Form 10-Q - Quarterly report [Sections 13 or 15(d)]

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)


☒			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2024


☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from __________ to __________

Commission File Number 001-38547

AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


England and Wales			Not applicable
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)			(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

The Mediaworks
191 Wood Lane
London	W12 7FP		United Kingdom
(Address of principal executive offices)

(44) 20		3829 6230
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
American Depositary Shares, each representing one ordinary share, par value $0.000042 per share	AUTL	The Nasdaq Global Select Market
Ordinary shares, nominal value $0.000042 per share*	*	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC*


*						Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing of the American Depositary Shares on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒ No ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “an emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:


Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

Yes ☐ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of August 6, 2024, the registrant had 266,094,457 ordinary shares (including shares in form of ADSs), par value $0.000042 per share, outstanding.

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EXPLANATORY NOTE

Autolus Therapeutics plc (the “Company”) qualifies as a “Foreign Private Issuer,” as defined in Rule 3b-4 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) and is exempt from filing quarterly reports on Form 10-Q by virtue of Rules 13a-13 and 15d-13 under the Exchange Act. The Company has voluntarily elected to file this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2024.

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Part I – Financial Information			5
Item 1. Financial Information			5
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30 , 2024 and December 31, 2023 (Unaudited)			5
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30 , 2024 and 2023 (Unaudited)			6
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30 , 2024 and 2023 (Unaudited)			7
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended June 30 , 2024 and 2023 (Unaudited)			9
Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements			11
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations			30
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk			43
Item 4. Controls and Procedures			44
Part II – Other Information			45
Item 1. Legal Proceedings			45
Item 1A. Risk Factors			45
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds			46
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities			46
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures			46
Item 5. Other Information			46
Item 6. Exhibits			46
Signatures			47

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements about us and our industry that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including statements regarding our strategy, future financial condition, future operations, research and development costs, plans and objectives of management, are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “aim,” “anticipate,” “assume,” “believe,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “could,” “design,” “due,” “estimate,” “expect,” “goal,” “intend,” “may,” “objective,” “plan,” “predict,” “positioned,” “potential,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would” and other similar expressions that are predictions of or indicate future events and future trends, or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. Although we believe that we have a reasonable basis for each forward-looking statement contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we caution you that these statements are based on a combination of facts and factors currently known by us and our expectations of the future, about which we cannot be certain.

The forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q include, among other things, statements about:

•the development of our product candidates, including statements regarding the initiation, timing, progress and the results of clinical studies or trials and related preparatory work, the period during which the results of the trials will become available and our research and development programs;

•our estimates regarding expenses, future revenue, capital requirements and needs for additional financing;

•our ability to advance our product candidates into, and successfully complete, clinical trials;

•our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approval of our product candidates in the indications for which we plan to develop them, and any related restrictions, limitations or warnings in the label of an approved drug or therapy;

•the impacts of public health crises and their effects on our operations and business, including interruption of key clinical trial activities, such as clinical trial site monitoring, access to capital, and potential disruption in the operations and business of

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third-party manufacturers, clinical sites, contract research organizations (“CROs”), other service providers and collaborators with whom we conduct business;

•our ability to license additional intellectual property relating to our product candidates from third parties and to comply with our existing license agreement;

•our plans to research, develop, manufacture and commercialize our product candidates;

•the potential benefits of our product candidates;

•the timing or likelihood of regulatory filings and approvals for our product candidates, along with regulatory developments in the United States (“US”), European Union (“EU”), the United Kingdom (“U.K.”) and other foreign countries;

•the size and growth potential of the markets for our product candidates, if approved, and the rate and degree of market acceptance of our product candidates, including reimbursement that may be received from payors;

•our need for and ability to obtain additional funding, on favorable terms or at all, including as a result of worsening macroeconomic conditions, including changes inflation and interest rates and unfavorable general market conditions, and the impacts thereon of the war in Ukraine, the conflict between Hamas and Israel, and global geopolitical tension;

•our commercialization, marketing and manufacturing capabilities and strategy;

•our plans to collaborate, or statements regarding our current collaborations with BioNTech SE (“BioNTech”) and others;

•our license and option agreement with BioNTech, including our potential to receive milestone payments and royalties under the agreement;

•our ability to attract collaborators with development, regulatory and commercialization expertise;

•our expectations regarding our ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection;

•our ability to identify, recruit and retain qualified employees and key personnel;

•our ability to contract with third-party suppliers and manufacturers and their ability to perform adequately;

•the scalability and commercial viability of our manufacturing methods and processes;

•the success of competing therapies that are or may become available;

•whether we are classified as a Passive Foreign Investment Company (“PFIC”), for current and future periods;

•additional costs and expenses related to our decision to voluntarily comply with certain U.S. domestic issuer reporting obligations before we are required to do so; and

•any other factors which may impact our financial results or future trading prices of our American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”), and the impact of securities analysts’ reports on these prices.

Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, these statements relate to our strategy, future operations, future financial position, future revenue, projected costs, prospects, plans, objectives of management and expected market growth, and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors including, without limitation, risks, uncertainties and assumptions regarding the impact of worsening macroeconomic events, including changes in inflation and interest rates and unfavorable general market conditions and the impacts of the war in Ukraine, the conflict between Hamas and Israel, and global geopolitical tensions, on our business, operations, strategy, goals and anticipated timelines, our ongoing and planned preclinical activities, our ability to initiate, enroll, conduct or complete ongoing and planned clinical trials, our timelines for regulatory submissions and our financial position that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. You are urged to carefully review the disclosures we make concerning these risks and other factors that may affect our business and operating results in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this document. Except as required by law, we do not intend, and undertake no obligation, to update any forward-looking information to reflect events or circumstances.

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PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial statements

AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)


	Note	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		$	705,939	$	239,566
Restricted cash		1,020		769
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	7	51,641		34,967
Total current assets		758,600		275,302
Non-current assets:
Property and equipment, net	8	32,860		34,862
Prepaid expenses and other non-current assets		284		380
Long-term deposits		977		983
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net		57,678		60,791
Deferred tax asset		3,221		3,063

Total assets		$	853,620	$	375,381
Liabilities and shareholders' equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable		$	1,098	$	103
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	9	35,579		39,581
Operating lease liabilities, current		4,227		5,053
Total current liabilities		40,904		44,737
Non-current liabilities:
Operating lease liabilities, non-current		45,794		47,914
Liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net	12	238,663		170,899
Other long-term payables		415		357
Total liabilities		325,776		263,907

Commitments and contingencies	14

Shareholders' equity:
Ordinary shares, $0.000042 par value; 490,909,783 shares authorized as of June 30, 2024 and 290,909,783 as of December 31, 2023; 266,045,468 and 174,101,361, shares issued at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively; 266,045,568 and 174,158,985, shares outstanding at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively		12		8
Deferred shares, £0.00001 par value; 34,425 shares authorized, issued and outstanding at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023		—		—
Deferred B shares, £0.00099 par value; 88,893,548 shares authorized, issued and outstanding at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023		118		118
Deferred C shares, £0.000008 par value; 1 share authorized, issued and outstanding at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023		—		—
Additional paid-in capital		1,545,146		1,018,902
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(27,908)		(28,992)
Accumulated deficit		(989,524)		(878,562)
Total shareholders' equity		527,844		111,474
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity		$	853,620	$	375,381

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)


		Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	Note	2024		2023		2024		2023

License revenue	3	$	—	$	—	$	10,091	$	1,292

Operating expenses:
Research and development		(36,612)		(33,232)		(67,283)		(60,620)
General and administrative		(21,903)		(11,122)		(40,080)		(20,406)
Loss on disposal of property and equipment		—		(23)		—		(3,791)
Impairment of operating lease right-of-use assets and related property and equipment		(414)		—		(414)		—
Total operating expenses, net		(58,929)		(44,377)		(97,686)		(83,525)

Other income (expense), net		1,226		482		(379)		1,264
Interest income		9,656		3,403		16,589		6,849
Interest expense	4	(10,174)		(5,020)		(29,443)		(9,925)
Total other income (expense), net		708		(1,135)		(13,233)		(1,812)
Net loss before income tax		(58,221)		(45,512)		(110,919)		(85,337)
Income tax expense		(51)		(40)		(43)		(26)
Net loss		(58,272)		(45,552)		(110,962)		(85,363)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Foreign currency exchange translation adjustment		1,026		5,300		1,084		10,941
Total comprehensive loss		$	(57,246)	$	(40,252)	$	(109,878)	$	(74,422)

Basic and diluted net loss per ordinary share	5	$	(0.22)	$	(0.26)	$	(0.43)	$	(0.49)
Weighted-average basic and diluted ordinary shares	5	266,025,783		173,860,491		255,131,873		173,843,249

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity

(In thousands, except share amounts)


	Ordinary Shares			Deferred Shares			Deferred B Shares			Deferred C Shares			Additional Paid in Capital		Accumulated other comprehensive loss		Accumulated deficit		Total Shareholders' Equity
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount
Balance at December 31, 2023	174,101,361	$	8	34,425	$	—	88,893,548	$	118	1	$	—	$	1,018,902	$	(28,992)	$	(878,562)	$	111,474
Issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs	91,666,669	4		—	—		—	—		—	—		520,613		—		—		520,617
Share-based compensation expense	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		2,286		—		—		2,286

Vesting of restricted stock unit awards net of shares withheld to cover tax withholding	57,524	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		—		—

Exercise of share options	102,469	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		285		—		—		285
Unrealized gain on foreign currency translation	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		58		—		58
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		(52,690)		(52,690)
Balance at March 31, 2024	265,928,023	$	12	34,425	$	—	88,893,548	$	118	1	$	—	$	1,542,086	$	(28,934)	$	(931,252)	$	582,030

Share-based compensation expense	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		2,935		—		—		2,935

Vesting of restricted stock unit awards net of shares withheld to cover tax withholding	73,604	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		—		—

Exercise of share options	43,841	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		125		—		—		125
Unrealized gain on foreign currency translation	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		1,026		—		1,026
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		(58,272)		(58,272)
Balance at June 30, 2024	266,045,468	$	12	34,425	$	—	88,893,548	$	118	1	$	—	$	1,545,146	$	(27,908)	$	(989,524)	$	527,844

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity

(In thousands, except share amounts)


	Ordinary Shares			Deferred Shares			Deferred B Shares			Deferred C Shares			Additional Paid in Capital		Accumulated other comprehensive loss		Accumulated deficit		Total Shareholders' Equity
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount
Balance at December 31, 2022	173,074,510	$	8	34,425	$	—	88,893,548	$	118	1	$	—	$	1,007,625	$	(38,898)	$	(670,179)	$	298,674

Share-based compensation expense	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		2,416		—		—		2,416




Unrealized gain on foreign currency translation	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		5,641		—		5,641
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		(39,811)		(39,811)
Balance at March 31, 2023	173,074,510	$	8	34,425	$	—	88,893,548	$	118	1	$	—	$	1,010,041	$	(33,257)	$	(709,990)	$	266,920

Share-based compensation expense	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		2,668		—		—		2,668

Vesting of restricted stock unit awards net of shares withheld to cover tax withholding	606,362	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		—		—


Unrealized gain on foreign currency translation	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		5,300		—		5,300
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—	—		—	—		—		—		(45,552)		(45,552)
Balance at June 30, 2023	173,680,872	$	8	34,425	$	—	88,893,548	$	118	1	$	—	$	1,012,709	$	(27,957)	$	(755,542)	$	229,336

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands)


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(110,962)	$	(85,363)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	3,701		3,411
Share-based compensation net of amounts capitalized	5,219		5,069
Interest expense on liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net	29,428		9,864
Foreign exchange differences	1,142		(6,283)
Non-cash operating lease expense	2,289		1,895
Loss on termination of operating lease	—		95
Loss on disposal of property and equipment	—		3,812
Impairment of operating lease right-of-use assets and related property and equipment	414		—
Deferred income tax	(158)		(282)

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets	(16,936)		(1,591)
Decrease in prepaid expenses and other non-current assets	159		1,817
Decrease in long-term deposits	—		51
Increase in accounts payable	983		3,263
Decrease in accrued expenses and other liabilities	(4,276)		(9,530)
Decrease in operating lease liability	(2,600)		(6,794)
Net cash used in operating activities	(91,597)		(80,566)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment	(1,374)		(8,011)
Net cash used in investing activities	(1,374)		(8,011)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds of issuance of ordinary shares	549,977		—
Payments of equity issuance costs	(29,360)		(910)
Proceeds from the exercise of share options	410		—
Proceeds from liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net	40,000		—
Payments of issuance costs related to the liabilities related to the sale of future royalties and milestones, net	(1,665)		—
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	559,362		(910)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	233		14,558
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	466,624		(74,929)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	240,335		382,761
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	$	706,959	$	307,832

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	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023
Unaudited supplemental cash flow information
Cash paid for income taxes	$	984	$	274

Unaudited supplemental non-cash flow information
Property and equipment purchases included in accounts payable or accrued expenses	$	989	$	2,262
Leased assets terminated and obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities, net	$	—	$	(1,110)
Leased assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities	$	—	$	32,903
Capitalized share-based compensation, net of forfeitures	$	2	$	15
Capitalized implementation costs included in accrued expenses	$	168	$	116




Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	705,939	$	307,500
Restricted cash	1,020		332
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	706,959	$	307,832

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1. Nature of the Business

Autolus Therapeutics plc (with its subsidiaries, collectively, “Autolus” or the “Company”) is a biopharmaceutical company developing next-generation programmed T cell therapies for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases. Using its broad suite of proprietary and modular T cell programming technologies, the Company is engineering precisely targeted, controlled and highly active T cell therapies that are designed to better recognize target cells, break down their defense mechanisms and attack and kill these cells. The Company believes its programmed T cell therapies have the potential to be best-in-class and to offer patients substantial benefits over the existing standard of care, including the potential for cure in some patients. In November 2023, the Company submitted a Biologics License Application (“BLA”) to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) for its lead product candidate obecabtagene autoleucel (“obe-cel”) for the treatment of relapsed/refractory (“r/r”) adult B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (“B-ALL”), with a Prescription Drug User Fee Act (“PDUFA”) target action date of November 16, 2024.

Autolus Therapeutics plc is registered in England and Wales. Its registered office is The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Lane, London, W12 7FP, United Kingdom.

The Company is subject to risks and uncertainties common to companies in the biotechnology industry, including, but not limited to, development by competitors of new technological innovations, dependence on key personnel, protection of proprietary technology, compliance with government regulations and the ability to secure additional capital to fund operations. Obe-cel and the Company’s other product candidates currently under development will require significant additional research and development efforts, including preclinical and clinical testing and regulatory approval, prior to commercialization. Even if obe-cel is approved by the FDA, the Company will need to incur significant additional costs to prepare for its commercialization. These efforts will require significant amounts of capital, adequate personnel and infrastructure and extensive compliance capabilities. Even if the Company’s product development efforts for obe-cel and its other product candidates are successful, it is uncertain when, if ever, the Company will realize revenue from its product sales.

BioNTech Agreements

On February 6, 2024 (the “Execution Date”), the Company concurrently entered into a (i) Securities Purchase Agreement (the “BioNTech Securities Purchase Agreement”), (ii) a Registration Rights Agreement (the “BioNTech Registration Rights Agreement”), (iii) a Letter Agreement (the “BioNTech Letter Agreement”) and (iv) a License and Option Agreement (the “BioNTech License and Option Agreement”), collectively called the “BioNTech Agreements”, with BioNTech. The BioNTech Agreements were entered into and in contemplation of one another and, accordingly, the Company assessed the accounting for these agreements in the aggregate. The following descriptions of the BioNTech Agreements do not purport to be complete and are qualified in their entirety by reference to the full text of such agreements.

(i) BioNTech Securities Purchase Agreement

Pursuant to the BioNTech Securities Purchase Agreement the Company sold to BioNTech ADSs, each representing one ordinary share with a nominal value of $0.000042 per share, of the Company (the “Ordinary Shares”) in a private placement transaction (the “Private Placement”). On February 13, 2024, the Company completed the Private Placement of 33,333,333 ADSs (the “Initial ADSs”), representing 33,333,333 Ordinary Shares at an offering price of $6.00 per Initial ADS. Aggregate net proceeds to the Company, after underwriting discounts and offering expenses, were $193.8 million.

In the event that BioNTech and the Company enter into a Manufacturing and Commercial Services Agreement (as defined below) within 18 months of the initial closing of the Private Placement, BioNTech will purchase additional ADSs (the “Subsequent ADSs” and, together with the Initial ADSs, the “Private Placement ADSs”), not to exceed 15,000,000 ADSs, for an aggregate purchase price of up to $20.0 million. The total number of Subsequent ADSs that may be issued is subject to additional limitations and restrictions.

The BioNTech Securities Purchase Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, and covenants of each of the Company and BioNTech.

(ii) BioNTech Registration Rights Agreement

Pursuant to the BioNTech Registration Rights Agreement the Company agreed to file a registration statement with the SEC to register the resale of the Private Placement ADSs.

