price it paid to purchase the security for delivery to the buyer. By contrast, a fund’s loss on a long position arises from decreases in the value of the security and is limited by the fact that a security’s value cannot drop below zero.

 

By investing the proceeds received from selling securities short, the Fund is using a form of leverage, which creates special risks. The use of leverage may increase the Fund’s exposure to long equity positions and make any change in the Fund’s NAV greater than it would be without the use of leverage. This could result in increased volatility of returns. There is no guarantee that the Fund will leverage its portfolio, or if it does, that the Fund’s leveraging strategy will be successful. The Fund also cannot guarantee that the use of leverage will produce a higher return on an investment.

 

SOFR Risk

 

SOFR is intended to be a broad measure of the cost of borrowing funds overnight in transactions that are collateralized by U.S. Treasury securities. SOFR is calculated based on transaction-level repodata collected from various sources. For each trading day, SOFR is calculated as a volume-weighted median rate derived from such data. SOFR is calculated and published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (“FRBNY”). If data from a given source required by the FRBNY to calculate SOFR is unavailable for any day, then the most recently available data for that segment will be used, with certain adjustments. If errors are discovered in the transaction data or the calculations underlying SOFR after its initial publication on a given day, SOFR may be republished at a later time that day. Rate revisions will be effected only on the day of initial publication and will be republished only if the change in the rate exceeds one basis point.

 

 

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

75

 

 

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.
	Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

 

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

Because SOFR is a financing rate based on overnight secured funding transactions, it differs fundamentally from LIBOR. LIBOR was intended to be an unsecured rate that represents interbank funding costs for different short-term maturities or tenors. It was a forward-looking rate reflecting expectations regarding interest rates for the applicable tenor. Thus, LIBOR was intended to be sensitive, in certain respects, to bank credit risk and to term interest rate risk. In contrast, SOFR is a secured overnight rate reflecting the credit of U.S. Treasury securities as collateral. Thus, it is largely insensitive to credit-risk considerations and to short-term interest rate risks. SOFR is a transaction-based rate, and it has been more volatile than other benchmark or market rates, such as three-month LIBOR, during certain periods. For these reasons, among others, there is no assurance that SOFR, or rates derived from SOFR, will perform in the same or similar way as LIBOR would have performed at any time, and there is no assurance that SOFR-based rates will be a suitable substitute for LIBOR. SOFR has a limited history, having been first published in April 2018. The future performance of SOFR, and SOFR-based reference rates, cannot be predicted based on SOFR’s history or otherwise. Levels of SOFR in the future, including following the discontinuation of LIBOR, may bear little or no relation to historical levels of SOFR, LIBOR or other rates. The inclusion of SOFR Risk is a change since the prior disclosure date.

 

Special Purpose Acquisition Companies Risks

 

The Fund may invest in SPACs. SPACs are collective investment structures that pool funds in order to seek potential acquisition opportunities. Unless and until an acquisition is completed, a SPAC generally invests its assets (less an amount to cover expenses) in U.S. government securities, money market fund securities and cash. SPACs and similar entities may be blank check companies with no operating history or ongoing business other than to seek a potential acquisition. Accordingly, the value of their securities is particularly dependent on the ability of the entity’s management to identify and complete a profitable acquisition. Certain SPACs may seek acquisitions only in limited industries or regions, which may increase the volatility of their prices. If an acquisition that meets the requirements for the SPAC is not completed within a predetermined period of time, the invested funds are returned to the entity’s shareholders. Investments in SPACs may be illiquid and/or be subject to restrictions on resale. To the extent the SPAC is invested in cash or similar securities, this may impact the Fund’s ability to meet its investment objective.

 

The officers and directors of a SPAC may operate multiple SPACs and could have conflicts of interest in determining to which SPAC a particular business opportunity should be presented. In such circumstances, there can be no assurance that a given business opportunity would be presented to the SPAC in which the Fund holds an investment.

 

 

76	www.rivernorth.com

 

 

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

 

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

Structured Notes Risks

 

The Underlying Funds may invest in structured notes. Structured notes are subject to a number of fixed income risks including general market risk, interest rate risk, and the risk that the issuer on the note may fail to make interest and/or principal payments when due, or may default on its obligations entirely. In addition, because the performance of structured notes tracks the performance of the underlying debt obligation, structured notes generally are subject to more risk than investing in a simple note or bond issued by the same issuer. It is impossible to predict whether the referenced factor (such as an index or interest rate) or prices of the underlying securities will rise or fall. To the extent that an Underlying Fund invests in structured notes, the Underlying Fund may be more volatile than other funds that do not invest in structured notes. The actual trading prices of structured notes may be significantly different from the principal amount of the notes. If an Underlying Fund sells the structured notes prior to maturity, it may suffer a loss of principal. At final maturity, structured notes may be redeemed in cash or in kind, which is at the discretion of the issuer. If the notes are redeemed in kind, a fund would receive shares of stock at a depressed price. To the extent that a structured note is not principal-protected through an insurance feature, the note’s principal will not be protected. In the case of a decrease in the value of the underlying asset, an Underlying Fund would receive shares at a value less than the original amount invested; while an increase in the value of an underlying asset will not increase the return on the note.

 

Swap Risks

 

The Fund and the Underlying Funds may enter into interest rate, index, total return and currency swap agreements. Swap agreements are two-party contracts under which the fund and a counterparty, such as a broker or dealer, agree to exchange the returns (or differentials in rates of return) earned or realized on an agreed-upon underlying asset or investment over the term of the swap. The use of swap transactions is a highly specialized activity which involves strategies and risks different from those associated with ordinary portfolio security transactions. If the Adviser or an Underlying Fund’s investment adviser is incorrect in its forecasts of default risks, market spreads, liquidity or other applicable factors or events, the investment performance of the Fund or Underlying Fund would diminish compared with what it would have been if these techniques were not used. Swaps and swap options can be used for a variety of purposes, including: to manage fund exposure to changes in interest or foreign currency exchange rates and credit quality; as an efficient means of adjusting fund overall exposure to certain markets; in an effort to enhance income or total return or protect the value of portfolio securities; to serve as a cash management tool; and to adjust portfolio duration.

 

There are risks in the use of swaps. Swaps could result in losses if interest or foreign currency exchange rates or credit quality changes are not correctly anticipated. Total return swaps could result in losses if the reference index, security, or investments do not perform as anticipated. Total return swaps involve an enhanced risk that the issuer or counterparty will fail to perform its contractual obligations. Total return swaps may effectively add leverage to the Fund’s portfolio because the Fund would be subject to investment exposure on the full notional amount of the swap. To the extent the Fund or an Underlying Fund enters into a total return swap on equity securities, the Fund or the Underlying Fund will receive the positive performance of a notional amount of such securities underlying the total return swap. In exchange, the Fund or the Underlying Fund will be obligated to pay the negative performance of such notional amount of securities. Therefore, the Fund or the Underlying Fund assumes the risk of a substantial decrease in the market value of the equity securities. The use of swaps may not always be successful; using them could lower fund total return, their prices can be highly volatile, and the potential loss from the use of swaps can exceed the fund’s initial investment in such instruments. Also, the other party to a swap agreement could default on its obligations or refuse to cash out the fund’s investment at a reasonable price, which could turn an expected gain into a loss.

 

 

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

77

 

 

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

 

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

Currently, certain categories of interest rate swaps are subject to mandatory clearing, and more are expected to be cleared in the future. The counterparty risk for cleared derivatives is generally expected to be lower than for uncleared over-the-counter derivative transactions as each party to a transaction looks only to the central clearing house for performance of obligations under the transaction. However, there can be no assurance that a clearing house, or its members, will satisfy the clearing house’s obligations to the fund or that the fund’s use of swaps will be advantageous.

 

Underlying Fund Risks

 

The Fund will invest in Underlying Funds such as other closed-end funds and ETFs. The expenses of the Fund will generally be higher than the direct expenses of other fund shares. The Fund will indirectly bear fees and expenses charged by the Underlying Funds in which the Fund invests in addition to the Fund’s direct fees and expenses. The Fund may also incur brokerage costs when it purchases shares of Underlying Funds. Furthermore, investments in Underlying Funds could affect the timing, amount and character of distributions to Common Stockholders and therefore may increase the amount of taxes payable by investors in the Fund. The value of your investment in the Fund will go up and down with the prices of Underlying Fund shares (and other securities) in which the Fund invests. Similarly, the value of the Fund’s investments in Underlying Funds will go up and down with the prices of the securities in which the Underlying Funds invest.

 

There is also the risk that the Fund may suffer losses due to the investment practices or operations of the Underlying Funds. To the extent that the Fund invests in one or more Underlying Funds that concentrate in a particular industry, the Fund would be vulnerable to factors affecting that industry and the concentrating Underlying Funds’ performance, and that of the Fund, may be more volatile than Underlying Funds that do not concentrate.

 

As the Fund will invest at least 80% of its Managed Assets in Underlying Funds, the Fund’s performance will depend to a greater extent on the overall performance of closed-end funds, ETFs, BDCs and SPACs generally, in addition to the performance of the specific Underlying Funds (and other assets) in which the Fund invests. The use of leverage by Underlying Funds magnifies gains and losses on amounts invested and increases the risks associated with investing in Underlying Funds. Further, the Underlying Funds are not subject to the Fund’s investment policies and restrictions. The Fund generally receives information regarding the portfolio holdings of Underlying Funds only when that information is made available to the public. The Fund cannot dictate how the Underlying Funds invest their assets. The Underlying Funds may invest their assets in securities and other instruments, and may use investment techniques and strategies, that are not described in this disclosure. Common Stockholders will bear two layers of fees and expenses with respect to the Fund’s investments in Underlying Funds because each of the Fund and the Underlying Fund will charge fees and incur separate expenses. In addition, subject to applicable 1940 Act limitations, the Underlying Funds themselves may purchase securities issued by registered and unregistered funds (e.g., common stock, preferred stock, auction rate preferred stock), and those investments would be subject to the risks associated with Underlying Funds and unregistered funds (including a third layer of fees and expenses, i.e., the Underlying Fund will indirectly bear fees and expenses charged by the funds in which the Underlying Fund invests, in addition to the Underlying Fund’s own fees and expenses). An Underlying Fund with positive performance may indirectly receive a performance fee from the Fund, even when the Fund’s overall returns are negative. Additionally, the Fund’s investment in an Underlying Fund may result in the Fund’s receipt of cash in excess of the Underlying Fund’s earnings; if the Fund distributes these amounts, the distributions could constitute a return of capital to Fund shareholders for federal income tax purposes. As a result of these factors, the use of the fund of funds structure by the Fund could therefore affect the amount, timing and character of distributions to shareholders.

 

 

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RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

 

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

The Fund may invest in shares of closed-end funds that are trading at a discount to NAV or at a premium to NAV and closed-end funds may not be able to outperform their benchmarks. There can be no assurance that the market discount on shares of any closed-end fund purchased by the Fund will ever decrease. In fact, it is possible that this market discount may increase and the Fund may suffer realized or unrealized capital losses due to further decline in the market price of the securities of such closed-end funds, thereby adversely affecting the Fund’s NAV. The Fund’s investment in the Common Shares of closed-end funds that are financially leveraged may create an opportunity for greater total return on its investment, but at the same time may be expected to exhibit more volatility in market price and NAV than an investment in shares of investment companies without a leveraged capital structure.

 

The Fund may invest in BDCs. BDCs generally invest in less mature U.S. private companies or thinly traded U.S. public companies which involve greater risk than well-established publicly-traded companies. While BDCs are expected to generate income in the form of dividends, certain BDCs during certain periods of time may not generate such income. The Fund will indirectly bear its proportionate share of any management fees and other operating expenses incurred by the BDCs and of any performance-based or incentive fees payable by the BDCs in which it invests, in addition to the expenses paid by the Fund. A BDC’s incentive fee may be very high, vary from year to year and be payable even if the value of the BDC’s portfolio declines in a given time period. Incentive fees may create an incentive for a BDC’s manager to make investments that are risky or more speculative than would be the case in the absence of such compensation arrangements, and may also encourage the BDC’s manager to use leverage to increase the return on the BDC’s investments. The use of leverage by BDCs magnifies gains and losses on amounts invested and increases the risks associated with investing in BDCs. A BDC may make investments with a larger amount of risk of volatility and loss of principal than other investment options and may also be highly speculative and aggressive.

 

The 1940 Act imposes certain constraints upon the operations of a BDC. For example, BDCs are required to invest at least 70% of their total assets primarily in securities of U.S. private companies or thinly traded U.S. public companies, cash, cash equivalents, U.S. government securities and high quality debt investments that mature in one year or less. Generally, little public information exists for private and thinly traded companies in which a BDC may invest and there is a risk that investors may not be able to make a fully informed evaluation of a BDC and its portfolio of investments. With respect to investments in debt instruments, there is a risk that the issuers of such instruments may default on their payments or declare bankruptcy. Many debt investments in which a BDC may invest will not be rated by a credit rating agency and will be below investment grade quality. These investments are commonly referred to as “junk bonds” and have predominantly speculative characteristics with respect to an issuer’s capacity to make payments of interest and principal. Although lower grade securities are potentially higher yielding, they are also characterized by high risk. In addition, the secondary market for lower grade securities may be less liquid than that of higher rated securities. Certain BDCs may also be difficult to value since many of the assets of BDCs do not have readily ascertainable market values.

 

 

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

79

 

 

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

 

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

Additionally, a BDC may only incur indebtedness in amounts such that the BDC’s asset coverage ratio of total assets to total senior securities equals at least 200% after such incurrence. These limitations on asset mix and leverage may affect the way that the BDC raises capital. BDCs compete with other entities for the types of investments they make, and such entities are not necessarily subject to the same investment constraints as BDCs.

 

Index-based ETFs (and other index funds) in which the Fund may invest may not be able to replicate exactly the performance of the indices they track or benchmark because the total return generated by the securities will be reduced by transaction costs incurred in adjusting the actual balance of the securities. ETFs may trade at a price above (premium) or below (discount) their NAV, especially during periods of significant market volatility or stress, causing investors to pay significantly more or less than the value of the ETF’s underlying portfolio. Certain ETFs traded on exchanges may be thinly traded and experience large spreads between the “ask” price quoted by a seller and the “bid” price offered by a buyer. While the creation/redemption feature is designed to make it likely that ETF shares normally will trade close to their NAVs, market prices are not expected to correlate exactly to the shares’ NAVs due to timing reasons, supply and demand imbalances and other factors. In addition, disruptions to creations and redemptions, adverse developments impacting market makers, authorized participants or other market participants, high market volatility or lack of an active trading market for an ETF’s shares (including through a trading halt) may result in market prices that differ significantly from its NAV or to the intraday value of the ETF’s holdings. An active trading market for shares of an ETF may not develop or be maintained. When all or a portion of an ETF’s underlying securities trade in a foreign market that is closed during the time the domestic market in which the ETF’s shares are listed and traded is open, there may be changes between the last quote from the closed foreign market and the value of such underlying security during the ETF’s trading day.

 

In times of market stress, market makers or authorized participants may step away from their respective roles in making a market in shares of the ETF and in executing purchase or redemption orders. During such times, the ETF’s shares may trade at a wider than normal discount or premium and may possibly face trading halts. Additionally, the underlying securities of an ETF may be traded outside of a collateralized settlement system, such as the National Securities Clearing Corporation, a clearing agency that is registered with the SEC. There are a limited number of financial institutions that may act as authorized participants that pose collateral for certain trades on an agency basis. To the extent that these authorized participants exit the business or are unable to proceed with creation and/or redemption orders with the ETF, and no other authorized participant is able to step forward, ETF shares may trade at a discount to NAV and possibly face trading halts and/or delisting. Additionally, in stressed market conditions, the market for ETF shares may become less liquid in response to deteriorating liquidity in the markets for such ETF’s underlying portfolio holdings, and this may cause the shares of the ETF to trade at a wider than normal discount or premium. Furthermore, purchases and redemptions of creation units primarily in cash rather than in-kind may cause an ETF to incur certain costs, such as brokerage costs, taxable gains or other losses that it may not have incurred with an in-kind purchase or redemption. These costs may be borne by the ETF and decrease the ETF’s NAV to the extent they are not offset by a transaction fee payable by an authorized participant.

 

 

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RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

 

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

In addition, index-based ETFs (and other index funds) will incur expenses not incurred by their applicable indices. Certain securities comprising the indices tracked by these investments may, from time to time, temporarily be unavailable, which may further impede the ability of the index-based ETFs and other index funds to track their applicable indices. Underlying Funds may not be able to match or outperform their respective benchmarks. With sector ETFs, there is a risk that securities within the same group of industries will decline in price due to sector-specific market or economic developments. The Fund may also invest in actively managed ETFs that are subject to management risk as the ETF’s investment adviser will apply certain investment techniques and risk analyses in making investment decisions. There can be no guarantee that these will produce the desired results.

 

Certain of the Underlying Funds in which the Fund will invest may be taxed as regulated investment companies under Subchapter M of the Code. To qualify and remain eligible for the special tax treatment accorded to regulated investment companies and their shareholders, such Underlying Funds must meet certain source-of-income, asset diversification and annual distribution requirements. If an Underlying Fund in which the Fund invests fails to qualify as a regulated investment company, such Underlying Fund would be liable for federal, and possibly state, corporate taxes on its taxable income and gains. Such failure by an Underlying Fund could substantially reduce the Underlying Fund’s net assets and the amount of income available for distribution to the Fund, which would in turn decrease the total return of the Fund in respect of such investment.

 

The Fund’s investments in Underlying Funds may be restricted by certain provisions of the 1940 Act. Under Section 12(d)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act, the Fund may hold securities of an Underlying Fund in amounts which (i) do not exceed 3% of the total outstanding voting stock of the Underlying Fund, (ii) do not exceed 5% of the value of the Fund’s total assets and (iii) when added to all other Underlying Fund securities held by the Fund, do not exceed 10% of the value of the Fund’s total assets. Under Section 12(d)(1)(C) of the 1940 Act, the Fund, together with any other investment companies for which the Adviser acts as an investment adviser, may not, in the aggregate, own more than 10% of the total outstanding voting stock of a registered closed-end investment company. Section 12(d)(1)(F) of the 1940 Act provides that the limitations of Section 12(d)(1) described above shall not apply to securities purchased or otherwise acquired by the Fund if (i) immediately after such purchase or acquisition not more than 3% of the total outstanding stock of such Underlying Fund is owned by the Fund and all affiliated persons of the Fund, and (ii) certain requirements are met with respect to sales charges. In addition, Rule 12d1-4 under the 1940 Act (“Rule 12d1-4”), effective as of January 19, 2022, permits the Fund to invest in Underlying Funds beyond the limitations of Section 12(d)(1) described above, subject to various conditions, including that the Fund enter into an investment agreement with the Underlying Fund (which agreements may impose additional conditions on the Fund). In matters upon which the Fund is solicited to vote as a shareholder of an Underlying Fund, the Adviser may be required to vote Underlying Fund shares in the same proportion as shares held by other shareholders of the Underlying Fund.

 

 

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

81

 

 

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Summary of Updated Information Regarding the Fund

 

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

Warrant Risks

 

The Fund and the Underlying Funds may invest in warrants. Warrants are securities giving the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy the stock of an issuer at a given price (generally higher than the value of the stock at the time of issuance) during a specified period or perpetually. Warrants do not carry with them the right to dividends or voting rights with respect to the securities that they entitle their holder to purchase and they do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuer. The value of a warrant does not necessarily change with the value of the underlying securities and a warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date.

 

 

Portfolio Manager Information

 

Since the prior disclosure date, there have been no changes in the Fund’s portfolio managers or background.

 

Fund Organizational Structure

 

Since the prior disclosure date, there have been no changes in the Fund’s charter or by-laws that would delay or prevent a change of control of the Fund that have not been approved by stockholders.

 

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RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Directors and Officers

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

The following table provides information regarding each Director who is not an “interested person” of the Fund, as defined in the 1940 Act.

 

INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS

Name, Address1 and Year of Birth	Position(s) Held with the Fund	Term of Office and Length of Time Served	Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years	Number of Funds in Fund Complex Overseen by Director2	Other Directorships Held by the Director During the Past 5 Years
John K. Carter (1961)	Director	Current term expires in 2024. Has served since 2013.	Founder, Special Counsel, Law Office of John K. Carter, P.A. (a general practice and corporate law firm) (2015 to present).	11	Carillon Mutual Funds (16 funds) (2016 to present); RiverNorth/DoubleLine Strategic Opportunity Fund, Inc. (1 fund) (2016 to present); RiverNorth Funds (3 funds) (2013 to present); RiverNorth Opportunistic Municipal Income Fund, Inc. (1 fund) (2018 to present); RiverNorth Managed Duration Municipal Income Fund, Inc. (1 fund) (2019 to present); RiverNorth Flexible Municipal Income Fund, Inc. (1 fund) (2019 to present); RiverNorth Flexible Municipal Income Fund II, Inc. (1 fund) (2021 to present); RiverNorth Managed Duration Municipal Income Fund II, Inc. (1 fund) (2022 to present); RiverNorth Capital and Income Fund, Inc. (1 fund) (2015 to present).

 

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

83

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Directors and Officers

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS
Name, Address1 and Year of Birth	Position(s) Held with the Fund	Term of Office and Length of Time Served	Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years	Number of Funds in Fund Complex Overseen by Director2	Other Directorships Held by the Director During the Past 5 Years
J. Wayne Hutchens (1944)	Director	Current term expires in 2025. Has served since 2013.	Currently retired; Trustee of the Denver Museum of Nature and Science (2000 to 2020); Director of AMG National Trust Bank (June 2012 to present); Trustee of Children’s Hospital Colorado (May 2012 to 2020).	11	ALPS Series Trust (11 funds) (2012 to present); RiverNorth / DoubleLine Strategic Opportunity Fund, Inc. (1 fund) (2018 to present); RiverNorth Funds (3 funds) (2021 to present); RiverNorth Opportunistic Municipal Income Fund, Inc. (1 fund) (2018 to present); RiverNorth Managed Duration Municipal Income Fund, Inc. (1 fund) (2019 to present); RiverNorth Flexible Municipal Income Fund, Inc. (1 fund) (2019 to present); RiverNorth Flexible Municipal Income Fund II, Inc. (1 fund) (2021 to present); RiverNorth Managed Duration Municipal Income Fund II, Inc. (1 fund) (2022 to present); RiverNorth Capital and Income Fund, Inc. (1 fund) (2018 to present).

 

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RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Directors and Officers

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS

Name, Address1 and Year of Birth	Position(s) Held with the Fund	Term of Office and Length of Time Served	Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years	Number of Funds in Fund Complex Overseen by Director2	Other Directorships Held by the Director During the Past 5 Years
Lisa B. Mougin (1972)	Director	Current term expires in 2024. Has served since 2022.	Chief Investment Officer of Capital Sisters International (a non-profit) (2023 to present); President & Chief Operating Officer at Positivly, a TIFIN Company (a fintech software company) (2020 to 2022); Senior Vice President of ALPS Fund Services, LLC (1998 to 2017).	8	RiverNorth/DoubleLine Strategic Opportunity Fund, Inc. (1 fund) (2022 to present); RiverNorth Opportunistic Municipal Income Fund, Inc. (1 fund) (2022 to present); RiverNorth Managed Duration Municipal Income Fund, Inc. (1 fund) (2022 to present); RiverNorth Flexible Municipal Income Fund, Inc. (1 fund) (2022 to present); RiverNorth Flexible Municipal Income Fund II, Inc. (1 fund) (2022 to present); RiverNorth Managed Duration Municipal Income Fund II, Inc. (1 fund) (2022 to present); RiverNorth Capital and Income Fund, Inc. (1 fund) (2022 to present).

 

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

85

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Directors and Officers

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS
Name, Address1 and Year of Birth	Position(s) Held with the Fund	Term of Office and Length of Time Served	Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years	Number of  Funds in Fund Complex Overseen by Director2	Other Directorships Held by the Director During the Past 5 Years
David M. Swanson (1957)	Director	Current term expires in 2025. Has served since 2013.	Founder & Managing Partner, SwanDog Strategic Marketing (2006 to present).	11	Managed Portfolio Series (31 funds) (2011 to present); ALPS Variable Investment Trust (7 funds) (2006 to present); RiverNorth/DoubleLine Strategic Opportunity Fund, Inc. (1 fund) (2018 to present); RiverNorth Funds (3 funds) (2018 to present); RiverNorth Opportunistic Municipal Income Fund, Inc. (1 fund) (2018 to present); RiverNorth Managed Duration Municipal Income Fund, Inc. (1 fund) (2019 to present); RiverNorth Flexible Municipal Income Fund, Inc. (1 fund) (2019 to present); RiverNorth Flexible Municipal Income Fund II, Inc. (1 fund) (2021 to present); RiverNorth Managed Duration Municipal Income Fund II, Inc. (1 fund) (2022 to present); RiverNorth Capital and Income Fund, Inc. (1 fund) (2018 to present); Managed Portfolio Series (33 funds) (2011 to present).

 

86	www.rivernorth.com

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Directors and Officers

July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

1

The mailing address of each Director is 360 South Rosemary Avenue, Suite 1420, West Palm Beach, FL 33401.

2

For all Directors other than Ms. Mougin, the Fund Complex consists of the RiverNorth Core Opportunity Fund, the RiverNorth/DoubleLine Strategic Income Fund, and the RiverNorth/Oaktree High Income Fund, each a series of the RiverNorth Funds, RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc., RiverNorth/DoubleLine Strategic Opportunity Fund, Inc., RiverNorth Opportunistic Municipal Income Fund, Inc., RiverNorth Flexible Municipal Income Fund, Inc., RiverNorth Flexible Municipal Income Fund II, Inc., RiverNorth Managed Duration Municipal Income Fund, Inc., RiverNorth Managed Duration Municipal Income Fund II, Inc. and RiverNorth Capital and Income Fund, Inc. For Ms. Mougin, the Fund Complex consists of the RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc., RiverNorth/DoubleLine Strategic Opportunity Fund, Inc., RiverNorth Opportunistic Municipal Income Fund, Inc., RiverNorth Flexible Municipal Income Fund, Inc., RiverNorth Flexible Municipal Income Fund II, Inc., RiverNorth Managed Duration Municipal Income Fund, Inc., RiverNorth Managed Duration Municipal Income Fund II, Inc. and RiverNorth Capital and Income Fund, Inc. The following table provides information regarding each Director who is an “interested person” of the Fund, as defined in the 1940 Act, and each officer of the Fund.

 

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

87

River North Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Directors and Officers

	July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

INTERESTED DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS
Name, Address1 and Year of Birth	Position(s) Held with Registrant	Term of Office and Length of Time Served	Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years	Number of Funds in Fund Complex Overseen by Director2	Other Directorships Held by the Director During the Past 5 Years
Patrick W.  Galley3  (1975)	Interested Director,  Chairman  and  President	Current  term  expires in  2026. Has  served as  Director  since  2013, as  Chairman  and  President  since  2022.	Chief Executive  Officer, RiverNorth  Capital Management,  LLC (2020 to  present); Chief  Investment Officer,  RiverNorth Capital  Management, LLC  (2004 to present).	11	RiverNorth/DoubleLine  Strategic Opportunity  Fund, Inc. (1 fund)  (2016 to present);  RiverNorth Funds (3  funds) (2006 to  present); RiverNorth  Opportunistic  Municipal Income  Fund, Inc. (1 fund)  (2018 to present);  RiverNorth Managed  Duration Municipal  Income Fund, Inc. (1  fund) (2019 to  present); RiverNorth  Flexible Municipal  Income Fund, Inc. (1  fund) (2019 to  present); RiverNorth  Flexible Municipal  Income Fund II, Inc. (1  fund) (2021 to present);  RiverNorth Managed  Duration Municipal  Income Fund II, Inc. (1  fund) (2022 to present);  RiverNorth Capital and  Income Fund, Inc. (1  fund) (2015 to present).

 

88

www.rivernorth.com

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Directors and Officers

	July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)

INTERESTED DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS
Name, Address1 and Year of Birth	Position(s) Held with Registrant	Term of Office and Length of Time Served	Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years	Number of Funds in Fund Complex Overseen by Director2	Other Directorships Held by the Director During the Past 5 Years
Jerry R. Raio  (1964)4	Interested  Director	Current  term  expires in  2026. Has  served  since  2019.	President, Arbor Lane  Advisors, Inc. (Since  2018); Advisory  Board Member of  each of FLX  Distribution, (2020 to  present); Quantify  Crypto (2021 to  present); ETF Action  (2022 to present);  Qudos Technologies  (2019 to 2022); Head  of Capital Markets,  ClickIPO (2018-2019); Managing  Director, Head of  Retail Origination,  Wells Fargo  Securities, LLC (2005  to 2018).	11	RiverNorth/DoubleLine  Strategic Opportunity  Fund, Inc. (1 fund)  (2018 to present);  RiverNorth Funds (3  funds) (2022 to  present); RiverNorth  Opportunistic  Municipal Income  Fund, Inc. (1 fund)  (2018 to present);  RiverNorth Managed  Duration Municipal  Income Fund, Inc. (1  fund) (2019 to  present); RiverNorth  Flexible Municipal  Income Fund, Inc. (1  fund) (2019 to  present); RiverNorth  Flexible Municipal  Income Fund II, Inc. (1  fund) (2021 to  present); RiverNorth  Managed Duration  Municipal Income Fund  II, Inc. (1 fund) (2022 to  present); RiverNorth  Capital and Income  Fund, Inc. (1 fund)  (2018 to present).
Jonathan M.  Mohrhardt  (1974)	Treasurer  and Chief  Financial  Officer	Indefinite.	President, RiverNorth	N/A	N/A
		Has  served  since  2022.	Capital Management,  LLC (since 2020);  Chief Operating  Officer, RiverNorth  Capital Management,  LLC (2011  to present).