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AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

(iii) BioNTech Letter Agreement

The BioNTech Letter Agreement provides BioNTech with certain additional rights and subjects BioNTech’s investment in the Company to certain restrictions. BioNTech received the right to nominate a director to the Company’s board of directors. If BioNTech acquires beneficial ownership of at least 30% of the issued and outstanding Ordinary Shares of the Company (including in the form of ADSs) within five years of the Execution Date, BioNTech will have the right to designate an additional director who shall be independent. BioNTech’s director nomination rights shall automatically terminate upon BioNTech’s ownership of Ordinary Shares dropping below certain specified percentages. Additionally, BioNTech has the right to purchase equity securities sold by the Company in bona fide financing transactions in amounts that are based on BioNTech maintaining specified ownership thresholds following such financing transactions.

Subject to specified exceptions, BioNTech may not sell the Private Placement ADSs without the Company’s approval for a period of six months following the applicable closing date for such ADSs.

The BioNTech Letter Agreement terminates upon the earlier of (a) the later of (i) February 6, 2027 and (ii) such time as no securities of the Company are held by BioNTech or its affiliates and (b) the consummation of a change of control transaction involving the Company.

(iv) BioNTech License and Option Agreement

License and Options

The Company, through its wholly owned subsidiaries, Autolus Limited and Autolus Holdings (U.K.) Limited, entered into the BioNTech License and Option Agreement with BioNTech pursuant to which the Company granted to BioNTech:

•an exclusive, worldwide, sublicensable license (the “Binder License”) to certain binders and to exploit products that express in vivo such binders (collectively, the “Binder Licensed Products”), and

•several time-limited options (the “Options”) to acquire additional rights to specified clinical-stage product candidates, binders and technologies of the Company, described in more detail below:

◦an option to obtain exclusive rights to co-fund development costs of the Company’s development-stage programs AUTO1/22 and AUTO6NG (“Product Options”), in return for agreed upon economic terms, including an option exercise fee, milestone payments and a profit-sharing arrangement for each such product candidate, with additional options to co-promote or co-commercialize each such product candidate;

◦an option to obtain an exclusive worldwide license to exploit products that express certain additional binders in vivo or, with respect to certain binders, in an antibody drug conjugate (the “Binder Option”);

◦an option to obtain a co-exclusive worldwide license to exploit products that express in vivo the Company’s modules for activity enhancement, with a non-exclusive right, in certain agreed instances, to exploit products that include Company’s modules for activity enhancement but do not express in vivo such modules (the “Activity Enhancement Option”); and

◦an option to obtain a non-exclusive worldwide license to exploit products that contain the Company’s safety switches (the “Safety Switch Option” and, together with the Binder Option and the Activity Enhancement Option, the “Technology Options”).

In consideration for the Binder License and the Technology Options, BioNTech made an initial payment to the Company of $10.0 million. In the event that all Options are fully exercised, the Company would be eligible to receive maximum aggregate payments of up to $582.0 million pursuant to the License Agreement. This maximum amount includes the potential milestone payments for the Binder Licensed Products described below, all option exercise fees and potential milestone payments for licenses to optioned products and technologies, and additional payments that BioNTech may pay to the Company for an increased revenue interest with respect to the Company’s product candidate obe-cel as described below.

The option exercise fee for each Technology Option is a low seven-digit amount. Each of the Activity Enhancement Option and the Safety Switch Option must be exercised with respect to a given biological target or combination of targets. There is a cap on the total option exercise fee if multiple options are exercised with respect to a given target.

There is also a cap on milestone payments across all agreements entered into as the result of BioNTech exercising one or more of the Technology Options and a cap on the royalty rate payable on any given product for which multiple Options are exercised.

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AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

Obe-cel Product Revenue Interest

BioNTech has also agreed to financially support the expansion of the clinical development program for, and planned commercialization of obe-cel. In exchange for the grant of rights to future revenues from the sales of obe-cel products, BioNTech made an upfront payment to the Company of $40.0 million. The Company will pay BioNTech a low single-digit percentage of annual net sales of obe-cel products, which may be increased up to a mid-single digit percentage in exchange for milestone payments of up to $100.0 million in the aggregate on achievement of certain regulatory events for specific new indications upon BioNTech's election.

Manufacturing and Commercial Services Agreement

Under the terms of the BioNTech License and Option Agreement, the Company has agreed to grant BioNTech the option to negotiate a joint manufacturing and commercial services agreement pursuant to which the parties may access and leverage each other’s manufacturing and commercial capabilities, in addition to Autolus’ commercial site network and infrastructure, with respect to certain of each parties’ CAR T products, including BioNTech’s product candidate BNT211 (the “Manufacturing and Commercial Services Agreement” or “MCSA”). The MCSA, if entered into, would also grant BioNTech access to the Company’s commercial site network and infrastructure.

The Company concluded there were four freestanding financial instruments arising from the execution of the BioNTech Agreements, comprising:

1.the Initial ADSs representing ordinary shares purchased pursuant to the BioNTech Securities Purchase Agreement;

2.the potential Subsequent ADSs representing ordinary shares that may be purchased pursuant to the BioNTech Securities Purchase Agreement;

3.the BioNTech License and Option Agreement, and

4.the MCSA.

The Subsequent ADSs are classified as a forward instrument contingent on the MCSA being executed. As of June 30, 2024, the MCSA had not been entered into. The forward instrument has an inconsequential market value as the exercise price approximates the Company’s stock price on the last trading day prior to the signing date of the MCSA. Consequently, the initial proceeds arising from the purchase of Initial ADSs pursuant to the BioNTech Securities Purchase Agreement will not be separately allocated to this freestanding financial instrument at inception of the BioNTech Agreements. Furthermore, as the MCSA has yet to be entered into no consideration will be allocated to this freestanding financial instrument at inception of the BioNTech Agreements.

Within the BioNTech License and Option Agreement, there are a number of embedded features which have each been assessed for freestanding financial instrument accounting in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 480 – Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity. Although these embedded features are separately exercisable, they lack legal detachability and, therefore, the BioNTech License and Option Agreement is accounted for as one freestanding financial instrument. However, each embedded feature is assessed for derivative accounting in accordance to ASC 815 – Derivative and Hedging (“ASC 815”).

The Company analyzed how it should account for the host Contract (i.e., the BioNTech License and Option Agreement) as the Binder License represents an agreement with customer for goods and services and therefore should be accounted for under ASC 606 – Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). However, as the other embedded features of the BioNTech License and Option Agreement fall under the scope of other topics that specify how to initially measure the contract (i.e., ASC 470 – Debt (“ASC 470”)), the Company determined that the host contract should not be accounted for and initially measured pursuant to ASC 606. Furthermore, the Company determined the host contract (the BioNTech License and Option Agreement) met the scope exception of ASC 815-10-15-59(d) and therefore should not be accounted for as a derivative under ASC 815 but instead be accounted for as a debt financial instrument in accordance with ASC 470.

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AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

The four units of accounting were recorded at fair value upon initial recognition and will not be subsequently measured at fair value. The Company allocated the total gross proceeds arising from the BioNTech Securities Purchase Agreement (i.e. the Initial ADSs representing ordinary shares), and the BioNTech License and Option Agreement among the four units of accounting on a relative fair value basis at the time of the transaction as follows:


Units of Accounting	Gross proceeds (in millions)		Initial fair value (in millions)		Allocated consideration based on relative fair value (in millions)		Net allocated consideration based on relative fair value after transaction costs* (in millions)
Initial ADSs, representing ordinary shares	$	200.0	$	200.0	$	200.0	$	193.8
Subsequent ADSs, representing ordinary shares	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
BioNTech License and Option Agreement	$	50.0	$	50.0	$	50.0	$	47.9
Liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net (Obe-cel Product Revenue Interest)	$	40.0	$	40.0	$	40.0	$	38.3
License Revenue (Binder License)	$	10.0	$	10.0	$	10.0	$	9.6
MCSA	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total	$	250.0	$	250.0	$	250.0	$	241.7
* In addition, the total shared transaction costs of $8.3 million, relating to the BioNTech Agreements have been allocated to the four units of accounting on a relative fair value basis.

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the US (“U.S. GAAP”) and are presented in U.S. dollars. All intercompany accounts and transactions between the Company and its subsidiaries have been eliminated upon consolidation.

The significant accounting policies used in the preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are consistent with those discussed in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 21, 2024 (the “Annual Report”).

Certain information and footnote disclosures have been condensed or omitted as permitted under U.S. GAAP. The information included in these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023, included in the Annual Report. However, these interim financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, which are, in the opinion of management, necessary to fairly state the results of the interim period. The interim results are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the full year ending December 31, 2024, any other interim periods, or any future year or period.

Going Concern

The Company has incurred recurring losses since its inception, including net losses of $58.3 million and $45.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively and $111.0 million and $85.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company had an accumulated deficit of $989.5 million and $878.6 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The Company expects to continue to generate operating losses in the foreseeable future. The Company’s inability to raise additional capital as and when needed could have a negative impact on its financial condition and ability to pursue its business strategies. There can be no assurances, however, that the current operating plan will be achieved or that additional funding will be available on terms acceptable to the Company, or at all. The Company expects that its cash and cash equivalents at June 30, 2024 of $705.9 million will be sufficient to fund the Company’s operations for at least twelve months from the issuance date of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and accordingly they have been prepared on a going concern basis. As the Company continues to incur losses, the transition to profitability is dependent upon the successful development, approval and commercialization of its product candidates and achieving a level of revenues adequate to support its cost structure. Even if the Company’s planned regulatory submissions for its products are approved, and the Company is successful in its commercialization efforts, additional funding will be needed before the Company is expected to reach cash breakeven.

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AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

Foreign Currency Translation

The reporting currency of the Company is U.S. dollars. The Company has determined that its functional currency of the ultimate parent company, Autolus Therapeutics plc, is British Pound Sterling. The functional currency of each subsidiary’s operations is the applicable local currency. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the Company’s functional currency are translated into the functional currency at rates of exchange prevailing at the balance sheet dates. Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rates prevailing at the date of the transaction.

The Company recorded foreign exchange gains of $1.2 million and $0.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and foreign exchange losses of $0.5 million and foreign exchange gains of $1.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which are included in other income (expense), net in the unaudited condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

For financial reporting purposes, the financial statements of the Company have been translated into U.S. dollars. Assets and liabilities have been translated at the exchange rates at the balance sheet dates, while revenue and expenses are translated at the average exchange rates over the reporting period and shareholders’ equity amounts are translated based on historical exchange rates as of the date of each transaction. Translation adjustments are not included in determining net income (loss) but are included in foreign exchange adjustment to other comprehensive loss, a component of shareholders’ equity.

Segment Information

The Company’s chief operating decision maker (the “CODM”), its Chief Executive Officer, manages the Company’s operations on an integrated basis for the purpose of appropriately allocating resources. When evaluating the Company’s financial performance, the CODM reviews total revenue, total expenses and expenses by function and makes decisions using this information on a global basis. The Company and the CODM view the Company’s operations and manage its business as a single operating segment, which is the business of developing and commercializing CAR T therapies.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in these consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, the accrual for research and development expenses, share-based compensation including assessing the probability of meeting performance conditions, income taxes, initial fair value of warrants, and interest expense on liability related to future royalties and milestones, net and related cumulative catch-up adjustment, initial lease term of the Company’s new manufacturing facility (“The Nucleus”), incremental borrowing rates related to the Company's leased properties and allocation of transaction price using the relative standalone selling price. Estimates are periodically reviewed in light of changes in circumstances, facts and experience. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Allocation of transaction price using the relative standalone selling price

Upfront payments are allocated between performance obligations using the Company’s best estimate of the relative standalone selling price of the performance obligation. The relative standalone selling price is estimated by determining the market values of development and license obligations. As these inputs are not directly observable, the estimate is determined considering all reasonably available information including internal pricing objectives used in negotiating the contract, taking into account the different stage of development of each development program and consideration of adjusted-market data from comparable arrangements. Where performance obligations have been identified relating to material rights, the determination of the relative standalone selling price of these performance obligations also includes an assessment of the likelihood that the options will be exercised and any payments by the customer that are triggered upon exercising the right. This assessment involves significant judgment and could have a significant impact on the amount and timing of revenue recognition.

An assessment of the allocation of transaction price using the relative standalone selling price was required for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 for the BioNTech License and Option Agreement and the Option and License Agreement with Cabaletta Bio Inc. (“Cabaletta”), respectively. See Note 3 for additional information on the allocation of the transaction price for those agreements.

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AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

Liability related to future royalties and milestones, net and cumulative catch-up adjustments

The Company accounted for each of the Blackstone Collaboration Agreement (See Note 12) (“Blackstone Collaboration Agreement Liability”) and the BioNTech Obe-cel Product Revenue Interest (“BioNTech Liability”) as liabilities measured at amortized cost based on an effective interest rate determined at the outset of the arrangement The Blackstone Collaboration Agreement Liability related to future royalties and milestones, net is measured based on the Company’s current estimates of the timing and amount of expected future royalties, milestone payments to be paid and the milestones receivable upon the achievement of certain specified clinical, manufacturing and regulatory milestones (each such payment, a “Blackstone Development Payment” and collectively, the “Blackstone Development Payments”) expected to be received over the estimated term of the agreement. Similarly, the BioNTech Liability related to future royalties is measured based on the Company’s current estimates of the timing and amount of expected future royalty expected to be paid over the estimated term of the agreement. Milestone payments pursuant to the BioNTech License and Option Agreement (“BioNTech Milestone Payments”) are payable upon BioNTech's election, and therefore have not been included in the determination of the effective interest rate or in the measurement of the liability.

The liabilities are amortized using the effective interest rate, resulting in recognition of interest expense over the estimated term of the agreement. Each reporting period the Company assesses the estimated probability, timing and amount of the future expected royalty, milestone payments, the Blackstone Development Payment over the estimated term. If there are changes to the estimates, the Company recognizes the impact to the liability’s amortization schedule and the related interest expense using the catch-up method.

The Company’s estimate of the probability, timing and amount of expected future royalties and milestones to be paid by the Company and the expected Blackstone Development Payment to be paid to the Company, considers significant unobservable inputs. These inputs include regulatory approval, the estimated patient population, estimated selling price, estimated sales, estimated peak sales and sales ramp, timing of the expected launch and its impact on the royalties as well as the overall probability of a success. Additionally, the transaction costs associated with the liability will be amortized to interest expense over the estimated term of the agreements.

The carrying amount of the Blackstone Collaboration Agreement Liability and BioNTech Liability is based on the Company’s estimate of the future royalties, milestones to be paid to Blackstone by the Company and the expected Blackstone Development Payment to be received over the life of the arrangement as discounted using the initial effective interest rate. The excess estimated present value of future royalty, milestone payments and the future Blackstone Development Payment received over the carrying amount is recognized as a cumulative catch-up adjustment within interest expense using the effective interest rate.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, (“FASB”), issued Accounting Standards Update, or (“ASU”), 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, or (“ASU 2023-07”), which expanded the disclosures for reportable segments made by public entities. These amendments within ASU 2023-07 retained the existing disclosure requirements in ASC 280 - Segment Reporting (“ASC 280”) and expanded upon them to require public entities to disclose significant expenses for reportable segments in both interim and annual reporting periods, as well as items that were previously disclosed only annually on an interim basis, including disclosures related to a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets. In addition, entities with a single reportable segment must provide all segment disclosures required in ASC 280, including the new disclosures for reportable segments under the amendments in ASU 2023-07. The amendments did not change the existing guidance on how a public entity identified and determined its reportable segments. A public entity should apply the amendments in ASU 2023-07 retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. Upon transition, the segment expense categories and amounts disclosed in the prior periods should be based on the significant segment expense categories identified and disclosed in the period of adoption. The amendments in ASU 2023-07 are effective for annual periods for all public entities in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and in interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company will comply with any new applicable disclosures in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2024. The Company does not expect the adoption to have a material effect on its financial statements and related disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This ASU improves the transparency of income tax disclosure by requiring consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation, and income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. This guidance is effective for the Company for the year beginning January 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted. The amendments should be applied on a prospective basis, with retrospective application permitted. The Company intends to adopt the guidance in the fiscal year beginning January 1, 2025. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2023-09 to have a material effect on its financial statements and related disclosures.

Unless otherwise discussed, the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and disclosures in this report and for the full year ending December 31, 2024.

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AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

Note 3. License Revenue

License revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, and 2023, is presented in the table below by geographical location (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
License revenue

United States	—		—		—		1,292
Germany	—		—		$	10,091	$	—
Total license revenue	$	—	$	—	$	10,091	$	1,292

Major customers

During the six months ended June 30, 2024, and 2023, 100% of the Company’s license revenues were generated from BioNTech and Cabaletta, respectively.

License and Option Agreement with BioNTech

See Note 1 for a description of the BioNTech License and Option Agreement, under which the Company recognized revenue during six months ended June 30, 2024. For further details on the terms and accounting treatment considerations for the BioNTech Agreement, refer to following notes to these interim condensed consolidated financial statements:

•Note 1, “Nature of the business”

•Note 2, “Summary of significant accounting policies”

•Note 10, “Shareholders’ equity”

•Note 12, “Liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net”

•Note 14, “Commitments and contingencies”

As the BioNTech License and Option Agreement has been accounted for as one freestanding financial instrument with various embedded features, including the Binder License and related transfer of know-how, Technology Options, and Product Options, the Company is required to consider if the embedded features are required to be bifurcated from the host contract and therefore accounted for as a separate derivative. The Company concluded the Binder License and related transfer of know-how, Technology Options, and Product Options meet the scope exception set out in ASC 815-10-15-59(d) and therefore not accounted for as derivatives under ASC 815.