 

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

89

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.				Directors and Officers
				July 31, 2023 (Unaudited)
INTERESTED DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS
Name, Address1 and Year of Birth	Position(s) Held with Registrant	Term of Office and Length of Time Served	Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years	Number of Funds in Fund Complex Overseen by Director2	Other Directorships Held by the Director During the Past 5 Years
Marcus L. Collins (1968)	Chief  Compliance Officer; Secretary	Indefinite. Has served since 2022.	General Counsel, RiverNorth Capital Management, LLC (2012 to present); Chief Compliance Officer, RiverNorth Capital Management, LLC (2012 to present).	N/A	N/A

 

1

The mailing address of each Director and officer, unless otherwise noted, is 360 South Rosemary Avenue, Suite 1420, West Palm Beach, FL 33401.

2

For all Directors other than Ms. Mougin, the Fund Complex consists of the RiverNorth Core Opportunity Fund, the RiverNorth/DoubleLine Strategic Income Fund, and the RiverNorth/Oaktree High Income Fund, each a series of the RiverNorth Funds, RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc., RiverNorth/DoubleLine Strategic Opportunity Fund, Inc., RiverNorth Opportunistic Municipal Income Fund, Inc., RiverNorth Flexible Municipal Income Fund, Inc., RiverNorth Flexible Municipal Income Fund II, Inc., RiverNorth Managed Duration Municipal Income Fund, Inc., RiverNorth Managed Duration Municipal Income Fund II, Inc. and RiverNorth Capital and Income Fund Inc. For Ms. Mougin, the Fund Complex consists of the RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc., RiverNorth/DoubleLine Strategic Opportunity Fund, Inc., RiverNorth Opportunistic Municipal Income Fund, Inc., RiverNorth Flexible Municipal Income Fund, Inc., RiverNorth Flexible Municipal Income Fund II, Inc., RiverNorth Managed Duration Municipal Income Fund, Inc., RiverNorth Managed Duration Municipal Income Fund II, Inc. and RiverNorth Capital and Income Fund, Inc.

3

Patrick W. Galley is considered an “Interested” Director as defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, because he is an officer of the Fund and Chief Executive Officer and Chief Investment Officer of the Adviser.

4

Jerry Raio is considered an “Interested” Director as defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, because of his current position as an advisory board member of FLX Distribution, which the Adviser is an investor in and Mr. Galley is a Director of; and because of his prior position as Managing Director – Head of Retail Origination at Wells Fargo, which had previously served as a broker and principal underwriter for certain funds advised by the Adviser.

 

The Statement of Additional Information includes additional information about the Fund’s Directors and is available, without charge, upon request by calling (toll-free) 1-888-848-7569.

 

90

www.rivernorth.com

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Data Privacy Policies and Procedures

 

FACTS	WHAT DOES RIVERNORTH OPPORTUNITIES FUND DO WITH YOUR PERSONAL INFORMATION?
WHY?	Financial companies choose how they share your personal information. Federal law gives consumers the right to limit some but not all sharing. Federal law also requires us to tell you how we collect, share, and protect your personal information. Please read this notice carefully to understand what we do.
WHAT?	The types of personal information we collect and share depend on the product or service you have with us. This information can include:
	●     Social Security number ●    Assets ●    Retirement Assets ●    Transaction History ●     Checking Account Information	●     Purchase History ●     Account Balances ●     Account Transactions ●      Wire Transfer Instructions
	When you are no longer our customer, we continue to share your information as described in this notice.
HOW?	All financial companies need to share customers’ personal information to run their everyday business. In the section below, we list the reasons financial companies can share their customers’ personal information; the reasons RiverNorth Opportunities Fund chooses to share; and whether you can limit this sharing.

REASONS WE CAN SHARE YOUR PERSONAL INFORMATION		DOES RIVERNORTH OPPORTUNITIES INCOME FUND SHARE?	CAN YOU LIMIT THIS SHARING?
For our everyday business purposes – such as to process your transactions, maintain your account(s), respond to court orders and legal investigations, or report to credit bureaus		Yes	No
For our marketing purposes – to offer our products and services to you		No	We don't share
For joint marketing with other financial companies		No	We don't share
For our affiliates’ everyday business purposes – information about your transactions and experiences		No	We don't share
For our affiliates’ everyday business purposes – information about your creditworthiness		No	We don't share
For nonaffiliates to market to you		No	We don't share
QUESTIONS?	Call 1-(844)-569-4750

Annual Report | July 31, 2023

91

RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

Data Privacy Policies and Procedures

 

WHO WE ARE
Who is providing this notice?	RiverNorth Opportunities Fund
WHAT WE DO
How does RiverNorth Opportunities Fund protect my personal information?	To protect your personal information from unauthorized access and use, we use security measures that comply with federal law. These measures include computer safeguards and secured files and buildings.   Our service providers are held accountable for adhering to strict policies and procedures to prevent any misuse of your nonpublic personal information.
How does RiverNorth Opportunities Fund collect my personal information?	We collect your personal information, for example, when you   ●    Open an account  ●    Provide account information   ●    Give us your contact information   ●    Make deposits or withdrawals from your account   ●    Make a wire transfer   ●    Tell us where to send the money   ●    Tells us who receives the money   ●    Show your government-issued ID   ●    Show your driver’s license    We also collect your personal information from other companies.
Why can’t I limit all sharing?	Federal law gives you the right to limit only:    ●   Sharing for affiliates’ everyday business purposes – information about your creditworthiness   ●    Affiliates from using your information to market to you   ●    Sharing for nonaffiliates to market to you   State laws and individual companies may give you additional rights to limit sharing.
DEFINITIONS
Affiliates	Companies related by common ownership or control. They can be financial and nonfinancial companies.   ●   RiverNorth Opportunities Fund does not share with our affiliates for marketing purposes.
Nonaffiliates	Companies not related by common ownership or control. They can be financial and nonfinancial companies.   ●   RiverNorth Opportunities Fund does not share with nonaffiliates so they can market to you.
Joint marketing	A formal agreement between nonaffiliated financial companies that together market financial products or services to you.   ●   RiverNorth Opportunities Fund does not jointly market.

 

92	www.rivernorth.com

Board of Directors

Patrick W. Galley, CFA, Chairman

John K. Carter

J. Wayne Hutchens

David M. Swanson

Jerry R. Raio

Lisa B. Mougin

 

Investment Adviser

RiverNorth Capital Management, LLC

 

Fund Administrator

ALPS Fund Services, Inc.

 

Transfer Agent and

Dividend Disbursing Agent

DST Systems, Inc.

 

Custodian

State Street Bank and Trust Company

 

Independent Registered

Public Accounting Firm

Cohen & Company, Ltd.

 

 

RiverNorth Capital Management, LLC

360 South Rosemary Avenue, Suite 1420

West Palm Beach, FL 33401

 

Secondary market support provided to the Fund by ALPS Fund Services, Inc.’s affiliate ALPS Distributors, Inc., a FINRA member.

 

This report is provided for the general information of the shareholders of the RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc. This report is not intended for distribution to prospective investors in the Fund, unless preceded or accompanied by an effective prospectus.

(b)

Not applicable.

 

Item 2.

Code of Ethics.

 

(a)

The RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc. (the “Fund” or the “Registrant”), as of the end of the period covered by the report, has adopted a Code of Ethics that applies to the Registrant’s Principal Executive Officer, Principal Financial Officer, Principal Accounting Officer or Controller or any persons performing similar functions on behalf of the Registrant.

 

(b)

Not applicable.

 

(c)

During the period covered by this report, no amendments were made to the provisions of the Code of Ethics referenced in 2 (a) above.

 

(d)

During the period covered by this report, no implicit or explicit waivers to the provision of the Code of Ethics referenced in 2 (a) above were granted.

 

(e)

Not applicable.

 

(f)

The Registrant’s Code of Ethics is attached as Exhibit 13(a)(1) hereto.

 

Item 3.

Audit Committee Financial Expert.

 

The Registrant’s Board of Directors has determined that the Registrant has as least one audit committee financial expert serving on its Audit Committee. The Board of Directors has designated J. Wayne Hutchens as the Registrant’s “audit committee financial expert.” Mr. Hutchens is “independent” as defined in paragraph (a)(2) of Item 3 to Form N-CSR.

 

Item 4.

Principal Accountant Fees and Services.

 

(a)

Audit Fees: For the registrant’s fiscal years ended July 31, 2022 and July 31, 2023, the aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered by Cohen & Company, Ltd. (“Cohen”) for the audit of the Registrant’s annual financial statements or services that are normally provided by the accountant in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements were $30,000 and $30,000, respectively.

 

(b)

Audit-Related Fees: For the registrant’s fiscal years ended July 31, 2022 and July 31, 2023, the aggregate fees billed for assurance and related services by Cohen that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit of the Registrant’s financial statements and are not reported under paragraph (a) of this Item were $25,047 and $4,248, respectively. This fee is comprised of fees relating to auditor consents provided for U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission filings for various offerings.

(c)

Tax Fees: For the registrant’s fiscal years ended July 31, 2022 and July 31, 2023, the aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered by Cohen for tax compliance, tax advice, and tax planning were $16,450 and $16,825, respectively. These fees are comprised of fees relating income tax return preparation fees, excise tax return preparation fees and review of dividend distribution calculation fees.

 

(d)

All Other Fees: For the registrant’s fiscal years ended July 31, 2022 and July 31, 2023, the aggregate fees billed for products and services provided by Cohen, other than the services reported in paragraphs (a) through (c) of this Item were $0 and $0, respectively.

 

(e)(1)

Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures: All services to be performed by the Registrant’s principal auditors must be pre-approved by the Registrant’s Audit Committee or by the Audit Committee’s designee pursuant to the Audit Committee’s Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures.

 

(e)(2)

No services described in paragraphs (b) through (d) were approved pursuant to paragraph (c)(7)(i)(C) of Rule 2-01 of Regulation S-X.

 

(f)

Not applicable.

 

(g)

The aggregate non-audit fees billed by the Registrant’s accountant for services rendered to the Registrant, and rendered to the Registrant’s investment adviser, and any entity controlling, controlled by, or under common control with the investment adviser that provides ongoing services to the Registrant for the fiscal years ended July 31, 2022 and July 31, 2023 were $0 and $0, respectively. For the fiscal years ended July 31, 2022 and July 31, 2023, Cohen did not bill the Registrant for products and services other than the services reported above.

 

(h)

Not applicable.

 

Item 5.

Audit Committee of Listed Registrants.

 

The Registrant has a separately designated standing Audit Committee established in accordance with Section 3 (a)(58)(A) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “1934 Act”) and is comprised of the following members:

 

J. Wayne Hutchens, Chairman 

John K. Carter 

Lisa B. Mougin 

David M. Swanson

 

Item 6.

Schedule of Investments.

 

(a)

Schedule of Investments is included as part of the Report to Stockholders filed under Item 1(a) of this form.

 

(b)

Not applicable to the Registrant.

Item 7.

Disclosure of Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures for Closed-End Management Investment Companies.

 

Attached, as Exhibit 13(c), is a copy of the proxy voting policies and procedures of the Registrant.

 

Item 8.

Portfolio Managers of Closed-End Management Investment Companies.

 

(a)(1)

As of the filing date of this report on Form N-CSR, the portfolio managers of the Fund are as follows:

 

Patrick W. Galley, CFA

 

Mr. Galley has served as a portfolio manager of the Fund since its inception. Mr. Galley is the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Investment Officer for the Adviser. Mr. Galley heads the research and investment team at RiverNorth Capital Management, LLC (the “Adviser”) and oversees all portfolio management activities at the Adviser. Mr. Galley also serves as the President and Chairman of all of the Adviser’s proprietary registered open- and closed-end funds. Prior to joining the Adviser in 2004, he was most recently a Vice President at Bank of America in the Global Investment Bank’s Portfolio Management group, where he specialized in analyzing and structuring corporate transactions for investment management firms in addition to closed-end and open-end funds, hedge funds, funds of funds, structured investment vehicles and insurance/reinsurance companies. Mr. Galley graduated with honors from Rochester Institute of Technology with a B.S. in Finance. He has received the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) designation, is a member of the CFA Institute and is a member of the CFA Society of Chicago.

 

Stephen O’Neill, CFA

 

Mr. O’Neill has served as a portfolio manager of the Fund since its inception. Mr. O’Neill is a Portfolio Manager for the Adviser. Mr. O’Neill conducts qualitative and quantitative analysis of closed-end funds and their respective asset classes. Prior to joining the Adviser in 2007, he was most recently an Assistant Vice President at Bank of America in the Global Investment Bank’s Portfolio Management group. At Bank of America, he specialized in the corporate real estate, asset management, and structured finance industries. Mr. O’Neill graduated magna cum laude from Miami University in Oxford, Ohio with a B.S. in finance and a minor in economics. Mr. O’Neill has received the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) designation, is a member of the CFA Institute and is a member of the CFA Society of Chicago.

 

(a)(2)

As of July 31, 2023, the portfolio managers of the Fund were responsible for the management of the following other accounts (in addition to the Fund):

Number of Other Accounts Managed and Assets by Account Type As of July 31, 2023
Portfolio Manager	Registered Investment Companies (other than the Fund)	Registered Investment Companies Subject to Performance-Based Advisory Fees	Other Pooled Investment Vehicles	Other Pooled Investment Vehicles Subject to Performance-Based Advisory Fees	Other Accounts	Other Accounts Subject to Performance-Based Advisory Fees
Patrick W. Galley, CFA	13  $3.65B	0  $0	4  $961M	4  $961M	10  $90.4M	10  $90.4M
Stephen O’Neill, CFA	11  $3.64B	0  $0	4  $961M	4  $961M	10  $90.4M	10  $90.4M

 

(a)(3)

Compensation of Portfolio Managers and Material Conflicts of Interest

 

Adviser Compensation

 

As of July 31, 2023, Messrs. Galley’s and O’Neill’s total compensation package, like others in the Adviser’s business, is a package designed to attract and retain investment professionals. The compensation package includes a base salary fixed from year to year. The amount of the base salary is assessed for its competitiveness in the industry and geographic location of the Adviser. The compensation package also provides for an annual but variable performance bonus. The performance bonus reflects individual performance of the portfolio manager in his or her allocated duties and responsibilities. While performance of the funds managed by the portfolio manager is considered in determining the annual performance bonus, it is but one factor. The overall success of the Adviser in its business objectives and the performance of the Adviser’s business as a whole are more important factors than the investment performance of a particular fund or account. Messrs. Galley and O’Neill also participate in a 401K program on the same basis as other officers of the Adviser, which includes matching of employee contributions up to a certain percent of the portfolio manager’s base salary. Those portfolio managers that are also equity stakeholders in the Adviser or its affiliates may also receive periodic distribution of profits from business operations.

 

Conflicts of Interest

 

Actual or apparent conflicts of interest may arise when a portfolio manager has day-to-day management responsibilities with respect to more than one fund or other accounts. More specifically, portfolio managers who manage multiple funds are presented with the following potential conflicts, among others.

 

The management of multiple accounts may result in a portfolio manager devoting unequal time and attention to the management of each account. The management of multiple funds and accounts also may give rise to potential conflicts of interest if the funds and accounts have different objectives, benchmarks, time horizons and fees as the portfolio manager must allocate his time and investment ideas across multiple funds and accounts. Another potential conflict of interest may arise where another account has the same or similar investment objective as the Fund, whereby the portfolio manager could favor one account over another.

With respect to securities transactions for the Fund, the Adviser determines which broker to use to execute each order, consistent with the duty to seek best execution of the transaction. A portfolio manager may execute transactions for another fund or account that may adversely impact the value of securities held by the Fund. Securities selected for funds or accounts other than the Fund may outperform the securities selected for the Fund. Further, a potential conflict could include a portfolio manager’s knowledge about the size, timing and possible market impact of Fund trades, whereby they could use this information to the advantage of other accounts and to the disadvantage of the Fund. These potential conflicts of interest could create the appearance that a portfolio manager is favoring one investment vehicle over another.

 

The management of personal accounts also may give rise to potential conflicts of interest. Although the portfolio manager generally does not trade securities in his or her own personal account, the Adviser and the Fund have each adopted a code of ethics that, among other things, permits personal trading by employees (including trading in securities that can be purchased, sold or held by the Fund) under conditions where it has been determined that such trades would not adversely impact client accounts. Nevertheless, the management of personal accounts may give rise to potential conflicts of interest, and there is no assurance that these codes of ethics will adequately address such conflicts.

 

The Adviser has adopted certain compliance procedures which are designed to address these types of conflicts. However, there is no guarantee that such procedures will detect each and every situation in which a conflict arises.

 

(a)(4)

Portfolio Manager Ownership of Fund Shares

 

The following table shows the dollar range of equity securities of the Fund beneficially owned by the portfolio managers of the Fund as of July 31, 2023.

 

Name of Portfolio Manager	Dollar Range of Equity Securities of the Fund
Patrick W. Galley, CFA	Over $1,000,000
Stephen O’Neill, CFA	$500,001 - $1,000,000

 

(b)	Not applicable.

 

Item 9.

Purchases of Equity Securities by Closed-End Management Investment Company and Affiliated Purchasers.

 

Not applicable, due to no such purchases occurring during the period covered by this report.

Item 10.

Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders.

 

There have been no material changes to the procedures by which shareholders may recommend nominees to the Board of Directors of the Registrant.

 

Item 11.

Controls and Procedures.

 

(a)

The Registrant’s Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer have concluded that the Registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 30a-3(c) under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”)) are effective based on their evaluation of these controls and procedures, required by Rule 30a-3(b) under the 1940 Act and Rules 13a-15(b) under the 1934 Act, as of a date within 90 days of the filing date of this document.

 

(b)

There were no changes in the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 30a-3(d) under the 1940 Act) during the period covered by this report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

 

Item 12.

Disclosure of Securities Lending Activities for Closed-End Management Investment Companies.

 

Not applicable.

 

Item 13.

Exhibits.

 

(a)(1)

Code of ethics that is subject to Item 2 is attached hereto.

 

(a)(2)

The certifications of the Registrant’s Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, as required by Rule 30a-2(a) of the 1940 Act, and Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 are attached hereto as EX-99.CERT.

 

(b)

The certifications of the Registrant’s Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, as required by Rule 30a-2(b) of the 1940 Act, and Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 are attached hereto as EX-99.906CERT.

 

(c)

The Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures are attached hereto.

 

(d)

Consent of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm is attached hereto.

SIGNATURES

 

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Investment Company Act of 1940, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 

Registrant: RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.

 

By:	/s/ Patrick W. Galley
Name:	Patrick W. Galley
Title:	President
Date:	October 6, 2023

  

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Investment Company Act of 1940, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

 

By:	/s/ Patrick W. Galley
Name:	Patrick W. Galley
Title:	President
Date:	October 6, 2023

 

By:	/s/ Jonathan M. Mohrhardt
Name:	Jonathan M. Mohrhardt
Title:	Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer
Date:	October 6, 2023

 

16.4      Code of Ethics – Principal Executive and Senior Officers

 

I.           Covered Officers/Purpose of the Code

 

  This code of ethics (this “Code”) for the Trust applies to the Trust’s Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer (the “Covered Officers” each of whom is set forth in Exhibit A) for the purpose of promoting:

 

●

honest and ethical conduct, including the ethical handling of actual or apparent conflicts of interest between personal and professional relationships;

 

●

full, fair, accurate, timely and understandable disclosure in reports and documents that the Trust files with, or submits to, the SEC and in other public communications made by the Trust;

 

●

compliance with applicable laws and governmental rules and regulations;

 

●

the prompt internal reporting of violations of this Code to an appropriate person or persons identified in this Code; and

 

●

accountability for adherence to this Code.

 

  Each Covered Officer should adhere to a high standard of business ethics and should be sensitive to situations that may give rise to actual as well as apparent conflicts of interest.

 

II.         Covered Officers Should Handle Ethically Actual and Apparent Conflicts of Interest

 

 Overview. A “conflict of interest” occurs when a Covered Officer’s private interests interfere with the interests of, or the Covered Officer’s service to, the Trust. For example, a conflict of interest would arise if a Covered Officer, or a member of the Covered Officer’s family, receives improper personal benefits as a result of the Covered Officer’s position with the Trust.

 

  Certain conflicts of interest arise out of the relationships between Covered Officers and the Trust and already are subject to conflict of interest provisions in the 1940 Act and the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (“Investment Advisers Act”). For example, Covered Officers may not individually engage in certain transactions (such as the purchase or sale of securities or other property) with the Trust because of their status as “affiliated persons” of the Trust. This Code does not, and is not intended to, repeat or replace any compliance programs and procedures of the Trust or the investment adviser designed to prevent, or identify and correct, violations of the 1940 Act and the Investment Advisers Act.

 

  Although typically not presenting an opportunity for improper personal benefit, conflicts arise from, or as a result of, the contractual relationship between the Trust and the investment adviser or the administrator of which a Covered Officer is also an officer or employee. As a result, this Code recognizes that the Covered Officers will, in the normal course of their duties, whether formally for the Trust and/or for the adviser or the administrator, be involved in establishing policies and implementing decisions that will have different effects on the adviser or the administrator and the Trust. The participation of the Covered Officers in such activities is inherent in the contractual relationship between the Trust and the adviser or the administrator and is consistent with the performance by the Covered Officers of their duties as officers of the Trust. Thus, if performed in conformity with the provisions of the 1940 Act and the Investment Advisers Act, such activities will be deemed to have been handled ethically. In addition, it is recognized by the Trust’s Board of Trustees (“Board”) that the Covered Officers may also be officers or employees of one or more investment companies covered by other codes.

 

  Other conflicts of interest are covered by this Code, even if such conflicts of interest are not subject to provisions in the 1940 Act and the Investment Advisers Act. The following list provides examples of conflicts of interest under this Code, but Covered Officers should keep in mind that these examples are not exhaustive. The overarching principle is that the personal interest of a Covered Officer should not be placed improperly before the interest of the Trust.

Policies and Procedures Database - RiverNorth Opportunistic Municipal Income Fund

 

  Each Covered Officer must:

 

●

not use personal influence or personal relationships improperly to influence investment decisions or financial reporting by the Trust whereby the Covered Officer would benefit personally to the detriment of the Trust;

 

●

not cause the Trust to take action, or fail to take action, for the individual personal benefit of the Covered Officer rather than the benefit of the Trust;

 

●

not use material non-public knowledge of portfolio transactions made or contemplated for the Trust to trade personally or cause others to trade personally in contemplation of the market effect of such transactions;

 

●

report at least annually any affiliations or other relationships related to conflicts of interest that the Trust’s Trustees and Officers Questionnaire covers.

 

  There are some conflict of interest situations that should always be discussed with the compliance officer of the Trust appointed by the Board (the “Compliance Officer”), if material. Examples of these include:

 

●

service as a director on the board of any public company;

 

●

the receipt of any non-nominal gifts;

 

●

the receipt of any entertainment from any company with which the Company has current or prospective business dealings unless such entertainment is business-related, reasonable in cost, appropriate as to time and place, and not so frequent as to raise any questions of impropriety;

 

●

any ownership interest in, or any consulting or employment relationship with, any of the Trust’s service providers, other than its investment adviser, principal underwriter, administrator or any affiliated person thereof; and

 

●

a direct or indirect financial interest in commissions, transaction charges or spreads paid by the Trust for effecting portfolio transactions or for selling or redeeming shares other than an interest arising from the Covered Officer’s employment, such as compensation or equity ownership.

 

III.        Disclosure and Compliance

 

●

Each Covered Officer should familiarize himself with the disclosure requirements generally applicable to the Trust.

 

●

Each Covered Officer should not knowingly misrepresent, or cause others to misrepresent, facts about the Trust to others, whether within or outside the Trust, including to the Trust’s directors and auditors, and to governmental regulators and self-regulatory organizations.

 

●

Each Covered Officer should, to the extent appropriate within the Covered Officer’s area of responsibility, consult with other officers and employees of the Trust and of the adviser or the administrator with the goal of promoting full, fair, accurate, timely and understandable disclosure in the reports and documents the Trust files with, or submits to, the SEC and in other public communications made by the Trust.

 

●

It is the responsibility of each Covered Officer to promote compliance with the standards and restrictions imposed by applicable laws, rules and regulations.

Policies and Procedures Database - RiverNorth Opportunistic Municipal Income Fund

 

IV.        Reporting and Accountability

 

  Each Covered Officer must:

 

●

upon adoption of this Code (or thereafter as applicable, upon becoming a Covered Officer), affirm in writing to the Board , in substantially the form set forth on Exhibit B, that the Covered Officer has received, read, and understands this Code;

 

●

annually thereafter affirm to the Board, in substantially the form set forth on Exhibit C, that the Covered Officer has complied with the requirements of this Code;

 

●

not retaliate against any other Covered Officer or any employee of the Trust or their affiliated persons for reports of potential violations that are made in good faith; and

 

●

notify the Compliance Officer for the Trust promptly if the Covered Officer knows of any violation of this Code. Failure to do so is itself a violation of this Code.

 

The Compliance Officer for the Trust is responsible for applying this Code to specific situations in which questions are presented under it and has the authority to interpret this Code in any particular situation. However, any approvals or waivers sought by a Covered Officer will be considered by the Audit Committee (the “Committee”), which will make recommendations to the Board.

 

  The Trust will follow these procedures in investigating and enforcing this Code:

 

●

the Compliance Officer for the Trust will take all appropriate action to investigate any potential violations reported to the Compliance Officer;

 

●

the Compliance Officer will review with the outside legal counsel to the Trust the findings and conclusions of such investigation;

 

●

if, after such investigation and review, the Compliance Officer believes that no violation has occurred, the Compliance Officer is not required to take any further action;

 

●

any matter that the Compliance Officer believes is a violation will be reported to the Committee;

 

●

if the Committee concurs that a violation has occurred, it will inform and make a recommendation to the Board, which will consider appropriate action, which may include review of, and appropriate modifications to, applicable policies and procedures (including changes to this Code); notification of the violation to appropriate personnel of the investment adviser or the administrator or its board; or a recommendation to take disciplinary action against the Covered Officer, which may include, without limitation, dismissal;

 

●

the Board will be responsible for granting waivers, as appropriate; and

 

●

any changes to or waivers of this Code will, to the extent required, be disclosed as provided by SEC rules.

 

V.          Other Policies and Procedures

 

This Code shall be the sole code of ethics adopted by the Trust for purposes of Section 406 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the rules and forms applicable to registered investment companies thereunder. Insofar as other policies or procedures of the Trust, the Trust’s adviser, principal underwriter, the administrator or other service providers govern or purport to govern the behavior or activities of the Covered Officers who are subject to this Code, they are superseded by this Code to the extent that they overlap or conflict with the provisions of this Code. The Trust’s and its investment adviser’s and principal underwriter’s codes of ethics under Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act are separate requirements applying to the Covered Officers and others, and are not part of this Code.

Policies and Procedures Database - RiverNorth Opportunistic Municipal Income Fund

 

VI.        Amendments

 

  Any amendments to this Code, other than amendments to Exhibit A, must be approved or ratified by a majority vote of the Board, including a majority of independent trustees.

 

VII.       Confidentiality

 

 To the extent possible, all records, reports and other information prepared, maintained or acquired pursuant to this Code will be treated as confidential, it being understood that it may be necessary or advisable, that certain matters be disclosed to third parties (e.g., to the board of directors or officers of the adviser or the administrator).

 

VIII.     Internal Use

 

  This Code is intended solely for the internal use by the Trust and does not constitute an admission, by or on behalf of the Trust, as to any fact, circumstance, or legal conclusion.

 

Responsible Party/Compliance Process: Chief Compliance Officer

Exhibit A

 

Persons Covered by this Code of Ethics

 

Patrick Galley 

Jon Mohrhardt

 

 

EX-99.CERT

 

CERTIFICATIONS PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE 

SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

 

I, Patrick W. Galley, certify that:

 

1.

I have reviewed this report on Form N-CSR of RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.;

 

2.

Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

 

3.

Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations, changes in net assets, and cash flows (if the financial statements are required to include a statement of cash flows) of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

 

4.

The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 30a-3(c) under the Investment Company Act of 1940) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 30a-3(d) under the Investment Company Act of 1940) for the registrant and have:

 

a.

Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

 

b.

Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

 

c.

Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of a date within 90 days prior to the filing date of this report based on such evaluation; and

 

d.

Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

 

5.

The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

 

a.

all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize, and report financial information; and

 

b.

any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

 

By:	/s/ Patrick W. Galley
Name:	Patrick W. Galley
Title:	President
Date:	October 6, 2023

I, Jonathan M. Mohrhardt, certify that:

 

1.

I have reviewed this report on Form N-CSR of RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc.;

 

2.

Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

 

3.

Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations, changes in net assets, and cash flows (if the financial statements are required to include a statement of cash flows) of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

 

4.

The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 30a-3(c) under the Investment Company Act of 1940) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 30a-3(d) under the Investment Company Act of 1940) for the registrant and have:

 

a.

Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

 

b.

Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

 

c.

Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of a date within 90 days prior to the filing date of this report based on such evaluation; and

 

d.

Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

 

5.

The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

 

a.

all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize, and report financial information; and

 

b.

any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

 

By:	/s/ Jonathan M. Mohrhardt
	Jonathan M. Mohrhardt
	Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer
Date:	October 6, 2023

 

EX-99.906CERT

 

CERTIFICATIONS PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE 

SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

 

This certification is furnished pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, 18 U.S.C. § 1350, and accompanies the report on Form N-CSR for the period ended July 31, 2023 of RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc. (the “Company”).