Binder License

The Company applied ASC 606 to account for the Binder License and related know-how as functional intellectual property. The Binder License and related transfer of know-how were not distinct from one another and must be combined as a performance obligation, as BioNTech requires the know-how to derive benefit from the license. Based on these determinations, the Company identified one combined distinct performance obligation at the inception of the BioNTech License and Option Agreement.

The Company further determined the consideration received included in the transaction price at contract inception, is to be allocated to the one combined performance obligation. The Company determined that the performance obligation was recognized at a point-in-time, upon the delivery of the transfer of know-how and Binder License to BioNTech. The Company recognized total license revenue of $10.1 million (net of foreign exchange differences), related to the BioNTech License and Option Agreement for the three months ended March 31, 2024. No license revenue was recognized during the three months ended June 30, 2024.

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AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

The Company is eligible to receive milestone payments of up to $32.0 million in the aggregate upon the achievement of specified clinical development and regulatory milestones for each Binder Licensed Product that achieves such milestones. The Company is also eligible to receive a low single-digit royalty on net sales of Binder Licensed Products, subject to customary reductions, which are subject to specified limits. The royalty will be increased if BioNTech, its affiliates or sublicensees commercialize a Binder Licensed Product in an indication and country in which the Company or its affiliates or licensees also commercializes a product containing the same binders. Under the BioNTech License and Option Agreement, BioNTech is solely responsible for, and has sole decision-making authority with respect to, at its own expense, the exploitation of Binder Licensed Products. Milestone payments and royalty payments are regarded as variable consideration and will be evaluated under the most likely amount method. Milestone payments and royalty payments were not included in the transaction price, as these amounts were fully constrained as of June 30, 2024.

Technology Options

As the Technology Options are outside the scope of ASC 815, the Company considered other relevant accounting guidance to apply to this component of the BioNTech License and Option Agreement. The Company therefore applied ASC 606, considering particularly the accounting guidance related to any options granted to customers to purchase additional goods or services at a future date as this could provide a material right to the customer. A material right is a promise embedded in a current contract that should be accounted for as a separate performance obligation. The Company determined the Technology Options were not offered at a significant and incremental discount. Accordingly, the Technology Options granted to BioNTech do not represent a material right and, therefore, were not a performance obligation at the outset of the arrangement. The Technology Option exercise fee equates to the standalone selling price of the technologies underlying each option and consequently, the transaction price of $10.0 million was not allocated to the Technology Options' performance obligation. No Technology Options were exercised during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024.

Product Options

As the Product Options are precluded from being accounted for under ASC 815 due to the scope exception, management considered the terms of the Product Options and concluded that they should be accounted for as a gain contingency under the scope of ASC 450 - Contingencies ("ASC 450"). The Product Options, unlike the Technology Options, are 1) still subject to negotiation as to the specific activities to be performed be each party, which will be determined and agreed before the Product Options can be exercised, and 2) have not been exercised upon signature of the BioNTech License and Option Agreement. As a result, Product Options are not accounted for under to ASC 606, and no recognition is required under ASC 450, until the Product Options are exercised. No Product Options were exercised during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024.

Option and License Agreement with Cabaletta

On January 9, 2023, the Company entered into an Option and License Agreement (the “Cabaletta Agreement”) with Cabaletta, pursuant to which the Company granted to Cabaletta a non-exclusive license to research, develop, manufacture, have manufactured, use, and commercialize products incorporating the Company’s safety switch technology (the “RQR8 technology”). Upon the execution of the Cabaletta Agreement, the Company made available the RQR8 licensed know-how to Cabaletta for a non-refundable license fee of $1.2 million. The Company has no further material performance obligations related to the Cabaletta Agreement.

The Company further granted to Cabaletta the option to expand the rights and licenses granted under the Cabaletta Agreement to include the research, development, manufacture, use, or commercialization of licensed products up to a predetermined number of target options upon payment of an option exercise fee.

The Company identified the following material promises relating to the granting of a non-exclusive license for research, development, manufacturing and commercialization activities as well as the initial transfer of know-how and information to Cabaletta. The Company determined the option exercise fee is not offered at a significant and incremental discount. Accordingly, the option granted to Cabaletta does not represent a material right and, therefore, is not a performance obligation at the outset of the arrangement. The Company determined that the granting of the research license and the initial transfer of know-how were not distinct from one another and must be combined as a performance obligation, as Cabaletta requires the know-how to derive benefit from the license. Based on these determinations, the Company identified one distinct performance obligation at the inception of the contract.

The Company further determined that the license fee payable constituted the entirety of the consideration included in the transaction price at contract inception, which was allocated to the one performance obligation. The amount of the transaction price allocated to the performance obligation is recognized as or when the Company satisfies the performance obligation. The Company determined that the performance obligation was recognized at a point-in-time, upon the delivery of the transfer of know-how and research license to Cabaletta. The Company recognized total license revenue of $1.2 million related to the Cabaletta Agreement for the six months ended June 30, 2023. No license revenue was recognized related to the Cabaletta Agreement for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024.

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AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

Upon execution of the Cabaletta Agreement, the transaction price included only the $1.2 million non-refundable license fee payable to the Company. The Company may receive further payments upon the exercise of the options for licensed targets, the achievement of certain development and sales milestones, as well as royalty payments based on net sales of each product covered by the licensed intellectual property.

The future milestones, which represent variable consideration, will be evaluated under the most likely amount method, and were not included in the transaction price, as these amounts were fully constrained as of June 30, 2024. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company has not recognized any variable consideration with regards to the development milestones and sales-based milestones with its customers as they are deemed not probable.

Note 4. Interest expense

Interest expense consisted of the following (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Interest expense on liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net (refer to Note 12)	$	10,169	$	4,959	$	18,559	$	9,864
Cumulative catch-up adjustment arising from the liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net (refer to Note 12)	—		—		10,870		—
Other interest expense	5		61		14		61
Total interest expense	$	10,174	$	5,020	$	29,443	$	9,925

Note 5. Net loss per ordinary share

Basic and diluted net loss per ordinary share was calculated as follows (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Numerator
Net loss	$	(58,272)	$	(45,552)	$	(110,962)	$	(85,363)
Net loss - basic and diluted	$	(58,272)	$	(45,552)	$	(110,962)	$	(85,363)

Denominator
Weighted-average number of ordinary shares used in net loss per share - basic and diluted	266,025,783		173,860,491		255,131,873		173,843,249
Basic and diluted net loss per ordinary share	$	(0.22)	$	(0.26)	$	(0.43)	$	(0.49)

For all periods presented, outstanding but unvested restricted stock units and share options have been excluded from the calculation, because their effects would be anti-dilutive. Therefore, the weighted average number of ordinary shares used to calculate both basic and diluted loss per share is the same for all periods presented.

The following potentially dilutive securities have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share due to their anti-dilutive effect:


	Three and Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024	2023
Unvested restricted stock units	41,905	315,460
Share options	19,558,856	14,203,439
Warrants	3,265,306	3,265,306
Total potentially dilutive securities	22,866,067	17,784,205

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AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

Note 6. Fair value measurements

The Company uses valuation approaches that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible. The Company determines the fair value based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability in the principal or most advantageous market. When considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, the following fair value hierarchy distinguishes between observable and unobservable inputs, which are categorized in of the following levels:

•Level 1 — Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

•Level 2 — Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.

•Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that reflect the Company’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

The carrying amounts reported in the balance sheet for cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, prepaid expenses and other assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities approximate their fair value because of the short-term nature of these instruments.

The following tables present information about the Company’s financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and indicate the level of the fair value hierarchy utilized to determine such fair values (in thousands):


	June 30, 2024
	Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	528,910	$	528,910	—		—
Total	$	528,910	$	528,910	$	—	$	—


	December 31, 2023
	Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	184,635	$	184,635	—		—
Total	$	184,635	$	184,635	$	—	$	—

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and the year ended December 31, 2023, there were no transfers between levels.

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AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

Note 7. Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following (in thousands):


	June 30,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Research and development claims receivable	$	27,750	$	19,209
Prepayments	11,865		8,638
VAT receivable	3,597		2,771
Accrued interest income	2,597		999
Deferred cost	1,782		1,787
Other taxes receivable	1,585		—
Other receivables	957		516
Lease and lease deposit receivable	938		938
Corporate tax receivable	570		—
Accounts receivable	—		109
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	51,641	$	34,967

Note 8. Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):


	June 30,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Lab equipment	$	41,307	$	32,232
Office equipment	5,017		3,777
Furniture and fixtures	2,353		2,360
Leasehold improvements	14,220		12,728
Assets under construction	2,249		12,539
Less: accumulated depreciation	(32,286)		(28,774)
Total property and equipment, net	$	32,860	$	34,862

Depreciation expense for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 was $1.9 million and $1.5 million, respectively, and for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 was $3.7 million and $3.4 million, respectively.

Note 9. Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):


	June 30,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Research and development costs	$	17,930	$	19,825
Compensation and benefits	10,459		14,757
Professional fees	6,808		4,466

Other accrued liabilities	382		533
Total accrued expenses and other liabilities	$	35,579	$	39,581

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AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

Note 10. Shareholders’ Equity

Ordinary Shares

Each holder of ordinary shares is entitled to one vote per ordinary share and to receive dividends when and if such dividends are recommended by the Company’s board of directors and declared by the shareholders. As of June 30, 2024, the Company has not declared any dividends.

Restricted Stock Units

At June 30, 2024, restricted stock unit awards for 100 ordinary shares had vested but the underlying shares had not been issued. However, these vested restricted stock unit awards have been included in the calculation of the Company’s outstanding shares at June 30, 2024 as they are considered issuable for little or no cash consideration. Subsequent to June 30, 2024, all of the underlying ordinary shares were issued.

February 2024 Underwritten Offering

On February 12, 2024, the Company completed an underwritten offering of 58,333,336 ADSs representing 58,333,336 ordinary shares at an offering price of $6.00 per ADS. Aggregate net proceeds to the Company, after underwriting discounts and offering expenses, were $326.8 million.

BioNTech Securities Purchase Agreement

Concurrently with the execution of the BioNTech License and Option Agreement (see Note 1 and Note 3), the Company and BioNTech entered into the BioNTech Securities Purchase Agreement pursuant to which the Company sold ADSs, each representing one ordinary share, to BioNTech in a Private Placement transaction. On February 13, 2024, the Company completed the Private Placement of 33,333,333 ADSs representing 33,333,333 ordinary shares at an offering price of $6.00 per ADS. Aggregate net proceeds to the Company, after underwriting discounts and offering expenses, were $193.8 million.

In the event that BioNTech and the Company enter into the MCSA within 18 months of the initial closing of the Private Placement, BioNTech will purchase up to 15,000,000 ADSs for an aggregate purchase price of up to $20.0 million, subject to additional limitations and restrictions.

Note 11. Share-based Compensation

The following table summarizes the total share-based compensation expense included in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Research and development	$	1,048	$	1,776	$	1,498	$	3,457
General and administrative	1,887		885		3,723		1,612
Capitalized	—		7		(2)		15
Total share-based compensation expense	$	2,935	$	2,668	$	5,219	$	5,084

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AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

Share Options

The table below summarizes Company’s share option activity during the six months ended June 30, 2024:


	Number of Options	Weighted- Average Exercise Price per share		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (1) (in thousands)













Outstanding as of December 31, 2023	17,956,385	$	5.64	8.35	$	48,968
Granted	2,793,400	4.33			54
Exercised	(146,310)	2.77			369
Forfeited	(797,838)	3.39			645
Expired	(246,781)	9.38			5
Outstanding as of June 30, 2024	19,558,856	$	5.51	8.14	$	11,834
Exercisable as of June 30, 2024	8,053,441	$	8.63	6.95	$	3,507
Vested and expected to vest as of June 30, 2024	19,558,856	$	5.51	8.14	$	11,834

(1) Aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying options and the fair value of ordinary shares for those options in the money as of June 30, 2024

During the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company modified the exercise period of 571,352 share options resulting in the recognition of incremental share-based compensation expense of $0.3 million.

The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $0.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The weighted average grant-date fair value of share options granted was $3.12 per share option for the six months ended June 30, 2024.

As of June 30, 2024, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested share options without performance conditions was $14.8 million, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted average vesting period of 2.90 years.

As of June 30, 2024, the total unrecognized share-based compensation expense related to unvested share options with performance conditions was $2.9 million, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted average vesting period of 0.38 years.

Restricted Stock Units

The table below summarizes Company’s restricted stock unit (“RSU”) awards activity during the six months ended June 30, 2024:


	Number of restricted units	Weighted average grant date fair value












Unvested and outstanding at December 31, 2023	116,436	$	3.43

Vested	(73,604)	2.79
Forfeited	(927)	6.20
Unvested and outstanding at June 30, 2024	41,905	$	4.49

As of June 30, 2024, there was less than $0.1 million of unrecognized share-based compensation expense related to unvested RSUs without performance conditions, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.62 years.

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AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

Note 12. Liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net


	Amount in thousands
Balance at 1 January, 2023	$	125,900
Interest expense on liability related to future royalties and milestones, net	4,905
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	130,805
Interest expense on liability related to future royalties and milestones, net	4,959
Balance at June 30, 2023	$	135,764
Interest expense on liability related to future royalties and milestones, net	5,014
Balance at September 30, 2023	$	140,778
Interest expense on liability related to future royalties and milestones, net	5,014
Cumulative catch-up adjustment	25,107
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	170,899
Initial recognition of BioNTech liability	38,335
Interest expense on liability related to future royalties and milestones, net	8,390
Cumulative catch-up adjustment	10,870
Balance at March 31, 2024	$	228,494
Interest expense on liability related to future royalties and milestones, net	10,169
Balance at June 30, 2024	$	238,663

During the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, interest expense on liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net amounted to $10.2 million and $5.0 million, respectively. During the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, interest expense on liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net amounted to $18.6 million and $9.9 million, respectively.

During the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 and six months ended June 30, 2023, there was no cumulative catch-up adjustment (included in interest expense). During the six months ended June 30, 2024, the cumulative catch-up adjustment amounted to $10.9 million.

Blackstone Collaboration Agreement

On November 6, 2021, the Company concurrently entered into the following agreements with BXLS V - Autobahn L.P, (“Blackstone”): (i) Strategic Collaboration Agreement (the “Blackstone Collaboration Agreement”), (ii) Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Blackstone Securities Purchase Agreement”), (iii) Warrant Agreement (the “Blackstone Warrant”) and (iv) a Registration Rights Agreement (the “Blackstone Registration Rights Agreement”). The Blackstone Collaboration Agreement, the Blackstone Securities Purchase Agreement, the Blackstone Warrant and the Blackstone Registration Rights Agreement are collectively referred to as the “Blackstone Agreements”. The Blackstone Agreements were entered into and in contemplation of one another and, accordingly, the Company assessed the accounting for the Blackstone Agreements in the aggregate.

For further details on the terms and accounting treatment considerations for these contracts, please refer to following notes to the Company’s consolidated financial statements contained in the Company’s Annual Report:

•Note 2, “Summary of significant accounting policies”

•Note 11, “Liability related to future royalties and milestones, net”

•Note 12, “Warrants”

•Note 13, “Shareholders’ equity”

In November 2021, the upfront payment of $50.0 million was paid by Blackstone upon execution of the Blackstone Collaboration Agreement. In December 2022, two Blackstone Development Payments were paid by Blackstone of $35.0 million each as a result of (i) the joint steering committee’s review of the Company’s interim analysis of pivotal FELIX Phase 2 clinical trial of obe-cel in r/r ALL and (ii) achievement of a pre-agreed manufacturing milestone as a result of completion of planned activities demonstrating the performance and qualification of the Company’s obe-cel’s manufacturing process. The remaining $30.0 million will be payable to the Company on the achievement of certain specified regulatory milestones. The Company considers the achievement of the specified regulatory milestone as probable when actually achieved.

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AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

BioNTech Agreements

On February 6, 2024, the Company concurrently entered into the BioNTech Agreements.

For further details on the terms and accounting treatment considerations for these contracts, refer to following notes to these interim condensed consolidated financial statements:

•Note 1, “Nature of the business”

•Note 2, “Summary of significant accounting policies”

•Note 3, “License Revenue”

•Note 10, “Shareholders’ equity”

•Note 14, “Commitment and contingencies”

Obe-cel Product Revenue Interest

Under the BioNTech License and Option Agreement, BioNTech has agreed to financially support the expansion of the clinical development program for, and planned commercialization of obe-cel. In exchange for the grant of rights to future revenues from the sales of obe-cel products, BioNTech made an upfront payment to the Company of $40.0 million. The Company will pay BioNTech a low single-digit percentage of annual net sales of obe-cel products, which may be increased up to a mid-single digit percentage in exchange for milestone payments of up to $100.0 million in the aggregate on achievement of certain regulatory events for specific new indications upon BioNTech's election.