 

I, Patrick W. Galley, the President of the Company, certify that:

 

(i)

the report on Form N-CSR fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o(d)); and

 

(ii)

the information contained in the Form N-CSR fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

 

Dated:	October 6, 2023
By:	/s/ Patrick W. Galley
	Patrick W. Galley
	President

This certification is furnished pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, 18 U.S.C. § 1350, and accompanies the report on Form N-CSR for the period ended July 31, 2023 of RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc. (the “Company”).

 

I, Jonathan M. Mohrhardt, the Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify that:

 

(i)

the report on Form N-CSR fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o(d)); and

 

(ii)

the information contained in the Form N-CSR fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

  

Dated:	October 6, 2023
By:	/s/ Jonathan M. Mohrhardt
	Jonathan M. Mohrhardt
	Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer

 

These statements accompany this report on Form N-CSR pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and shall not be deemed as filed by the Company for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. 

 

RiverNorth Combined Closed-End Fund Board Meetings - Combined Board of Directors Agenda Items

 

Section 18 - Proxy Voting

 

RiverNorth Capital Management, LLC 

PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

 

Pursuant to the recent adoption by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) of Rule 206(4)-6 (17 CFR 275.206(4)-6) and amendments to Rule 204-2 (17 CFR 275.204-2) under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (the “Act”), it is a fraudulent, deceptive, or manipulative act, practice or course of business, within the meaning of Section 206(4) of the Act, for an investment adviser to exercise voting authority with respect to client securities, unless (i) the adviser has adopted and implemented written policies and procedures that are reasonably designed to ensure that the adviser votes proxies in the best interests of its clients, (ii) the adviser describes its proxy voting procedures to its clients and provides copies on request, and (iii) the adviser discloses to clients how they may obtain information on how the adviser voted their proxies.

 

In its standard investment advisory agreement, RiverNorth Capital Management, LLC (RiverNorth Capital) specifically states that it does not vote proxies unless otherwise directed by the client and the client, including clients governed by ERISA, is responsible for voting any proxies. Therefore, RiverNorth Capital will not vote proxies for these clients. However, RiverNorth Capital will vote proxies on behalf of investment company clients and hedge fund clients ("Funds"). RiverNorth Capital has instructed all custodians, other than Fund custodians, to forward proxies directly to its clients, and if RiverNorth Capital accidentally receives a proxy for any non-Fund client, current or former, the Chief Compliance Officer will promptly forward the proxy to the client. In order to fulfill its responsibilities to Funds, RiverNorth Capital Management, LLC (hereinafter “we” or “our”) has adopted the following policies and procedures for proxy voting with regard to companies in any Fund's investment portfolios.

 

OVERVIEW

 

________The Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures are designed to protect the best interests of the Funds in which we vote proxies on behalf of. RiverNorth does not delegate or rely on any third-party service provider for voting recommendations.

 

KEY OBJECTIVES

 

The key objectives of these policies and procedures recognize that a company’s management is entrusted with the day-to-day operations and longer term strategic planning of the company, subject to the oversight of the company’s board of directors. While “ordinary business matters” are primarily the responsibility of management and should be approved solely by the corporation’s board of directors, these objectives also recognize that the company’s shareholders must have final say over how management and directors are performing, and how shareholders’ rights and ownership interests are handled, especially when matters could have substantial economic implications to the shareholders.

 

Therefore, we will pay particular attention to the following matters in exercising our proxy voting responsibilities as a fiduciary for clients and the Funds:

 

Accountability. Each company should have effective means in place to hold those entrusted with running a company’s business accountable for their actions. Management of a company should be accountable to its board of directors and the board should be accountable to shareholders.

 

Alignment of Management and Shareholder Interests. Each company should endeavor to align the interests of management and the board of directors with the interests of the company’s shareholders. For example, we generally believe that compensation should be designed to reward management for doing a good job of creating value for the shareholders of the company.

RiverNorth Combined Closed-End Fund Board Meetings - Combined Board of Directors Agenda Items

 

Transparency. Promotion of timely disclosure of important information about a company’s business operations and financial performance enables investors to evaluate the performance of a company and to make informed decisions about the purchase and sale of a company’s securities.

 

DECISION METHODS

 

We generally believe that the individual portfolio managers that invest in and track particular companies are the most knowledgeable and best suited to make decisions with regard to proxy votes. Therefore, we rely on those individuals to make the final decisions on how to cast proxy votes.

 

No set of proxy voting guidelines can anticipate all situations that may arise. In special cases, we may seek insight from our managers and analysts on how a particular proxy proposal will impact the financial prospects of a company, and vote accordingly.

 

In some instances, a proxy vote may present a conflict between the interests of a client/fund, on the one hand, and our interests or the interests of a person affiliated with us, on the other. In such a case, we will abstain from making a voting decision and will forward all of the necessary proxy voting materials to the client to enable the client to cast the votes.

 

Notwithstanding the forgoing, the following policies will apply to investment company shares owned by a Fund. The Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, (the “Act”) defines an “investment company” to include mutual funds, money market funds, closed-end funds (including preferred shares of a closed-end fund), and exchange traded funds. Under Section 12(d)(1) of the Act, a fund may only invest up to 5% of its total assets in the securities of any one investment company, but may not own more than 3% of the outstanding voting stock of any one investment company or invest more than 10% of its total assets in the securities of other investment companies. However, Section 12(d)(1)(F) of the Act provides that the provisions of paragraph 12(d)(1) shall not apply to securities purchased or otherwise acquired by a fund if (i) immediately after such purchase or acquisition not more than 3% of the total outstanding stock of such registered investment company is owned by the fund and all affiliated persons of the fund; and (ii) the fund is not proposing to offer or sell any security issued by it through a principal underwriter or otherwise at a public or offering price which includes a sales load of more than 1½% percent. Therefore, each Fund (or the Adviser acting on behalf of the Fund) must comply with the following voting restrictions unless it is determined that the Fund is not relying on Section 12(d)(1)(F):

 

●

when the Fund exercises voting rights, by proxy or otherwise, with respect to any investment company owned by the Fund, the Fund will either

 

○

seek instruction from the Fund’s shareholders with regard to the voting of all proxies and vote in accordance with such instructions, or

 

○

vote the shares held by the Fund in the same proportion as the vote of all other holders of such security.

 

PROXY VOTING GUIDELINES

 

Election of the Board of Directors

 

We believe that good corporate governance generally starts with a board composed primarily of independent directors, unfettered by significant ties to management, all of whose members are elected annually. We also believe that turnover in board composition promotes independent board action; fresh approaches to governance, and generally has a positive impact on shareholder value. We will generally vote in favor of non-incumbent independent directors.

 

The election of a company’s board of directors is one of the most fundamental rights held by shareholders. Because a classified board structure prevents shareholders from electing a full slate of directors annually, we will generally support efforts to declassify boards or other measures that permit shareholders to remove a majority of directors at any time, and will generally oppose efforts to adopt classified board structures.

RiverNorth Combined Closed-End Fund Board Meetings - Combined Board of Directors Agenda Items

 

Approval of Independent Auditors

 

We believe that the relationship between a company and its auditors should be limited primarily to the audit engagement, although it may include certain closely related activities that do not raise an appearance of impaired independence.

 

We will evaluate on a case-by-case basis instances in which the audit firm has a substantial non-audit relationship with a company to determine whether we believe independence has been, or could be, compromised.

 

Equity-based compensation plans

 

We believe that appropriately designed equity-based compensation plans, approved by shareholders, can be an effective way to align the interests of shareholders and the interests of directors, management, and employees by providing incentives to increase shareholder value. Conversely, we are opposed to plans that substantially dilute ownership interests in the company, provide participants with excessive awards, or have inherently objectionable structural features.

 

We will generally support measures intended to increase stock ownership by executives and the use of employee stock purchase plans to increase company stock ownership by employees. These may include:

 

1.

Requiring senior executives to hold stock in a company.

2.

Requiring stock acquired through option exercise to be held for a certain period of time.

 

These are guidelines, and we consider other factors, such as the nature of the industry and size of the company, when assessing a plan’s impact on ownership interests.

 

Corporate Structure

 

We view the exercise of shareholders’ rights, including the rights to act by written consent, to call special meetings and to remove directors, to be fundamental to good corporate governance.

 

Because classes of common stock with unequal voting rights limit the rights of certain shareholders, we generally believe that shareholders should have voting power equal to their equity interest in the company and should be able to approve or reject changes to a company’s by-laws by a simple majority vote.

 

We will generally support the ability of shareholders to cumulate their votes for the election of directors.

 

Shareholder Rights Plans

 

While we recognize that there are arguments both in favor of and against shareholder rights plans, also known as poison pills, such measures may tend to entrench current management, which we generally consider to have a negative impact on shareholder value. Therefore, while we will evaluate such plans on a case by case basis, we will generally oppose such plans.

RiverNorth Combined Closed-End Fund Board Meetings - Combined Board of Directors Agenda Items

 

PROXY SERVICE PROVIDER OVERSIGHT

 

_________We use Broadridge as our third-party service provider for voting proxies. Broadridge, as a RiverNorth service provider, is monitored by RiverNorth through its proxy service and undergoes an initial and annual due diligence review.

 

The initial due diligence of a third-party service provider for proxy services includes a review of the service provider’s compliance policies and procedures, records of any administrative proceedings against the firm, interview with key personnel, review the information technology and cybersecurity controls in place to protect vital data and discussions with other clients of the service provider.

 

For annual due diligence, RiverNorth requires its third-party service provider for proxy services to complete a Due Diligence Questionnaire (DDQ). As with the initial due diligence, the DDQ will cover the service provider’s compliance policies and procedures, records of any administrative proceedings against the firm and information technology and cybersecurity controls in place to protect vital data. It will also include an evaluation of any material changes in services or operations of the third-party service provider for proxy services.

 

CLIENT INFORMATION

 

A copy of these Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures is available to our clients, without charge, upon request, by calling 1-800-646-0148. We will send a copy of these Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures within three business days of receipt of a request, by first-class mail or other means designed to ensure equally prompt delivery. In addition, we will provide each client, without charge, upon request, information regarding the proxy votes cast by us with regard to the client’s securities.

 

TESTING PROCEDURES

 

On a monthly basis, the Chief Compliance Officer or his designee shall obtain periodic affirmations from employees responsible for voting proxies that all outstanding proxies for the prior month have been voted. On a periodic basis, the Chief Compliance Officer or his designee shall review a sample of all proxies for compliance with these procedures.

 

Revised

2/12/2013 11/7/2014 7/1//2021

 

4

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

 

We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement on Form N-2 (No. 333-261239) of our report dated September 28, 2023, relating to the financial statements and financial highlights of RiverNorth Opportunities Fund, Inc., which appear in this Form N-CSR.

 

/s/Cohen & Company, Ltd

Cohen & Company, Ltd.

Cleveland, Ohio

October 6, 2023

v3.23.3

N-2 - USD ($)		3 Months Ended											12 Months Ended
		Jul. 31, 2023	Apr. 30, 2023	Jan. 31, 2023	Oct. 31, 2022	Jul. 31, 2022	Apr. 30, 2022	Jan. 31, 2022	Oct. 31, 2021	Jul. 31, 2021	Apr. 30, 2021	Jan. 31, 2021	Jul. 31, 2023
Cover [Abstract]
Entity Central Index Key													0001501072
Amendment Flag													false
Entity Inv Company Type													N-2
Document Type													N-CSR
Entity Registrant Name													RIVERNORTH OPPORTUNITIES FUND, INC.
Fee Table [Abstract]
Shareholder Transaction Expenses [Table Text Block]													Shareholder Transaction Expenses As a Percentage of Offering Price Sales Load(1) —% Expenses Borne by Common Stockholders of the Fund(1) —% Dividend Reinvestment Plan Fees  None(2)   (1) If Common Shares are sold to or through underwriters, the Prospectus Supplement will set forth any applicable sales load and the estimated offering expenses borne by the Fund. (2) There will be no brokerage charges with respect to Common Shares issued directly by the Fund under the dividend reinvestment plan. You will pay brokerage charges in connection with open market purchases or if you direct the plan agent to sell your Common Shares held in a dividend reinvestment account.
Other Transaction Expenses [Abstract]
Annual Expenses [Table Text Block]													Shareholder Transaction Expenses As a Percentage of Net Assets Attributable to Common Shares (1)(6) Management Fee(3) 1.73% Dividend and Interest Expense on Short Sales(4) 0.18% Interest Expense on borrowings(4) 0.00% Other Expenses(4) 0.18% Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses(5) 1.25% Total Annual Expenses 3.34%   (1) If Common Shares are sold to or through underwriters, the Prospectus Supplement will set forth any applicable sales load and the estimated offering expenses borne by the Fund. (3) The management fee paid by the Fund to the Adviser is essentially an all-in fee structure (the “unified management fee”), including the fee paid to the Adviser for advisory, supervisory, administrative, shareholder servicing and other services. However, the Fund (and not the Adviser) will be responsible for certain additional fees and expenses, which are reflected in the table above, that are not covered by the unified management fee. The unified management fee is charged as a percentage of the Fund’s average daily Managed Assets, as opposed to net assets. With leverage, Managed Assets are greater in amount than net assets, because Managed Assets include assets attributable to the Fund’s use of leverage created by its borrowings. In addition, the mark-to-market value of the Fund’s derivatives will be used for purposes of calculating Managed Assets. The management fee of 1.30% of the Fund’s Managed Assets represents 1.73% of net assets attributable to Common Shares assuming the use of leverage in an amount of 24% of the Fund’s Managed Assets. (4) Other Expenses, Interest Expense on Borrowings and Dividend and Interest Expense on Short Sales are estimated based on the Fund’s Annual report dated July 31, 2023. (5) The “Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses” disclosed above are based on the expense ratios for the most recent fiscal year of the Underlying Funds in which the Fund anticipates investing, which may change substantially over time and, therefore, significantly affect Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses. These amounts are based on the total expense ratio disclosed in each Underlying Fund’s most recent stockholder report. Some of the Underlying Funds in which the Fund intends to invest charge incentive fees based on the Underlying Funds’ performance. The 1.25% shown as Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses reflects estimated operating expenses of the Underlying Funds and transaction-related fees. Certain Underlying Funds in which the Fund intends to invest generally charge a management fee of 1.00% to 2.00%, which are included in “Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses,” as applicable. The Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses disclosed above, however, do not reflect any performance-based fees or allocations paid by the Underlying Funds that are calculated solely on the realization and/or distribution of gains, or on the sum of such gains and unrealized appreciation of assets distributed in-kind, as such fees and allocations for a particular period may be unrelated to the cost of investing in the Underlying Funds. Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses are borne indirectly by the Fund, but they will not be reflected in the Fund’s financial statements; and the information presented in the table will differ from that presented in the Fund’s financial highlights. (6) The example does not include sales load or estimated offering costs. The example should not be considered a representation of future expenses. The example assumes that the estimated “Other Expenses” set forth in the table are accurate and that all dividends and distributions are reinvested at net asset value and that the Fund is engaged in leverage of 24% of Managed Assets, assuming interest and fees on leverage of 6.00%. Actual expenses may be greater or less than those assumed. Moreover, the Fund’s actual rate of return may be greater or less than the hypothetical 5% annual return shown in the example.
Other Annual Expenses [Abstract]
Expense Example [Table Text Block]													Example(6)   The purpose of the following table is to help a holder of Common Shares understand the fees and expenses that such holder would bear directly or indirectly. The following example illustrates the expenses that you would pay on a $1,000 investment in Common Shares, assuming (1) that the Fund incurs total annual expenses of 3.34% of its net assets in years 1 through 10 and (2) a 5% annual return.     1 year 3 years 5 years 10 years Total Expenses Incurred $34 $103 $174 $363   The example should not be considered a representation of future expenses. Actual expenses may be greater or less than those assumed. (6) The example does not include sales load or estimated offering costs. The example should not be considered a representation of future expenses. The example assumes that the estimated “Other Expenses” set forth in the table are accurate and that all dividends and distributions are reinvested at net asset value and that the Fund is engaged in leverage of 24% of Managed Assets, assuming interest and fees on leverage of 6.00%. Actual expenses may be greater or less than those assumed. Moreover, the Fund’s actual rate of return may be greater or less than the hypothetical 5% annual return shown in the example.
Purpose of Fee Table , Note [Text Block]													The following table is intended to assist investors in understanding the fees and expenses (annualized) that an investor in Common Shares would bear, directly or indirectly. The table is based on the capital structure of the Fund as of July 31, 2023.
Other Expenses, Note [Text Block]													Other Expenses, Interest Expense on Borrowings and Dividend and Interest Expense on Short Sales are estimated based on the Fund’s Annual report dated July 31, 2023.
Management Fee not based on Net Assets, Note [Text Block]													The management fee paid by the Fund to the Adviser is essentially an all-in fee structure (the “unified management fee”), including the fee paid to the Adviser for advisory, supervisory, administrative, shareholder servicing and other services. However, the Fund (and not the Adviser) will be responsible for certain additional fees and expenses, which are reflected in the table above, that are not covered by the unified management fee. The unified management fee is charged as a percentage of the Fund’s average daily Managed Assets, as opposed to net assets. With leverage, Managed Assets are greater in amount than net assets, because Managed Assets include assets attributable to the Fund’s use of leverage created by its borrowings. In addition, the mark-to-market value of the Fund’s derivatives will be used for purposes of calculating Managed Assets. The management fee of 1.30% of the Fund’s Managed Assets represents 1.73% of net assets attributable to Common Shares assuming the use of leverage in an amount of 24% of the Fund’s Managed Assets.
Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses, Note [Text Block]													The “Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses” disclosed above are based on the expense ratios for the most recent fiscal year of the Underlying Funds in which the Fund anticipates investing, which may change substantially over time and, therefore, significantly affect Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses. These amounts are based on the total expense ratio disclosed in each Underlying Fund’s most recent stockholder report. Some of the Underlying Funds in which the Fund intends to invest charge incentive fees based on the Underlying Funds’ performance. The 1.25% shown as Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses reflects estimated operating expenses of the Underlying Funds and transaction-related fees. Certain Underlying Funds in which the Fund intends to invest generally charge a management fee of 1.00% to 2.00%, which are included in “Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses,” as applicable. The Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses disclosed above, however, do not reflect any performance-based fees or allocations paid by the Underlying Funds that are calculated solely on the realization and/or distribution of gains, or on the sum of such gains and unrealized appreciation of assets distributed in-kind, as such fees and allocations for a particular period may be unrelated to the cost of investing in the Underlying Funds. Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses are borne indirectly by the Fund, but they will not be reflected in the Fund’s financial statements; and the information presented in the table will differ from that presented in the Fund’s financial highlights.
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Investment Objectives and Practices [Text Block]													Investment Objective   There have been no changes in the Fund’s investment objective since the prior disclosure date that has not been approved by shareholders.   The Fund’s investment objective is total return consisting of capital appreciation and current income.   Principal Investment Strategies   There have been no material changes to the Fund’s principal investment strategies since the prior disclosure date, other than updates related to RiverNorth Capital Management, LLC (“RiverNorth” or the “Adviser”) serving as investment adviser to the Fund effective as of October 1, 2022.   The Fund seeks to achieve its investment objective by pursuing a tactical asset allocation strategy and opportunistically investing under normal circumstances in closed-end funds, exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”), business development companies (“BDCs” and collectively, “Underlying Funds”) and special purpose acquisition companies (“SPACs”). BDCs are a type of closed-end fund that invests in small companies in the initial stages of their development and are similar to venture capital funds. SPACs are collective investment structures that pool funds in order to seek potential acquisition opportunities. The Adviser has the flexibility to change the Fund’s asset allocation based on its ongoing analysis of the equity, fixed income and alternative asset markets. The Adviser considers various quantitative and qualitative factors relating to the domestic and foreign securities markets and economies when making asset allocation and security selection decisions. While the Adviser continuously evaluates these factors, material shifts in the Fund’s asset class exposures will typically take place over longer periods of time. In addition, the Fund, in seeking to achieve its investment objective, will not take activist positions in the Underlying Funds or SPACs.   Under normal market conditions, the Fund will invest at least 80% of its Managed Assets in Underlying Funds and SPACs. The Fund directly, and therefore Common Stockholders indirectly, will bear the expenses of the Underlying Funds or SPACs.   Under normal market conditions: (i) no more than 80% of the Fund’s Managed Assets will be invested in “equity” Underlying Funds and SPACs; (ii) no more than 60% of the Fund’s Managed Assets will be invested in “fixed income” Underlying Funds and SPACs; (iii) no more than 30% of the Fund’s Managed Assets will be invested in “global equity” Underlying Funds and SPACs; (iv) no more than 15% of the Fund’s Managed Assets will be invested in “emerging market equity” Underlying Funds; (v) no more than 30% of the Fund’s Managed Assets will be invested in “high yield” (also known as “junk bond”) and “senior loan” Underlying Funds and SPACs; (vi) no more than 15% of the Fund’s Managed Assets will be invested in “emerging market income” Underlying Funds and SPACs; (vii) no more than 10% of the Fund’s Managed Assets will be invested in “real estate” Underlying Funds and SPACs; and (viii) no more than 15% of the Fund’s Managed Assets will be invested in “energy master limited partnership” (“MLP”) Underlying Funds and SPACs. Underlying Funds and SPACs included in the 30% limitation applicable to investments in “global equity” Underlying Funds and SPACs may include Underlying Funds and SPACs that invest a portion of their assets in emerging markets securities. The Fund will also limit its investments in closed-end funds (including BDCs) that have been in operation for less than one year to no more than 10% of the Fund’s Managed Assets. The Fund will not invest in inverse ETFs and leveraged ETFs. The types of Underlying Funds and SPACs referenced in this paragraph will be categorized in accordance with the fund categories established and maintained by Morningstar, Inc. The investment parameters stated above (and elsewhere in this report) apply only at the time of purchase. The Underlying Funds and SPACs in which the Fund invests will not include those that are advised or subadvised by the Adviser or its affiliates.   In selecting closed-end funds, the Adviser opportunistically utilizes a combination of short-term and longer-term trading strategies to seek to derive value from the discount and premium spreads associated with closed-end funds. The Fund benefits if it purchases a closed-end fund at a discount and the discount narrows. In addition, the Fund may purchase closed-end funds at a premium if the Adviser believes the premium will increase. The Adviser employs both a quantitative and qualitative approach in its selection of closed-end funds and has developed proprietary screening models and trading algorithms to trade closed-end funds. The Adviser employs the following trading strategies, among others:   Statistical Analysis (Mean Reversion)   ● Using proprietary quantitative models, the Adviser seeks to identify closed-end funds that are trading at compelling absolute and / or relative discounts.   ● The Fund will attempt to capitalize on the perceived mispricing if the Adviser believes that the discount widening is irrational and expects the discount to narrow to longer-term mean valuations.   Corporate Actions   ● The Adviser will pursue investments in closed-end funds that have announced, or the Adviser believes are likely to announce, certain corporate actions that may drive value for their shareholders.   ● The Adviser has developed trading strategies that focus on closed-end fund tender offers, rights offerings, shareholder distributions, open-endings and liquidations.   The Fund will invest in other Underlying Funds and SPACs (that are not closed-end funds) to gain exposure to specific asset classes when the Adviser believes closed-end fund discount or premium spreads are not attractive or to manage overall closed-end fund exposure in the Fund.   An index-based ETF is an investment company that seeks to track the performance of a particular market index. These indices include not only broad-market indices, but more specific indices as well, including those relating to particular sectors, markets, regions and industries. The Adviser selects ETFs based on their ability to offer specific sector and style exposure in a cost and tax efficient manner. The Fund purchases ETF shares on the secondary market. Unlike a fund that allocates its assets among mutual funds based on the perceived ability of the advisers to those mutual funds, the Adviser actively manages the Fund’s portfolio among the Underlying Funds and SPACs based on the Adviser’s research and analysis of the market and the investment merit of the Underlying Funds and SPACs themselves. In evaluating the investment merit of Underlying Funds and SPACs, the Adviser analyzes the asset class, the portfolio manager(s) and the adviser, past performance, recent portfolio holdings and concentration risks.   Under normal circumstances, the Fund intends to maintain long positions in Underlying Funds and SPACs, however, may engage in short sales for investment purposes. When the Fund engages in a short sale, it sells a security it does not own and, to complete the sale, borrows the same security from a broker or other institution. The Fund may benefit from a short position when the shorted security decreases in value. The Fund may also at times establish hedging positions. Hedging positions may include short sales and derivatives, such as options and swaps (“Hedging Positions”). Under normal market conditions, no more than 30% of the Fund’s Managed Assets will be in Hedging Positions. The Fund’s investments in derivatives will be included under the 80% policy noted above so long as the underlying asset of such derivatives is a closed-end fund or Underlying Fund, respectively. The Adviser intends to use Hedging Positions to lower the Fund’s volatility but they may also be used to seek to enhance the Fund’s return. A short sale is a transaction in which the Fund sells a security that it does not own in anticipation of a decline in the market price of the security. To complete the short sale, the Fund must arrange through a broker to borrow the security in order to deliver it to the buyer. The Fund is obligated to replace the borrowed security by purchasing it at a market price at or prior to the time it must be returned to the lender. The price at which the Fund is required to replace the borrowed security may be more or less than the price at which the security was sold by the Fund. The Fund will incur a loss if the price of the security sold short increases between the date of the short sale and the date on which the Fund replaces the borrowed security. The Fund will realize a gain if the price of the security declines between those dates.   The Adviser performs both a quantitative and qualitative analysis, including fundamental and technical analysis to assess the relative risk and reward potential for each SPAC investment. Among other things, the Adviser will evaluate the management team’s strategy, experience, deal flow, and demonstrated track record in building enterprise value. The Adviser will also evaluate the terms of each SPAC offering, including the aggregate amount of the offering, the offering price of the securities, the equity yield to termination, the option value of warrants, the sponsor’s interest in the SPAC, and the expected liquidity of the SPAC’s securities. The Fund will purchase securities of SPACs in their initial public offerings and in the secondary market.   In selecting SPAC investments, the Adviser will also utilize trading strategies and programs to seek to derive value from buying and selling SPAC securities, including units, common shares and warrants. Under normal market conditions, the Fund intends to purchase SPAC securities in an initial public offering and opportunistically buy and sell SPAC securities on the secondary market prior to a SPAC’s initial business combination. The Fund does not intend to hold common shares after a SPAC’s initial business combination has been completed other than common shares obtained temporarily through the conversion of a SPAC’s warrants into common shares. The Fund may redeem common shares of a SPAC in exchange for the Fund’s pro rata portion of the SPAC’s trust account.   The Fund also may invest up to 20% of its Managed Assets in exchange-traded notes (“ETNs”), certain derivatives, such as options and swaps, cash and cash equivalents. Such investments will not be counted towards the Fund’s 80% policy. ETNs are debt securities whose returns are linked to a particular index.   The Fund may invest directly in debt securities issued by certain credit-oriented unlisted funds and BDCs (“Private Debt”) identified by the Adviser in its due diligence process. The Adviser believes that investments in Private Debt can provide the Fund with the opportunity to obtain more favorable terms and similar risk profiles to similar publicly traded debt investments available. Private Debt often may be illiquid and is typically not listed on an exchange and traded less actively than similar securities issued by publicly traded-vehicles. For certain Private Debt investments, trading may only be possible through the assistance of the broker who originally brought the security to the market and has a relationship with the issuer. Due to the limited trading market, independent pricing services may be unable to provide a price for Private Debt, and the fair value of the securities may be determined in good faith under procedures approved by the Board, which typically will include the use of one or more independent broker quotes.   In selecting appropriate Private Debt investments for the Fund, the Adviser completes a fundamental and technical analysis of the issuer, with a focus on reducing downside risk. As part of this analysis, the Adviser evaluates the manager’s experience and ability based on historical track record regarding credit performance of previously originated loans and meetings with the management team. In addition, the Adviser reviews the issuer’s investment portfolio, including the issuer’s asset diversification across type and sector, before further evaluating the issuer’s financials to review its capital structure, particularly details of any existing leverage and the maximum leverage permitted on any senior debt of the issuer. Once comfort is reached regarding the issuer’s investment portfolio, manager, and capital structure, the Adviser then evaluates details of the terms of the Private Debt opportunity, beginning with a review to ensure appropriate covenants are contained within to limit the Fund’s downside risk across a range of scenarios (which typically will include a minimum level of subordination requirement.) Following, the Adviser will review and weigh pricing levels on the Private Debt compared to other opportunities in the market to assess relative value and arrive at an investment decision. Opportunities for the Fund to make investments in Private Debt may be limited, especially those which fit the Adviser’s investment criteria.   The Fund may attempt to enhance the return on the cash portion of its portfolio by investing in a total return swap agreement. A total return swap agreement provides the Fund with a return based on the performance of an underlying asset, in exchange for fee payments to a counterparty based on a specific rate. The difference in the value of these income streams is recorded daily by the Fund, and is typically settled in cash at least monthly. If the underlying asset declines in value over the term of the swap, the Fund would be required to pay the dollar value of that decline plus any applicable fees to the counterparty. The Fund may use its own net asset value (“NAV”) or any other reference asset that the Adviser chooses as the underlying asset in a total return swap. The Fund will limit the notional amount of all total return swaps in the aggregate to 15% of the Fund’s Managed Assets. Using the Fund’s own NAV as the underlying asset in the total return swap serves to reduce cash drag (the impact of cash on the Fund’s overall return) by replacing it with the impact of market exposure based upon the Fund’s own investment holdings. This type of total return swap would provide the Fund with a return based on its NAV. Like any total return swap, the Fund would be subject to counterparty risk and the risk that its own NAV declines in value.   The Fund generally seeks to hold securities for the long term, but may liquidate positions in order to change the Fund’s asset allocation or to generate cash to invest in more attractive opportunities, which may result in a larger portion of any net gains being realized as short-term capital gains. In addition, a negative change in the fundamental or qualitative characteristics of the issuer may cause the Adviser to sell a security. Finally, the Adviser may sell a security when its price approaches, meets or exceeds the Adviser’s target price. For instance, the Adviser may sell shares of a closed-end fund when it is no longer selling at a discount. This may result in a high rate of portfolio turnover.   The Fund’s investment objective is non-fundamental and may be changed by the Board without Common Stockholder approval. Common Stockholders will, however, receive at least 60 days’ prior notice of any change in this investment objective.
Risk Factors [Table Text Block]													Risks   Investing in the Fund involves certain risks relating to its structure and investment objective. You should carefully consider these risk factors, together with all of the other information included in this report, before deciding whether to make an investment in the Fund. An investment in the Fund may not be appropriate for all investors, and an investment in the common shares of the Fund should not be considered a complete investment program.   The risks set forth below are not the only risks of the Fund, and the Fund may face other risks that have not yet been identified, which are not currently deemed material or which are not yet predictable. If any of the following risks occur, the Fund’s financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. In such case, the Fund’s NAV and the trading price of its securities could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.   Certain risk factors included below have been updated since the prior disclosure date to reflect certain non-material updates.   Structural Risks:   Not a Complete Investment Program   The Fund is intended for investors seeking capital appreciation and current income over the long-term, and is not intended to be a short-term trading vehicle. An investment in the Common Shares of the Fund should not be considered a complete investment program. Each investor should take into account the Fund’s investment objective and other characteristics as well as the investor’s other investments when considering an investment in the Common Shares. An investment in the Fund may not be appropriate for all investors.   Risks Associated with Offerings of Additional Common Shares   The voting power of current Common Stockholders will be diluted to the extent that current Common Stockholders do not purchase Common Shares in any future offerings of Common Shares or do not purchase sufficient Common Shares to maintain their percentage interest. If the Fund is unable to invest the proceeds of such offering as intended, the Fund’s per Common Share distribution may decrease and the Fund may not participate in market advances to the same extent as if such proceeds were fully invested as planned. If the Fund sells Common Shares at a price below NAV pursuant to the consent of Common Stockholders, shareholders will experience a dilution of the aggregate NAV per Common Share because the sale price will be less than the Fund’s then-current NAV per Common Share. Similarly, were the expenses of the offering to exceed the amount by which the sale price exceeded the Fund’s then current NAV per Common Share, shareholders would experience a dilution of the aggregate NAV per Common Share. This dilution will be experienced by all shareholders, irrespective of whether they purchase Common Shares in any such offering.   Additional Risks of Rights   There are additional risks associated with an offering of subscription rights to purchase Common Shares (“Rights”). Shareholders who do not exercise their Rights may, at the completion of such an offering, own a smaller proportional interest in the Fund than if they exercised their Rights. As a result of such an offering, a shareholder may experience dilution in NAV per share if the subscription price per share is below the NAV per share on the expiration date. If the subscription price per share is below the NAV per share of the Fund’s Common Shares on the expiration date, a shareholder will experience an immediate dilution of the aggregate NAV of such shareholder’s Common Shares if the shareholder does not participate in such an offering and the shareholder will experience a reduction in the NAV per share of such shareholder’s Common Shares whether or not the shareholder participates in such an offering. Such a reduction in NAV per share may have the effect of reducing market price of the Common Share. The Fund cannot state precisely the extent of this dilution (if any) if the shareholder does not exercise such shareholder’s Rights because the Fund does not know what the NAV per share will be when the offer expires or what proportion of the Rights will be exercised. If the subscription price is substantially less than the then current NAV per Common Share at the expiration of a rights offering, such dilution could be substantial. Any such dilution or accretion will depend upon whether (i) such shareholders participate in the rights offering and (ii) the Fund’s NAV per Common Share is above or below the subscription price on the expiration date of the rights offering. In addition to the economic dilution described above, if a Common Stockholder does not exercise all of their rights, the Common Stockholders will incur voting dilution as a result of this rights offering. This voting dilution will occur because the Common Stockholders will own a smaller proportionate interest in the Fund after the rights offering than prior to the rights offering. There is a risk that changes in market conditions may result in the underlying Common Shares purchasable upon exercise of the subscription rights being less attractive to investors at the conclusion of the subscription period. This may reduce or eliminate the value of the subscription rights. If investors exercise only a portion of the rights, the number of Common Shares issued may be reduced, and the Common Shares may trade at less favorable prices than larger offerings for similar securities. Subscription rights issued by the Fund may be transferable or non-transferable rights. In a non-transferable rights offering, Common Stockholders who do not wish to exercise their rights will be unable to sell their rights. In a transferrable rights offering, the Fund will use its best efforts to ensure an adequate trading market for the rights; however, investors may find that there is no market to sell rights they do not wish to exercise.   Leverage Risks   The Fund may borrow money, or issue debt or preferred stock. Since the holders of Common Shares pay all expenses related to the issuance of debt or use of leverage, the use of leverage through borrowing of money, issuance of debt securities or the issuance of preferred stock for investment purposes creates risks for the holders of Common Shares. Leverage is a speculative technique that exposes the Fund to greater risk and increased costs than if it were not implemented. Increases and decreases in the value of the Fund’s portfolio will be magnified when the Fund uses leverage. As a result, leverage may cause greater changes in the Fund’s NAV. The Fund will also have to pay interest on its borrowings or dividends on preferred stock, if any, which may reduce the Fund’s return. The leverage costs may be greater than the Fund’s return on the underlying investment. The Fund’s leveraging strategy may not be successful.   If the Fund utilizes leverage in the form of borrowing, it anticipates that the money borrowed for investment purposes will incur interest based on shorter-term interest rates that would be periodically reset. So long as the Fund’s portfolio provides a higher rate of return, net of expenses, than the interest rate on borrowed money, as reset periodically, the leverage may cause the holders of Common Shares to receive a higher current rate of return than if the Fund were not leveraged. If, however, long-term and/or short-term rates rise, the interest rate on borrowed money could exceed the rate of return on securities held by the Fund, reducing return to the holders of Common Shares.   There is no assurance that a leveraging strategy will be successful. Leverage involves risks and special considerations for Common Stockholders, including:   • the likelihood of greater volatility of NAV, market price and dividend rate of the Common Shares than a comparable portfolio without leverage;   • the risk that fluctuations in interest rates on borrowings or on short-term debt or in the interest or dividend rates on any debt securities or preferred shares that the Fund must pay will reduce the return to the Common Stockholders;   • the effect of leverage in a declining market, which is likely to cause a greater decline in the NAV of the Common Shares than if the Fund were not leveraged, may result in a greater decline in the market price of the Common Shares;   • when the Fund uses financial leverage, the investment management fees payable to the Adviser will be higher than if the Fund did not use leverage. This may create a conflict of interest between the Adviser, on the one hand, and the holders of Common Shares, on the other; and   • leverage may increase operating costs, which may reduce total return.   The use of leverage may require the Fund to segregate assets to cover its obligations (or, if the Fund borrows money or issues preferred shares, to maintain asset coverage in conformity with the requirements of the 1940 Act). While the segregated assets will be invested in liquid securities, they may not be used for other operational purposes. Consequently, the use of leverage may limit the Fund’s flexibility and may require that the Fund sell other portfolio investments to pay Fund expenses, to maintain assets in an amount sufficient to cover the Fund’s leveraged exposure or to meet other obligations at a time when it may be disadvantageous to sell such assets. Certain types of borrowings by the Fund may result in the Fund being subject to covenants in credit agreements relating to asset coverage and portfolio composition requirements. The Fund may be subject to certain restrictions on investments imposed by guidelines of one or more rating agencies, which may issue ratings for the short-term debt securities or preferred shares issued by the Fund. These guidelines may impose asset coverage or portfolio composition requirements that are more stringent than those imposed by the 1940 Act. The Adviser does not believe that these covenants or guidelines will impede it from managing the Fund’s portfolio in accordance with the Fund’s investment objective and policies if the Fund were to utilize leverage.   Leverage risk would also apply to the Fund’s investments in Underlying Funds and SPACs to the extent an Underlying Fund or SPAC uses leverage.   Market Discount   The stock of closed-end management investment companies often trade at a discount from their NAV, and the Fund’s Common Shares may likewise trade at a discount from NAV. The trading price of the Fund’s Common Shares may be less than the NAV. The returns earned by Common Stockholders who sell their Common Shares below NAV will be reduced. The Fund’s Common Shares are currently sold at a premium to NAV. This risk would also apply to the Fund’s investments in closed-end funds.   Anti-Takeover Provisions   Maryland law and the Fund’s Charter and Bylaws include provisions that could limit the ability of other entities or persons to acquire control of the Fund or to convert the Fund to open-end status. These provisions could deprive the holders of Common Shares of opportunities to sell their Common Shares at a premium over the then current market price of the Common Shares or at NAV. This risk would also apply to many of the Fund’s investments in closed-end funds.   Investment-Related Risks:   The risks listed below are in alphabetical order. With the exception of Underlying Fund risk (and except as otherwise noted below), the following risks apply to the direct investments the Fund may make, and generally apply to the Fund’s investments in Underlying Funds and SPACs. That said, each risk described below may not apply to each Underlying Fund or SPAC investment. Similarly, an Underlying Fund may be subject to additional or different risks than those described below.   Asset Allocation Risks   To the extent that the Adviser’s asset allocation strategy may fail to produce the intended result, the Fund’s return may suffer. Additionally, the active asset allocation style of the Fund leads to changing allocations over time and represents a risk to investors who target fixed asset allocations.   Convertible Securities Risks   The market value of convertible securities tends to fall when prevailing interest rates rise. The value of convertible securities also tends to change whenever the market value of the underlying common or preferred stock fluctuates. Convertible securities tend to be of lower credit quality.   Defensive Measures   The Fund may invest up to 100% of its assets in cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments as a defensive measure in response to adverse market conditions or opportunistically at the discretion of the Adviser. During these periods or during periods when an Underlying Fund invests defensively, the Fund may not be pursuing its investment objective.   Derivatives Risks   The Fund and the Underlying Funds may enter into derivatives transactions. Derivative transactions involve investment techniques and risks different from those associated with investments in Underlying Funds. Generally, a derivative is a financial contract the value of which depends upon, or is derived from, the value of an underlying asset, reference rate, or index, and may relate to individual debt or equity instruments, interest rates, currencies or currency exchange rates, commodities, related indexes, and other assets. Derivatives can be volatile and involve various types and degrees of risk, depending upon the characteristics of a particular derivative. Derivatives may entail investment exposures that are greater than their cost would suggest, meaning that a small investment in a derivative could have a large potential impact on the performance of a fund. A fund could experience a loss if derivatives do not perform as anticipated, if they are not correlated with the performance of other investments which they are used to hedge or if the fund is unable to liquidate a position because of an illiquid secondary market. The market for many derivatives is, or can suddenly become, illiquid. Changes in liquidity may result in significant, rapid and unpredictable changes in the prices of derivatives. When used for speculative purposes, derivatives will produce enhanced investment exposure, which will magnify gains and losses. Certain derivatives transactions may give rise to a form of leverage. The use of leverage may cause a fund to liquidate portfolio positions when it may not be advantageous to do so to satisfy its obligations. Leverage may cause a fund to be more volatile than if it had not been leveraged. This is because leverage tends to exaggerate the effect of any increase or decrease in the value of the fund’s portfolio securities. Further, using derivatives may include the risk of mispricing or improper valuation of derivatives and the inability of derivatives to correlate perfectly, or at all, with the value of the assets, reference rates or indexes they are designed to closely track. The Fund also will be subject to credit risk with respect to the counterparties to the derivatives contracts purchased by the Fund. If a counterparty becomes bankrupt or otherwise fails to perform its obligations under a derivative contract due to financial difficulties, the Fund may experience significant delays in obtaining any recovery under the derivative contract in a bankruptcy or other reorganization proceeding. The Fund may obtain only a limited recovery or may obtain no recovery in such circumstances.   On October 28, 2020, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) adopted Rule 18f-4 under the 1940 Act relating to a registered investment company’s use of derivatives and related instruments. Rule 18f-4 prescribes specific value-at-risk leverage limits for certain derivatives users and requires certain derivatives users to adopt and implement a derivatives risk management program (including the appointment of a derivatives risk manager and the implementation of certain testing requirements), and prescribes reporting requirements in respect of derivatives. Subject to certain conditions, if a fund qualifies as a “limited derivatives user,” as defined in Rule 18f-4, it is not subject to the full requirements of Rule 18f-4. In connection with the adoption of Rule 18f-4, the SEC rescinded certain of its prior guidance regarding asset segregation and coverage requirements in respect of derivatives transactions and related instruments. With respect to reverse repurchase agreements or other similar financing transactions in particular, Rule 18f-4 permits a fund to enter into such transactions if the fund either (i) complies with the asset coverage requirements of Section 18 of the 1940 Act, and combines the aggregate amount of indebtedness associated with all similar financing with the aggregate amount of any other senior securities representing indebtedness when calculating the relevant asset coverage ratio, or (ii) treats all similar financing transactions as derivatives transactions for all purposes under Rule 18f-4. The Fund was required to comply with Rule 18f-4 beginning August 19, 2022 and has adopted procedures for investing in derivatives and other transactions in compliance with Rule 18f-4. Disclosure regarding Rule 18f-4 under the 1940 Act has been added since the prior disclosure date.   Defaulted and Distressed Securities Risks   The Underlying Funds may invest directly in defaulted and distressed securities. Legal difficulties and negotiations with creditors and other claimants are common when dealing with defaulted or distressed companies. Defaulted or distressed companies may be insolvent or in bankruptcy. In the event of a default, an Underlying Fund may incur additional expenses to seek recovery. The repayment of defaulted bonds is subject to significant uncertainties, and in some cases, there may be no recovery of repayment. Defaulted bonds might be repaid only after lengthy workout or bankruptcy proceedings, during which the issuer might not make any interest or other payments. Because of the relative illiquidity of defaulted or distressed debt and equity securities, short sales are difficult, and most Underlying Funds primarily maintain long positions. Some relative value trades are possible, where an investor sells short one class of a defaulted or distressed company’s capital structure and purchases another. With distressed investing, often there is a time lag between when an Underlying Fund makes an investment and when the Underlying Fund realizes the value of the investment. In addition, an Underlying Fund may incur legal and other monitoring costs in protecting the value of the Underlying Fund’s claims.   Equity Securities Risks   While equity securities have historically generated higher average returns than fixed income securities, equity securities have also experienced significantly more volatility in those returns. An adverse event, such as an unfavorable earnings report, may depress the value of an issuer’s equity securities held by an Underlying Fund. Equity security prices fluctuate for several reasons, including changes in investors’ perceptions of the financial condition of an issuer or the general condition of the relevant stock market, or when political or economic events affecting the issuers occur. The value of a particular equity security may fall in value. The prices of stocks change in response to many factors, including the historical and prospective earnings of the issuer, the value of its assets, management decisions, decreased demand for an issuer’s products or services, increased production costs, general economic conditions, interest rates, currency exchange rates, investor perceptions and market liquidity. The value of an Underlying Fund’s shares will go up and down due to movement in the collective returns of the individual securities held by the Underlying Fund. Common stocks are subordinate to preferred stocks and debt in a company’s capital structure, and if a company is liquidated, the claims of secured and unsecured creditors and owners of preferred stocks take precedence over the claims of those who own Common Shares. In addition, equity security prices may be particularly sensitive to rising interest rates, as the cost of capital rises and borrowing costs increase.   