As the BioNTech License and Option Agreement has been accounted for as one freestanding financial instrument with various embedded features, (e.g. the Obe-cel Product Revenue Interest, milestone payments and royalties), the Company is required to consider if these embedded features are required to bifurcated from the host contract and therefore accounted for as a separate derivative. The Company determined the host contract to be debt-like and therefore the embedded features were analyzed pursuant to a debt host contract. The Company concluded the BioNTech License and Option Agreement (the host contract) should not be accounted as a derivative in accordance with ASC 815-10-15-59(d) but rather as a debt instrument under ASC 470.

The Company has accounted for the Obe-cel Product Revenue Interest as a liability primarily due to the Company’s significant continuing involvement in generating the royalty stream. The Company initially recognized the BioNTech Liability at $38.3 million being the face value less debt issuance costs. If and when obe-cel is commercialized and royalties become payable, the Company will recognize the portion of royalties paid to BioNTech as a decrease to the liability with a corresponding reduction in cash.

The carrying amount of the BioNTech Liability is based on the Company’s estimate of the future royalties to be paid to BioNTech to be received over the life of the arrangement as discounted using an effective interest rate. The excess or deficit of estimated present value of future royalties over the initial carrying amount, is recognized using the cumulative catch-up method within interest expense using the initial effective interest rate. The imputed rate of interest on the unamortized portion of the BioNTech Liability was approximately 28.70% as of February 6, 2024, the execution date of the BioNTech Agreements and June 30, 2024.

On a quarterly basis, the Company assesses the amount and timing of expected royalty using a combination of internal projections and forecasts from external sources. To the extent the present value of such payments is greater or less than its initial estimates or the timing of such payments is materially different than its original estimates, the Company will adjust the amortization of the BioNTech Liability using the catch-up method.

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AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

Note 13. Leases

Operating leases - Lessee

The Company leases certain office space, laboratory space, and equipment. At the inception of an arrangement, the Company determines whether the arrangement is or contains a lease based on the unique facts and circumstances present.

The Company’s costs as a lessee for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Operating lease costs	$	2,087	$	1,807	$	4,185	$	3,174
Variable costs	484		355		1,028		84
Short term lease costs	103		199		204		242
Total lease costs	$	2,674	$	2,361	$	5,417	$	3,500

Supplemental cash flow information for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):


	Six Months Ended June 30,
Other information	2024		2023
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash outflows from operating leases	$	4,485	$	2,882

The weighted average remaining lease term and weighted average discount rate of operating leases at June 30, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023




Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases	15.9 years		15.8 years
Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases	7.44	%	7.29	%

The maturities of operating lease liabilities as of June 30, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):


Remainder of 2024	$	4,235
2025	6,854
2026	6,623
2027	6,481
2028	5,764
Thereafter	55,815
Total lease payments	85,772
Less: imputed interest	(35,751)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	50,021

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AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

Operating leases - Lessor (sublease agreements)

The Company subleases two manufacturing spaces in Enfield, U.K. to third parties. The annual lease payments to be received for each of the subleased units are £97,000 and £109,000, over lease terms from October 2021 to February 2029 and October 2021 to October 2026, respectively.

The following table shows the sublease rental income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
Sublease rental income	2024		2023		2024		2023
Sublease rental income (included in other income (expense), net)	$	61	$	61	$	123	$	120
Total sublease rental income	$	61	$	61	$	123	$	120

Future fixed receipts for non-cancellable operating subleases in effect as of June 30, 2024 are receivable as follows (in thousands):


Remainder of 2024	$	130
2025	$	260
2026	$	203
2027	$	122
2028	$	106

Total lease payments receivable	$	821

Note 14. Commitments and Contingencies

License Agreements

The Company has entered into an exclusive license agreement, as amended, with UCL Business Ltd (“UCLB”). In connection with the UCLB license agreement, the Company is required to make annual license payments and may be required to make payments to UCLB upon the achievement of specified milestones. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, less than $0.1 million was paid or payable to UCLB by the Company, relating to the income allocable to the value of the sublicensed intellectual property rights.

In November 2019, the Company entered into an exclusive license agreement with Noile-Immune Biotech Inc. (“Noile”) under which the Company will have the right to develop CAR T cell therapies incorporating Noile’s PRIME (proliferation-inducing and migration-enhancing) technology. The Company may be obligated to make additional payments to Noile upon the achievement of development milestones and receipt of regulatory approvals product sale milestones, as well as royalty payments based on possible future sales resulting from the utilization of the licensed technology.

In September 2023, the Company entered into a non-exclusive sublicense agreement with Miltenyi Biotech B.V. & Co. KG (“Miltenyi”) under which the Company received a sublicense related to the use of certain Miltenyi products in the Company’s development, manufacture and sale of its products. Under the agreement, the Company is obligated to make specified payments to Miltenyi upon the achievement of certain regulatory and clinical milestones. The Company recognized $0.4 million of expense in aggregate relating to an upfront license payment and milestone payments that were deemed probable during the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company did not recognize any further milestone payments during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024.

Contractual obligations

In July 2022, the Company renegotiated a master services agreement with Adaptive Biotechnologies Corporation (“Adaptive”), under which Adaptive's assay is used to analyze patient samples from r/r B-ALL patients. Under the agreement, the Company is obligated to make specified payments to Adaptive upon the achievement and receipt of certain regulatory approvals and achievement of commercial milestones in connection with the Company’s use of the Adaptive assay. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized all contractual milestones relating to this contract, and as a result no contractual milestones were recognized during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024.

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AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

In previous periods, the Company has entered into agreements with certain advisory firms. The Company is obligated to make specified payments upon the achievement of certain strategic transactions involving the Company. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company paid a fee under these agreements.

The Company has estimated the probability of the Company achieving each potential milestone in relation to the agreements with UCLB, Noile, Miltenyi and its agreements with certain advisory firms in accordance with ASC 450. The Company considers the regulatory approval, commercial milestones and execution of collaboration agreements probable when actually achieved. Furthermore, the Company recognizes expenses for clinical milestones when their achievement is deemed probable. The Company concluded that, as of June 30, 2024, there were no other milestones for which the likelihood of achievement was currently probable.

Capital Commitments

As of June 30, 2024, the Company’s unconditional purchase obligations for capital expenditures totaled $9.7 million and included signed orders for capital equipment and capital expenditures for construction and related expenditures relating to its properties in the U.K. and the US. The Company expects to incur the full amount of these obligations within one year.

Master Supply Commitments

As of June 30, 2024, the Company’s unconditional purchase obligations with Miltenyi Biotec GmbH for reagents and disposables totaled $1.1 million, which the Company expects to incur within one year.

Distribution Commitments

The Company entered into an Exclusive Distribution Agreement, effective as of April 25, 2024 (the “Effective Date”), with Cardinal Health 105, LLC (“Cardinal Health”). Pursuant to, and subject to the terms and conditions of, the Exclusive Distribution Agreement, the Company engaged Cardinal Health as its exclusive third-party logistics distribution agent for sales of obe-cel in the US. The Exclusive Distribution Agreement runs for an initial term of three years following commercial launch and automatically renews for additional terms of one year each, unless either party elects not to renew. In addition, the Company can terminate the Exclusive Distribution Agreement without cause, subject to the payment of termination fees if such termination occurs during the initial three-year term. Under the terms of the Exclusive Distribution Agreement, the Company must pay to Cardinal Health a one-time start-up fee, and if the Company proceeds with commercialization of obe-cel, upon its launch, a monthly account management fee, and other fees for various services, including post-launch program implementation, information systems, warehouse operations and financial services.

Blackstone and BioNTech Agreements

Refer to Note 12, “Liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net” for further details about the BioNTech Agreements and Blackstone Agreements.

BioNTech License and Option Agreement - Product Options gain contingency

As the Product Options within the BioNTech License and Option Agreement were an embedded feature within a freestanding financial instrument, the Company assessed if the Product Options should be accounted for as a derivative under ASC 815. However, the Company determined the Product Options met the scope exception for derivative accounting under ASC 815 and therefore should be accounted for a gain contingency under the scope of ASC 450. As of June 30, 2024, Product Options were not exercised and therefore no amounts were recognized.

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, the Company may be a party to litigation or subject to claims incident to the ordinary course of business. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on the Company because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors. The Company was not a party to any litigation and did not have contingency reserves established for any liabilities as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Indemnification Agreements

In the normal course of business, the Company enters into contracts and agreements that contain a variety of representations and warranties and provide for general indemnification. The Company’s exposure under these agreements is unknown because they involve claims that may be made against the Company in the future. To date, the Company has not paid any claims or been required to defend any action related to its indemnification obligations. However, the Company may record charges in the future as a result of these indemnification obligations.

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AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) - Continued

In accordance with the indemnification agreements entered into with relevant individuals in accordance with the Company’s Articles of Association, the Company has indemnification obligations to its directors, officers and members of senior management for certain events or occurrences, subject to certain limits, while they are serving at the Company’s request in such capacity. There have been no claims to date under these indemnification agreements, and the Company has director and officer insurance that may enable it to recover a portion of any amounts paid for future potential claims.

Note 15. Related party transactions

Blackstone Agreements

In November 2021, the Company concurrently entered into the Blackstone Agreements. As of the execution of the Blackstone Agreements, Blackstone became a related party of the Company, as Blackstone became the owner of more than 10% of the Company’s outstanding voting securities. In addition, Blackstone received and exercised its right to nominate one director to the board of directors of the Company and is therefore considered to be one of the principal owners of the Company.

As of June 30, 2024, the carrying amount of the Blackstone Collaboration Agreement Liability was $195.9 million which included aggregated cumulative non-cash interest expense and cumulative catch-up adjustment of $25.0 million. As of December 31, 2023, the carrying amount of the Blackstone Collaboration Agreement Liability was $170.9 million which included aggregated cumulative non-cash interest expense (including cumulative catch-up adjustments), of $45.0 million. Refer to Note 12, “Liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net” for further details.

BioNTech Agreements

In February 2024, the Company concurrently entered into the BioNTech Agreements. Upon the execution of the BioNTech Agreements, BioNTech became a related party of the Company. BioNTech owns more than 10% of the Company’s outstanding voting securities and is therefore one of the principal owners of the Company. In addition, BioNTech has the right to nominate one director to the board of directors of the Company which BioNTech has not yet exercised.

As of June 30, 2024, the carrying amount of the BioNTech Liability was $42.8 million which included aggregated cumulative interest expense and cumulative catch-up adjustment of $2.7 million. Refer to Note 12, “Liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net” for further details.

Note 16. Subsequent Events

The Company evaluated subsequent events through August 8, 2024, the date on which these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements were issued. The Company has concluded that no subsequent event has occurred that requires disclosure.

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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes to those statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We also recommend that you read our discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations together with our audited financial statements and the notes thereto, which appear in our Annual Report as filed with the SEC.

We maintain our books and records in pounds sterling, our results are subsequently converted to U.S. dollars, and we prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, as issued by the FASB. All references in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to “$” are to U.S. dollars and all references to “£” are to pounds sterling. Our unaudited condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss and Cash Flows for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 have been translated from pounds sterling into U.S. dollars at the rate of £1.00 to $1.2616 and £1.00 to $1.2516, respectively. Our unaudited condensed Consolidated statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss and Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 have been translated from pounds sterling into U.S. dollars at the rate of £1.00 to $1.2648 and £1.00 to $1.2330, respectively. Our unaudited condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of June 30, 2024 and audited Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2023 have been translated from pounds sterling into U.S. dollars at the rate of £1.00 to $1.2645 and £1.00 to $1.2662, respectively. These translations should not be considered representations that any such amounts have been, could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars at those or any other exchange rate as of those or any other dates.

The statements in this discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations regarding our expectations regarding our future performance, liquidity and capital resources and other non-historical statements are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the risks and uncertainties set forth in the “Risk Factors” section of our Annual Report, this Quarterly Report and any subsequent reports that we file with the SEC.

Overview

We are a biopharmaceutical company developing next-generation programmed T cell therapies for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases. Using our broad suite of proprietary and modular T cell programming technologies, we are engineering precisely targeted, controlled and highly active T cell therapies that are designed to better recognize target cells, break down their defense mechanisms and attack and kill these cells. We believe our programmed T cell therapies have the potential to be best-in-class and to offer patients substantial benefits over the existing standard of care, including the potential for cure in some patients.

Since our inception, we have incurred significant operating losses. For the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, we incurred net losses of $58.3 million and $45.6 million, respectively, and net losses of $111.0 million and $85.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and had an accumulated deficit of $989.5 million and $878.6 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

As of June 30, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $705.9 million. Based on our current clinical development plans, we believe our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund our current and planned operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements through at least the next twelve months from the date of issuance of our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in this report.

Recent Developments

Obe-cel in r/r adult B-ALL - The Felix Study:

Obe-cel in relapsed / refractory (“r/r”) adult B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (“B-ALL”) – The FELIX Study

•Our obe-cel BLA for r/r B-ALL remains on track for FDA target action date of November 16, 2024.

•In April 2024, the EMA accepted our obe-cel marketing authorization application (“MAA”) for r/r B-ALL. In the U.K. an MAA was submitted to the U.K. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (“MHRA”) at the end of July 2024.

•The pooled analysis of the FELIX Phase 1b/2 study was presented at the American Society of Oncology (“ASCO”) and at the European Hematology Association (“EHA”) annual meetings in June 2024, with a median follow-up of 21 months. The data showed stabilization of event-free survival and overall survival, with 40% of patients in ongoing remission. 99 responders following treatment with obe-cel, 18 received a subsequent stem cell transplant (“SCT”) while in minimal residual (“MRD”)-negative response and did not show improved survival compared to patients without subsequent SCT. Patients with prolonged obe-cel persistence showed improved event-free survival and data indicated the bridging of high tumor burden patients with inotuzumab appears effective at reducing tumor burden, cytokine release syndrome (“CRS”) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (“ICANS”) without increasing liver toxicity.

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Obe-cel in B-cell mediated autoimmune diseases

•The Phase 1 dose confirmation study (“CARLYSLE”) in refractory systemic lupus erythematosus (“SLE”) patients is ongoing. We continue to expect initial clinical data in late 2024.

Pipeline programs in collaboration with University College London

•Clinical programs AUTO8, AUTO6NG and AUTO1/22 are progressing well and we are planning data updates for all programs in 2025.

Key Operational Updates during the three months ended June 30, 2024

•In April 2024, Autolus entered into a distribution services agreement with a subsidiary of Cardinal Health to support the ordering and distribution of obe-cel in the United States, if it receives regulatory approval.

Components of Our Results of Operations

Revenue

We account for our revenue pursuant to the provisions of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. We have no products approved for commercial sale and have not generated any revenue from commercial product sales. The total revenue to date has been generated principally from license agreements. As of June 30, 2024, we had entered into various license agreements which included non-refundable upfront license fees, options for future commercial licenses, payments based upon achievement of clinical development and regulatory objectives, payments based upon achievement of certain levels of product sales, and royalties on licensed product sales.

In determining the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized in relation to each license agreement, we perform the following steps: (i) identify the promised goods or services in the contract; (ii) determine whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations, including whether they are distinct in the context of the contract; (iii) measure of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations based on estimated selling prices; and (v) recognize of revenue when (or as) we satisfy each performance obligation.

License Fees and Multiple Element Arrangements

If a license to our intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in the arrangement, we recognize revenues from non-refundable, upfront fees allocated to the license at such time as the license is transferred to the licensee and the licensee is able to use, and benefit from the license. For licenses that are bundled with other promises, we utilize judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligations to determine whether the combined performance obligations are satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring progress for purposes of recognizing revenue from non-refundable, upfront fees. We evaluate the measure of progress at each reporting period and, if necessary, adjust the measure of performance and related revenue recognition.

Appropriate methods of measuring progress include output methods and input methods. In determining the appropriate method for measuring progress, we consider the nature of service that we promise to transfer to the customer. When we decide on a method of measurement, we will apply that single method of measuring progress for each performance obligation satisfied over time and will apply that method consistently to similar performance obligations and in similar circumstances.

Customer Options

If an arrangement is determined to contain customer options that allow the customer to acquire additional goods or services, the goods and services underlying the customer options that are not determined to be material rights are not considered to be performance obligations at the outset of the arrangement, as they are contingent upon option exercise. We evaluate the customer options for material rights, or options to acquire additional goods or services for free or at a discount. If the customer options are determined to represent a material right, the material right is recognized as a separate performance obligation at the outset of the arrangement. We allocate the transaction price to material rights based on the relative standalone selling price, which is determined based on any identified discount and the probability that the customer will exercise the option. Amounts allocated to a material right are not recognized as revenue until, at the earliest, the option is exercised.

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Contingent Research Milestone Payments

ASC 606 constrains the amount of variable consideration included in the transaction price in that either all, or a portion, of an amount of variable consideration should be included in the transaction price. The variable consideration amount should be included only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. The assessment of whether variable consideration should be constrained is largely a qualitative one that has two elements: the likelihood of a change in estimate, and the magnitude thereof. Variable consideration is not constrained if the potential reversal of cumulative revenue recognized is not significant, for example.

If the consideration in a contract includes a variable amount, we will estimate the amount of consideration in exchange for transfer of promised goods or services. The consideration also can vary if our entitlement to the consideration is contingent on the occurrence or non-occurrence of a future event. We consider contingent research milestone payments to fall under the scope of variable consideration, which should be estimated for revenue recognition purposes at the inception of the contract and reassessed ongoing at the end of each reporting period.

We assess whether contingent research milestones should be considered variable consideration that should be constrained and thus not part of the transaction price. This includes an assessment of the probability that all or some of the milestone revenue could be reversed when the uncertainty around whether or not the achievement of each milestone is resolved, and the amount of reversal could be significant.

U.S. GAAP provides factors to consider when assessing whether variable consideration should be constrained. All of the factors should be considered, and no factor is determinate. We consider all relevant factors.

Royalty Revenue

For arrangements that include sales-based royalties, including milestone payments based on the level of sales, and the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, we recognize revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied).

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses (“R&D”) consist of costs incurred in connection with the research and development of our product candidates, which are partially offset by research and development tax credits, including tax credits arising from the U.K. small and medium enterprise (“SME”) regime and research and development expenditure credit (“RDEC”) regime provided by HMRC. We expense research and development costs as incurred. These expenses include:

•expenses incurred under agreements with CROs, as well as investigative sites and consultants that conduct our clinical trials, preclinical studies and other scientific development services;

•manufacturing scale-up expenses and the cost of acquiring and manufacturing preclinical and clinical trial materials;

•employee-related expenses, including salaries, related benefits, travel and share-based compensation expense for employees engaged in research and development functions;

•expenses incurred for outsourced professional scientific development services;

•costs for laboratory materials and supplies used to support our research activities;

•allocated facilities costs, depreciation and other expenses, which include rent and utilities; and

•upfront, milestone and management fees for maintaining licenses under our third-party licensing agreements.

We recognize external development costs based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using information provided to us by our service providers.

Our direct research and development expenses are tracked on a program-by-program basis for our product candidates and consist primarily of external costs, such as fees paid to outside consultants and CROs in connection with our preclinical development, manufacturing and clinical development activities. Our direct research and development expenses by program also include fees incurred under license agreements. We do not allocate employee costs or facility expenses, including depreciation or other indirect costs, to specific programs because these costs are deployed across multiple programs and, as such, are not separately classified. We use internal resources primarily to oversee research and development as well as for managing our preclinical development, process development, manufacturing and clinical development activities.

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Research and development activities are central to our business model. Product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. As a result, we expect that our research and development expenses will increase substantially over the next few years as we increase personnel costs, initiate and conduct additional clinical trials and prepare regulatory filings related to our product candidates. We also expect to incur additional expenses related to milestone, royalty payments and maintenance fees payable to third parties with whom we have entered into license agreements to acquire the rights related to our product candidates.

The successful development and commercialization of our product candidates is highly uncertain. At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing and costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the clinical development of any of our product candidates or when, if ever, material net cash inflows may commence from sales of any of our product candidates. This uncertainty is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with development and commercialization activities, including the uncertainty of:

•the scope, progress, outcome and costs of our clinical trials and other research and development activities, including establishing an appropriate safety profile with IND-directed studies;

•successful patient enrollment in, and the initiation and completion of, clinical trials;

•the timing, receipt and terms of any marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities;

•establishing commercial manufacturing capabilities or making arrangements with third-party manufacturers;

•development and timely delivery of commercial-grade drug formulations that can be used in our clinical trials and for commercial manufacturing;

•obtaining, maintaining, defending and enforcing patent claims and other intellectual property rights;

•significant and changing government regulation;

•launching commercial sales of our product candidates, if and when approved, whether alone or in collaboration with others;

•maintaining a continued acceptable safety profile of the product candidates following approval; and

•significant competition and rapidly changing technologies within the biopharmaceutical industry.

We may never succeed in achieving regulatory approval for any of our product candidates. We may obtain unexpected results from our clinical trials. We may elect to discontinue, delay or modify clinical trials of some product candidates or focus on others. Any changes in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of our product candidates in clinical development could mean a significant change in the costs and timing associated with the development of these product candidates. For example, if the European Medicines Agency (“EMA”), the FDA, or another regulatory authority were to delay our planned start of clinical trials or require us to conduct clinical trials or other testing beyond those that we currently expect or if we experience significant delays in enrollment in any of our planned clinical trials, we could be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time on the completion of clinical development of that product candidate. Commercialization of our product candidates will take several years and millions of dollars in development costs.

U.K. Research and Development Tax Credits

The U.K. operates R&D tax incentive regimes. Under these regimes qualifying R&D expenditure incurred by U.K. companies can be included within R&D claims via the corporate tax return, resulting in reimbursable tax credits from the U.K. government.

As a company that carries out extensive R&D activities, we make claims under the U.K. R&D tax credit regime. This regime provides companies with tax relief at an effective rate of between 15% and 16.2% (subject to the rate of corporation tax we pay, if any) of qualifying R&D expenditure in an accounting period. The regime’s rules are complex, and if a tax authority were to challenge or seek to disallow our claims (in whole or in part), for example by asserting that the relevant expenditure does not meet the technical conditions to be granted tax credits, then such challenge or disallowance could have a material impact on our cash-flow and financial performance. In addition, future changes to the U.K. R&D tax credit regime may mean that we no longer qualify for it or have a material impact on the extent to which we can make claims (or benefit from them).

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The SME program has been particularly beneficial to us, as under this program the trading losses that arise from our qualifying R&D activities can be surrendered for a cash rebate of up to 18.6% of qualifying expenditure incurred after April 1, 2023. Additionally, the U.K. Government enacted further changes to the SME regime on February 22, 2024 which include the introduction of a new rate for R&D intensive companies of 27% (which we may not qualify for) and came into effect for expenditures incurred after April 1, 2023. Qualifying expenditures largely comprise employment costs for research staff, consumables, outsourced contract research organization costs and utilities costs incurred as part of research projects for which we do not receive income. A large proportion of costs in relation to our pipeline research, clinical trials management and manufacturing development activities, all of which are being carried out by our subsidiary Autolus Limited, are eligible for inclusion within these tax credit cash rebate claims.

On April 1, 2023, the headline rate under the RDEC program increased from 13% to 20% and can generate cash rebates of up to 15% (increased from 10.5%) on qualifying R&D expenditure incurred from this date.

The benefit from U.K. RDEC and U.K. SME programs is recognized as income in the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss and is subject to tax at the prevailing rate.

Amendments to the current SME and RDEC programs that are contained in the Finance Act 2024 which was enacted on February 22, 2024 will take effect from periods on or after April 1, 2024 and will (i) (unless limited exceptions apply) introduce restrictions on the tax relief that can be claimed for expenditure incurred on subcontracted R&D activities or externally provided workers, where such sub-contracted activities are not carried out in the U.K. or such workers are not subject to U.K. payroll taxes, and (ii) merge the SME and RDEC programs into a single scheme which would generate net cash benefit of up to 15% of the qualifying expenditure for profit making companies and up to 16.2% for loss making companies. Nevertheless, the higher rate of 27% for R&D intensive SME companies will still be in effect from periods on or after April 1, 2024.

We currently meet the conditions of the SME regime, but we also can make claims under the RDEC regime to the extent that our projects are grant funded. We may not be able to continue in the future to qualify as a small or medium-sized enterprise under the SME program, based on size criteria concerning employee headcount, turnover and gross assets. If we cease to qualify under the SME regime, we may make a claim under the RDEC regime for periods ending December 31, 2024, or the merged R&D regime from the period ending December 31, 2025. It should be noted, however, that the types of qualifying expenditure in respect of which we may make claims under the RDEC regime are more restricted than under the SME regime (for example, it may be the case that certain subcontracted costs in respect of which claims may be made under the SME regime do not qualify for relief under the current RDEC regime).The subcontracted rules under the merged regime are more aligned to the current SME regime.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries, related benefits, travel and share-based compensation expense for personnel in executive, finance, legal and other administrative functions. General and administrative expenses also include allocated facility-related costs, patent filing and prosecution costs and professional fees for marketing, insurance, legal, consulting, accounting and audit services.

We anticipate that our general and administrative expenses will increase in the future as we increase our headcount to support the planned development of our product candidates. Additionally, if we believe a regulatory approval of one of our product candidates appears likely, we would anticipate an increase in salaries and related benefits as a result of our preparation for commercial operations, especially as it relates to the sales and marketing of our product candidate.

We have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, increased expense with being a public company, including increased accounting, audit, legal, regulatory and compliance costs associated with maintaining compliance with Nasdaq listing rules and SEC requirements, director and officer insurance premiums, as well as higher investor and public relations costs. Additionally, should we fail to maintain our status as a foreign private issuer, we would expect to incur increased expenses to remain compliant with applicable SEC and Nasdaq requirements.

Loss on disposal of property and equipment

Loss on disposal of property and equipment primarily consists of losses arising from the disposal of all categories of property and equipment.

Impairment of operating lease right-of-use assets and related property and equipment

Impairment of operating lease right-of-use assets and related property and equipment consists primarily of impairment losses arising from the impairment of leased properties and leasehold improvements that are currently not be utilized by us.

Other income (expense), net

Other income (expense), net consists primarily of foreign currency transaction gains and losses, sublease income and gains or losses arising from the termination of leases.

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Interest Income

Interest income consists primarily of interest received from banks and money market funds on our cash and cash equivalents balances. We invest funds in a variety of short-term interest-bearing instruments.

Interest Expense

Interest expense consists primarily of interest expense arising from amortization of the liability related to future royalties and milestones, pursuant to our collaboration agreements with Blackstone and BioNTech, using the effective interest rate method. On a quarterly basis, we assess the expected present value of the future Blackstone and BioNTech payments under the Blackstone Collaboration Agreement and BioNTech Agreements which may be received by us and future royalties and sales milestone payments to Blackstone and BioNTech which may be paid by us. To the extent the amount or timing of such receipts or payments is materially different than our previous estimates we record a cumulative catch-up adjustment to the liability related to future royalties and milestones. The adjustment to the carrying amount is recognized as an adjustment to interest expense in the period in which the change in estimate occurred.

Income Tax Benefit (Expense)

We are subject to corporate taxation in the United Kingdom, United States, Germany and Switzerland. Due to the nature of our business, we have generated losses since inception. Our income tax benefit (expense) recognized represents the sum of the research and development tax credits recoverable in the U.K. and offset by income tax payable in the United States.

Un-surrendered U.K. losses may be carried forward indefinitely to be offset against future taxable profits, subject to numerous utilization criteria and restrictions. The amount that can be offset each year is limited to £5.0 million plus an incremental 50% of U.K. taxable profits. After accounting for tax credits receivable, we had accumulated tax losses for carry forward in the U.K. of $418.1 million at December 31, 2023. A valuation allowance has been recognized against our deferred tax asset relating to our U.K. losses. We carried a $3.2 million deferred tax asset balance related to the U.S. entity at June 30, 2024 for which there are no valuation allowance. At June 30, 2024, we recorded a full valuation allowance against the net deferred tax asset in the U.K., as the recoverability due to future taxable profits was unknown. On April 1, 2023 the main rate of the U.K. corporation tax was increased to 25% for companies with profits in excess of £250,000, or the small profits rate of 19% for companies with profits of £50,000 or less (with marginal relief from the main rate available to companies with profits between £50,000 and £250,000).

In the event we generate revenues in the future, we may benefit from the U.K. “patent box” regime that allows profits attributable to revenues from patents or patented products to be taxed at an effective rate of 10%.

Results of Operations

Comparison of Three Months Ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the three months ended June 30, 2024, and 2023 (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Change		Change
	2024		2023		(in thousands)		(in percentage)

License revenue	$	—	$	—	$	—	—	%
Operating expenses:
Research and development	(36,612)		(33,232)		(3,380)		10	%
General and administrative	(21,903)		(11,122)		(10,781)		97	%
Loss on disposal of property and equipment	—		(23)		23		(100)	%
Impairment of operating lease right-of-use assets and related property and equipment	(414)		—		(414)		100	%
Total operating expenses, net	(58,929)		(44,377)		(14,552)		33	%

Other income, net	1,226		482		744		154	%
Interest income	9,656		3,403		6,253		184	%
Interest expense	(10,174)		(5,020)		(5,154)		103	%
Total other income (expense), net	708		(1,135)		1,843		(162)	%
Net loss before income tax	(58,221)		(45,512)		(12,709)		28	%
Income tax expense	(51)		(40)		(11)		28	%
Net loss	$	(58,272)	$	(45,552)	$	(12,720)	28	%

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Research and Development Expenses

The following tables provide additional detail on our research and development expenses (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Change (in thousands)		Change (in percentage)
	2024		2023
Direct research and development expenses
B cell malignancies (Obe-cel, AUTO1/22 & AUTO3)	$	7,713	$	4,147	$	3,566	86	%
Other projects (AUTO4, AUTO5, AUTO6, AUTO7 & AUTO8)	876		701		175		25	%
Total direct research and development expense	$	8,589	$	4,848	$	3,741	77	%

Indirect research and development expenses and unallocated costs:
Personnel related (including share-based compensation)	$	18,073	$	16,659	1,414		8	%
Indirect research and development expense*	9,950		11,725		(1,775)		(15)	%
Total research and development expenses	$	36,612	$	33,232	$	3,380	10	%
* Indirect research and development expense is net of U.K. research and development tax credits

Research and development expenses increased by $3.4 million to $36.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 from $33.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 primarily due to:

•an increase of $4.3 million in clinical trial costs primarily relating to our research and development activities including transport costs of manufacturing consumables,

•an increase of $1.4 million in salaries and other employment related costs including share-based compensation expense, which was mainly driven by an increase in the number of employees engaged in research and development activities,

•an increase of $0.6 million in facilities costs related primarily to our new manufacturing facility, The Nucleus, in Stevenage, U.K. as well as increases in costs related to maintaining our current leased properties, and

•an increase of $0.4 million in depreciation and amortization related to property and equipment, offset in part by:

•an increase of $1.8 million in U.K. R&D tax credits (decrease in R&D expense) due primarily to an increase in qualifying research and development expenditures related to the Small and Medium Enterprise (“SME”) scheme,

•a decrease of $0.7 million in professional consulting and legal fees in relation to our research and development activities,

•a decrease of $0.7 million in information technology infrastructure maintenance costs, and

•a decrease of $0.1 million in general office expenses.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses increased by $10.8 million to $21.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 from $11.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 primarily due to:

•an increase of $6.7 million in salaries and other employment related costs including share-based compensation expense, which was mainly driven by an increase in the number of employees engaged in general and administrative activities,

•an increase of $2.5 million in costs related to commercial-stage readiness activities,

•an increase of $1.7 million in legal and professional fees related to our general and administrative activities, and

•an increase of $0.2 million in facility costs due to the increase in space utilized for general and administrative activities and related to general office expenses, offset in part by:

•a decrease of $0.3 million related to information technology infrastructure and support for information systems related to corporate and commercial operations.

Impairment of Operating Lease Right-of-use Assets and Related Property and Equipment

For the three months ended June 30, 2024, we recognized an impairment loss on operating lease right-of-use assets and related property and equipment of $0.4 million related to a leased property in Enfield, United Kingdom. There was no similar impairment recognized for the three months ended June 30, 2023.

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Other income (expense), net

Other income (expense), net increased to $1.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 from $0.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023. The increase of $0.7 million was primarily due to the strengthening of the pound sterling exchange rate relative to the U.S. dollar between the two periods.

Interest income

Interest income increased to $9.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024, as compared to $3.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023. The increase in interest income of $6.3 million primarily related to increase in yield and also higher account balances associated with our cash and cash equivalents during the three months ended June 30, 2024 as compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023.

Interest expense

Interest expense increased to $10.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 as compared to $5.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023. Interest expense increased by $5.2 million primarily due to an increase in the balance of the liabilities for future royalties and milestones, net associated with our Collaboration Agreement with Blackstone and the BioNTech License and Option Agreement.

Comparison of Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2024, and 2023 (in thousands):


	Six Months Ended June 30,				Change (in thousands)		Change (in percentage)
	2024		2023

License revenue	$	10,091	$	1,292	$	8,799	681	%
Operating expenses:
Research and development	(67,283)		(60,620)		(6,663)		11	%
General and administrative	(40,080)		(20,406)		(19,674)		96	%
Loss on disposal of property and equipment	—		(3,791)		3,791		(100)	%
Impairment of operating lease right-of-use assets and related property and equipment	(414)		—		(414)		100	%
Total operating expenses, net	(97,686)		(83,525)		(14,161)		17	%

Other (expense) income, net	(379)		1,264		(1,643)		(130)	%
Interest income	16,589		6,849		9,740		142	%
Interest expense	(29,443)		(9,925)		(19,518)		197	%
Total other expense, net	(13,233)		(1,812)		(11,421)		630	%
Net loss before income tax	(110,919)		(85,337)		(25,582)		30	%
Income tax expense	(43)		(26)		(17)		65	%
Net loss	$	(110,962)	$	(85,363)	$	(25,599)	30	%

License Revenue

License revenue amounting to $10.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 related to license revenue recognized pursuant to the License and Option Agreement with BioNTech. License revenue of $1.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 primarily related to the execution of the Cabaletta Bio Inc. (“Cabaletta”) Option and License Agreement, which included recognition of a non-refundable license fee payable to us.