Exchange-Traded Note Risks   The Fund and the Underlying Funds may invest in exchange-traded notes (“ETNs”), which are notes representing unsecured debt issued by an underwriting bank. ETNs are typically linked to the performance of an index plus a specified rate of interest that could be earned on cash collateral. The value of an ETN may be influenced by time to maturity, level of supply and demand for the ETN, volatility and lack of liquidity in underlying markets, changes in the applicable interest rates, changes in the issuer’s credit rating and economic, legal, political or geographic events that affect the referenced index. ETNs typically mature 30 years from the date of issue. The issuer’s credit rating will be investment grade at the time of investment, however, the credit rating may be revised or withdrawn at any time and there is no assurance that a credit rating will remain in effect for any given time period. If a rating agency lowers the issuer’s credit rating, the value of the ETN will decline and a lower credit rating reflects a greater risk that the issuer will default on its obligation. When a fund invests in ETNs, it will bear its proportionate share of any fees and expenses associated with investment in such securities. Such fees reduce the amount of return on investment at maturity or upon redemption.   There may be restrictions on a fund’s right to liquidate its investment in an ETN prior to maturity (for example, a fund may only be able to offer its ETN for repurchase by the issuer on a weekly basis), since ETNs are meant to be held until maturity. A fund’s decision to sell its ETN holdings may be limited by the availability of a secondary market.   Fixed Income Securities Risks   The Underlying Funds and the Fund may invest in fixed income securities. Fixed income securities increase or decrease in value based on changes in interest rates. If rates increase, the value of an Underlying Fund’s fixed income securities generally declines. On the other hand, if rates fall, the value of the fixed income securities generally increases. The issuer of a fixed income security may not be able to make interest and principal payments when due. This risk is increased in the case of issuers of high yield securities, also known as “junk bonds.” If a U.S. Government agency or instrumentality in which an Underlying Fund invests defaults, and the U.S. Government does not stand behind the obligation, the Underlying Fund’s share price or yield could fall. Securities of certain U.S. Government sponsored entities are neither issued nor guaranteed by the U.S. Government. The Underlying Funds may invest in fixed income securities of any credit quality, maturity or duration. Fixed income securities risks include components of the following additional risks:   Credit Risk. The issuer of a fixed income security may not be able to make interest and principal payments when due. Generally, the lower the credit rating of a security, the greater the risk that the issuer will default on its obligation, which could result in a loss to a fund. The Underlying Funds may invest in securities that are rated in the lowest investment grade category. Issuers of these securities are more vulnerable to changes in economic conditions than issuers of higher grade securities.   High Yield Securities Risk. The Underlying Funds may invest in high yield securities, also known as “junk bonds.” High yield securities provide greater income and opportunity for gain, but entail greater risk of loss of principal. High yield securities are predominantly speculative with respect to the issuer’s capacity to pay interest and repay principal in accordance with the terms of the obligation. The market for high yield securities is generally less active than the market for higher quality securities. This may limit the ability of a fund to sell high yield securities at the price at which it is being valued for purposes of calculating NAV.   U.S. Government Securities Risk. The Underlying Funds may invest in U.S. Government securities. The U.S. Government’s guarantee of ultimate payment of principal and timely payment of interest on certain U.S. Government securities owned by an Underlying Fund does not imply that the Underlying Fund’s shares are guaranteed or that the price of the Underlying Fund’s shares will not fluctuate. In addition, securities issued by Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae and Federal Home Loan Banks are not obligations of, or insured by, the U.S. Government. If a U.S. Government agency or instrumentality in which an Underlying Fund invests defaults and the U.S. Government does not stand behind the obligation, the Fund’s NAV could fall.   Interest Rate Risk. An Underlying Fund’s NAV and total return will vary in response to changes in interest rates. If rates increase, the value of an Underlying Fund’s investments generally will decline, as will the Underlying Fund’s NAV. In typical interest rate environments, the prices of longer-term fixed income securities generally fluctuate more than the prices of shorter-term fixed income securities as interest rates change.   Interest rates in the United States and many other countries have risen in recent periods and may continue to rise in the future. Additionally, as a result of increasing interest rates, reserves held by banks and other financial institutions in bonds and other debt securities could face a significant decline in value relative to deposits and liabilities, which coupled with general economic headwinds resulting from a changing interest rate environment, creates liquidity pressures at such institutions, as evidenced by the bank run on the Silicon Valley Bank Financial Group (“SVB”) causing it to be placed into receivership. As a result, certain sectors of the credit markets could experience significant declines in liquidity, and it is possible that the Fund (or an Underlying Fund) will not be able to manage this risk effectively. It is yet to be determined how the bank run on SVB will fully impact the overall performance of the Fund or an Underlying Fund and how similar events may affect the ability of the Fund or an Underlying Fund to execute its investment strategy.   Sovereign Obligation Risk. The Underlying Funds may invest in sovereign (i.e., foreign government) debt obligations. Investment in sovereign debt obligations involves special risks not present in corporate debt obligations. The issuer of the sovereign debt or the governmental authorities that control the repayment of the debt may be unable or unwilling to repay principal or interest when due, and the Underlying Funds may have limited recourse in the event of a default. During periods of economic uncertainty, the market prices of sovereign debt may be more volatile than prices of U.S. debt obligations. In the past, certain emerging markets have encountered difficulties in servicing their debt obligations, withheld payments of principal and interest, and declared moratoria on the payment of principal and interest on their sovereign debts. See also “Foreign Investing Risks” below.   Foreign Investing Risks   The Fund and the Underlying Funds may invest in foreign securities. Investments in foreign securities may be affected by currency controls and exchange rates; different accounting, auditing, financial reporting, and legal standards and practices; expropriation; changes in tax policy; social, political and economic instability; greater market volatility; differing securities market structures; higher transaction costs; and various administrative difficulties, such as delays in clearing and settling portfolio transactions or in receiving payment of dividends. In addition, changes in government administrations or economic or monetary policies in the United States or abroad could result in appreciation or depreciation of the Fund’s or Underlying Fund’s securities. These risks may be heightened in connection with investments in emerging or developing countries. To the extent that a Fund or Underlying Fund invests in depositary receipts, the Fund or Underlying Fund will be subject to many of the same risks as when investing directly in foreign securities. The effect of recent, worldwide economic instability on specific foreign markets or issuers may be difficult to predict or evaluate, and some national economies continue to show profound instability, which may in turn affect their international trading partners.   Illiquid Securities Risks   The Underlying Funds may invest in illiquid securities. It may not be possible to sell or otherwise dispose of illiquid securities both at the price and within the time period deemed desirable by a fund. Illiquid securities also may be difficult to value.   Initial Public Offerings Risks   The Fund and the Underlying Funds may purchase securities in initial public offerings (“IPOs”). Because securities sold in an IPO frequently are volatile in price, the Fund or an Underlying Fund may hold IPO shares for a very short period of time. This may increase the turnover of a fund’s portfolio and may lead to increased expenses to the fund, such as commissions and transaction costs. By selling shares, a fund may realize taxable capital gains that it will subsequently distribute to shareholders. Investing in IPOs has added risks because the shares are frequently volatile in price. As a result, their performance can be more volatile and they face greater risk of business failure, which could increase the volatility of a fund’s portfolio.   The Fund’s IPO investments may be in IPOs of Underlying Funds. There is a significant risk that the shares of closed-end funds purchased in an IPO will trade at a price below their IPO price.   Investment and Market Risks   An investment in Common Shares is subject to investment risk, including the possible loss of the entire principal amount invested. An investment in Common Shares represents an indirect investment in the Underlying Funds owned by the Fund. The value of the Underlying Funds, like other market investments, may move up or down, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably. Overall stock market risks may also affect the NAV of the Fund or the Underlying Funds. Factors such as domestic and foreign economic growth and market conditions, interest rate levels and political events affect the securities markets. The Common Shares at any point in time may be worth less than the original investment, even after taking into account any reinvestment of dividends and distributions.   Legislation, Policy and Regulatory Risks   At any time after the date of this annual report, legislation or additional regulations may be enacted that could negatively affect the assets of the Fund or the issuers of such assets. Recent changes in the U.S. political landscape and changing approaches to regulation may have a negative impact on the entities and/or securities in which the Fund or an Underlying Fund invests. Legislation or regulation may also change the way in which the Fund or an Underlying Fund is regulated. New or amended regulations may be imposed by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”), the SEC, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System or other financial regulators, other governmental regulatory authorities or self-regulatory organizations that supervise the financial markets that could adversely affect the Fund or the Underlying Funds. In particular, these agencies are empowered to promulgate a variety of new rules pursuant to financial reform legislation in the United States. There can be no assurance that future legislation, regulation or deregulation will not have a material adverse effect on the Fund or will not impair the ability of the Fund to achieve its investment objective. The Fund and the Underlying Funds also may be adversely affected by changes in the enforcement or interpretation of existing statutes and rules by these governmental regulatory authorities or self regulatory organizations.   LIBOR Risk   Certain of the Fund's or Underlying Funds’ investments, payment obligations and financing terms may be based on floating rates, such as LIBOR, Euro Interbank Offered Rate and other similar types of reference rates. In July of 2017, the head of the United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”) announced a desire to phase out the use of LIBOR at the end of 2021. Most LIBOR settings are no longer published as of December 31, 2021. Overnight and 12-month U.S. dollar LIBOR settings permanently ceased after publication on June 30, 2021. 1-, 3-and 6-month U.S. dollar LIBOR settings will continue to be published using a synthetic methodology until September 2024. Neither the effect of the LIBOR transition process nor its ultimate success can yet be known. Although the transition away from LIBOR has become increasingly well-defined, any potential effects of the transition away from LIBOR and other benchmark rates on financial markets, a fund or the financial instruments in which a fund invests can be difficult to ascertain. Not all existing LIBOR-based instruments may have alternative rate-setting provisions and there remains uncertainty regarding the willingness and ability of issuers to add alternative rate-setting provisions in certain existing instruments. Global regulators have advised market participants to cease entering into new contracts using LIBOR as a reference rate, and it is possible that investments in LIBOR-based instruments could invite regulatory scrutiny. In addition, a liquid market for newly-issued instruments that use a reference rate other than LIBOR still may be developing. All of the aforementioned may adversely affect the Fund’s or an Underlying Fund’s performance or NAV.   Management Risks   The Adviser’s judgments about the attractiveness, value and potential appreciation of a particular asset class or individual security in which the Fund invests may prove to be incorrect and there is no guarantee that the Adviser’s judgment will produce the desired results. Similarly, the Fund’s investments in Underlying Funds are subject to the judgment of the Underlying Funds’ managers which may prove to be incorrect. In addition, the Adviser will have limited information as to the portfolio holdings of the Underlying Funds at any given time. This may result in the Adviser having less ability to respond to changing market conditions. The Fund may allocate its assets so as to under-emphasize or over-emphasize ETFs or other investments under the wrong market conditions, in which case the Fund’s NAV may be adversely affected.   Market Disruption and Geopolitical Risks   The value of your investment in the Fund is based on the values of the Fund’s investments, which may change due to economic and other events that affect markets generally, as well as those that affect particular regions, countries, industries, companies or governments. These movements, sometimes called volatility, may be greater or less depending on the types of securities the Fund owns and the markets in which the securities trade. The increasing interconnectivity between global economies and financial markets increases the likelihood that events or conditions in one region or financial market may adversely impact issuers in a different country, region or financial market. Securities in the Fund’s portfolio may underperform due to inflation (or expectations for inflation), interest rates, global demand for particular products or resources, natural disasters, pandemics, epidemics, terrorism, regulatory events and governmental or quasi-governmental actions. The occurrence of global events similar to those in recent years, such as terrorist attacks around the world, natural disasters, social and political discord or debt crises and downgrades, among others, may result in market volatility and may have long term effects on both the U.S. and global financial markets. The occurrence of such events may be sudden and unexpected, and it is difficult to predict when similar events affecting the U.S. or global financial markets may occur, the effects that such events may have and the duration of those effects. Any such event(s) could have a significant adverse impact on the value, liquidity and risk profile of the Fund’s portfolio, as well as its ability to sell securities to meet redemptions. There is a risk that you may lose money by investing in the Fund.   Social, political, economic and other conditions and events, such as natural disasters, health emergencies (e.g., epidemics and pandemics), terrorism, conflicts and social unrest, may occur and could significantly impact issuers, industries, governments and other systems, including the financial markets. As global systems, economies and financial markets are increasingly interconnected, events that once had only local impact are now more likely to have regional or even global effects. Events that occur in one country, region or financial market will, more frequently, adversely impact issuers in other countries, regions or markets. These impacts can be exacerbated by failures of governments and societies to adequately respond to an emerging event or threat. These types of events quickly and significantly impact markets in the U.S. and across the globe leading to extreme market volatility and disruption. The extent and nature of the impact on supply chains or economies and markets from these events is unknown, particularly if a health emergency or other similar event persists for an extended period of time. Social, political, economic and other conditions and events, such as natural disasters, health emergencies (e.g., epidemics and pandemics), terrorism, conflicts and social unrest, could reduce consumer demand or economic output, result in market closures, travel restrictions or quarantines, and generally have a significant impact on the economies and financial markets and the Adviser’s investment advisory activities and services of other service providers, which in turn could adversely affect the Fund’s investments and other operations. The value of the Fund’s investment may decrease as a result of such events, particularly if these events adversely impact the operations and effectiveness of the Adviser or key service providers or if these events disrupt systems and processes necessary or beneficial to the investment advisory or other activities on behalf the Fund.   In early 2020, an outbreak of a novel strain of coronavirus (COVID-19) emerged globally. The outbreak of COVID-19 and its variants resulted in closing international borders, enhanced health screenings, healthcare service preparation and delivery, quarantines, cancellations, disruptions to supply chains and customer activity, as well as general public concern and uncertainty. This outbreak negatively affected the worldwide economy, as well as the economies of individual countries, the financial health of individual companies and the market in general in significant and unforeseen ways. On May 5, 2023, the World Health Organization declared the end of the global emergency status for COVID-19. The United States subsequently ended the federal COVID-19 public health emergency declaration effective May 11, 2023. Although vaccines for COVID-19 are widely available, it is unknown how long certain circumstances related to the pandemic will persist, whether they will reoccur in the future and what additional implications may follow from the pandemic. The impact of these events and other epidemics or pandemics in the future could adversely affect Fund performance.   In February 2022, Russia commenced a military attack on Ukraine. The outbreak of hostilities between the two countries and the threat of wider-spread hostilities could have a severe adverse effect on the region and global economies, including significant negative impacts on the markets for certain securities and commodities, such as oil and natural gas. In addition, sanctions imposed on Russia by the United States and other countries, and any sanctions imposed in the future, could have a significant adverse impact on the Russian economy and related markets. The price and liquidity of investments may fluctuate widely as a result of the conflict and related events. How long the armed conflict and related events will last cannot be predicted. These tensions and any related events could have a significant impact on Fund performance and the value of Fund investments.   Disclosures related to the COVID-19 pandemic and Russian military attack on Ukraine have been updated since the prior disclosure date.   Master Limited Partnerships Risks   The Underlying Funds may invest in MLPs. Investments in publicly traded MLPs, which are limited partnerships or limited liability companies taxable as partnerships, involve some risks that differ from an investment in the common stock of a corporation, including risks related to limited control and limited rights to vote on matters affecting MLPs, risks related to potential conflicts of interest between an MLP and the MLP’s general partner, cash flow risks, dilution risks and risks related to the general partner’s right to require unit-holders to sell their common units at an undesirable time or price. MLPs may derive income and gains from the exploration, development, mining or production, processing, refining, transportation (including pipelines transporting gas, oil, or products thereof), or the marketing of any mineral or natural resources. MLPs generally have two classes of owners, the general partner and limited partners. When investing in an MLP, an Underlying Fund generally purchases publicly traded common units issued to limited partners of the MLP. The general partner is typically owned by a major energy company, an investment fund, the direct management of the MLP or is an entity owned by one or more of such parties. The general partner may be structured as a private or publicly traded corporation or other entity. The general partner typically controls the operations and management of the MLP through an up to 2% equity interest in the MLP plus, in many cases, ownership of common units and subordinated units. Limited partners own the remainder of the partnership, through ownership of common units, and have a limited role in the partnership’s operations and management. As compared to common stockholders of a corporation, holders of MLP common units have more limited control and limited rights to vote on matters affecting the partnership.   MLPs are typically structured such that common units and general partner interests have first priority to receive quarterly cash distributions up to an established minimum amount (“minimum quarterly distributions” or “MQD”). Common and general partner interests also accrue arrearages in distributions to the extent the MQD is not paid. Once common and general partner interests have been paid, subordinated units receive distributions of up to the MQD; however, subordinated units do not accrue arrearages. Distributable cash in excess of the MQD paid to both common and subordinated units is distributed to both common and subordinated units generally on a pro rata basis. The general partner is also eligible to receive incentive distributions if the general partner operates the business in a manner which results in distributions paid per common unit surpassing specified target levels. As the general partner increases cash distributions to the limited partners, the general partner receives an increasingly higher percentage of the incremental cash distributions. A common arrangement provides that the general partner can reach a tier where it receives 50% of every incremental dollar paid to common and subordinated unit holders. These incentive distributions encourage the general partner to streamline costs, increase capital expenditures and acquire assets in order to increase the partnership’s cash flow and raise the quarterly cash distribution in order to reach higher tiers. Such results benefit all security holders of the MLP.   MLP common units represent a limited partnership interest in the MLP. MLP common units are listed and traded on U.S. securities exchanges, with their value fluctuating predominantly based on prevailing market conditions and the success of the MLP. An Underlying Fund may purchase MLP common units in market transactions. Unlike owners of common stock of a corporation, owners of MLP common units have limited voting rights and have no ability to elect directors. In the event of liquidation, MLP common units have preference over subordinated units, but not over debt or preferred units, to the remaining assets of the MLP.   MLPs may be subject to legal and other restrictions on resale or will otherwise be less liquid than publicly traded securities. Certain MLP securities may trade in lower volumes due to their smaller capitalizations. Accordingly, those MLPs may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements and may lack sufficient market liquidity to enable an Underlying Fund to effect sales at an advantageous time or without a substantial drop in price. As a result, these investments may be difficult to dispose of at a fair price at the times when an Underlying Fund believes it is desirable to do so. MLPs are generally considered interest-rate sensitive investments. During periods of interest rate volatility, these investments may not provide attractive returns, which may adversely impact the overall performance of the Fund or an Underlying Fund.   MLPs are subject to various risks related to the underlying operating companies they control, including dependence upon specialized management skills and the risk that those operating companies may lack or have limited operating histories. The success an Underlying Fund’s investments in an MLP will vary depending on the underlying industry represented by the MLP’s portfolio. Certain MLPs in which an Underlying Fund may invest depend upon their parent or sponsor entities for the majority of their revenues.   Certain MLPs in which an Underlying Fund may invest depend upon a limited number of customers for substantially all of their revenue. Similarly, certain MLPs in which an Underlying Fund may invest depend upon a limited number of suppliers of goods or services to continue their operations. The loss of those customers or suppliers could have a material adverse effect on an MLP’s results of operations and cash flow, and on its ability to make distributions to unit holders such as an Underlying Fund.   The benefit an Underlying Fund will derive from its investment in MLPs will be largely dependent on the MLPs being treated as partnerships and not as corporations for federal income tax purposes. As a partnership, an MLP generally has no tax liability at the entity level. If, as a result of a change in current law or a change in an MLP’s business, an MLP were treated as a corporation for federal income tax purposes, such MLP would be obligated to pay federal income tax on its income at the corporate tax rate. If an MLP were classified as a corporation for federal income tax purposes, the amount of cash available for distribution by the MLP would be reduced and distributions received by an Underlying Fund would be taxed under federal income tax laws applicable to corporate dividends (as dividend income, return of capital, or capital gain). Therefore, treatment of an MLP as a corporation for federal income tax purposes would result in a reduction in the after-tax return to an Underlying Fund, likely causing a reduction in the value of the Common Shares.   Micro-, Small- and Medium-Sized Company Risks   The Underlying Funds may invest in securities without regard to market capitalization. Investments in securities of micro-, small-and medium-sized companies may be subject to more abrupt or erratic market movements than larger, more established companies, because these securities typically are traded in lower volume and issuers are typically more subject to changes in earnings and future earnings prospects. Small- and medium-sized companies often have narrower markets for their goods and/or services and more limited managerial and financial resources than larger, more established companies. Furthermore, these companies often have limited product lines, services, markets or financial resources, or are dependent on a small management group. Since these stocks are not well-known to the investing public, do not have significant institutional ownership and are followed by relatively few security analysts, there will normally be less publicly available information concerning these securities compared to what is available for the securities of larger companies. Adverse publicity and investor perceptions, whether or not based on fundamental analysis, can decrease the value and liquidity of securities held by the Fund. As a result, small- and medium-sized companies’ performance can be more volatile and the companies face greater risk of business failure, which could increase the volatility of the Fund’s portfolio. The risks are intensified for investments in micro-cap companies.   Options and Futures Risks   The Fund and the Underlying Funds may invest in options and futures contracts. The use of futures and options transactions entails certain special risks. In particular, the variable degree of correlation between price movements of futures contracts and price movements in the related securities position of the Fund or an Underlying Fund could create the possibility that losses on the hedging instrument are greater than gains in the value of the Fund’s or Underlying Fund’s position. In addition, futures and options markets could be illiquid in some circumstances and certain over-the-counter options could have no markets. As a result, in certain markets, the Fund or an Underlying Fund might not be able to close out a transaction without incurring substantial losses. Although the Fund’s or an Underlying Fund’s use of futures and options transactions for hedging should tend to minimize the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged position, at the same time it will tend to limit any potential gain to the Fund or an Underlying Fund that might result from an increase in value of the position. There is also the risk of loss by the Fund or an Underlying Fund of margin deposits in the event of bankruptcy of a broker with whom the Fund or Underlying Fund has an open position in a futures contract or option thereon. Finally, the daily variation margin requirements for futures contracts create a greater ongoing potential financial risk than would purchases of options, in which case the exposure is limited to the cost of the initial premium. However, because option premiums paid by the Fund or an Underlying Fund are small in relation to the market value of the investments underlying the options, buying options can result in large amounts of leverage. This leverage offered by trading in options could cause the Fund’s or an Underlying Fund’s NAV to be subject to more frequent and wider fluctuation than would be the case if the Fund or Underlying Fund did not invest in options.   Options transactions may be effected on securities exchanges or in the over-the-counter market. When options are purchased over-the-counter, the Fund or an Underlying Fund bears the risk that the counterparty that wrote the option will be unable or unwilling to perform its obligations under the option contract. The counterparties to these transactions typically will be major international banks, broker-dealers and financial institutions. Such options may also be illiquid, and in such cases, the Fund or an Underlying Fund may have difficulty closing out its position. Banks, broker- dealers or other financial institutions participating in such transactions may fail to settle a transaction in accordance with the terms of the option as written. In the event of default or insolvency of the counterparty, the Fund or an Underlying Fund may be unable to liquidate an over-the-counter option position.   The Fund may purchase put options. An Underlying Fund may purchase and sell call and put options with respect to specific securities, and may write and sell covered or uncovered call and put options. A call option gives the purchaser of the call option, in return for a premium paid, the right to buy the security underlying the option from the writer of the call option at a specified exercise price within a specified time frame. A put option gives the purchaser of the put option, in return for a premium paid, the right to sell the underlying security to the writer of the put option at a specified price within a specified time frame. A covered call option is a call option with respect to an underlying security that a fund owns. A covered put option is a put option with respect to which a fund has segregated cash or liquid securities to fulfill the obligation of the option. The purchaser of a put or call option runs the risk of losing the purchaser’s entire investment, paid as the premium, in a relatively short period of time if the option is not sold at a gain or cannot be exercised at a gain prior to expiration. In selling put options, there is a risk that the Underlying Fund may be required to buy the underlying security at a disadvantageous price above the market price. The un-covered writer of a call option is subject to a risk of loss if the price of the underlying security should increase, and the un-covered writer of a put option is subject to a risk of loss if the price of the underlying security should decrease.   The Fund may invest a significant portion of its total assets in Underlying Funds that write covered call options. To the extent that an Underlying Fund writes a covered call option, it forgoes, during the option’s life, the opportunity to profit from increases in the market value of the security covering the call option above the sum of the premium and the strike price of the call, but has retained the risk of loss should the price of the underlying security decline. As the writer of the option, the Underlying Fund bears the market risk of an unfavorable change in the price of the security underlying a written option. As an Underlying Fund writes covered calls over more of its portfolio, its ability to benefit from capital appreciation becomes more limited and the risk of NAV erosion increases. To the extent an Underlying Fund experiences NAV erosion (which itself may have an indirect negative effect on the market price of interests in the Underlying Fund), the Underlying Fund will have a reduced asset base over which to write covered calls, which may eventually lead to reduced distributions to shareholders such as the Fund. The writer of an option has no control over the time when it may be required to fulfill its obligation as a writer of the option. Once an option writer has received an exercise notice, it cannot effect a closing purchase transaction in order to terminate its obligation under the option and must deliver the underlying security at the exercise price.   To the extent that an Underlying Fund engages in selling options that trade in over-the-counter markets, the Underlying Fund may be subject to additional risks. Participants in these markets are typically not subject to the same credit evaluation and regulatory oversight as members of “exchange based” markets. By engaging in option transactions in these markets, an Underlying Fund may take credit risk with regard to parties with which it trades and also may bear the risk of settlement default. These risks may differ materially from those involved in exchange-traded transactions, which generally are characterized by clearing organization guarantees, daily marking-to-market and settlement, and segregation and minimum capital requirements applicable to intermediaries. Transactions entered into directly between two counterparties generally do not benefit from these protections, which may subject an Underlying Fund to the risk that a counterparty will not settle a transaction in accordance with agreed terms and conditions because of a dispute over the terms of the contract or because of a credit or liquidity problem. Such “counterparty risk” is increased for contracts with longer maturities when events may intervene to prevent settlement.   The Fund or an Underlying Fund may enter into futures contracts in U.S. domestic markets or on exchanges located outside of the United States. Foreign markets may offer advantages, including trading opportunities or arbitrage possibilities, not available in the United States. Foreign markets, however, may have greater risk potential than domestic markets. For example, some foreign exchanges are principal markets, so that no common clearing facility exists and an investor may look only to the broker or counterparty for the performance of the contract. Unlike trading on domestic commodity exchanges, trading on foreign commodity exchanges is not regulated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission.   There can be no assurance that a liquid market will exist for any particular futures contract at any particular time. Many futures exchanges and boards of trade limit the amount of fluctuation permitted in futures contract prices during a single trading day. Once the daily limit has been reached in a particular contract, no trades may be made that day of a price beyond that limit or trading may be suspended for specified periods during the trading day.   The Fund or an Underlying Fund may purchase and sell single stock futures, stock index futures contracts, interest rate futures contracts, currency futures and other commodity futures. A stock index future obligates a fund to pay or receive an amount of cash based upon the value of a stock index at a specified date in the future. An interest rate futures contract obligates a fund to purchase or sell an amount of a specific debt security at a future date at a specified price. A currency futures contract obligates a fund to purchase or sell an amount of a specific currency at a future date at a future price.   If the Fund or an Underlying Fund purchases an option and the price of the underlying stock fails to move in the expected direction, the Fund or Underlying Fund will lose most or all of the amount the fund paid for the option, plus commission costs. If an Underlying Fund writes (“sells”) an option and the price of the underlying stock fails to move in the expected direction, the Underlying Fund’s losses could easily exceed the proceeds it received when it wrote the options.   Private Debt Risk   The Fund may invest in debt issued by non-listed funds and BDCs (“Private Debt”). Private Debt often may be illiquid and is typically not listed on an exchange and traded less actively than similar securities issued by publicly traded-vehicles. For certain Private Debt investments, trading may only be possible through the assistance of the broker who originally brought the security to the market and has a relationship with the issuer. Due to the limited trading market, independent pricing services may be unable to provide a price for Private Debt, and as such the fair value of the securities may be determined in good faith under procedures approved by the Board, which typically will include the use of one or more independent broker quotes.   Real Estate Investment Trust (“REIT”) Risks   The Underlying Funds may invest in equity and mortgage REITs. Equity REITs invest in real estate, and mortgage REITs invest in loans secured by real estate. Investing in REITs involves certain unique risks in addition to those risks associated with investing in the real estate industry in general. Equity REITs may be affected by changes in the value of the underlying property owned by the REITs, while mortgage REITs may be affected by the quality of any credit extended. REITs are dependent upon management skills, are not diversified, and are subject to heavy cash flow dependency, default by borrowers and self-liquidation. REITs also are subject to the possibilities of failing to qualify for tax free pass-through of income under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and failing to maintain their exemption from registration under the 1940 Act. Investment in REITs involves risks similar to those associated with investing in small capitalization companies, and REITs (especially mortgage REITs) are subject to interest rate risks. When interest rates decline, the value of a REIT’s investment in fixed rate obligations can be expected to rise. Conversely, when interest rates rise, the value of a REIT’s investment in fixed rate obligations can be expected to decline. By investing in REITs directly or indirectly through the Underlying Funds, the Fund will indirectly bear its proportionate share of the expenses of the REITs. The expenses at the REIT level are not included in the Fund’s expense table as acquired fund fees and expenses.   Securities Lending Risks   The Underlying Funds may engage in securities lending. Securities lending involves counterparty risk, including the risk that the loaned securities may not be returned in a timely manner and/or a loss of rights in the collateral if the borrower or the lending agent defaults. This risk is increased when an Underlying Fund’s loans are concentrated with a single or limited number of borrowers. In addition, an Underlying Fund bears the risk of loss in connection with the investments of the cash collateral it receives from the borrower. To the extent that the value or return of an Underlying Fund’s investments of the cash collateral declines below the amount owed to a borrower, the Underlying Fund may incur losses that exceed the amount it earned in lending the security.   Securities Risks   The value of the Fund or an Underlying Fund may decrease in response to the activities and financial prospects of individual securities in the Fund’s portfolio.   Senior Loan Risks   The Underlying Funds may invest in senior secured floating rate and fixed-rate loans (“Senior Loans”). There is less readily available and reliable information about most Senior Loans than is the case for many other types of instruments, including listed securities. Senior Loans are not listed on any national securities exchange or automated quotation system and as such, many Senior Loans are illiquid, meaning that an Underlying Fund may not be able to sell them quickly at a fair price. To the extent that a secondary market does exist for certain Senior Loans, the market is more volatile than for liquid, listed securities and may be subject to irregular trading activity, wide bid/ask spreads and extended trade settlement periods. The market for Senior Loans could be disrupted in the event of an economic downturn or a substantial increase or decrease in interest rates. Senior Loans, like most other debt obligations, are subject to the risk of default. Default in the payment of interest or principal on a Senior Loan will result in a reduction of income to the Fund, a reduction in the value of the Senior Loan and a potential decrease in the Fund’s NAV of the Common Shares.   The Underlying Funds may acquire or hold Senior Loans of borrowers that are experiencing, or are more likely to experience, financial difficulty, including Senior Loans issued to highly leveraged borrowers or borrowers that have filed for bankruptcy protection. Borrowers may have outstanding debt obligations, including Senior Loans, that are rated below investment grade. An Underlying Fund may invest a substantial portion of its assets in Senior Loans that are rated below investment grade or that are unrated at the time of purchase but are deemed by the Underlying Fund’s adviser’s to be of comparable quality. The values of Senior Loans of borrowers that have filed for bankruptcy protection or that are experiencing payment difficulty could be affected by, among other things, the assessment of the likelihood that the lenders ultimately will receive repayment of the principal amount of such Senior Loans, the likely duration, if any, of a lapse in the scheduled payment of interest and repayment of principal and prevailing interest rates. There is no assurance that an Underlying Fund will be able to recover any amount on Senior Loans of such borrowers or that sale of the collateral granted in connection with Senior Loans would raise enough cash to satisfy the borrower’s payment obligation or that the collateral can or will be liquidated. In the event of bankruptcy, liquidation may not occur and the bankruptcy court may not give lenders the full benefit of their senior position in the capital structure of the borrower.   Short Sale Risks   The Fund and Underlying Funds may sell securities short. Positions in shorted securities are speculative and more risky than long positions (purchases) in securities because the maximum sustainable loss on a security purchased is limited to the amount paid for the security plus the transaction costs, whereas there is no maximum attainable price of the shorted security. Therefore, in theory, securities sold short have unlimited risk. Short selling will also result in higher transaction costs (such as interest and dividends), directly or indirectly through the investments in Underlying Funds, and may result in higher taxes, which reduce the Fund’s return.   