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Research and Development Expenses

The following tables provide additional detail on our research and development expenses (in thousands):


	Six Months Ended June 30,				Change (in thousands)		Change (in percentage)
	2024		2023
Direct research and development expenses
B cell malignancies (Obe-cel, AUTO1/22 & AUTO3)	$	12,021	$	9,277	$	2,744	30	%
Other projects (AUTO4, AUTO5, AUTO6, AUTO7 & AUTO8)	1,044		1,543		(499)		(32)	%
Total direct research and development expense	$	13,065	$	10,820	$	2,245	21	%

Indirect research and development expenses and unallocated costs:
Personnel related (including share-based compensation)	33,475		30,881		2,594		8	%

Indirect research and development expense	20,743		18,919		1,824		10	%
Total research and development expenses	$	67,283	$	60,620	$	6,663	11	%

Research and development expenses increased by $6.7 million to $67.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 from $60.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 primarily due to:

•an increase of $5.2 million in clinical trial costs primarily relating to our research and development activities including transport costs of manufacturing consumables,

•an increase of $2.6 million in salaries and other employment related costs, including share-based compensation expense, which was mainly driven by an increase in the number of employees engaged in research and development activities,

•an increase of $2.4 million in facilities costs related primarily to our new manufacturing facility, The Nucleus, in Stevenage, U.K. as well as increases in costs related to maintaining our current leased properties, and

•an increase of $0.2 million in depreciation and amortization related to property and equipment, offset in part by:

•an increase of $1.3 million in U.K. R&D tax credits (decrease in R&D expense) due primarily to an increase in qualifying research and development expenditures related to the SME scheme,

•a decrease of $1.5 million in professional consulting and legal fees in relation to our research and development activities,

•a decrease of $0.6 million in information technology infrastructure maintenance costs, and

•a decrease of $0.3 million in general office expenses.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses increased by $19.7 million to $40.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 from $20.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 primarily due to:

•an increase of $11.2 million in salaries and other employment related costs, including share-based compensation expense, which was mainly driven by an increase in the number of employees engaged in general and administrative activities,

•an increase of $4.8 million in costs related to commercial-stage readiness activities,

•an increase of $2.7 million in legal and professional fees related to our general and administrative activities,

•an increase of $0.6 million related to information technology infrastructure and support for information systems related to the conduct of corporate and commercial operations,

•an increase of $0.3 million in facility costs due to the increase in space utilized for general and administrative activities and related to general office expense, and

•an increase of $0.1 million in depreciation and amortization related to property and equipment.

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Loss on disposal of property and equipment

For the six months ended June 30, 2023, we recognized a loss on disposal of property and equipment of $3.8 million related to fixed assets no longer being utilized in the manufacturing facility exited in Stevenage, United Kingdom. There were no such disposals for the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Impairment of Operating Lease Right-of-use Assets and Related Property and Equipment

For the six months ended June 30, 2024, we recognized an impairment loss on operating lease right-of-use assets and related property and equipment of $0.4 million related to a leased property in Enfield, United Kingdom. There was no similar impairment recognized for the six months ended June 30, 2023.

Other (expense) income, net

Other (expense) income, net decreased to an expense of $0.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 from an income of $1.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The decrease of $1.7 million was primarily due to the strengthening of the pound sterling exchange rate relative to the U.S. dollar resulting in a net foreign exchange loss of $1.8 million, offset by a lease termination gain of $0.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023.

Interest Income

Interest income increased to $16.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, as compared to $6.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The increase in interest income of $9.7 million primarily related to increase in yield and also higher account balances associated with our cash and cash equivalents during the six months ended June 30, 2024 as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2023.

Interest expense

Interest expense increased to $29.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 as compared to $9.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. Interest expense increased by $19.5 million primarily due to an increase in the balance of the liabilities for future royalties and milestones, net associated with our Collaboration Agreement with Blackstone and the BioNTech License and Option Agreement.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since our inception, we have not generated any commercial product revenue and have incurred operating losses and negative cash flows from our operations. We expect to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future as we advance our product candidates through preclinical and clinical development and seek regulatory approval and pursue commercialization of any approved product candidates. We expect that our research and development and general and administrative expenses may increase in connection with our planned research, clinical development and potential commercialization activities. As a result, we will need significant additional capital to fund our operations until such time as we can generate significant revenue from product sales.

We do not currently have any approved products and have never generated any commercial revenue from product sales. We have funded our operations to date primarily with proceeds from government grants, sales of our equity securities, through public offerings and pursuant to our at-the-equity market facility, through U.K. research and development tax credits and receipts from the SME and RDEC schemes, out-licensing arrangements and strategic collaboration and financing agreements. From our inception in 2014 through June 30, 2024, we have raised an aggregate of $1.7 billion from these capital sources.

As of June 30, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $705.9 million.

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Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows for each of the periods presented (in thousands):


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(91,597)	$	(80,566)
Net cash used in investing activities	(1,374)		(8,011)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	559,362		(910)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	233		14,558
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	466,624	$	(74,929)

Net Cash Used in Operating Activities

During the six months ended June 30, 2024, operating activities used $91.6 million of cash, resulting from our net loss of $111.0 million and net cash used resulting from changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $22.6 million, partially offset by non-cash charges of $42.0 million. The non-cash charges related to interest expense accrued and cumulative catch-up adjustment of $29.4 million, share-based compensation of $5.2 million, depreciation and amortization of $3.7 million, non-cash operating lease expense of $2.3 million, foreign exchange differences of $1.2 million, and impairment of operating lease right-of-use assets and related property and equipment of $0.4 million, which was offset by deferred income tax movement of $0.2 million. Net cash used in operating activities resulting from changes in our operating assets and liabilities for the six months ended June 30, 2024 consisted primarily of a net increase of $16.7 million in prepaid expenses and other current and non-current assets, a decrease in accrued expenses and other liabilities of $4.3 million, and a decrease of $2.6 million in our operating lease liability, offset by an increase in accounts payable of $1.0 million.

During the six months ended June 30, 2023, operating activities used $80.6 million of cash, resulting from our net loss of $85.4 million and net cash used resulting from changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $12.8 million, partially offset by non-cash charges of $17.6 million. The non-cash charges related to interest expense accrued and cumulative catch-up adjustment of $9.9 million, share-based compensation of $5.1 million, loss on disposal of property and equipment of $3.8 million, depreciation and amortization of $3.4 million, non-cash operating lease expense of $1.9 million, and loss on termination of operating lease of $0.1 million, offset by foreign exchange differences of $6.3 million and deferred income tax movement of $0.3 million. Net cash used in operating activities resulting from changes in our operating assets and liabilities for the six months ended June 30, 2023 consisted primarily of decreases in accrued expenses and other liabilities of $9.6 million, a $6.8 million decrease in right of use assets from amortization and operating lease liabilities, net, offset by an increase in accounts payable of $3.3 million, and a net decrease of $0.2 million in prepaid expenses and other current and non-current assets, and an increase in long-term deposits of $0.1 million.

Net Cash Used in Investing Activities

During the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, we used $1.4 million and $8.0 million, respectively, of cash in investing activities, all of which consisted of purchases of property and equipment.

Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities

During the six months ended June 30, 2024, net cash provided by financing activities of $559.4 million related to net aggregate proceeds raised from the BioNTech Agreements and our underwritten offering of ADSs. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, net cash used in financing activities of $0.9 million was primarily for payments of issuance costs relating to a prior equity financing.

Funding Requirements

We expect our expenses to increase substantially in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we continue pre-commercial readiness activities for obe-cel, operate our new commercial manufacturing facility and advance the preclinical activities and clinical trials of our product candidates. Our expenses will increase as we:

•seek regulatory approvals for obe-cel or any other product candidates that successfully complete preclinical and clinical trials;

•establish a sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure in anticipation of commercializing of any product candidates for which we may obtain marketing approval and intend to commercialize on our own or jointly;

•hire additional clinical, medical and development personnel;

•expand our infrastructure and facilities to accommodate our growing employee base; and

•maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio.

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Our primary uses of capital are, and we expect will continue to be, compensation and related expenses, clinical costs, external research and development services, laboratory and related supplies, legal and other regulatory expenses, and administrative and overhead costs. Our future funding requirements will be heavily determined by the resources needed to support the development of our product candidates.

Based on our current clinical development plans, we believe our current cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund our current and planned operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next twelve months from the date of the issuance of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. We have based these estimates on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could utilize our available capital resources sooner than we expect. If we receive regulatory approval for obe-cel or any of our other product candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product manufacturing, sales, marketing and distribution, depending on where we choose to commercialize. We may also require additional capital to pursue in-licenses or acquisitions of other product candidates.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with research, development and commercialization of pharmaceutical product candidates, we are unable to estimate the exact amount of our working capital requirements. Our future funding requirements will depend on and could increase significantly as a result of many factors, including:

•the scope, progress, outcome and costs of our clinical trials and other research and development activities;

•the costs, timing, receipt and terms of any marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities;

•the costs of future activities, including product sales, medical affairs, marketing, manufacturing and distribution, for any of our product candidates for which we receive marketing approval;

•the revenue, if any, received from commercial sale of our products, should any of our product candidates receive marketing approval;

•the costs and timing of hiring new employees to support our continued growth;

•the costs of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property rights and defending intellectual property-related claims; and

•the extent to which we in-license or acquire additional product candidates or technologies.

Until such time, if ever, that we can generate product revenue sufficient to achieve profitability, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of public or private equity offerings, reimbursable U.K. research and development tax credits and receipts from the SME and RDEC schemes, out-licensing arrangements, or strategic collaboration agreements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity, the ownership interest of existing shareholders will be diluted. If we raise additional funds through other third-party funding, collaborations agreements, strategic alliances, licensing arrangements or marketing and distribution arrangements, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market products or product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

Our management's discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, which we have prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, costs and expenses, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events and various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Below we have included an update to our significant judgments and accounting estimates from those included in our Annual Report.

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Allocation of transaction price using the relative standalone selling price

Upfront payments are allocated between performance obligations using our best estimate of the relative standalone selling price of the performance obligation. The relative standalone selling price is estimated by determining the market values of development and license obligations. As these inputs are not directly observable, the estimate is determined considering all reasonably available information including internal pricing objectives used in negotiating the contract, taking into account the different stage of development of each development program and consideration of adjusted-market data from comparable arrangements. Where performance obligations have been identified relating to material rights, the determination of the relative standalone selling price of these performance obligations also includes an assessment of the likelihood that the options will be exercised and any payments by the customer that are triggered upon exercising the right. This assessment involves significant judgment and could have a significant impact on the amount and timing of revenue recognition.

An assessment of the allocation of transaction price using the relative standalone selling price was required for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 for the BioNTech License and Option Agreement and Research, Option and License Agreement with Cabaletta, respectively.

Liability related to future royalties and milestones, net and cumulative catch-up adjustments

We accounted for the Blackstone Collaboration Agreement and the BioNTech Obe-cel Product Revenue Interest, (“BioNTech Liability”) as liabilities measured at amortized cost based on an effective interest rate determined at the outset of the arrangement. The Blackstone Collaboration Agreement Liability related to future royalties and sales milestones, net is measured based on our current estimates of the timing and amount of expected future royalty and milestone payments to be paid and the Blackstone Development Payments expected to be received over the estimated term of the agreement. Similarly, the BioNTech Liability related to future royalties is measured based on our current estimates of the timing and amount of expected future royalty expected to be paid over the estimated term of the agreement. Milestone payments (“BioNTech Milestone Payments”) pursuant to the BioNTech License and Option Agreement are payable upon BioNTech's election, and therefore have not been included in the determination of the effective interest rate or in the measurement of the liability.

The liabilities are amortized using the effective interest rate, resulting in recognition of interest expense over the estimated term of the agreement. Each reporting period we assess the estimated probability, timing and amount of the future expected royalty, milestone payments, the Blackstone Development Payment over the estimated term. If there are changes to the estimates, we recognize the impact to the liability’s amortization schedule and the related interest expense using the catch-up method.

Our estimate of the probability, timing and amount of expected future royalties and milestones to be paid by us and the expected Blackstone Development Payment to be paid to us, considers significant unobservable inputs. These inputs include regulatory approval, the estimated patient population, estimated selling price, estimated sales, estimated peak sales and sales ramp, timing of the expected launch and its impact on the royalties as well as the overall probability of a success. Additionally, the transaction costs associated with the liability will be amortized to interest expense over the estimated term of the agreements.

The carrying amount of the Blackstone Collaboration Agreement Liability and BioNTech Liability is based on our estimate of the future royalties, milestones to be paid to Blackstone by us and the expected Blackstone Development Payment to be received over the life of the arrangement as discounted using the initial effective interest rate. The excess or deficit of estimated present value of future royalty, milestone payments and the future Blackstone Development Payment received over the carrying amount is recognized as a cumulative catch-up adjustment within interest expense using the effective interest rate.

Contractual Obligations

As of June 30, 2024, other than disclosed within Notes 12 to 14 to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in this report, there have been no material changes to our contractual obligations and commitments from those described under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in our Annual Report.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

A description of recently issued accounting pronouncements that may potentially impact our financial position and results of operations is disclosed in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in in this Quarterly Report.

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business, which are principally limited to interest rate fluctuations and foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. We maintain significant amounts of cash that are in excess of federally insured limits in various currencies, placed with one or more financial institutions for varying periods according to expected liquidity requirements.

Interest Rate Risk

Our exposure to interest rate sensitivity is primarily impacted by changes in the underlying U.S. and U.K. bank interest rates. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of $705.9 million and $239.6 million, respectively. Our surplus cash has been invested in interest-bearing savings and money market funds. We have not entered into investments for trading or speculative purposes. An immediate hypothetical one percentage point change in interest rates would have resulted in a $2.1 million increase in interest income on our unaudited condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the year ended December 31, 2023.

As of June 30, 2024 the Blackstone Collaboration Agreement Liability has a fixed effective interest rate and is not subject to any fluctuations due to interest rates. However, the effective interest rate for the BioNTech Liability may be subject to fluctuations due to the discretionary nature of certain contractual payments to us. We have no other debt outstanding that is subject to interest rate variability.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

Foreign currency risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in foreign exchange rates. Our exposure to the risk of changes in foreign exchange rates relates primarily to fluctuations in value of foreign currency cash and cash equivalent balances held by our main operating subsidiary in the United Kingdom, our operating activities in the United States, and outsourced supplier agreements denominated in currencies other than pound sterling. We minimize foreign currency risk by maintaining cash and cash equivalents of each currency at levels sufficient to meet foreseeable expenditure to the extent practical.

As of June 30, 2024, substantially of our cash and cash equivalents were held by one of our U.K. subsidiaries, of which approximately 30% were denominated in pound sterling and approximately 70% were denominated in U.S. dollars, with immaterial amounts denominated in euros and Swiss francs. The significant remainder of our cash and cash equivalents are held by our U.S. subsidiary and denominated in U.S. dollars.

Changes in exchange rates had a material impact on U.S. dollar balances held by our main operating subsidiary in the U.K., which resulted in material foreign exchange gains and losses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss due to the appreciation and depreciation of the subsidiary’s U.S. dollars in pounds sterling terms. Further movements in exchange rates or returns to previous exchange rate levels have caused, and may continue to cause, material fluctuations or equivalent losses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

We maintain our accounting records in pounds sterling, our functional currency, and present our consolidated financial statements in U.S. dollars for financial reporting purposes. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency at rates of exchange prevailing at the balance sheet dates. Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rates prevailing at the date of the transaction. Exchange gains or losses arising from foreign currency transactions are included in the determination of net income (loss) for the respective periods. We recorded foreign exchange gains of $1.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and $0.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, and foreign exchange losses of $0.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and foreign exchange gains of $1.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, which are included in other income (expense), net in the unaudited condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

Assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rates at the balance sheet dates and revenue and expenses are translated at the average exchange rates and shareholders’ equity is translated based on historical exchange rates. Translation adjustments are not included in determining net income (loss) but are included in foreign exchange adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), a component of shareholders’ equity.

We do not currently engage in currency hedging activities in order to reduce our currency exposure, but we may begin to do so in the future. These instruments may be used to selectively manage risks, but there can be no assurance that we will be fully protected against material foreign currency fluctuations.

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Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the disclosure controls and procedures are met. Additionally, in designing disclosure controls and procedures, our management applied judgement in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible disclosure controls and procedures.

The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) under the Exchange Act as of June 30, 2024. Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of June 30, 2024, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective due to control deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting which constituted one material weakness. The first material weakness was identified as part of the audit of our consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. This is described below in “Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting.”

In connection with the review of our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the quarter ended March 31, 2024, we identified a second material weakness in relation to accounting for complex transactions. The material weakness did not allow us to identify, understand and evaluate the impact of certain key aspects of the accounting for the BioNTech Agreements. Our process as designed was inadequate to deal with the complexity of the accounting for the transaction and did not allow for an effective and timely evaluation of key aspects of the agreements and their impact on the financial statements.