If a security sold short increases in price, a fund may have to cover its short position at a higher price than the short sale price, resulting in a loss. With respect to a fund’s short positions, the Fund must borrow those securities to make delivery to the buyer. A fund may not be able to borrow a security that it needs to deliver or it may not be able to close out a short position at an acceptable price and may have to sell related long positions before it had intended to do so. As a result, a fund may not be able to successfully implement its short sale strategy due to the limited availability of desired securities or for other reasons.   When borrowing a security for delivery to a buyer, a fund also may be required to pay a premium and other transaction costs, which would increase the cost of the security sold short. A fund must normally repay to the lender an amount equal to any dividends or interest earned while the loan is outstanding. The amount of any gain will be decreased, and the amount of any loss increased, by the amount of the premium, dividends, interest or expenses a fund may be required to pay in connection with the short sale. Also, the lender of a security may terminate the loan at a time when a fund is unable to borrow the same security for delivery. In that case, a fund would need to purchase a replacement security at the then current market price or “buy in” by paying the lender an amount equal to the costs of purchasing the security.   Until a fund replaces a borrowed security, it is required to maintain a segregated account of cash or liquid assets to cover the fund’s short position. Securities held in a segregated account cannot be sold while the position they are covering is outstanding, unless they are replaced with similar securities. Additionally, a fund must maintain sufficient liquid assets (less any additional collateral held by the broker), marked-to-market daily, to cover its short sale obligations. This may limit a fund’s investment flexibility, as well as its ability to meet redemption requests or other current obligations.   In addition, until a fund replaces a borrowed instrument, a fund may also be required to maintain short sale proceeds with the lending broker as collateral. Moreover, a fund will be required to make margin payments to the lender during the term of the borrowing if the value of the security it borrowed (and sold short) increases. Thus, short sales involve credit exposure to the broker that executes the short sales. In the event of the bankruptcy or other similar insolvency with respect to a broker with whom a fund has an open short position, a fund may be unable to recover, or be delayed in recovering, any margin or other collateral held with or for the lending broker.   Because a fund’s loss on a short sale arises from increases in the value of the security sold short, the loss is theoretically unlimited. In certain cases, purchasing a security to cover a short position can itself cause the price of the security to rise further, which would exacerbate the loss. Conversely, gains on short sales, after transaction and related costs, are generally the difference between the price at which a fund sold the borrowed security and the price it paid to purchase the security for delivery to the buyer. By contrast, a fund’s loss on a long position arises from decreases in the value of the security and is limited by the fact that a security’s value cannot drop below zero.   By investing the proceeds received from selling securities short, the Fund is using a form of leverage, which creates special risks. The use of leverage may increase the Fund’s exposure to long equity positions and make any change in the Fund’s NAV greater than it would be without the use of leverage. This could result in increased volatility of returns. There is no guarantee that the Fund will leverage its portfolio, or if it does, that the Fund’s leveraging strategy will be successful. The Fund also cannot guarantee that the use of leverage will produce a higher return on an investment.   SOFR Risk   SOFR is intended to be a broad measure of the cost of borrowing funds overnight in transactions that are collateralized by U.S. Treasury securities. SOFR is calculated based on transaction-level repodata collected from various sources. For each trading day, SOFR is calculated as a volume-weighted median rate derived from such data. SOFR is calculated and published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (“FRBNY”). If data from a given source required by the FRBNY to calculate SOFR is unavailable for any day, then the most recently available data for that segment will be used, with certain adjustments. If errors are discovered in the transaction data or the calculations underlying SOFR after its initial publication on a given day, SOFR may be republished at a later time that day. Rate revisions will be effected only on the day of initial publication and will be republished only if the change in the rate exceeds one basis point.   Because SOFR is a financing rate based on overnight secured funding transactions, it differs fundamentally from LIBOR. LIBOR was intended to be an unsecured rate that represents interbank funding costs for different short-term maturities or tenors. It was a forward-looking rate reflecting expectations regarding interest rates for the applicable tenor. Thus, LIBOR was intended to be sensitive, in certain respects, to bank credit risk and to term interest rate risk. In contrast, SOFR is a secured overnight rate reflecting the credit of U.S. Treasury securities as collateral. Thus, it is largely insensitive to credit-risk considerations and to short-term interest rate risks. SOFR is a transaction-based rate, and it has been more volatile than other benchmark or market rates, such as three-month LIBOR, during certain periods. For these reasons, among others, there is no assurance that SOFR, or rates derived from SOFR, will perform in the same or similar way as LIBOR would have performed at any time, and there is no assurance that SOFR-based rates will be a suitable substitute for LIBOR. SOFR has a limited history, having been first published in April 2018. The future performance of SOFR, and SOFR-based reference rates, cannot be predicted based on SOFR’s history or otherwise. Levels of SOFR in the future, including following the discontinuation of LIBOR, may bear little or no relation to historical levels of SOFR, LIBOR or other rates. The inclusion of SOFR Risk is a change since the prior disclosure date.   Special Purpose Acquisition Companies Risks   The Fund may invest in SPACs. SPACs are collective investment structures that pool funds in order to seek potential acquisition opportunities. Unless and until an acquisition is completed, a SPAC generally invests its assets (less an amount to cover expenses) in U.S. government securities, money market fund securities and cash. SPACs and similar entities may be blank check companies with no operating history or ongoing business other than to seek a potential acquisition. Accordingly, the value of their securities is particularly dependent on the ability of the entity’s management to identify and complete a profitable acquisition. Certain SPACs may seek acquisitions only in limited industries or regions, which may increase the volatility of their prices. If an acquisition that meets the requirements for the SPAC is not completed within a predetermined period of time, the invested funds are returned to the entity’s shareholders. Investments in SPACs may be illiquid and/or be subject to restrictions on resale. To the extent the SPAC is invested in cash or similar securities, this may impact the Fund’s ability to meet its investment objective.   The officers and directors of a SPAC may operate multiple SPACs and could have conflicts of interest in determining to which SPAC a particular business opportunity should be presented. In such circumstances, there can be no assurance that a given business opportunity would be presented to the SPAC in which the Fund holds an investment.   Structured Notes Risks   The Underlying Funds may invest in structured notes. Structured notes are subject to a number of fixed income risks including general market risk, interest rate risk, and the risk that the issuer on the note may fail to make interest and/or principal payments when due, or may default on its obligations entirely. In addition, because the performance of structured notes tracks the performance of the underlying debt obligation, structured notes generally are subject to more risk than investing in a simple note or bond issued by the same issuer. It is impossible to predict whether the referenced factor (such as an index or interest rate) or prices of the underlying securities will rise or fall. To the extent that an Underlying Fund invests in structured notes, the Underlying Fund may be more volatile than other funds that do not invest in structured notes. The actual trading prices of structured notes may be significantly different from the principal amount of the notes. If an Underlying Fund sells the structured notes prior to maturity, it may suffer a loss of principal. At final maturity, structured notes may be redeemed in cash or in kind, which is at the discretion of the issuer. If the notes are redeemed in kind, a fund would receive shares of stock at a depressed price. To the extent that a structured note is not principal-protected through an insurance feature, the note’s principal will not be protected. In the case of a decrease in the value of the underlying asset, an Underlying Fund would receive shares at a value less than the original amount invested; while an increase in the value of an underlying asset will not increase the return on the note.   Swap Risks   The Fund and the Underlying Funds may enter into interest rate, index, total return and currency swap agreements. Swap agreements are two-party contracts under which the fund and a counterparty, such as a broker or dealer, agree to exchange the returns (or differentials in rates of return) earned or realized on an agreed-upon underlying asset or investment over the term of the swap. The use of swap transactions is a highly specialized activity which involves strategies and risks different from those associated with ordinary portfolio security transactions. If the Adviser or an Underlying Fund’s investment adviser is incorrect in its forecasts of default risks, market spreads, liquidity or other applicable factors or events, the investment performance of the Fund or Underlying Fund would diminish compared with what it would have been if these techniques were not used. Swaps and swap options can be used for a variety of purposes, including: to manage fund exposure to changes in interest or foreign currency exchange rates and credit quality; as an efficient means of adjusting fund overall exposure to certain markets; in an effort to enhance income or total return or protect the value of portfolio securities; to serve as a cash management tool; and to adjust portfolio duration.   There are risks in the use of swaps. Swaps could result in losses if interest or foreign currency exchange rates or credit quality changes are not correctly anticipated. Total return swaps could result in losses if the reference index, security, or investments do not perform as anticipated. Total return swaps involve an enhanced risk that the issuer or counterparty will fail to perform its contractual obligations. Total return swaps may effectively add leverage to the Fund’s portfolio because the Fund would be subject to investment exposure on the full notional amount of the swap. To the extent the Fund or an Underlying Fund enters into a total return swap on equity securities, the Fund or the Underlying Fund will receive the positive performance of a notional amount of such securities underlying the total return swap. In exchange, the Fund or the Underlying Fund will be obligated to pay the negative performance of such notional amount of securities. Therefore, the Fund or the Underlying Fund assumes the risk of a substantial decrease in the market value of the equity securities. The use of swaps may not always be successful; using them could lower fund total return, their prices can be highly volatile, and the potential loss from the use of swaps can exceed the fund’s initial investment in such instruments. Also, the other party to a swap agreement could default on its obligations or refuse to cash out the fund’s investment at a reasonable price, which could turn an expected gain into a loss.   Currently, certain categories of interest rate swaps are subject to mandatory clearing, and more are expected to be cleared in the future. The counterparty risk for cleared derivatives is generally expected to be lower than for uncleared over-the-counter derivative transactions as each party to a transaction looks only to the central clearing house for performance of obligations under the transaction. However, there can be no assurance that a clearing house, or its members, will satisfy the clearing house’s obligations to the fund or that the fund’s use of swaps will be advantageous.   Underlying Fund Risks   The Fund will invest in Underlying Funds such as other closed-end funds and ETFs. The expenses of the Fund will generally be higher than the direct expenses of other fund shares. The Fund will indirectly bear fees and expenses charged by the Underlying Funds in which the Fund invests in addition to the Fund’s direct fees and expenses. The Fund may also incur brokerage costs when it purchases shares of Underlying Funds. Furthermore, investments in Underlying Funds could affect the timing, amount and character of distributions to Common Stockholders and therefore may increase the amount of taxes payable by investors in the Fund. The value of your investment in the Fund will go up and down with the prices of Underlying Fund shares (and other securities) in which the Fund invests. Similarly, the value of the Fund’s investments in Underlying Funds will go up and down with the prices of the securities in which the Underlying Funds invest.   There is also the risk that the Fund may suffer losses due to the investment practices or operations of the Underlying Funds. To the extent that the Fund invests in one or more Underlying Funds that concentrate in a particular industry, the Fund would be vulnerable to factors affecting that industry and the concentrating Underlying Funds’ performance, and that of the Fund, may be more volatile than Underlying Funds that do not concentrate.   As the Fund will invest at least 80% of its Managed Assets in Underlying Funds, the Fund’s performance will depend to a greater extent on the overall performance of closed-end funds, ETFs, BDCs and SPACs generally, in addition to the performance of the specific Underlying Funds (and other assets) in which the Fund invests. The use of leverage by Underlying Funds magnifies gains and losses on amounts invested and increases the risks associated with investing in Underlying Funds. Further, the Underlying Funds are not subject to the Fund’s investment policies and restrictions. The Fund generally receives information regarding the portfolio holdings of Underlying Funds only when that information is made available to the public. The Fund cannot dictate how the Underlying Funds invest their assets. The Underlying Funds may invest their assets in securities and other instruments, and may use investment techniques and strategies, that are not described in this disclosure. Common Stockholders will bear two layers of fees and expenses with respect to the Fund’s investments in Underlying Funds because each of the Fund and the Underlying Fund will charge fees and incur separate expenses. In addition, subject to applicable 1940 Act limitations, the Underlying Funds themselves may purchase securities issued by registered and unregistered funds (e.g., common stock, preferred stock, auction rate preferred stock), and those investments would be subject to the risks associated with Underlying Funds and unregistered funds (including a third layer of fees and expenses, i.e., the Underlying Fund will indirectly bear fees and expenses charged by the funds in which the Underlying Fund invests, in addition to the Underlying Fund’s own fees and expenses). An Underlying Fund with positive performance may indirectly receive a performance fee from the Fund, even when the Fund’s overall returns are negative. Additionally, the Fund’s investment in an Underlying Fund may result in the Fund’s receipt of cash in excess of the Underlying Fund’s earnings; if the Fund distributes these amounts, the distributions could constitute a return of capital to Fund shareholders for federal income tax purposes. As a result of these factors, the use of the fund of funds structure by the Fund could therefore affect the amount, timing and character of distributions to shareholders.   The Fund may invest in shares of closed-end funds that are trading at a discount to NAV or at a premium to NAV and closed-end funds may not be able to outperform their benchmarks. There can be no assurance that the market discount on shares of any closed-end fund purchased by the Fund will ever decrease. In fact, it is possible that this market discount may increase and the Fund may suffer realized or unrealized capital losses due to further decline in the market price of the securities of such closed-end funds, thereby adversely affecting the Fund’s NAV. The Fund’s investment in the Common Shares of closed-end funds that are financially leveraged may create an opportunity for greater total return on its investment, but at the same time may be expected to exhibit more volatility in market price and NAV than an investment in shares of investment companies without a leveraged capital structure.   The Fund may invest in BDCs. BDCs generally invest in less mature U.S. private companies or thinly traded U.S. public companies which involve greater risk than well-established publicly-traded companies. While BDCs are expected to generate income in the form of dividends, certain BDCs during certain periods of time may not generate such income. The Fund will indirectly bear its proportionate share of any management fees and other operating expenses incurred by the BDCs and of any performance-based or incentive fees payable by the BDCs in which it invests, in addition to the expenses paid by the Fund. A BDC’s incentive fee may be very high, vary from year to year and be payable even if the value of the BDC’s portfolio declines in a given time period. Incentive fees may create an incentive for a BDC’s manager to make investments that are risky or more speculative than would be the case in the absence of such compensation arrangements, and may also encourage the BDC’s manager to use leverage to increase the return on the BDC’s investments. The use of leverage by BDCs magnifies gains and losses on amounts invested and increases the risks associated with investing in BDCs. A BDC may make investments with a larger amount of risk of volatility and loss of principal than other investment options and may also be highly speculative and aggressive.   The 1940 Act imposes certain constraints upon the operations of a BDC. For example, BDCs are required to invest at least 70% of their total assets primarily in securities of U.S. private companies or thinly traded U.S. public companies, cash, cash equivalents, U.S. government securities and high quality debt investments that mature in one year or less. Generally, little public information exists for private and thinly traded companies in which a BDC may invest and there is a risk that investors may not be able to make a fully informed evaluation of a BDC and its portfolio of investments. With respect to investments in debt instruments, there is a risk that the issuers of such instruments may default on their payments or declare bankruptcy. Many debt investments in which a BDC may invest will not be rated by a credit rating agency and will be below investment grade quality. These investments are commonly referred to as “junk bonds” and have predominantly speculative characteristics with respect to an issuer’s capacity to make payments of interest and principal. Although lower grade securities are potentially higher yielding, they are also characterized by high risk. In addition, the secondary market for lower grade securities may be less liquid than that of higher rated securities. Certain BDCs may also be difficult to value since many of the assets of BDCs do not have readily ascertainable market values.   Additionally, a BDC may only incur indebtedness in amounts such that the BDC’s asset coverage ratio of total assets to total senior securities equals at least 200% after such incurrence. These limitations on asset mix and leverage may affect the way that the BDC raises capital. BDCs compete with other entities for the types of investments they make, and such entities are not necessarily subject to the same investment constraints as BDCs.   Index-based ETFs (and other index funds) in which the Fund may invest may not be able to replicate exactly the performance of the indices they track or benchmark because the total return generated by the securities will be reduced by transaction costs incurred in adjusting the actual balance of the securities. ETFs may trade at a price above (premium) or below (discount) their NAV, especially during periods of significant market volatility or stress, causing investors to pay significantly more or less than the value of the ETF’s underlying portfolio. Certain ETFs traded on exchanges may be thinly traded and experience large spreads between the “ask” price quoted by a seller and the “bid” price offered by a buyer. While the creation/redemption feature is designed to make it likely that ETF shares normally will trade close to their NAVs, market prices are not expected to correlate exactly to the shares’ NAVs due to timing reasons, supply and demand imbalances and other factors. In addition, disruptions to creations and redemptions, adverse developments impacting market makers, authorized participants or other market participants, high market volatility or lack of an active trading market for an ETF’s shares (including through a trading halt) may result in market prices that differ significantly from its NAV or to the intraday value of the ETF’s holdings. An active trading market for shares of an ETF may not develop or be maintained. When all or a portion of an ETF’s underlying securities trade in a foreign market that is closed during the time the domestic market in which the ETF’s shares are listed and traded is open, there may be changes between the last quote from the closed foreign market and the value of such underlying security during the ETF’s trading day.   In times of market stress, market makers or authorized participants may step away from their respective roles in making a market in shares of the ETF and in executing purchase or redemption orders. During such times, the ETF’s shares may trade at a wider than normal discount or premium and may possibly face trading halts. Additionally, the underlying securities of an ETF may be traded outside of a collateralized settlement system, such as the National Securities Clearing Corporation, a clearing agency that is registered with the SEC. There are a limited number of financial institutions that may act as authorized participants that pose collateral for certain trades on an agency basis. To the extent that these authorized participants exit the business or are unable to proceed with creation and/or redemption orders with the ETF, and no other authorized participant is able to step forward, ETF shares may trade at a discount to NAV and possibly face trading halts and/or delisting. Additionally, in stressed market conditions, the market for ETF shares may become less liquid in response to deteriorating liquidity in the markets for such ETF’s underlying portfolio holdings, and this may cause the shares of the ETF to trade at a wider than normal discount or premium. Furthermore, purchases and redemptions of creation units primarily in cash rather than in-kind may cause an ETF to incur certain costs, such as brokerage costs, taxable gains or other losses that it may not have incurred with an in-kind purchase or redemption. These costs may be borne by the ETF and decrease the ETF’s NAV to the extent they are not offset by a transaction fee payable by an authorized participant.   In addition, index-based ETFs (and other index funds) will incur expenses not incurred by their applicable indices. Certain securities comprising the indices tracked by these investments may, from time to time, temporarily be unavailable, which may further impede the ability of the index-based ETFs and other index funds to track their applicable indices. Underlying Funds may not be able to match or outperform their respective benchmarks. With sector ETFs, there is a risk that securities within the same group of industries will decline in price due to sector-specific market or economic developments. The Fund may also invest in actively managed ETFs that are subject to management risk as the ETF’s investment adviser will apply certain investment techniques and risk analyses in making investment decisions. There can be no guarantee that these will produce the desired results.   Certain of the Underlying Funds in which the Fund will invest may be taxed as regulated investment companies under Subchapter M of the Code. To qualify and remain eligible for the special tax treatment accorded to regulated investment companies and their shareholders, such Underlying Funds must meet certain source-of-income, asset diversification and annual distribution requirements. If an Underlying Fund in which the Fund invests fails to qualify as a regulated investment company, such Underlying Fund would be liable for federal, and possibly state, corporate taxes on its taxable income and gains. Such failure by an Underlying Fund could substantially reduce the Underlying Fund’s net assets and the amount of income available for distribution to the Fund, which would in turn decrease the total return of the Fund in respect of such investment.   The Fund’s investments in Underlying Funds may be restricted by certain provisions of the 1940 Act. Under Section 12(d)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act, the Fund may hold securities of an Underlying Fund in amounts which (i) do not exceed 3% of the total outstanding voting stock of the Underlying Fund, (ii) do not exceed 5% of the value of the Fund’s total assets and (iii) when added to all other Underlying Fund securities held by the Fund, do not exceed 10% of the value of the Fund’s total assets. Under Section 12(d)(1)(C) of the 1940 Act, the Fund, together with any other investment companies for which the Adviser acts as an investment adviser, may not, in the aggregate, own more than 10% of the total outstanding voting stock of a registered closed-end investment company. Section 12(d)(1)(F) of the 1940 Act provides that the limitations of Section 12(d)(1) described above shall not apply to securities purchased or otherwise acquired by the Fund if (i) immediately after such purchase or acquisition not more than 3% of the total outstanding stock of such Underlying Fund is owned by the Fund and all affiliated persons of the Fund, and (ii) certain requirements are met with respect to sales charges. In addition, Rule 12d1-4 under the 1940 Act (“Rule 12d1-4”), effective as of January 19, 2022, permits the Fund to invest in Underlying Funds beyond the limitations of Section 12(d)(1) described above, subject to various conditions, including that the Fund enter into an investment agreement with the Underlying Fund (which agreements may impose additional conditions on the Fund). In matters upon which the Fund is solicited to vote as a shareholder of an Underlying Fund, the Adviser may be required to vote Underlying Fund shares in the same proportion as shares held by other shareholders of the Underlying Fund.   Warrant Risks   The Fund and the Underlying Funds may invest in warrants. Warrants are securities giving the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy the stock of an issuer at a given price (generally higher than the value of the stock at the time of issuance) during a specified period or perpetually. Warrants do not carry with them the right to dividends or voting rights with respect to the securities that they entitle their holder to purchase and they do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuer. The value of a warrant does not necessarily change with the value of the underlying securities and a warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date.
Effects of Leverage [Text Block]													Effects of Leverage   The following table is furnished in response to requirements of the SEC. It is designed to illustrate the effect of leverage on total return on common shares, assuming investment portfolio total returns (comprised of income, net expenses and changes in the value of investments held in the Fund’s portfolio) of -10%, -5%, 0%, 5% and 10%. The table below reflects the Fund's continued use of Preferred Shares as of July 31, 2023 as a percentage of total managed assets (including assets attributable to such leverage), and the annual return that the Fund's portfolio must experience (net of expenses) in order to cover such costs. These assumed investment portfolio returns are hypothetical figures and are not necessarily indicative of what the Fund’s investment portfolio returns will be. In other words, the Fund’s actual returns may be greater or less than those appearing in the table below. The table further reflects the use of leverage representing approximately 27.02% of the Fund’s Managed Assets and estimated leverage costs of 6.00%.   Assumed Portfolio Return -10.00% -5.00% 0.00% 5.00% 10.00% Common Share Total Return -15.92% -9.07% -2.22% 4.63% 11.48%   Total return is composed of two elements—the dividends on common shares paid by the Fund (the amount of which is largely determined by the Fund’s net investment income after paying the cost of leverage) and realized and unrealized gains or losses on the value of the securities the Fund owns. As the table shows, leverage generally increases the return to common shareholders when portfolio return is positive or greater than the costs of leverage and decreases return when the portfolio return is negative or less than the costs of leverage.   During the time in which the Fund is using leverage, the amount of the fees paid to the Adviser for investment management services is higher than if the Fund did not use leverage because the fees paid are calculated based on the Fund’s Managed Assets. This may create a conflict of interest between the Adviser, on the one hand, and common shareholders, on the other. Also, because the leverage costs are borne by the Fund at a specified interest rate, only the Fund’s common shareholders bear the cost of the Fund’s management fees and other expenses. There can be no assurance that a leveraging strategy will be successful during any period in which it is employed.
Effects of Leverage [Table Text Block]													Assumed Portfolio Return -10.00% -5.00% 0.00% 5.00% 10.00% Common Share Total Return -15.92% -9.07% -2.22% 4.63% 11.48%
Effects of Leverage, Purpose [Text Block]													The following table is furnished in response to requirements of the SEC. It is designed to illustrate the effect of leverage on total return on common shares, assuming investment portfolio total returns (comprised of income, net expenses and changes in the value of investments held in the Fund’s portfolio) of -10%, -5%, 0%, 5% and 10%. The table below reflects the Fund's continued use of Preferred Shares as of July 31, 2023 as a percentage of total managed assets (including assets attributable to such leverage), and the annual return that the Fund's portfolio must experience (net of expenses) in order to cover such costs. These assumed investment portfolio returns are hypothetical figures and are not necessarily indicative of what the Fund’s investment portfolio returns will be. In other words, the Fund’s actual returns may be greater or less than those appearing in the table below. The table further reflects the use of leverage representing approximately 27.02% of the Fund’s Managed Assets and estimated leverage costs of 6.00%.
Share Price [Table Text Block]													Quarter Ended Market Price NAV at Market Premium (Discount) to NAV at     High Low Market High Market Low Market High Market Low 2023 July 31 $11.51 $10.96 $12.32 $12.23 -6.57% -10.38%   April 30 $12.50 $10.89 $12.82 $12.24 -2.50% -11.03%   January 31 $13.29 $11.74 $12.73 $12.30 4.40% -4.55% 2022 October 31 $15.20 $11.85 $13.82 $12.29 9.99% -3.58%   July 31 $15.10 $12.56 $14.06 $13.01 7.40% -3.46%   April 30 $16.68 $14.78 $15.87 $15.31 5.10% -3.46%   January 31 $17.69 $14.86 $17.09 $15.64 3.51% -4.99% 2021 October 31 $18.75 $16.71 $17.12 $16.87 9.52% -0.95%   July 31 $18.75 $16.75 $17.24 $17.02 8.76% -1.59%   April 30 $17.88 $16.71 $17.23 $16.61 3.77% 0.60%   January 31 $17.07 $13.81 $16.48 $14.53 3.58% -4.96%
Not a Complete Investment Program [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Not a Complete Investment Program   The Fund is intended for investors seeking capital appreciation and current income over the long-term, and is not intended to be a short-term trading vehicle. An investment in the Common Shares of the Fund should not be considered a complete investment program. Each investor should take into account the Fund’s investment objective and other characteristics as well as the investor’s other investments when considering an investment in the Common Shares. An investment in the Fund may not be appropriate for all investors.
Risks Associated With Offerings Of Additional Common Shares [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Risks Associated with Offerings of Additional Common Shares   The voting power of current Common Stockholders will be diluted to the extent that current Common Stockholders do not purchase Common Shares in any future offerings of Common Shares or do not purchase sufficient Common Shares to maintain their percentage interest. If the Fund is unable to invest the proceeds of such offering as intended, the Fund’s per Common Share distribution may decrease and the Fund may not participate in market advances to the same extent as if such proceeds were fully invested as planned. If the Fund sells Common Shares at a price below NAV pursuant to the consent of Common Stockholders, shareholders will experience a dilution of the aggregate NAV per Common Share because the sale price will be less than the Fund’s then-current NAV per Common Share. Similarly, were the expenses of the offering to exceed the amount by which the sale price exceeded the Fund’s then current NAV per Common Share, shareholders would experience a dilution of the aggregate NAV per Common Share. This dilution will be experienced by all shareholders, irrespective of whether they purchase Common Shares in any such offering.
Additional Risks Of Rights [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Additional Risks of Rights   There are additional risks associated with an offering of subscription rights to purchase Common Shares (“Rights”). Shareholders who do not exercise their Rights may, at the completion of such an offering, own a smaller proportional interest in the Fund than if they exercised their Rights. As a result of such an offering, a shareholder may experience dilution in NAV per share if the subscription price per share is below the NAV per share on the expiration date. If the subscription price per share is below the NAV per share of the Fund’s Common Shares on the expiration date, a shareholder will experience an immediate dilution of the aggregate NAV of such shareholder’s Common Shares if the shareholder does not participate in such an offering and the shareholder will experience a reduction in the NAV per share of such shareholder’s Common Shares whether or not the shareholder participates in such an offering. Such a reduction in NAV per share may have the effect of reducing market price of the Common Share. The Fund cannot state precisely the extent of this dilution (if any) if the shareholder does not exercise such shareholder’s Rights because the Fund does not know what the NAV per share will be when the offer expires or what proportion of the Rights will be exercised. If the subscription price is substantially less than the then current NAV per Common Share at the expiration of a rights offering, such dilution could be substantial. Any such dilution or accretion will depend upon whether (i) such shareholders participate in the rights offering and (ii) the Fund’s NAV per Common Share is above or below the subscription price on the expiration date of the rights offering. In addition to the economic dilution described above, if a Common Stockholder does not exercise all of their rights, the Common Stockholders will incur voting dilution as a result of this rights offering. This voting dilution will occur because the Common Stockholders will own a smaller proportionate interest in the Fund after the rights offering than prior to the rights offering. There is a risk that changes in market conditions may result in the underlying Common Shares purchasable upon exercise of the subscription rights being less attractive to investors at the conclusion of the subscription period. This may reduce or eliminate the value of the subscription rights. If investors exercise only a portion of the rights, the number of Common Shares issued may be reduced, and the Common Shares may trade at less favorable prices than larger offerings for similar securities. Subscription rights issued by the Fund may be transferable or non-transferable rights. In a non-transferable rights offering, Common Stockholders who do not wish to exercise their rights will be unable to sell their rights. In a transferrable rights offering, the Fund will use its best efforts to ensure an adequate trading market for the rights; however, investors may find that there is no market to sell rights they do not wish to exercise.
Leverage Risks [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Leverage Risks   The Fund may borrow money, or issue debt or preferred stock. Since the holders of Common Shares pay all expenses related to the issuance of debt or use of leverage, the use of leverage through borrowing of money, issuance of debt securities or the issuance of preferred stock for investment purposes creates risks for the holders of Common Shares. Leverage is a speculative technique that exposes the Fund to greater risk and increased costs than if it were not implemented. Increases and decreases in the value of the Fund’s portfolio will be magnified when the Fund uses leverage. As a result, leverage may cause greater changes in the Fund’s NAV. The Fund will also have to pay interest on its borrowings or dividends on preferred stock, if any, which may reduce the Fund’s return. The leverage costs may be greater than the Fund’s return on the underlying investment. The Fund’s leveraging strategy may not be successful.   If the Fund utilizes leverage in the form of borrowing, it anticipates that the money borrowed for investment purposes will incur interest based on shorter-term interest rates that would be periodically reset. So long as the Fund’s portfolio provides a higher rate of return, net of expenses, than the interest rate on borrowed money, as reset periodically, the leverage may cause the holders of Common Shares to receive a higher current rate of return than if the Fund were not leveraged. If, however, long-term and/or short-term rates rise, the interest rate on borrowed money could exceed the rate of return on securities held by the Fund, reducing return to the holders of Common Shares.   There is no assurance that a leveraging strategy will be successful. Leverage involves risks and special considerations for Common Stockholders, including:   • the likelihood of greater volatility of NAV, market price and dividend rate of the Common Shares than a comparable portfolio without leverage;   • the risk that fluctuations in interest rates on borrowings or on short-term debt or in the interest or dividend rates on any debt securities or preferred shares that the Fund must pay will reduce the return to the Common Stockholders;   • the effect of leverage in a declining market, which is likely to cause a greater decline in the NAV of the Common Shares than if the Fund were not leveraged, may result in a greater decline in the market price of the Common Shares;   • when the Fund uses financial leverage, the investment management fees payable to the Adviser will be higher than if the Fund did not use leverage. This may create a conflict of interest between the Adviser, on the one hand, and the holders of Common Shares, on the other; and   • leverage may increase operating costs, which may reduce total return.   The use of leverage may require the Fund to segregate assets to cover its obligations (or, if the Fund borrows money or issues preferred shares, to maintain asset coverage in conformity with the requirements of the 1940 Act). While the segregated assets will be invested in liquid securities, they may not be used for other operational purposes. Consequently, the use of leverage may limit the Fund’s flexibility and may require that the Fund sell other portfolio investments to pay Fund expenses, to maintain assets in an amount sufficient to cover the Fund’s leveraged exposure or to meet other obligations at a time when it may be disadvantageous to sell such assets. Certain types of borrowings by the Fund may result in the Fund being subject to covenants in credit agreements relating to asset coverage and portfolio composition requirements. The Fund may be subject to certain restrictions on investments imposed by guidelines of one or more rating agencies, which may issue ratings for the short-term debt securities or preferred shares issued by the Fund. These guidelines may impose asset coverage or portfolio composition requirements that are more stringent than those imposed by the 1940 Act. The Adviser does not believe that these covenants or guidelines will impede it from managing the Fund’s portfolio in accordance with the Fund’s investment objective and policies if the Fund were to utilize leverage.   Leverage risk would also apply to the Fund’s investments in Underlying Funds and SPACs to the extent an Underlying Fund or SPAC uses leverage.
Market Discount [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Market Discount   The stock of closed-end management investment companies often trade at a discount from their NAV, and the Fund’s Common Shares may likewise trade at a discount from NAV. The trading price of the Fund’s Common Shares may be less than the NAV. The returns earned by Common Stockholders who sell their Common Shares below NAV will be reduced. The Fund’s Common Shares are currently sold at a premium to NAV. This risk would also apply to the Fund’s investments in closed-end funds.
Anti Takeover Provisions [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Anti-Takeover Provisions   Maryland law and the Fund’s Charter and Bylaws include provisions that could limit the ability of other entities or persons to acquire control of the Fund or to convert the Fund to open-end status. These provisions could deprive the holders of Common Shares of opportunities to sell their Common Shares at a premium over the then current market price of the Common Shares or at NAV. This risk would also apply to many of the Fund’s investments in closed-end funds.
Investment Related Risks [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Investment-Related Risks:   The risks listed below are in alphabetical order. With the exception of Underlying Fund risk (and except as otherwise noted below), the following risks apply to the direct investments the Fund may make, and generally apply to the Fund’s investments in Underlying Funds and SPACs. That said, each risk described below may not apply to each Underlying Fund or SPAC investment. Similarly, an Underlying Fund may be subject to additional or different risks than those described below.
Asset Allocation Risks [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Asset Allocation Risks   To the extent that the Adviser’s asset allocation strategy may fail to produce the intended result, the Fund’s return may suffer. Additionally, the active asset allocation style of the Fund leads to changing allocations over time and represents a risk to investors who target fixed asset allocations.
Convertible Securities Risks [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Convertible Securities Risks   The market value of convertible securities tends to fall when prevailing interest rates rise. The value of convertible securities also tends to change whenever the market value of the underlying common or preferred stock fluctuates. Convertible securities tend to be of lower credit quality.
Defensive Measures [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Defensive Measures   The Fund may invest up to 100% of its assets in cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments as a defensive measure in response to adverse market conditions or opportunistically at the discretion of the Adviser. During these periods or during periods when an Underlying Fund invests defensively, the Fund may not be pursuing its investment objective.
Derivatives Risks [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Derivatives Risks   The Fund and the Underlying Funds may enter into derivatives transactions. Derivative transactions involve investment techniques and risks different from those associated with investments in Underlying Funds. Generally, a derivative is a financial contract the value of which depends upon, or is derived from, the value of an underlying asset, reference rate, or index, and may relate to individual debt or equity instruments, interest rates, currencies or currency exchange rates, commodities, related indexes, and other assets. Derivatives can be volatile and involve various types and degrees of risk, depending upon the characteristics of a particular derivative. Derivatives may entail investment exposures that are greater than their cost would suggest, meaning that a small investment in a derivative could have a large potential impact on the performance of a fund. A fund could experience a loss if derivatives do not perform as anticipated, if they are not correlated with the performance of other investments which they are used to hedge or if the fund is unable to liquidate a position because of an illiquid secondary market. The market for many derivatives is, or can suddenly become, illiquid. Changes in liquidity may result in significant, rapid and unpredictable changes in the prices of derivatives. When used for speculative purposes, derivatives will produce enhanced investment exposure, which will magnify gains and losses. Certain derivatives transactions may give rise to a form of leverage. The use of leverage may cause a fund to liquidate portfolio positions when it may not be advantageous to do so to satisfy its obligations. Leverage may cause a fund to be more volatile than if it had not been leveraged. This is because leverage tends to exaggerate the effect of any increase or decrease in the value of the fund’s portfolio securities. Further, using derivatives may include the risk of mispricing or improper valuation of derivatives and the inability of derivatives to correlate perfectly, or at all, with the value of the assets, reference rates or indexes they are designed to closely track. The Fund also will be subject to credit risk with respect to the counterparties to the derivatives contracts purchased by the Fund. If a counterparty becomes bankrupt or otherwise fails to perform its obligations under a derivative contract due to financial difficulties, the Fund may experience significant delays in obtaining any recovery under the derivative contract in a bankruptcy or other reorganization proceeding. The Fund may obtain only a limited recovery or may obtain no recovery in such circumstances.   On October 28, 2020, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) adopted Rule 18f-4 under the 1940 Act relating to a registered investment company’s use of derivatives and related instruments. Rule 18f-4 prescribes specific value-at-risk leverage limits for certain derivatives users and requires certain derivatives users to adopt and implement a derivatives risk management program (including the appointment of a derivatives risk manager and the implementation of certain testing requirements), and prescribes reporting requirements in respect of derivatives. Subject to certain conditions, if a fund qualifies as a “limited derivatives user,” as defined in Rule 18f-4, it is not subject to the full requirements of Rule 18f-4. In connection with the adoption of Rule 18f-4, the SEC rescinded certain of its prior guidance regarding asset segregation and coverage requirements in respect of derivatives transactions and related instruments. With respect to reverse repurchase agreements or other similar financing transactions in particular, Rule 18f-4 permits a fund to enter into such transactions if the fund either (i) complies with the asset coverage requirements of Section 18 of the 1940 Act, and combines the aggregate amount of indebtedness associated with all similar financing with the aggregate amount of any other senior securities representing indebtedness when calculating the relevant asset coverage ratio, or (ii) treats all similar financing transactions as derivatives transactions for all purposes under Rule 18f-4. The Fund was required to comply with Rule 18f-4 beginning August 19, 2022 and has adopted procedures for investing in derivatives and other transactions in compliance with Rule 18f-4. Disclosure regarding Rule 18f-4 under the 1940 Act has been added since the prior disclosure date.
Defaulted And Distressed Securities Risks [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Defaulted and Distressed Securities Risks   The Underlying Funds may invest directly in defaulted and distressed securities. Legal difficulties and negotiations with creditors and other claimants are common when dealing with defaulted or distressed companies. Defaulted or distressed companies may be insolvent or in bankruptcy. In the event of a default, an Underlying Fund may incur additional expenses to seek recovery. The repayment of defaulted bonds is subject to significant uncertainties, and in some cases, there may be no recovery of repayment. Defaulted bonds might be repaid only after lengthy workout or bankruptcy proceedings, during which the issuer might not make any interest or other payments. Because of the relative illiquidity of defaulted or distressed debt and equity securities, short sales are difficult, and most Underlying Funds primarily maintain long positions. Some relative value trades are possible, where an investor sells short one class of a defaulted or distressed company’s capital structure and purchases another. With distressed investing, often there is a time lag between when an Underlying Fund makes an investment and when the Underlying Fund realizes the value of the investment. In addition, an Underlying Fund may incur legal and other monitoring costs in protecting the value of the Underlying Fund’s claims.
Equity Securities Risks [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Equity Securities Risks   While equity securities have historically generated higher average returns than fixed income securities, equity securities have also experienced significantly more volatility in those returns. An adverse event, such as an unfavorable earnings report, may depress the value of an issuer’s equity securities held by an Underlying Fund. Equity security prices fluctuate for several reasons, including changes in investors’ perceptions of the financial condition of an issuer or the general condition of the relevant stock market, or when political or economic events affecting the issuers occur. The value of a particular equity security may fall in value. The prices of stocks change in response to many factors, including the historical and prospective earnings of the issuer, the value of its assets, management decisions, decreased demand for an issuer’s products or services, increased production costs, general economic conditions, interest rates, currency exchange rates, investor perceptions and market liquidity. The value of an Underlying Fund’s shares will go up and down due to movement in the collective returns of the individual securities held by the Underlying Fund. Common stocks are subordinate to preferred stocks and debt in a company’s capital structure, and if a company is liquidated, the claims of secured and unsecured creditors and owners of preferred stocks take precedence over the claims of those who own Common Shares. In addition, equity security prices may be particularly sensitive to rising interest rates, as the cost of capital rises and borrowing costs increase.
Exchange Traded Note Risks [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Exchange-Traded Note Risks   The Fund and the Underlying Funds may invest in exchange-traded notes (“ETNs”), which are notes representing unsecured debt issued by an underwriting bank. ETNs are typically linked to the performance of an index plus a specified rate of interest that could be earned on cash collateral. The value of an ETN may be influenced by time to maturity, level of supply and demand for the ETN, volatility and lack of liquidity in underlying markets, changes in the applicable interest rates, changes in the issuer’s credit rating and economic, legal, political or geographic events that affect the referenced index. ETNs typically mature 30 years from the date of issue. The issuer’s credit rating will be investment grade at the time of investment, however, the credit rating may be revised or withdrawn at any time and there is no assurance that a credit rating will remain in effect for any given time period. If a rating agency lowers the issuer’s credit rating, the value of the ETN will decline and a lower credit rating reflects a greater risk that the issuer will default on its obligation. When a fund invests in ETNs, it will bear its proportionate share of any fees and expenses associated with investment in such securities. Such fees reduce the amount of return on investment at maturity or upon redemption.   There may be restrictions on a fund’s right to liquidate its investment in an ETN prior to maturity (for example, a fund may only be able to offer its ETN for repurchase by the issuer on a weekly basis), since ETNs are meant to be held until maturity. A fund’s decision to sell its ETN holdings may be limited by the availability of a secondary market.
Fixed Income Securities Risks [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Fixed Income Securities Risks   The Underlying Funds and the Fund may invest in fixed income securities. Fixed income securities increase or decrease in value based on changes in interest rates. If rates increase, the value of an Underlying Fund’s fixed income securities generally declines. On the other hand, if rates fall, the value of the fixed income securities generally increases. The issuer of a fixed income security may not be able to make interest and principal payments when due. This risk is increased in the case of issuers of high yield securities, also known as “junk bonds.” If a U.S. Government agency or instrumentality in which an Underlying Fund invests defaults, and the U.S. Government does not stand behind the obligation, the Underlying Fund’s share price or yield could fall. Securities of certain U.S. Government sponsored entities are neither issued nor guaranteed by the U.S. Government. The Underlying Funds may invest in fixed income securities of any credit quality, maturity or duration. Fixed income securities risks include components of the following additional risks:
Credit Risk [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Credit Risk. The issuer of a fixed income security may not be able to make interest and principal payments when due. Generally, the lower the credit rating of a security, the greater the risk that the issuer will default on its obligation, which could result in a loss to a fund. The Underlying Funds may invest in securities that are rated in the lowest investment grade category. Issuers of these securities are more vulnerable to changes in economic conditions than issuers of higher grade securities.
High Yield Securities Risk [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													High Yield Securities Risk. The Underlying Funds may invest in high yield securities, also known as “junk bonds.” High yield securities provide greater income and opportunity for gain, but entail greater risk of loss of principal. High yield securities are predominantly speculative with respect to the issuer’s capacity to pay interest and repay principal in accordance with the terms of the obligation. The market for high yield securities is generally less active than the market for higher quality securities. This may limit the ability of a fund to sell high yield securities at the price at which it is being valued for purposes of calculating NAV.
U S Government Securities Risk [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													U.S. Government Securities Risk. The Underlying Funds may invest in U.S. Government securities. The U.S. Government’s guarantee of ultimate payment of principal and timely payment of interest on certain U.S. Government securities owned by an Underlying Fund does not imply that the Underlying Fund’s shares are guaranteed or that the price of the Underlying Fund’s shares will not fluctuate. In addition, securities issued by Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae and Federal Home Loan Banks are not obligations of, or insured by, the U.S. Government. If a U.S. Government agency or instrumentality in which an Underlying Fund invests defaults and the U.S. Government does not stand behind the obligation, the Fund’s NAV could fall.
Interest Rate Risk [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Interest Rate Risk. An Underlying Fund’s NAV and total return will vary in response to changes in interest rates. If rates increase, the value of an Underlying Fund’s investments generally will decline, as will the Underlying Fund’s NAV. In typical interest rate environments, the prices of longer-term fixed income securities generally fluctuate more than the prices of shorter-term fixed income securities as interest rates change.   Interest rates in the United States and many other countries have risen in recent periods and may continue to rise in the future. Additionally, as a result of increasing interest rates, reserves held by banks and other financial institutions in bonds and other debt securities could face a significant decline in value relative to deposits and liabilities, which coupled with general economic headwinds resulting from a changing interest rate environment, creates liquidity pressures at such institutions, as evidenced by the bank run on the Silicon Valley Bank Financial Group (“SVB”) causing it to be placed into receivership. As a result, certain sectors of the credit markets could experience significant declines in liquidity, and it is possible that the Fund (or an Underlying Fund) will not be able to manage this risk effectively. It is yet to be determined how the bank run on SVB will fully impact the overall performance of the Fund or an Underlying Fund and how similar events may affect the ability of the Fund or an Underlying Fund to execute its investment strategy.
Sovereign Obligation Risk [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Sovereign Obligation Risk. The Underlying Funds may invest in sovereign (i.e., foreign government) debt obligations. Investment in sovereign debt obligations involves special risks not present in corporate debt obligations. The issuer of the sovereign debt or the governmental authorities that control the repayment of the debt may be unable or unwilling to repay principal or interest when due, and the Underlying Funds may have limited recourse in the event of a default. During periods of economic uncertainty, the market prices of sovereign debt may be more volatile than prices of U.S. debt obligations. In the past, certain emerging markets have encountered difficulties in servicing their debt obligations, withheld payments of principal and interest, and declared moratoria on the payment of principal and interest on their sovereign debts. See also “Foreign Investing Risks” below.
Foreign Investing Risks [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Foreign Investing Risks   The Fund and the Underlying Funds may invest in foreign securities. Investments in foreign securities may be affected by currency controls and exchange rates; different accounting, auditing, financial reporting, and legal standards and practices; expropriation; changes in tax policy; social, political and economic instability; greater market volatility; differing securities market structures; higher transaction costs; and various administrative difficulties, such as delays in clearing and settling portfolio transactions or in receiving payment of dividends. In addition, changes in government administrations or economic or monetary policies in the United States or abroad could result in appreciation or depreciation of the Fund’s or Underlying Fund’s securities. These risks may be heightened in connection with investments in emerging or developing countries. To the extent that a Fund or Underlying Fund invests in depositary receipts, the Fund or Underlying Fund will be subject to many of the same risks as when investing directly in foreign securities. The effect of recent, worldwide economic instability on specific foreign markets or issuers may be difficult to predict or evaluate, and some national economies continue to show profound instability, which may in turn affect their international trading partners.
Illiquid Securities Risks [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Illiquid Securities Risks   The Underlying Funds may invest in illiquid securities. It may not be possible to sell or otherwise dispose of illiquid securities both at the price and within the time period deemed desirable by a fund. Illiquid securities also may be difficult to value.
Initial Public Offerings Risks [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Initial Public Offerings Risks   The Fund and the Underlying Funds may purchase securities in initial public offerings (“IPOs”). Because securities sold in an IPO frequently are volatile in price, the Fund or an Underlying Fund may hold IPO shares for a very short period of time. This may increase the turnover of a fund’s portfolio and may lead to increased expenses to the fund, such as commissions and transaction costs. By selling shares, a fund may realize taxable capital gains that it will subsequently distribute to shareholders. Investing in IPOs has added risks because the shares are frequently volatile in price. As a result, their performance can be more volatile and they face greater risk of business failure, which could increase the volatility of a fund’s portfolio.   The Fund’s IPO investments may be in IPOs of Underlying Funds. There is a significant risk that the shares of closed-end funds purchased in an IPO will trade at a price below their IPO price.
Investment And Market Risks [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Investment and Market Risks   An investment in Common Shares is subject to investment risk, including the possible loss of the entire principal amount invested. An investment in Common Shares represents an indirect investment in the Underlying Funds owned by the Fund. The value of the Underlying Funds, like other market investments, may move up or down, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably. Overall stock market risks may also affect the NAV of the Fund or the Underlying Funds. Factors such as domestic and foreign economic growth and market conditions, interest rate levels and political events affect the securities markets. The Common Shares at any point in time may be worth less than the original investment, even after taking into account any reinvestment of dividends and distributions.
Legislation Policy And Regulatory Risks [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Legislation, Policy and Regulatory Risks   At any time after the date of this annual report, legislation or additional regulations may be enacted that could negatively affect the assets of the Fund or the issuers of such assets. Recent changes in the U.S. political landscape and changing approaches to regulation may have a negative impact on the entities and/or securities in which the Fund or an Underlying Fund invests. Legislation or regulation may also change the way in which the Fund or an Underlying Fund is regulated. New or amended regulations may be imposed by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”), the SEC, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System or other financial regulators, other governmental regulatory authorities or self-regulatory organizations that supervise the financial markets that could adversely affect the Fund or the Underlying Funds. In particular, these agencies are empowered to promulgate a variety of new rules pursuant to financial reform legislation in the United States. There can be no assurance that future legislation, regulation or deregulation will not have a material adverse effect on the Fund or will not impair the ability of the Fund to achieve its investment objective. The Fund and the Underlying Funds also may be adversely affected by changes in the enforcement or interpretation of existing statutes and rules by these governmental regulatory authorities or self regulatory organizations.
L I B O R Risk [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													LIBOR Risk   Certain of the Fund's or Underlying Funds’ investments, payment obligations and financing terms may be based on floating rates, such as LIBOR, Euro Interbank Offered Rate and other similar types of reference rates. In July of 2017, the head of the United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”) announced a desire to phase out the use of LIBOR at the end of 2021. Most LIBOR settings are no longer published as of December 31, 2021. Overnight and 12-month U.S. dollar LIBOR settings permanently ceased after publication on June 30, 2021. 1-, 3-and 6-month U.S. dollar LIBOR settings will continue to be published using a synthetic methodology until September 2024. Neither the effect of the LIBOR transition process nor its ultimate success can yet be known. Although the transition away from LIBOR has become increasingly well-defined, any potential effects of the transition away from LIBOR and other benchmark rates on financial markets, a fund or the financial instruments in which a fund invests can be difficult to ascertain. Not all existing LIBOR-based instruments may have alternative rate-setting provisions and there remains uncertainty regarding the willingness and ability of issuers to add alternative rate-setting provisions in certain existing instruments. Global regulators have advised market participants to cease entering into new contracts using LIBOR as a reference rate, and it is possible that investments in LIBOR-based instruments could invite regulatory scrutiny. In addition, a liquid market for newly-issued instruments that use a reference rate other than LIBOR still may be developing. All of the aforementioned may adversely affect the Fund’s or an Underlying Fund’s performance or NAV.
Management Risk [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Management Risks   The Adviser’s judgments about the attractiveness, value and potential appreciation of a particular asset class or individual security in which the Fund invests may prove to be incorrect and there is no guarantee that the Adviser’s judgment will produce the desired results. Similarly, the Fund’s investments in Underlying Funds are subject to the judgment of the Underlying Funds’ managers which may prove to be incorrect. In addition, the Adviser will have limited information as to the portfolio holdings of the Underlying Funds at any given time. This may result in the Adviser having less ability to respond to changing market conditions. The Fund may allocate its assets so as to under-emphasize or over-emphasize ETFs or other investments under the wrong market conditions, in which case the Fund’s NAV may be adversely affected.
Market Disruption And Geopolitical Risks [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Market Disruption and Geopolitical Risks   The value of your investment in the Fund is based on the values of the Fund’s investments, which may change due to economic and other events that affect markets generally, as well as those that affect particular regions, countries, industries, companies or governments. These movements, sometimes called volatility, may be greater or less depending on the types of securities the Fund owns and the markets in which the securities trade. The increasing interconnectivity between global economies and financial markets increases the likelihood that events or conditions in one region or financial market may adversely impact issuers in a different country, region or financial market. Securities in the Fund’s portfolio may underperform due to inflation (or expectations for inflation), interest rates, global demand for particular products or resources, natural disasters, pandemics, epidemics, terrorism, regulatory events and governmental or quasi-governmental actions. The occurrence of global events similar to those in recent years, such as terrorist attacks around the world, natural disasters, social and political discord or debt crises and downgrades, among others, may result in market volatility and may have long term effects on both the U.S. and global financial markets. The occurrence of such events may be sudden and unexpected, and it is difficult to predict when similar events affecting the U.S. or global financial markets may occur, the effects that such events may have and the duration of those effects. Any such event(s) could have a significant adverse impact on the value, liquidity and risk profile of the Fund’s portfolio, as well as its ability to sell securities to meet redemptions. There is a risk that you may lose money by investing in the Fund.   Social, political, economic and other conditions and events, such as natural disasters, health emergencies (e.g., epidemics and pandemics), terrorism, conflicts and social unrest, may occur and could significantly impact issuers, industries, governments and other systems, including the financial markets. As global systems, economies and financial markets are increasingly interconnected, events that once had only local impact are now more likely to have regional or even global effects. Events that occur in one country, region or financial market will, more frequently, adversely impact issuers in other countries, regions or markets. These impacts can be exacerbated by failures of governments and societies to adequately respond to an emerging event or threat. These types of events quickly and significantly impact markets in the U.S. and across the globe leading to extreme market volatility and disruption. The extent and nature of the impact on supply chains or economies and markets from these events is unknown, particularly if a health emergency or other similar event persists for an extended period of time. Social, political, economic and other conditions and events, such as natural disasters, health emergencies (e.g., epidemics and pandemics), terrorism, conflicts and social unrest, could reduce consumer demand or economic output, result in market closures, travel restrictions or quarantines, and generally have a significant impact on the economies and financial markets and the Adviser’s investment advisory activities and services of other service providers, which in turn could adversely affect the Fund’s investments and other operations. The value of the Fund’s investment may decrease as a result of such events, particularly if these events adversely impact the operations and effectiveness of the Adviser or key service providers or if these events disrupt systems and processes necessary or beneficial to the investment advisory or other activities on behalf the Fund.   In early 2020, an outbreak of a novel strain of coronavirus (COVID-19) emerged globally. The outbreak of COVID-19 and its variants resulted in closing international borders, enhanced health screenings, healthcare service preparation and delivery, quarantines, cancellations, disruptions to supply chains and customer activity, as well as general public concern and uncertainty. This outbreak negatively affected the worldwide economy, as well as the economies of individual countries, the financial health of individual companies and the market in general in significant and unforeseen ways. On May 5, 2023, the World Health Organization declared the end of the global emergency status for COVID-19. The United States subsequently ended the federal COVID-19 public health emergency declaration effective May 11, 2023. Although vaccines for COVID-19 are widely available, it is unknown how long certain circumstances related to the pandemic will persist, whether they will reoccur in the future and what additional implications may follow from the pandemic. The impact of these events and other epidemics or pandemics in the future could adversely affect Fund performance.   In February 2022, Russia commenced a military attack on Ukraine. The outbreak of hostilities between the two countries and the threat of wider-spread hostilities could have a severe adverse effect on the region and global economies, including significant negative impacts on the markets for certain securities and commodities, such as oil and natural gas. In addition, sanctions imposed on Russia by the United States and other countries, and any sanctions imposed in the future, could have a significant adverse impact on the Russian economy and related markets. The price and liquidity of investments may fluctuate widely as a result of the conflict and related events. How long the armed conflict and related events will last cannot be predicted. These tensions and any related events could have a significant impact on Fund performance and the value of Fund investments.   Disclosures related to the COVID-19 pandemic and Russian military attack on Ukraine have been updated since the prior disclosure date.
Master Limited Partnerships Risks [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Master Limited Partnerships Risks   The Underlying Funds may invest in MLPs. Investments in publicly traded MLPs, which are limited partnerships or limited liability companies taxable as partnerships, involve some risks that differ from an investment in the common stock of a corporation, including risks related to limited control and limited rights to vote on matters affecting MLPs, risks related to potential conflicts of interest between an MLP and the MLP’s general partner, cash flow risks, dilution risks and risks related to the general partner’s right to require unit-holders to sell their common units at an undesirable time or price. MLPs may derive income and gains from the exploration, development, mining or production, processing, refining, transportation (including pipelines transporting gas, oil, or products thereof), or the marketing of any mineral or natural resources. MLPs generally have two classes of owners, the general partner and limited partners. When investing in an MLP, an Underlying Fund generally purchases publicly traded common units issued to limited partners of the MLP. The general partner is typically owned by a major energy company, an investment fund, the direct management of the MLP or is an entity owned by one or more of such parties. The general partner may be structured as a private or publicly traded corporation or other entity. The general partner typically controls the operations and management of the MLP through an up to 2% equity interest in the MLP plus, in many cases, ownership of common units and subordinated units. Limited partners own the remainder of the partnership, through ownership of common units, and have a limited role in the partnership’s operations and management. As compared to common stockholders of a corporation, holders of MLP common units have more limited control and limited rights to vote on matters affecting the partnership.   MLPs are typically structured such that common units and general partner interests have first priority to receive quarterly cash distributions up to an established minimum amount (“minimum quarterly distributions” or “MQD”). Common and general partner interests also accrue arrearages in distributions to the extent the MQD is not paid. Once common and general partner interests have been paid, subordinated units receive distributions of up to the MQD; however, subordinated units do not accrue arrearages. Distributable cash in excess of the MQD paid to both common and subordinated units is distributed to both common and subordinated units generally on a pro rata basis. The general partner is also eligible to receive incentive distributions if the general partner operates the business in a manner which results in distributions paid per common unit surpassing specified target levels. As the general partner increases cash distributions to the limited partners, the general partner receives an increasingly higher percentage of the incremental cash distributions. A common arrangement provides that the general partner can reach a tier where it receives 50% of every incremental dollar paid to common and subordinated unit holders. These incentive distributions encourage the general partner to streamline costs, increase capital expenditures and acquire assets in order to increase the partnership’s cash flow and raise the quarterly cash distribution in order to reach higher tiers. Such results benefit all security holders of the MLP.   MLP common units represent a limited partnership interest in the MLP. MLP common units are listed and traded on U.S. securities exchanges, with their value fluctuating predominantly based on prevailing market conditions and the success of the MLP. An Underlying Fund may purchase MLP common units in market transactions. Unlike owners of common stock of a corporation, owners of MLP common units have limited voting rights and have no ability to elect directors. In the event of liquidation, MLP common units have preference over subordinated units, but not over debt or preferred units, to the remaining assets of the MLP.   MLPs may be subject to legal and other restrictions on resale or will otherwise be less liquid than publicly traded securities. Certain MLP securities may trade in lower volumes due to their smaller capitalizations. Accordingly, those MLPs may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements and may lack sufficient market liquidity to enable an Underlying Fund to effect sales at an advantageous time or without a substantial drop in price. As a result, these investments may be difficult to dispose of at a fair price at the times when an Underlying Fund believes it is desirable to do so. MLPs are generally considered interest-rate sensitive investments. During periods of interest rate volatility, these investments may not provide attractive returns, which may adversely impact the overall performance of the Fund or an Underlying Fund.   MLPs are subject to various risks related to the underlying operating companies they control, including dependence upon specialized management skills and the risk that those operating companies may lack or have limited operating histories. The success an Underlying Fund’s investments in an MLP will vary depending on the underlying industry represented by the MLP’s portfolio. Certain MLPs in which an Underlying Fund may invest depend upon their parent or sponsor entities for the majority of their revenues.   Certain MLPs in which an Underlying Fund may invest depend upon a limited number of customers for substantially all of their revenue. Similarly, certain MLPs in which an Underlying Fund may invest depend upon a limited number of suppliers of goods or services to continue their operations. The loss of those customers or suppliers could have a material adverse effect on an MLP’s results of operations and cash flow, and on its ability to make distributions to unit holders such as an Underlying Fund.   The benefit an Underlying Fund will derive from its investment in MLPs will be largely dependent on the MLPs being treated as partnerships and not as corporations for federal income tax purposes. As a partnership, an MLP generally has no tax liability at the entity level. If, as a result of a change in current law or a change in an MLP’s business, an MLP were treated as a corporation for federal income tax purposes, such MLP would be obligated to pay federal income tax on its income at the corporate tax rate. If an MLP were classified as a corporation for federal income tax purposes, the amount of cash available for distribution by the MLP would be reduced and distributions received by an Underlying Fund would be taxed under federal income tax laws applicable to corporate dividends (as dividend income, return of capital, or capital gain). Therefore, treatment of an MLP as a corporation for federal income tax purposes would result in a reduction in the after-tax return to an Underlying Fund, likely causing a reduction in the value of the Common Shares.
Micro Small And Medium Sized Company Risks [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Micro-, Small- and Medium-Sized Company Risks   The Underlying Funds may invest in securities without regard to market capitalization. Investments in securities of micro-, small-and medium-sized companies may be subject to more abrupt or erratic market movements than larger, more established companies, because these securities typically are traded in lower volume and issuers are typically more subject to changes in earnings and future earnings prospects. Small- and medium-sized companies often have narrower markets for their goods and/or services and more limited managerial and financial resources than larger, more established companies. Furthermore, these companies often have limited product lines, services, markets or financial resources, or are dependent on a small management group. Since these stocks are not well-known to the investing public, do not have significant institutional ownership and are followed by relatively few security analysts, there will normally be less publicly available information concerning these securities compared to what is available for the securities of larger companies. Adverse publicity and investor perceptions, whether or not based on fundamental analysis, can decrease the value and liquidity of securities held by the Fund. As a result, small- and medium-sized companies’ performance can be more volatile and the companies face greater risk of business failure, which could increase the volatility of the Fund’s portfolio. The risks are intensified for investments in micro-cap companies.
Options And Futures Risks [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Options and Futures Risks   The Fund and the Underlying Funds may invest in options and futures contracts. The use of futures and options transactions entails certain special risks. In particular, the variable degree of correlation between price movements of futures contracts and price movements in the related securities position of the Fund or an Underlying Fund could create the possibility that losses on the hedging instrument are greater than gains in the value of the Fund’s or Underlying Fund’s position. In addition, futures and options markets could be illiquid in some circumstances and certain over-the-counter options could have no markets. As a result, in certain markets, the Fund or an Underlying Fund might not be able to close out a transaction without incurring substantial losses. Although the Fund’s or an Underlying Fund’s use of futures and options transactions for hedging should tend to minimize the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged position, at the same time it will tend to limit any potential gain to the Fund or an Underlying Fund that might result from an increase in value of the position. There is also the risk of loss by the Fund or an Underlying Fund of margin deposits in the event of bankruptcy of a broker with whom the Fund or Underlying Fund has an open position in a futures contract or option thereon. Finally, the daily variation margin requirements for futures contracts create a greater ongoing potential financial risk than would purchases of options, in which case the exposure is limited to the cost of the initial premium. However, because option premiums paid by the Fund or an Underlying Fund are small in relation to the market value of the investments underlying the options, buying options can result in large amounts of leverage. This leverage offered by trading in options could cause the Fund’s or an Underlying Fund’s NAV to be subject to more frequent and wider fluctuation than would be the case if the Fund or Underlying Fund did not invest in options.   Options transactions may be effected on securities exchanges or in the over-the-counter market. When options are purchased over-the-counter, the Fund or an Underlying Fund bears the risk that the counterparty that wrote the option will be unable or unwilling to perform its obligations under the option contract. The counterparties to these transactions typically will be major international banks, broker-dealers and financial institutions. Such options may also be illiquid, and in such cases, the Fund or an Underlying Fund may have difficulty closing out its position. Banks, broker- dealers or other financial institutions participating in such transactions may fail to settle a transaction in accordance with the terms of the option as written. In the event of default or insolvency of the counterparty, the Fund or an Underlying Fund may be unable to liquidate an over-the-counter option position.   The Fund may purchase put options. An Underlying Fund may purchase and sell call and put options with respect to specific securities, and may write and sell covered or uncovered call and put options. A call option gives the purchaser of the call option, in return for a premium paid, the right to buy the security underlying the option from the writer of the call option at a specified exercise price within a specified time frame. A put option gives the purchaser of the put option, in return for a premium paid, the right to sell the underlying security to the writer of the put option at a specified price within a specified time frame. A covered call option is a call option with respect to an underlying security that a fund owns. A covered put option is a put option with respect to which a fund has segregated cash or liquid securities to fulfill the obligation of the option. The purchaser of a put or call option runs the risk of losing the purchaser’s entire investment, paid as the premium, in a relatively short period of time if the option is not sold at a gain or cannot be exercised at a gain prior to expiration. In selling put options, there is a risk that the Underlying Fund may be required to buy the underlying security at a disadvantageous price above the market price. The un-covered writer of a call option is subject to a risk of loss if the price of the underlying security should increase, and the un-covered writer of a put option is subject to a risk of loss if the price of the underlying security should decrease.   The Fund may invest a significant portion of its total assets in Underlying Funds that write covered call options. To the extent that an Underlying Fund writes a covered call option, it forgoes, during the option’s life, the opportunity to profit from increases in the market value of the security covering the call option above the sum of the premium and the strike price of the call, but has retained the risk of loss should the price of the underlying security decline. As the writer of the option, the Underlying Fund bears the market risk of an unfavorable change in the price of the security underlying a written option. As an Underlying Fund writes covered calls over more of its portfolio, its ability to benefit from capital appreciation becomes more limited and the risk of NAV erosion increases. To the extent an Underlying Fund experiences NAV erosion (which itself may have an indirect negative effect on the market price of interests in the Underlying Fund), the Underlying Fund will have a reduced asset base over which to write covered calls, which may eventually lead to reduced distributions to shareholders such as the Fund. The writer of an option has no control over the time when it may be required to fulfill its obligation as a writer of the option. Once an option writer has received an exercise notice, it cannot effect a closing purchase transaction in order to terminate its obligation under the option and must deliver the underlying security at the exercise price.   To the extent that an Underlying Fund engages in selling options that trade in over-the-counter markets, the Underlying Fund may be subject to additional risks. Participants in these markets are typically not subject to the same credit evaluation and regulatory oversight as members of “exchange based” markets. By engaging in option transactions in these markets, an Underlying Fund may take credit risk with regard to parties with which it trades and also may bear the risk of settlement default. These risks may differ materially from those involved in exchange-traded transactions, which generally are characterized by clearing organization guarantees, daily marking-to-market and settlement, and segregation and minimum capital requirements applicable to intermediaries. Transactions entered into directly between two counterparties generally do not benefit from these protections, which may subject an Underlying Fund to the risk that a counterparty will not settle a transaction in accordance with agreed terms and conditions because of a dispute over the terms of the contract or because of a credit or liquidity problem. Such “counterparty risk” is increased for contracts with longer maturities when events may intervene to prevent settlement.   The Fund or an Underlying Fund may enter into futures contracts in U.S. domestic markets or on exchanges located outside of the United States. Foreign markets may offer advantages, including trading opportunities or arbitrage possibilities, not available in the United States. Foreign markets, however, may have greater risk potential than domestic markets. For example, some foreign exchanges are principal markets, so that no common clearing facility exists and an investor may look only to the broker or counterparty for the performance of the contract. Unlike trading on domestic commodity exchanges, trading on foreign commodity exchanges is not regulated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission.   There can be no assurance that a liquid market will exist for any particular futures contract at any particular time. Many futures exchanges and boards of trade limit the amount of fluctuation permitted in futures contract prices during a single trading day. Once the daily limit has been reached in a particular contract, no trades may be made that day of a price beyond that limit or trading may be suspended for specified periods during the trading day.   The Fund or an Underlying Fund may purchase and sell single stock futures, stock index futures contracts, interest rate futures contracts, currency futures and other commodity futures. A stock index future obligates a fund to pay or receive an amount of cash based upon the value of a stock index at a specified date in the future. An interest rate futures contract obligates a fund to purchase or sell an amount of a specific debt security at a future date at a specified price. A currency futures contract obligates a fund to purchase or sell an amount of a specific currency at a future date at a future price.   If the Fund or an Underlying Fund purchases an option and the price of the underlying stock fails to move in the expected direction, the Fund or Underlying Fund will lose most or all of the amount the fund paid for the option, plus commission costs. If an Underlying Fund writes (“sells”) an option and the price of the underlying stock fails to move in the expected direction, the Underlying Fund’s losses could easily exceed the proceeds it received when it wrote the options.