Our remediation plan includes a redesign of the process for dealing with complex accounting transactions which will allow us to identify, understand and evaluate the impact of any key judgements, estimates or other factors which might have a material impact on the financial statements. Our plan for remediation will encompass: (i) structured project plans allowing us to manage multiple stakeholders, including any specialists we use in our work on complex accounting transactions; (ii) the use of summary outputs allowing for earlier review of key judgements, estimates and other factors which impact the financial statements; and (iii) enhancing our review process, and controls including building in more time to allow for their effective operation.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

In connection with the audit of our financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, we identified a material weakness related to our misinterpretation and application of ASC 740 - Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), in relation to our U.K. SME tax credits, which we historically presented in income tax benefit (expense) rather than as a reduction of research and development expense.

We have taken steps to remediate the material weakness by (i) enhancing the training provided to the individuals operating the income taxation controls and related financial reporting controls and (ii) improving the design of our controls related to the use of taxation subject matter experts in the determination of our U.K. SME tax credits balances. As a result, we believe this material weakness was remediated at June 30, 2024.

Except for the remediation processes described above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act) that occurred during the three months ended June 30, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

From time to time, we may become involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are not currently a party to any material legal proceedings, and we are not aware of any pending or threatened legal proceeding against us that we believe could have an adverse effect on our business, operating results or financial condition.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Information regarding risks and uncertainties related to our business appears in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report. As of the date of this Quarterly Report, there have been no material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed in the Annual Report, except as follows:

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, which could continue to adversely affect our ability to report our results of operations and financial condition accurately and in a timely manner.

As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, as well as the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), and the listing standards of the Nasdaq Stock Market.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. It also requires management to perform an annual assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and disclosure of any material weaknesses in such controls. In connection with the audit of our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting in connection with the historic misinterpretation and application of ASC 740, resulting in our UK SME tax credits being incorrectly presented in income tax benefit (expense). Refer to Note 3, Restatement of Previously Issued Consolidated Financial Statements, in the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of our Annual Report for additional information. We have taken steps to remediate the material weakness by (i) enhancing the training provided to the individuals operating the income taxation controls and related financial reporting controls and (ii) improving the design of our controls related to the use of taxation subject matter experts in the determination of our U.K. SME tax credits balances. We believe this material weakness was remediated at June 30, 2024, but there can be no assurance that we will not identify further control deficiencies in this area.

In addition, in connection with our review procedures for the three months ended March 31, 2024, we identified an additional material weakness due to an insufficiency of controls over complex accounting transactions. The lack of controls did not allow us to identify, understand and evaluate the impact of certain key judgments that arose during the three months ended March 31, 2024 related to the BioNTech Agreements. Our process, as designed, was inadequate to deal with the complexity of the accounting for the transaction and did not allow for an effective and timely evaluation of these matters and their impact on our financial statements.

Any failure to remediate the identified material weakness, or to develop or maintain effective controls, or any difficulties encountered in the implementation or improvement of such controls, could harm our operating results or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and may result in a restatement of our financial statements for prior periods, such as the restatement of our previously issued consolidated financial statements described in more detail in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Any failure to remediate the identified material weakness, or to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting also could adversely affect the results of management evaluations and, to the extent they are required in the future, attestations of our independent registered public accounting firm with respect to our internal control over financial reporting. We can provide no assurance that the measures we are taking and plan to take in the future will remediate the material weaknesses described above, or that any additional material weaknesses or restatements of financial results will not arise in the future due to a failure to implement and maintain adequate internal control over financial reporting or circumvention of these controls. In addition, even if we are successful in strengthening our controls and procedures, in the future those controls and procedures may not be adequate to prevent or identify irregularities or errors or to facilitate the fair presentation of our financial statements. We continue to evaluate steps to remediate the material weakness identified. Any failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could adversely impact our ability to report our financial position and results from operations on a timely and accurate basis. If our financial statements are not accurate, investors may not have a complete understanding of our operations.

Likewise, if our financial statements are not filed on a timely basis, we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the Nasdaq, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, or other potential claims or litigation. Ineffective internal control over financial reporting could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our ADSs.

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Ineffective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial and other information, which may have a negative effect on the trading price of our ADSs. In addition, if we are unable to continue to meet these requirements, we may not be able to remain listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

Insider Trading Arrangements

During the three months ended June 30, 2024, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act) adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K, except as described below.

On June 14, 2024, Martin Pule, our Chief Scientific Officer, adopted a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” as defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K, which is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c). The sales plan has an initial term ending on March 21, 2025 and covers the sale of a total of 698,741 ADSs, each representing one ordinary share with a nominal value of $0.000042 per share, of the Company.

Item 6. Exhibits.

The following exhibits are either provided with this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or are incorporated herein by reference:

Exhibit number

Description

3.1

Articles of Association of Autolus Therapeutics plc (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file no: 333-224720))

31.1*

Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2*

Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1**

Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

Exhibit number

Description

101.INS*

Inline XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH*

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema With Embedded Linkbase Documents

104

Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)


*			Filed herewith
**			This certification is being furnished solely to accompany this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, and is not being filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing of the registrant under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Autolus Therapeutics plc

Date:

August 8, 2024

By:

/s/ Christian Itin, Ph.D.

Name

Christian Itin, Ph.D.

Title:

Chief Executive Officer

(On Behalf of the Registrant)

Date:

August 8, 2024

By:

/s/ Robert Dolski

Name

Robert Dolski

Title:

Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial Officer)

Exhibit 31.1

Certification by the Principal Executive Officer pursuant to

Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a)

as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Christian Itin, certify that:



1.	I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Autolus Therapeutics plc;

2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

	(a)	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

	(b)	Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

	(c)	Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

	(d)	Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.		The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

	(a)	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

	(b)	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.


Date: August 8, 2024			/s/ Christian Itin, Ph.D.
			Name: Christian Itin, Ph.D.
			Title: Chief Executive Officer
			(Principal Executive Officer)

Exhibit 31.2

Certification by the Principal Financial Officer pursuant to

Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a)

as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Robert Dolski, certify that:



1.	I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Autolus Therapeutics plc;

2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.	The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

	(a)	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

	(b)	Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

	(c)	Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

	(d)	Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.		The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

	(a)	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

	(b)	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.


Date: August 8, 2024			/s/ Robert Dolski
			Name: Robert Dolski
			Title: Chief Financial Officer
			(Principal Financial Officer)

Exhibit 32.1

Certification pursuant to

18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to

Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

Pursuant to the requirement set forth in Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (the “Exchange Act”) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code (18 U.S.C. §1350), Christian Itin, Chief Executive Officer of Autolus Therapeutics plc (the “Company”), and Robert Dolski, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, each hereby certifies that, to the best of his or her knowledge:



(1)			The Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2024, to which this Certification is attached as Exhibit 32.1 (the “Periodic Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and



(2)			The information contained in the Quarterly Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.


Date: August 8, 2024


/s/ Christian Itin, Ph.D.						/s/ Robert Dolski.
Name: Christian Itin, Ph.D.						Name: Robert Dolski
Title: Chief Executive Officer						Title: Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)						(Principal Financial Officer)

This certification accompanies the Form 10-Q to which it relates, is not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of Autolus Therapeutics plc under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (whether made before or after the date of the Form 10-Q), irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

Cover - shares	6 Months Ended
Cover - shares	Jun. 30, 2024	Aug. 06, 2024
Document Information [Line Items]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Jun. 30, 2024
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-38547
Entity Registrant Name	AUTOLUS THERAPEUTICS PLC
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	X0
Entity Address, Address Line One	The Mediaworks
Entity Address, Address Line Two	191 Wood Lane
Entity Address, City or Town	London
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	W12 7FP
Entity Address, Country	GB
City Area Code	(44) 20
Local Phone Number	3829 6230
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		266,094,457
Entity Central Index Key	0001730463
Amendment Flag	false
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2024
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q2
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
ADR
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	American Depositary Shares, each representing one ordinary share, par value $0.000042 per share
Trading Symbol	AUTL
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Ordinary Shares
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Ordinary shares, nominal value $0.000042 per share*
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
No Trading Symbol Flag	true

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 705,939	$ 239,566
Restricted cash	1,020	769
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	51,641	34,967
Total current assets	758,600	275,302
Non-current assets:
Property and equipment, net	32,860	34,862
Prepaid expenses and other non-current assets	284	380
Long-term deposits	977	983
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net	57,678	60,791
Deferred tax asset	3,221	3,063
Total assets	853,620	375,381
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	1,098	103
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	35,579	39,581
Operating lease liabilities, current	4,227	5,053
Total current liabilities	40,904	44,737
Non-current liabilities:
Operating lease liabilities, non-current	45,794	47,914
Liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net	238,663	170,899
Other long-term payables	415	357
Total liabilities	325,776	263,907
Commitments and contingencies
Shareholders' equity:
Additional paid-in capital	1,545,146	1,018,902
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(27,908)	(28,992)
Accumulated deficit	(989,524)	(878,562)
Total shareholders' equity	527,844	111,474
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	853,620	375,381
Ordinary shares
Shareholders' equity:
Share value	$ 12	$ 8
Shares authorized (in shares)	490,909,783	290,909,783
Deferred shares
Shareholders' equity:
Share value	$ 0	$ 0
Shares authorized (in shares)	34,425	34,425
Deferred B Shares
Shareholders' equity:
Share value	$ 118	$ 118
Shares authorized (in shares)	88,893,548	88,893,548
Deferred C Shares
Shareholders' equity:
Share value	$ 0	$ 0
Shares authorized (in shares)	1	1

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parentheticals)	Jun. 30, 2024 $ / shares shares	Jun. 30, 2024 £ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2023 $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2023 £ / shares shares
Ordinary shares
Shareholders' equity:
Stock par value (usd/gbp per share) \| $ / shares	$ 0.000042		$ 0.000042
Shares authorized (in shares)	490,909,783	490,909,783	290,909,783	290,909,783
Shares issued (in shares)	266,045,468	266,045,468	174,101,361	174,101,361
Shares outstanding, including RSUs vested but not yet released (in shares)	266,045,568	266,045,568	174,158,985	174,158,985
Deferred shares
Shareholders' equity:
Stock par value (usd/gbp per share) \| £ / shares		£ 0.00001		£ 0.00001
Shares authorized (in shares)	34,425	34,425	34,425	34,425
Shares issued (in shares)	34,425	34,425	34,425	34,425
Shares outstanding (in shares)	34,425	34,425	34,425	34,425
Deferred B Shares
Shareholders' equity:
Stock par value (usd/gbp per share) \| £ / shares		£ 0.00099		£ 0.00099
Shares authorized (in shares)	88,893,548	88,893,548	88,893,548	88,893,548
Shares issued (in shares)	88,893,548	88,893,548	88,893,548	88,893,548
Shares outstanding (in shares)	88,893,548	88,893,548	88,893,548	88,893,548
Deferred C Shares
Shareholders' equity:
Stock par value (usd/gbp per share) \| £ / shares		£ 0.000008		£ 0.000008
Shares authorized (in shares)	1	1	1	1
Shares issued (in shares)	1	1	1	1
Shares outstanding (in shares)	1	1	1	1

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$ (36,612)	$ (33,232)	$ (67,283)	$ (60,620)
General and administrative	(21,903)	(11,122)	(40,080)	(20,406)
Loss on disposal of property and equipment	0	(23)	0	(3,791)
Impairment of operating lease right-of-use assets and related property and equipment	(414)	0	(414)	0
Total operating expenses, net	(58,929)	(44,377)	(97,686)	(83,525)
Other income (expense):
Other income (expense), net	1,226	482	(379)	1,264
Interest income	9,656	3,403	16,589	6,849
Interest expense	(10,174)	(5,020)	(29,443)	(9,925)
Total other income (expense), net	708	(1,135)	(13,233)	(1,812)
Net loss before income tax	(58,221)	(45,512)	(110,919)	(85,337)
Income tax expense	(51)	(40)	(43)	(26)
Net loss	(58,272)	(45,552)	(110,962)	(85,363)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Foreign currency exchange translation adjustment	1,026	5,300	1,084	10,941
Total comprehensive loss	$ (57,246)	$ (40,252)	$ (109,878)	$ (74,422)
Basic net loss per ordinary share (in usd per share)	$ (0.22)	$ (0.26)	$ (0.43)	$ (0.49)
Diluted net loss per ordinary share (in usd per share)	$ (0.22)	$ (0.26)	$ (0.43)	$ (0.49)
Weighted-average basic ordinary shares (in shares)	266,025,783	173,860,491	255,131,873	173,843,249
Weighted-average diluted ordinary shares (in shares)	266,025,783	173,860,491	255,131,873	173,843,249
License revenue
License revenue	$ 0	$ 0	$ 10,091	$ 1,292

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Deferred Shares	Deferred B Shares	Deferred C Shares	Common shares Ordinary Shares	Common shares Deferred Shares	Common shares Deferred B Shares	Common shares Deferred C Shares	Additional Paid in Capital	Accumulated other comprehensive loss	Accumulated deficit
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022					173,074,510	34,425	88,893,548	1
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 298,674				$ 8	$ 0	$ 118	$ 0	$ 1,007,625	$ (38,898)	$ (670,179)
Stockholders' Equity
Share-based compensation expense	2,416								2,416
Unrealized gain on foreign currency translation	5,641									5,641
Net loss	(39,811)										(39,811)
Ending balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023					173,074,510	34,425	88,893,548	1
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2023	266,920				$ 8	$ 0	$ 118	$ 0	1,010,041	(33,257)	(709,990)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022					173,074,510	34,425	88,893,548	1
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2022	298,674				$ 8	$ 0	$ 118	$ 0	1,007,625	(38,898)	(670,179)
Stockholders' Equity
Unrealized gain on foreign currency translation	10,941
Net loss	(85,363)
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2023					173,680,872	34,425	88,893,548	1
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2023	229,336				$ 8	$ 0	$ 118	$ 0	1,012,709	(27,957)	(755,542)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023					173,074,510	34,425	88,893,548	1
Beginning balance at Mar. 31, 2023	266,920				$ 8	$ 0	$ 118	$ 0	1,010,041	(33,257)	(709,990)
Stockholders' Equity
Share-based compensation expense	2,668								2,668
Vesting of restricted stock unit awards net of shares withheld to cover tax withholding (in shares)					606,362
Vesting of restricted stock unit awards net of shares withheld to cover tax withholding	0
Unrealized gain on foreign currency translation	5,300									5,300
Net loss	(45,552)										(45,552)
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2023					173,680,872	34,425	88,893,548	1
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2023	229,336				$ 8	$ 0	$ 118	$ 0	1,012,709	(27,957)	(755,542)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2023		34,425	88,893,548	1	174,101,361	34,425	88,893,548	1
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2023	111,474				$ 8	$ 0	$ 118	$ 0	1,018,902	(28,992)	(878,562)
Stockholders' Equity
Issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs (in shares)					91,666,669
Issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs	520,617				$ 4				520,613
Share-based compensation expense	2,286								2,286
Vesting of restricted stock unit awards net of shares withheld to cover tax withholding (in shares)					57,524
Vesting of restricted stock unit awards net of shares withheld to cover tax withholding	0
Exercise of share options (in shares)					102,469
Exercise of share options	285								285
Unrealized gain on foreign currency translation	58									58
Net loss	(52,690)										(52,690)
Ending balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2024					265,928,023	34,425	88,893,548	1
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2024	582,030				$ 12	$ 0	$ 118	$ 0	1,542,086	(28,934)	(931,252)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2023		34,425	88,893,548	1	174,101,361	34,425	88,893,548	1
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2023	$ 111,474				$ 8	$ 0	$ 118	$ 0	1,018,902	(28,992)	(878,562)
Stockholders' Equity
Exercise of share options (in shares)	146,310
Unrealized gain on foreign currency translation	$ 1,084
Net loss	(110,962)
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2024		34,425	88,893,548	1	266,045,468	34,425	88,893,548	1
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2024	527,844				$ 12	$ 0	$ 118	$ 0	1,545,146	(27,908)	(989,524)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2024					265,928,023	34,425	88,893,548	1
Beginning balance at Mar. 31, 2024	582,030				$ 12	$ 0	$ 118	$ 0	1,542,086	(28,934)	(931,252)
Stockholders' Equity
Share-based compensation expense	2,935								2,935
Vesting of restricted stock unit awards net of shares withheld to cover tax withholding (in shares)					73,604
Vesting of restricted stock unit awards net of shares withheld to cover tax withholding	0
Exercise of share options (in shares)					43,841
Exercise of share options	125								125
Unrealized gain on foreign currency translation	1,026									1,026
Net loss	(58,272)										(58,272)
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2024		34,425	88,893,548	1	266,045,468	34,425	88,893,548	1
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2024	$ 527,844				$ 12	$ 0	$ 118	$ 0	$ 1,545,146	$ (27,908)	$ (989,524)

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$ (110,962)	$ (85,363)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	3,701	3,411
Share-based compensation net of amounts capitalized	5,219	5,069
Interest expense on liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net	29,428	9,864
Foreign exchange differences	1,142	(6,283)
Non-cash operating lease expense	2,289	1,895
Loss on termination of operating lease	0	95
Loss on disposal of property and equipment	0	3,812
Impairment of operating lease right-of-use assets and related property and equipment	414	0
Deferred income tax	(158)	(282)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets	(16,936)	(1,591)
Decrease in prepaid expenses and other non-current assets	159	1,817
Decrease in long-term deposits	0	51
Increase in accounts payable	983	3,263
Decrease in accrued expenses and other liabilities	(4,276)	(9,530)
Decrease in operating lease liability	(2,600)	(6,794)
Net cash used in operating activities	(91,597)	(80,566)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment	(1,374)	(8,011)
Net cash used in investing activities	(1,374)	(8,011)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds of issuance of ordinary shares	549,977	0
Payments of equity issuance costs	(29,360)	(910)
Proceeds from the exercise of share options	410	0
Proceeds from liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net	40,000	0
Payments of issuance costs related to the liabilities related to the sale of future royalties and milestones, net	(1,665)	0
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	559,362	(910)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	233	14,558
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	466,624	(74,929)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	240,335	382,761
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	706,959	307,832
Unaudited supplemental cash flow information
Cash paid for income taxes	984	274
Unaudited supplemental non-cash flow information
Property and equipment purchases included in accounts payable or accrued expenses	989	2,262
Leased assets terminated and obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities, net	0	(1,110)
Leased assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities	0	32,903
Capitalized share-based compensation, net of forfeitures	2	15
Capitalized implementation costs included in accrued expenses	168	116
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets:
Cash and cash equivalents	705,939	307,500
Restricted cash	1,020	332
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$ 706,959	$ 307,832

Nature of the Business

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Nature of the Business

Autolus Therapeutics plc is registered in England and Wales. Its registered office is The MediaWorks, 191 Wood Lane, London, W12 7FP, United Kingdom.