Private Debt Risk [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Private Debt Risk   The Fund may invest in debt issued by non-listed funds and BDCs (“Private Debt”). Private Debt often may be illiquid and is typically not listed on an exchange and traded less actively than similar securities issued by publicly traded-vehicles. For certain Private Debt investments, trading may only be possible through the assistance of the broker who originally brought the security to the market and has a relationship with the issuer. Due to the limited trading market, independent pricing services may be unable to provide a price for Private Debt, and as such the fair value of the securities may be determined in good faith under procedures approved by the Board, which typically will include the use of one or more independent broker quotes.
Real Estate Investment Trust Risks [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Real Estate Investment Trust (“REIT”) Risks   The Underlying Funds may invest in equity and mortgage REITs. Equity REITs invest in real estate, and mortgage REITs invest in loans secured by real estate. Investing in REITs involves certain unique risks in addition to those risks associated with investing in the real estate industry in general. Equity REITs may be affected by changes in the value of the underlying property owned by the REITs, while mortgage REITs may be affected by the quality of any credit extended. REITs are dependent upon management skills, are not diversified, and are subject to heavy cash flow dependency, default by borrowers and self-liquidation. REITs also are subject to the possibilities of failing to qualify for tax free pass-through of income under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and failing to maintain their exemption from registration under the 1940 Act. Investment in REITs involves risks similar to those associated with investing in small capitalization companies, and REITs (especially mortgage REITs) are subject to interest rate risks. When interest rates decline, the value of a REIT’s investment in fixed rate obligations can be expected to rise. Conversely, when interest rates rise, the value of a REIT’s investment in fixed rate obligations can be expected to decline. By investing in REITs directly or indirectly through the Underlying Funds, the Fund will indirectly bear its proportionate share of the expenses of the REITs. The expenses at the REIT level are not included in the Fund’s expense table as acquired fund fees and expenses.
Securities Lending Risks [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Securities Lending Risks   The Underlying Funds may engage in securities lending. Securities lending involves counterparty risk, including the risk that the loaned securities may not be returned in a timely manner and/or a loss of rights in the collateral if the borrower or the lending agent defaults. This risk is increased when an Underlying Fund’s loans are concentrated with a single or limited number of borrowers. In addition, an Underlying Fund bears the risk of loss in connection with the investments of the cash collateral it receives from the borrower. To the extent that the value or return of an Underlying Fund’s investments of the cash collateral declines below the amount owed to a borrower, the Underlying Fund may incur losses that exceed the amount it earned in lending the security.
Securities Risks [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Securities Risks   The value of the Fund or an Underlying Fund may decrease in response to the activities and financial prospects of individual securities in the Fund’s portfolio.
Senior Loan Risks [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Senior Loan Risks   The Underlying Funds may invest in senior secured floating rate and fixed-rate loans (“Senior Loans”). There is less readily available and reliable information about most Senior Loans than is the case for many other types of instruments, including listed securities. Senior Loans are not listed on any national securities exchange or automated quotation system and as such, many Senior Loans are illiquid, meaning that an Underlying Fund may not be able to sell them quickly at a fair price. To the extent that a secondary market does exist for certain Senior Loans, the market is more volatile than for liquid, listed securities and may be subject to irregular trading activity, wide bid/ask spreads and extended trade settlement periods. The market for Senior Loans could be disrupted in the event of an economic downturn or a substantial increase or decrease in interest rates. Senior Loans, like most other debt obligations, are subject to the risk of default. Default in the payment of interest or principal on a Senior Loan will result in a reduction of income to the Fund, a reduction in the value of the Senior Loan and a potential decrease in the Fund’s NAV of the Common Shares.   The Underlying Funds may acquire or hold Senior Loans of borrowers that are experiencing, or are more likely to experience, financial difficulty, including Senior Loans issued to highly leveraged borrowers or borrowers that have filed for bankruptcy protection. Borrowers may have outstanding debt obligations, including Senior Loans, that are rated below investment grade. An Underlying Fund may invest a substantial portion of its assets in Senior Loans that are rated below investment grade or that are unrated at the time of purchase but are deemed by the Underlying Fund’s adviser’s to be of comparable quality. The values of Senior Loans of borrowers that have filed for bankruptcy protection or that are experiencing payment difficulty could be affected by, among other things, the assessment of the likelihood that the lenders ultimately will receive repayment of the principal amount of such Senior Loans, the likely duration, if any, of a lapse in the scheduled payment of interest and repayment of principal and prevailing interest rates. There is no assurance that an Underlying Fund will be able to recover any amount on Senior Loans of such borrowers or that sale of the collateral granted in connection with Senior Loans would raise enough cash to satisfy the borrower’s payment obligation or that the collateral can or will be liquidated. In the event of bankruptcy, liquidation may not occur and the bankruptcy court may not give lenders the full benefit of their senior position in the capital structure of the borrower.
Short Sale Risks [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Short Sale Risks   The Fund and Underlying Funds may sell securities short. Positions in shorted securities are speculative and more risky than long positions (purchases) in securities because the maximum sustainable loss on a security purchased is limited to the amount paid for the security plus the transaction costs, whereas there is no maximum attainable price of the shorted security. Therefore, in theory, securities sold short have unlimited risk. Short selling will also result in higher transaction costs (such as interest and dividends), directly or indirectly through the investments in Underlying Funds, and may result in higher taxes, which reduce the Fund’s return.   If a security sold short increases in price, a fund may have to cover its short position at a higher price than the short sale price, resulting in a loss. With respect to a fund’s short positions, the Fund must borrow those securities to make delivery to the buyer. A fund may not be able to borrow a security that it needs to deliver or it may not be able to close out a short position at an acceptable price and may have to sell related long positions before it had intended to do so. As a result, a fund may not be able to successfully implement its short sale strategy due to the limited availability of desired securities or for other reasons.   When borrowing a security for delivery to a buyer, a fund also may be required to pay a premium and other transaction costs, which would increase the cost of the security sold short. A fund must normally repay to the lender an amount equal to any dividends or interest earned while the loan is outstanding. The amount of any gain will be decreased, and the amount of any loss increased, by the amount of the premium, dividends, interest or expenses a fund may be required to pay in connection with the short sale. Also, the lender of a security may terminate the loan at a time when a fund is unable to borrow the same security for delivery. In that case, a fund would need to purchase a replacement security at the then current market price or “buy in” by paying the lender an amount equal to the costs of purchasing the security.   Until a fund replaces a borrowed security, it is required to maintain a segregated account of cash or liquid assets to cover the fund’s short position. Securities held in a segregated account cannot be sold while the position they are covering is outstanding, unless they are replaced with similar securities. Additionally, a fund must maintain sufficient liquid assets (less any additional collateral held by the broker), marked-to-market daily, to cover its short sale obligations. This may limit a fund’s investment flexibility, as well as its ability to meet redemption requests or other current obligations.   In addition, until a fund replaces a borrowed instrument, a fund may also be required to maintain short sale proceeds with the lending broker as collateral. Moreover, a fund will be required to make margin payments to the lender during the term of the borrowing if the value of the security it borrowed (and sold short) increases. Thus, short sales involve credit exposure to the broker that executes the short sales. In the event of the bankruptcy or other similar insolvency with respect to a broker with whom a fund has an open short position, a fund may be unable to recover, or be delayed in recovering, any margin or other collateral held with or for the lending broker.   Because a fund’s loss on a short sale arises from increases in the value of the security sold short, the loss is theoretically unlimited. In certain cases, purchasing a security to cover a short position can itself cause the price of the security to rise further, which would exacerbate the loss. Conversely, gains on short sales, after transaction and related costs, are generally the difference between the price at which a fund sold the borrowed security and the price it paid to purchase the security for delivery to the buyer. By contrast, a fund’s loss on a long position arises from decreases in the value of the security and is limited by the fact that a security’s value cannot drop below zero.   By investing the proceeds received from selling securities short, the Fund is using a form of leverage, which creates special risks. The use of leverage may increase the Fund’s exposure to long equity positions and make any change in the Fund’s NAV greater than it would be without the use of leverage. This could result in increased volatility of returns. There is no guarantee that the Fund will leverage its portfolio, or if it does, that the Fund’s leveraging strategy will be successful. The Fund also cannot guarantee that the use of leverage will produce a higher return on an investment.
S O F R Risks [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													SOFR Risk   SOFR is intended to be a broad measure of the cost of borrowing funds overnight in transactions that are collateralized by U.S. Treasury securities. SOFR is calculated based on transaction-level repodata collected from various sources. For each trading day, SOFR is calculated as a volume-weighted median rate derived from such data. SOFR is calculated and published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (“FRBNY”). If data from a given source required by the FRBNY to calculate SOFR is unavailable for any day, then the most recently available data for that segment will be used, with certain adjustments. If errors are discovered in the transaction data or the calculations underlying SOFR after its initial publication on a given day, SOFR may be republished at a later time that day. Rate revisions will be effected only on the day of initial publication and will be republished only if the change in the rate exceeds one basis point.   Because SOFR is a financing rate based on overnight secured funding transactions, it differs fundamentally from LIBOR. LIBOR was intended to be an unsecured rate that represents interbank funding costs for different short-term maturities or tenors. It was a forward-looking rate reflecting expectations regarding interest rates for the applicable tenor. Thus, LIBOR was intended to be sensitive, in certain respects, to bank credit risk and to term interest rate risk. In contrast, SOFR is a secured overnight rate reflecting the credit of U.S. Treasury securities as collateral. Thus, it is largely insensitive to credit-risk considerations and to short-term interest rate risks. SOFR is a transaction-based rate, and it has been more volatile than other benchmark or market rates, such as three-month LIBOR, during certain periods. For these reasons, among others, there is no assurance that SOFR, or rates derived from SOFR, will perform in the same or similar way as LIBOR would have performed at any time, and there is no assurance that SOFR-based rates will be a suitable substitute for LIBOR. SOFR has a limited history, having been first published in April 2018. The future performance of SOFR, and SOFR-based reference rates, cannot be predicted based on SOFR’s history or otherwise. Levels of SOFR in the future, including following the discontinuation of LIBOR, may bear little or no relation to historical levels of SOFR, LIBOR or other rates. The inclusion of SOFR Risk is a change since the prior disclosure date.
Special Purpose Acquisition Companies Risks [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Special Purpose Acquisition Companies Risks   The Fund may invest in SPACs. SPACs are collective investment structures that pool funds in order to seek potential acquisition opportunities. Unless and until an acquisition is completed, a SPAC generally invests its assets (less an amount to cover expenses) in U.S. government securities, money market fund securities and cash. SPACs and similar entities may be blank check companies with no operating history or ongoing business other than to seek a potential acquisition. Accordingly, the value of their securities is particularly dependent on the ability of the entity’s management to identify and complete a profitable acquisition. Certain SPACs may seek acquisitions only in limited industries or regions, which may increase the volatility of their prices. If an acquisition that meets the requirements for the SPAC is not completed within a predetermined period of time, the invested funds are returned to the entity’s shareholders. Investments in SPACs may be illiquid and/or be subject to restrictions on resale. To the extent the SPAC is invested in cash or similar securities, this may impact the Fund’s ability to meet its investment objective.   The officers and directors of a SPAC may operate multiple SPACs and could have conflicts of interest in determining to which SPAC a particular business opportunity should be presented. In such circumstances, there can be no assurance that a given business opportunity would be presented to the SPAC in which the Fund holds an investment.
Structured Notes Risks [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Structured Notes Risks   The Underlying Funds may invest in structured notes. Structured notes are subject to a number of fixed income risks including general market risk, interest rate risk, and the risk that the issuer on the note may fail to make interest and/or principal payments when due, or may default on its obligations entirely. In addition, because the performance of structured notes tracks the performance of the underlying debt obligation, structured notes generally are subject to more risk than investing in a simple note or bond issued by the same issuer. It is impossible to predict whether the referenced factor (such as an index or interest rate) or prices of the underlying securities will rise or fall. To the extent that an Underlying Fund invests in structured notes, the Underlying Fund may be more volatile than other funds that do not invest in structured notes. The actual trading prices of structured notes may be significantly different from the principal amount of the notes. If an Underlying Fund sells the structured notes prior to maturity, it may suffer a loss of principal. At final maturity, structured notes may be redeemed in cash or in kind, which is at the discretion of the issuer. If the notes are redeemed in kind, a fund would receive shares of stock at a depressed price. To the extent that a structured note is not principal-protected through an insurance feature, the note’s principal will not be protected. In the case of a decrease in the value of the underlying asset, an Underlying Fund would receive shares at a value less than the original amount invested; while an increase in the value of an underlying asset will not increase the return on the note.
Swap Risks [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Swap Risks   The Fund and the Underlying Funds may enter into interest rate, index, total return and currency swap agreements. Swap agreements are two-party contracts under which the fund and a counterparty, such as a broker or dealer, agree to exchange the returns (or differentials in rates of return) earned or realized on an agreed-upon underlying asset or investment over the term of the swap. The use of swap transactions is a highly specialized activity which involves strategies and risks different from those associated with ordinary portfolio security transactions. If the Adviser or an Underlying Fund’s investment adviser is incorrect in its forecasts of default risks, market spreads, liquidity or other applicable factors or events, the investment performance of the Fund or Underlying Fund would diminish compared with what it would have been if these techniques were not used. Swaps and swap options can be used for a variety of purposes, including: to manage fund exposure to changes in interest or foreign currency exchange rates and credit quality; as an efficient means of adjusting fund overall exposure to certain markets; in an effort to enhance income or total return or protect the value of portfolio securities; to serve as a cash management tool; and to adjust portfolio duration.   There are risks in the use of swaps. Swaps could result in losses if interest or foreign currency exchange rates or credit quality changes are not correctly anticipated. Total return swaps could result in losses if the reference index, security, or investments do not perform as anticipated. Total return swaps involve an enhanced risk that the issuer or counterparty will fail to perform its contractual obligations. Total return swaps may effectively add leverage to the Fund’s portfolio because the Fund would be subject to investment exposure on the full notional amount of the swap. To the extent the Fund or an Underlying Fund enters into a total return swap on equity securities, the Fund or the Underlying Fund will receive the positive performance of a notional amount of such securities underlying the total return swap. In exchange, the Fund or the Underlying Fund will be obligated to pay the negative performance of such notional amount of securities. Therefore, the Fund or the Underlying Fund assumes the risk of a substantial decrease in the market value of the equity securities. The use of swaps may not always be successful; using them could lower fund total return, their prices can be highly volatile, and the potential loss from the use of swaps can exceed the fund’s initial investment in such instruments. Also, the other party to a swap agreement could default on its obligations or refuse to cash out the fund’s investment at a reasonable price, which could turn an expected gain into a loss.   Currently, certain categories of interest rate swaps are subject to mandatory clearing, and more are expected to be cleared in the future. The counterparty risk for cleared derivatives is generally expected to be lower than for uncleared over-the-counter derivative transactions as each party to a transaction looks only to the central clearing house for performance of obligations under the transaction. However, there can be no assurance that a clearing house, or its members, will satisfy the clearing house’s obligations to the fund or that the fund’s use of swaps will be advantageous.
Underlying Fund Risks [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Underlying Fund Risks   The Fund will invest in Underlying Funds such as other closed-end funds and ETFs. The expenses of the Fund will generally be higher than the direct expenses of other fund shares. The Fund will indirectly bear fees and expenses charged by the Underlying Funds in which the Fund invests in addition to the Fund’s direct fees and expenses. The Fund may also incur brokerage costs when it purchases shares of Underlying Funds. Furthermore, investments in Underlying Funds could affect the timing, amount and character of distributions to Common Stockholders and therefore may increase the amount of taxes payable by investors in the Fund. The value of your investment in the Fund will go up and down with the prices of Underlying Fund shares (and other securities) in which the Fund invests. Similarly, the value of the Fund’s investments in Underlying Funds will go up and down with the prices of the securities in which the Underlying Funds invest.   There is also the risk that the Fund may suffer losses due to the investment practices or operations of the Underlying Funds. To the extent that the Fund invests in one or more Underlying Funds that concentrate in a particular industry, the Fund would be vulnerable to factors affecting that industry and the concentrating Underlying Funds’ performance, and that of the Fund, may be more volatile than Underlying Funds that do not concentrate.   As the Fund will invest at least 80% of its Managed Assets in Underlying Funds, the Fund’s performance will depend to a greater extent on the overall performance of closed-end funds, ETFs, BDCs and SPACs generally, in addition to the performance of the specific Underlying Funds (and other assets) in which the Fund invests. The use of leverage by Underlying Funds magnifies gains and losses on amounts invested and increases the risks associated with investing in Underlying Funds. Further, the Underlying Funds are not subject to the Fund’s investment policies and restrictions. The Fund generally receives information regarding the portfolio holdings of Underlying Funds only when that information is made available to the public. The Fund cannot dictate how the Underlying Funds invest their assets. The Underlying Funds may invest their assets in securities and other instruments, and may use investment techniques and strategies, that are not described in this disclosure. Common Stockholders will bear two layers of fees and expenses with respect to the Fund’s investments in Underlying Funds because each of the Fund and the Underlying Fund will charge fees and incur separate expenses. In addition, subject to applicable 1940 Act limitations, the Underlying Funds themselves may purchase securities issued by registered and unregistered funds (e.g., common stock, preferred stock, auction rate preferred stock), and those investments would be subject to the risks associated with Underlying Funds and unregistered funds (including a third layer of fees and expenses, i.e., the Underlying Fund will indirectly bear fees and expenses charged by the funds in which the Underlying Fund invests, in addition to the Underlying Fund’s own fees and expenses). An Underlying Fund with positive performance may indirectly receive a performance fee from the Fund, even when the Fund’s overall returns are negative. Additionally, the Fund’s investment in an Underlying Fund may result in the Fund’s receipt of cash in excess of the Underlying Fund’s earnings; if the Fund distributes these amounts, the distributions could constitute a return of capital to Fund shareholders for federal income tax purposes. As a result of these factors, the use of the fund of funds structure by the Fund could therefore affect the amount, timing and character of distributions to shareholders.   The Fund may invest in shares of closed-end funds that are trading at a discount to NAV or at a premium to NAV and closed-end funds may not be able to outperform their benchmarks. There can be no assurance that the market discount on shares of any closed-end fund purchased by the Fund will ever decrease. In fact, it is possible that this market discount may increase and the Fund may suffer realized or unrealized capital losses due to further decline in the market price of the securities of such closed-end funds, thereby adversely affecting the Fund’s NAV. The Fund’s investment in the Common Shares of closed-end funds that are financially leveraged may create an opportunity for greater total return on its investment, but at the same time may be expected to exhibit more volatility in market price and NAV than an investment in shares of investment companies without a leveraged capital structure.   The Fund may invest in BDCs. BDCs generally invest in less mature U.S. private companies or thinly traded U.S. public companies which involve greater risk than well-established publicly-traded companies. While BDCs are expected to generate income in the form of dividends, certain BDCs during certain periods of time may not generate such income. The Fund will indirectly bear its proportionate share of any management fees and other operating expenses incurred by the BDCs and of any performance-based or incentive fees payable by the BDCs in which it invests, in addition to the expenses paid by the Fund. A BDC’s incentive fee may be very high, vary from year to year and be payable even if the value of the BDC’s portfolio declines in a given time period. Incentive fees may create an incentive for a BDC’s manager to make investments that are risky or more speculative than would be the case in the absence of such compensation arrangements, and may also encourage the BDC’s manager to use leverage to increase the return on the BDC’s investments. The use of leverage by BDCs magnifies gains and losses on amounts invested and increases the risks associated with investing in BDCs. A BDC may make investments with a larger amount of risk of volatility and loss of principal than other investment options and may also be highly speculative and aggressive.   The 1940 Act imposes certain constraints upon the operations of a BDC. For example, BDCs are required to invest at least 70% of their total assets primarily in securities of U.S. private companies or thinly traded U.S. public companies, cash, cash equivalents, U.S. government securities and high quality debt investments that mature in one year or less. Generally, little public information exists for private and thinly traded companies in which a BDC may invest and there is a risk that investors may not be able to make a fully informed evaluation of a BDC and its portfolio of investments. With respect to investments in debt instruments, there is a risk that the issuers of such instruments may default on their payments or declare bankruptcy. Many debt investments in which a BDC may invest will not be rated by a credit rating agency and will be below investment grade quality. These investments are commonly referred to as “junk bonds” and have predominantly speculative characteristics with respect to an issuer’s capacity to make payments of interest and principal. Although lower grade securities are potentially higher yielding, they are also characterized by high risk. In addition, the secondary market for lower grade securities may be less liquid than that of higher rated securities. Certain BDCs may also be difficult to value since many of the assets of BDCs do not have readily ascertainable market values.   Additionally, a BDC may only incur indebtedness in amounts such that the BDC’s asset coverage ratio of total assets to total senior securities equals at least 200% after such incurrence. These limitations on asset mix and leverage may affect the way that the BDC raises capital. BDCs compete with other entities for the types of investments they make, and such entities are not necessarily subject to the same investment constraints as BDCs.   Index-based ETFs (and other index funds) in which the Fund may invest may not be able to replicate exactly the performance of the indices they track or benchmark because the total return generated by the securities will be reduced by transaction costs incurred in adjusting the actual balance of the securities. ETFs may trade at a price above (premium) or below (discount) their NAV, especially during periods of significant market volatility or stress, causing investors to pay significantly more or less than the value of the ETF’s underlying portfolio. Certain ETFs traded on exchanges may be thinly traded and experience large spreads between the “ask” price quoted by a seller and the “bid” price offered by a buyer. While the creation/redemption feature is designed to make it likely that ETF shares normally will trade close to their NAVs, market prices are not expected to correlate exactly to the shares’ NAVs due to timing reasons, supply and demand imbalances and other factors. In addition, disruptions to creations and redemptions, adverse developments impacting market makers, authorized participants or other market participants, high market volatility or lack of an active trading market for an ETF’s shares (including through a trading halt) may result in market prices that differ significantly from its NAV or to the intraday value of the ETF’s holdings. An active trading market for shares of an ETF may not develop or be maintained. When all or a portion of an ETF’s underlying securities trade in a foreign market that is closed during the time the domestic market in which the ETF’s shares are listed and traded is open, there may be changes between the last quote from the closed foreign market and the value of such underlying security during the ETF’s trading day.   In times of market stress, market makers or authorized participants may step away from their respective roles in making a market in shares of the ETF and in executing purchase or redemption orders. During such times, the ETF’s shares may trade at a wider than normal discount or premium and may possibly face trading halts. Additionally, the underlying securities of an ETF may be traded outside of a collateralized settlement system, such as the National Securities Clearing Corporation, a clearing agency that is registered with the SEC. There are a limited number of financial institutions that may act as authorized participants that pose collateral for certain trades on an agency basis. To the extent that these authorized participants exit the business or are unable to proceed with creation and/or redemption orders with the ETF, and no other authorized participant is able to step forward, ETF shares may trade at a discount to NAV and possibly face trading halts and/or delisting. Additionally, in stressed market conditions, the market for ETF shares may become less liquid in response to deteriorating liquidity in the markets for such ETF’s underlying portfolio holdings, and this may cause the shares of the ETF to trade at a wider than normal discount or premium. Furthermore, purchases and redemptions of creation units primarily in cash rather than in-kind may cause an ETF to incur certain costs, such as brokerage costs, taxable gains or other losses that it may not have incurred with an in-kind purchase or redemption. These costs may be borne by the ETF and decrease the ETF’s NAV to the extent they are not offset by a transaction fee payable by an authorized participant.   In addition, index-based ETFs (and other index funds) will incur expenses not incurred by their applicable indices. Certain securities comprising the indices tracked by these investments may, from time to time, temporarily be unavailable, which may further impede the ability of the index-based ETFs and other index funds to track their applicable indices. Underlying Funds may not be able to match or outperform their respective benchmarks. With sector ETFs, there is a risk that securities within the same group of industries will decline in price due to sector-specific market or economic developments. The Fund may also invest in actively managed ETFs that are subject to management risk as the ETF’s investment adviser will apply certain investment techniques and risk analyses in making investment decisions. There can be no guarantee that these will produce the desired results.   Certain of the Underlying Funds in which the Fund will invest may be taxed as regulated investment companies under Subchapter M of the Code. To qualify and remain eligible for the special tax treatment accorded to regulated investment companies and their shareholders, such Underlying Funds must meet certain source-of-income, asset diversification and annual distribution requirements. If an Underlying Fund in which the Fund invests fails to qualify as a regulated investment company, such Underlying Fund would be liable for federal, and possibly state, corporate taxes on its taxable income and gains. Such failure by an Underlying Fund could substantially reduce the Underlying Fund’s net assets and the amount of income available for distribution to the Fund, which would in turn decrease the total return of the Fund in respect of such investment.   The Fund’s investments in Underlying Funds may be restricted by certain provisions of the 1940 Act. Under Section 12(d)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act, the Fund may hold securities of an Underlying Fund in amounts which (i) do not exceed 3% of the total outstanding voting stock of the Underlying Fund, (ii) do not exceed 5% of the value of the Fund’s total assets and (iii) when added to all other Underlying Fund securities held by the Fund, do not exceed 10% of the value of the Fund’s total assets. Under Section 12(d)(1)(C) of the 1940 Act, the Fund, together with any other investment companies for which the Adviser acts as an investment adviser, may not, in the aggregate, own more than 10% of the total outstanding voting stock of a registered closed-end investment company. Section 12(d)(1)(F) of the 1940 Act provides that the limitations of Section 12(d)(1) described above shall not apply to securities purchased or otherwise acquired by the Fund if (i) immediately after such purchase or acquisition not more than 3% of the total outstanding stock of such Underlying Fund is owned by the Fund and all affiliated persons of the Fund, and (ii) certain requirements are met with respect to sales charges. In addition, Rule 12d1-4 under the 1940 Act (“Rule 12d1-4”), effective as of January 19, 2022, permits the Fund to invest in Underlying Funds beyond the limitations of Section 12(d)(1) described above, subject to various conditions, including that the Fund enter into an investment agreement with the Underlying Fund (which agreements may impose additional conditions on the Fund). In matters upon which the Fund is solicited to vote as a shareholder of an Underlying Fund, the Adviser may be required to vote Underlying Fund shares in the same proportion as shares held by other shareholders of the Underlying Fund.
Warrant Risks [Member]
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Risk [Text Block]													Warrant Risks   The Fund and the Underlying Funds may invest in warrants. Warrants are securities giving the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy the stock of an issuer at a given price (generally higher than the value of the stock at the time of issuance) during a specified period or perpetually. Warrants do not carry with them the right to dividends or voting rights with respect to the securities that they entitle their holder to purchase and they do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuer. The value of a warrant does not necessarily change with the value of the underlying securities and a warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date.
Common Shares [Member]
Fee Table [Abstract]
Sales Load [Percent]	[1]												0.00%
Dividend Reinvestment and Cash Purchase Fees	[2]												$ 0
Other Transaction Expenses [Abstract]
Other Transaction Expenses [Percent]	[1]												0.00%
Management Fees [Percent]	[1],[3],[4]												1.73%
Interest Expenses on Borrowings [Percent]	[1],[4],[5]												0.00%
Dividend and Interest Expenses on Short Sales [Percent]	[1],[4],[5]												0.18%
Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses [Percent]	[1],[4],[6]												1.25%
Other Annual Expenses [Abstract]
Other Annual Expenses [Percent]	[1],[4],[5]												0.18%
Total Annual Expenses [Percent]	[1],[4]												3.34%
Expense Example, Year 01	[4]												$ 34
Expense Example, Years 1 to 3	[4]												103
Expense Example, Years 1 to 5	[4]												174
Expense Example, Years 1 to 10	[4]												$ 363
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]
Return at Minus Ten [Percent]													(15.92%)
Return at Minus Five [Percent]													(9.07%)
Return at Zero [Percent]													(2.22%)
Return at Plus Five [Percent]													4.63%
Return at Plus Ten [Percent]													11.48%
Lowest Price or Bid		$ 10.96	$ 10.89	$ 11.74	$ 11.85	$ 12.56	$ 14.78	$ 14.86	$ 16.71	$ 16.75	$ 16.71	$ 13.81
Highest Price or Bid		11.51	12.50	13.29	15.20	15.10	16.68	17.69	18.75	18.75	17.88	17.07
Lowest Price or Bid, NAV		12.23	12.24	12.30	12.29	13.01	15.31	15.64	16.87	17.02	16.61	14.53
Highest Price or Bid, NAV		$ 12.32	$ 12.82	$ 12.73	$ 13.82	$ 14.06	$ 15.87	$ 17.09	$ 17.12	$ 17.24	$ 17.23	$ 16.48
Highest Price or Bid, Premium (Discount) to NAV [Percent]		(6.57%)	(2.50%)	4.40%	9.99%	7.40%	5.10%	3.51%	9.52%	8.76%	3.77%	3.58%
Lowest Price or Bid, Premium (Discount) to NAV [Percent]		(10.38%)	(11.03%)	(4.55%)	(3.58%)	(3.46%)	(3.46%)	(4.99%)	(0.95%)	(1.59%)	0.60%	(4.96%)
[1] If Common Shares are sold to or through underwriters, the Prospectus Supplement will set forth any applicable sales load and the estimated offering expenses borne by the Fund. [2] There will be no brokerage charges with respect to Common Shares issued directly by the Fund under the dividend reinvestment plan. You will pay brokerage charges in connection with open market purchases or if you direct the plan agent to sell your Common Shares held in a dividend reinvestment account. [3] The management fee paid by the Fund to the Adviser is essentially an all-in fee structure (the “unified management fee”), including the fee paid to the Adviser for advisory, supervisory, administrative, shareholder servicing and other services. However, the Fund (and not the Adviser) will be responsible for certain additional fees and expenses, which are reflected in the table above, that are not covered by the unified management fee. The unified management fee is charged as a percentage of the Fund’s average daily Managed Assets, as opposed to net assets. With leverage, Managed Assets are greater in amount than net assets, because Managed Assets include assets attributable to the Fund’s use of leverage created by its borrowings. In addition, the mark-to-market value of the Fund’s derivatives will be used for purposes of calculating Managed Assets. The management fee of 1.30% of the Fund’s Managed Assets represents 1.73% of net assets attributable to Common Shares assuming the use of leverage in an amount of 24% of the Fund’s Managed Assets. [4] The example does not include sales load or estimated offering costs. The example should not be considered a representation of future expenses. The example assumes that the estimated “Other Expenses” set forth in the table are accurate and that all dividends and distributions are reinvested at net asset value and that the Fund is engaged in leverage of 24% of Managed Assets, assuming interest and fees on leverage of 6.00%. Actual expenses may be greater or less than those assumed. Moreover, the Fund’s actual rate of return may be greater or less than the hypothetical 5% annual return shown in the example. [5] Other Expenses, Interest Expense on Borrowings and Dividend and Interest Expense on Short Sales are estimated based on the Fund’s Annual report dated July 31, 2023. [6] The “Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses” disclosed above are based on the expense ratios for the most recent fiscal year of the Underlying Funds in which the Fund anticipates investing, which may change substantially over time and, therefore, significantly affect Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses. These amounts are based on the total expense ratio disclosed in each Underlying Fund’s most recent stockholder report. Some of the Underlying Funds in which the Fund intends to invest charge incentive fees based on the Underlying Funds’ performance. The 1.25% shown as Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses reflects estimated operating expenses of the Underlying Funds and transaction-related fees. Certain Underlying Funds in which the Fund intends to invest generally charge a management fee of 1.00% to 2.00%, which are included in “Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses,” as applicable. The Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses disclosed above, however, do not reflect any performance-based fees or allocations paid by the Underlying Funds that are calculated solely on the realization and/or distribution of gains, or on the sum of such gains and unrealized appreciation of assets distributed in-kind, as such fees and allocations for a particular period may be unrelated to the cost of investing in the Underlying Funds. Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses are borne indirectly by the Fund, but they will not be reflected in the Fund’s financial statements; and the information presented in the table will differ from that presented in the Fund’s financial highlights.

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