BioNTech Agreements

(i) BioNTech Securities Purchase Agreement

The BioNTech Securities Purchase Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, and covenants of each of the Company and BioNTech.

(ii) BioNTech Registration Rights Agreement

Pursuant to the BioNTech Registration Rights Agreement the Company agreed to file a registration statement with the SEC to register the resale of the Private Placement ADSs.

(iii) BioNTech Letter Agreement

Subject to specified exceptions, BioNTech may not sell the Private Placement ADSs without the Company’s approval for a period of six months following the applicable closing date for such ADSs.

(iv) BioNTech License and Option Agreement

License and Options

Obe-cel Product Revenue Interest

Manufacturing and Commercial Services Agreement

The Company concluded there were four freestanding financial instruments arising from the execution of the BioNTech Agreements, comprising:

1.the Initial ADSs representing ordinary shares purchased pursuant to the BioNTech Securities Purchase Agreement;

2.the potential Subsequent ADSs representing ordinary shares that may be purchased pursuant to the BioNTech Securities Purchase Agreement;

3.the BioNTech License and Option Agreement, and

4.the MCSA.


Units of Accounting	Gross proceeds (in millions)		Initial fair value (in millions)		Allocated consideration based on relative fair value (in millions)		Net allocated consideration based on relative fair value after transaction costs* (in millions)
Initial ADSs, representing ordinary shares	$	200.0	$	200.0	$	200.0	$	193.8
Subsequent ADSs, representing ordinary shares	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
BioNTech License and Option Agreement	$	50.0	$	50.0	$	50.0	$	47.9
Liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net (Obe-cel Product Revenue Interest)	$	40.0	$	40.0	$	40.0	$	38.3
License Revenue (Binder License)	$	10.0	$	10.0	$	10.0	$	9.6
MCSA	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total	$	250.0	$	250.0	$	250.0	$	241.7
* In addition, the total shared transaction costs of $8.3 million, relating to the BioNTech Agreements have been allocated to the four units of accounting on a relative fair value basis.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	6 Months Ended
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	Jun. 30, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the US (“U.S. GAAP”) and are presented in U.S. dollars. All intercompany accounts and transactions between the Company and its subsidiaries have been eliminated upon consolidation. The significant accounting policies used in the preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are consistent with those discussed in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 21, 2024 (the “Annual Report”). Certain information and footnote disclosures have been condensed or omitted as permitted under U.S. GAAP. The information included in these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023, included in the Annual Report. However, these interim financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, which are, in the opinion of management, necessary to fairly state the results of the interim period. The interim results are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the full year ending December 31, 2024, any other interim periods, or any future year or period. Going Concern The Company has incurred recurring losses since its inception, including net losses of $58.3 million and $45.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively and $111.0 million and $85.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company had an accumulated deficit of $989.5 million and $878.6 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The Company expects to continue to generate operating losses in the foreseeable future. The Company’s inability to raise additional capital as and when needed could have a negative impact on its financial condition and ability to pursue its business strategies. There can be no assurances, however, that the current operating plan will be achieved or that additional funding will be available on terms acceptable to the Company, or at all. The Company expects that its cash and cash equivalents at June 30, 2024 of $705.9 million will be sufficient to fund the Company’s operations for at least twelve months from the issuance date of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and accordingly they have been prepared on a going concern basis. As the Company continues to incur losses, the transition to profitability is dependent upon the successful development, approval and commercialization of its product candidates and achieving a level of revenues adequate to support its cost structure. Even if the Company’s planned regulatory submissions for its products are approved, and the Company is successful in its commercialization efforts, additional funding will be needed before the Company is expected to reach cash breakeven. Foreign Currency Translation The reporting currency of the Company is U.S. dollars. The Company has determined that its functional currency of the ultimate parent company, Autolus Therapeutics plc, is British Pound Sterling. The functional currency of each subsidiary’s operations is the applicable local currency. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the Company’s functional currency are translated into the functional currency at rates of exchange prevailing at the balance sheet dates. Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rates prevailing at the date of the transaction. The Company recorded foreign exchange gains of $1.2 million and $0.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and foreign exchange losses of $0.5 million and foreign exchange gains of $1.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which are included in other income (expense), net in the unaudited condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. For financial reporting purposes, the financial statements of the Company have been translated into U.S. dollars. Assets and liabilities have been translated at the exchange rates at the balance sheet dates, while revenue and expenses are translated at the average exchange rates over the reporting period and shareholders’ equity amounts are translated based on historical exchange rates as of the date of each transaction. Translation adjustments are not included in determining net income (loss) but are included in foreign exchange adjustment to other comprehensive loss, a component of shareholders’ equity. Segment Information The Company’s chief operating decision maker (the “CODM”), its Chief Executive Officer, manages the Company’s operations on an integrated basis for the purpose of appropriately allocating resources. When evaluating the Company’s financial performance, the CODM reviews total revenue, total expenses and expenses by function and makes decisions using this information on a global basis. The Company and the CODM view the Company’s operations and manage its business as a single operating segment, which is the business of developing and commercializing CAR T therapies. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in these consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, the accrual for research and development expenses, share-based compensation including assessing the probability of meeting performance conditions, income taxes, initial fair value of warrants, and interest expense on liability related to future royalties and milestones, net and related cumulative catch-up adjustment, initial lease term of the Company’s new manufacturing facility (“The Nucleus”), incremental borrowing rates related to the Company's leased properties and allocation of transaction price using the relative standalone selling price. Estimates are periodically reviewed in light of changes in circumstances, facts and experience. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Allocation of transaction price using the relative standalone selling price Upfront payments are allocated between performance obligations using the Company’s best estimate of the relative standalone selling price of the performance obligation. The relative standalone selling price is estimated by determining the market values of development and license obligations. As these inputs are not directly observable, the estimate is determined considering all reasonably available information including internal pricing objectives used in negotiating the contract, taking into account the different stage of development of each development program and consideration of adjusted-market data from comparable arrangements. Where performance obligations have been identified relating to material rights, the determination of the relative standalone selling price of these performance obligations also includes an assessment of the likelihood that the options will be exercised and any payments by the customer that are triggered upon exercising the right. This assessment involves significant judgment and could have a significant impact on the amount and timing of revenue recognition. An assessment of the allocation of transaction price using the relative standalone selling price was required for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 for the BioNTech License and Option Agreement and the Option and License Agreement with Cabaletta Bio Inc. (“Cabaletta”), respectively. See Note 3 for additional information on the allocation of the transaction price for those agreements. Liability related to future royalties and milestones, net and cumulative catch-up adjustments The Company accounted for each of the Blackstone Collaboration Agreement (See Note 12) (“Blackstone Collaboration Agreement Liability”) and the BioNTech Obe-cel Product Revenue Interest (“BioNTech Liability”) as liabilities measured at amortized cost based on an effective interest rate determined at the outset of the arrangement The Blackstone Collaboration Agreement Liability related to future royalties and milestones, net is measured based on the Company’s current estimates of the timing and amount of expected future royalties, milestone payments to be paid and the milestones receivable upon the achievement of certain specified clinical, manufacturing and regulatory milestones (each such payment, a “Blackstone Development Payment” and collectively, the “Blackstone Development Payments”) expected to be received over the estimated term of the agreement. Similarly, the BioNTech Liability related to future royalties is measured based on the Company’s current estimates of the timing and amount of expected future royalty expected to be paid over the estimated term of the agreement. Milestone payments pursuant to the BioNTech License and Option Agreement (“BioNTech Milestone Payments”) are payable upon BioNTech's election, and therefore have not been included in the determination of the effective interest rate or in the measurement of the liability. The liabilities are amortized using the effective interest rate, resulting in recognition of interest expense over the estimated term of the agreement. Each reporting period the Company assesses the estimated probability, timing and amount of the future expected royalty, milestone payments, the Blackstone Development Payment over the estimated term. If there are changes to the estimates, the Company recognizes the impact to the liability’s amortization schedule and the related interest expense using the catch-up method. The Company’s estimate of the probability, timing and amount of expected future royalties and milestones to be paid by the Company and the expected Blackstone Development Payment to be paid to the Company, considers significant unobservable inputs. These inputs include regulatory approval, the estimated patient population, estimated selling price, estimated sales, estimated peak sales and sales ramp, timing of the expected launch and its impact on the royalties as well as the overall probability of a success. Additionally, the transaction costs associated with the liability will be amortized to interest expense over the estimated term of the agreements. The carrying amount of the Blackstone Collaboration Agreement Liability and BioNTech Liability is based on the Company’s estimate of the future royalties, milestones to be paid to Blackstone by the Company and the expected Blackstone Development Payment to be received over the life of the arrangement as discounted using the initial effective interest rate. The excess estimated present value of future royalty, milestone payments and the future Blackstone Development Payment received over the carrying amount is recognized as a cumulative catch-up adjustment within interest expense using the effective interest rate. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, (“FASB”), issued Accounting Standards Update, or (“ASU”), 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, or (“ASU 2023-07”), which expanded the disclosures for reportable segments made by public entities. These amendments within ASU 2023-07 retained the existing disclosure requirements in ASC 280 - Segment Reporting (“ASC 280”) and expanded upon them to require public entities to disclose significant expenses for reportable segments in both interim and annual reporting periods, as well as items that were previously disclosed only annually on an interim basis, including disclosures related to a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets. In addition, entities with a single reportable segment must provide all segment disclosures required in ASC 280, including the new disclosures for reportable segments under the amendments in ASU 2023-07. The amendments did not change the existing guidance on how a public entity identified and determined its reportable segments. A public entity should apply the amendments in ASU 2023-07 retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. Upon transition, the segment expense categories and amounts disclosed in the prior periods should be based on the significant segment expense categories identified and disclosed in the period of adoption. The amendments in ASU 2023-07 are effective for annual periods for all public entities in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and in interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company will comply with any new applicable disclosures in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2024. The Company does not expect the adoption to have a material effect on its financial statements and related disclosures. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This ASU improves the transparency of income tax disclosure by requiring consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation, and income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. This guidance is effective for the Company for the year beginning January 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted. The amendments should be applied on a prospective basis, with retrospective application permitted. The Company intends to adopt the guidance in the fiscal year beginning January 1, 2025. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2023-09 to have a material effect on its financial statements and related disclosures. Unless otherwise discussed, the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and disclosures in this report and for the full year ending December 31, 2024.

License Revenue

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

License Revenue

License revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, and 2023, is presented in the table below by geographical location (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
License revenue

United States	—		—		—		1,292
Germany	—		—		$	10,091	$	—
Total license revenue	$	—	$	—	$	10,091	$	1,292

Major customers

During the six months ended June 30, 2024, and 2023, 100% of the Company’s license revenues were generated from BioNTech and Cabaletta, respectively.

License and Option Agreement with BioNTech

•Note 1, “Nature of the business”

•Note 2, “Summary of significant accounting policies”

•Note 10, “Shareholders’ equity”

•Note 12, “Liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net”

•Note 14, “Commitments and contingencies”

Binder License

Technology Options

Product Options

Option and License Agreement with Cabaletta

Interest expense

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Banking and Thrift, Interest [Abstract]

Interest expense

Interest expense consisted of the following (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Interest expense on liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net (refer to Note 12)	$	10,169	$	4,959	$	18,559	$	9,864
Cumulative catch-up adjustment arising from the liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net (refer to Note 12)	—		—		10,870		—
Other interest expense	5		61		14		61
Total interest expense	$	10,174	$	5,020	$	29,443	$	9,925

Net loss per ordinary share

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Net loss per ordinary share

Basic and diluted net loss per ordinary share was calculated as follows (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Numerator
Net loss	$	(58,272)	$	(45,552)	$	(110,962)	$	(85,363)
Net loss - basic and diluted	$	(58,272)	$	(45,552)	$	(110,962)	$	(85,363)

Denominator
Weighted-average number of ordinary shares used in net loss per share - basic and diluted	266,025,783		173,860,491		255,131,873		173,843,249
Basic and diluted net loss per ordinary share	$	(0.22)	$	(0.26)	$	(0.43)	$	(0.49)

The following potentially dilutive securities have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share due to their anti-dilutive effect:


	Three and Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024	2023
Unvested restricted stock units	41,905	315,460
Share options	19,558,856	14,203,439
Warrants	3,265,306	3,265,306
Total potentially dilutive securities	22,866,067	17,784,205

Fair value measurements

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair value measurements

•Level 1 — Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

•Level 2 — Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.

•Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that reflect the Company’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.


	June 30, 2024
	Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	528,910	$	528,910	—		—
Total	$	528,910	$	528,910	$	—	$	—


	December 31, 2023
	Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	184,635	$	184,635	—		—
Total	$	184,635	$	184,635	$	—	$	—

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and the year ended December 31, 2023, there were no transfers between levels.

Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following (in thousands):


	June 30,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Research and development claims receivable	$	27,750	$	19,209
Prepayments	11,865		8,638
VAT receivable	3,597		2,771
Accrued interest income	2,597		999
Deferred cost	1,782		1,787
Other taxes receivable	1,585		—
Other receivables	957		516
Lease and lease deposit receivable	938		938
Corporate tax receivable	570		—
Accounts receivable	—		109
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	51,641	$	34,967

Property and Equipment, Net

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):


	June 30,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Lab equipment	$	41,307	$	32,232
Office equipment	5,017		3,777
Furniture and fixtures	2,353		2,360
Leasehold improvements	14,220		12,728
Assets under construction	2,249		12,539
Less: accumulated depreciation	(32,286)		(28,774)
Total property and equipment, net	$	32,860	$	34,862

Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):


	June 30,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Research and development costs	$	17,930	$	19,825
Compensation and benefits	10,459		14,757
Professional fees	6,808		4,466

Other accrued liabilities	382		533
Total accrued expenses and other liabilities	$	35,579	$	39,581

Shareholders’ Equity	6 Months Ended
Shareholders’ Equity	Jun. 30, 2024
Equity [Abstract]
Shareholders’ Equity	Shareholders’ Equity Ordinary Shares Each holder of ordinary shares is entitled to one vote per ordinary share and to receive dividends when and if such dividends are recommended by the Company’s board of directors and declared by the shareholders. As of June 30, 2024, the Company has not declared any dividends. Restricted Stock Units At June 30, 2024, restricted stock unit awards for 100 ordinary shares had vested but the underlying shares had not been issued. However, these vested restricted stock unit awards have been included in the calculation of the Company’s outstanding shares at June 30, 2024 as they are considered issuable for little or no cash consideration. Subsequent to June 30, 2024, all of the underlying ordinary shares were issued. February 2024 Underwritten Offering On February 12, 2024, the Company completed an underwritten offering of 58,333,336 ADSs representing 58,333,336 ordinary shares at an offering price of $6.00 per ADS. Aggregate net proceeds to the Company, after underwriting discounts and offering expenses, were $326.8 million. BioNTech Securities Purchase Agreement Concurrently with the execution of the BioNTech License and Option Agreement (see Note 1 and Note 3), the Company and BioNTech entered into the BioNTech Securities Purchase Agreement pursuant to which the Company sold ADSs, each representing one ordinary share, to BioNTech in a Private Placement transaction. On February 13, 2024, the Company completed the Private Placement of 33,333,333 ADSs representing 33,333,333 ordinary shares at an offering price of $6.00 per ADS. Aggregate net proceeds to the Company, after underwriting discounts and offering expenses, were $193.8 million. In the event that BioNTech and the Company enter into the MCSA within 18 months of the initial closing of the Private Placement, BioNTech will purchase up to 15,000,000 ADSs for an aggregate purchase price of up to $20.0 million, subject to additional limitations and restrictions.

Share-based Compensation

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Share-based Compensation

The following table summarizes the total share-based compensation expense included in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Research and development	$	1,048	$	1,776	$	1,498	$	3,457
General and administrative	1,887		885		3,723		1,612
Capitalized	—		7		(2)		15
Total share-based compensation expense	$	2,935	$	2,668	$	5,219	$	5,084

Share Options

The table below summarizes Company’s share option activity during the six months ended June 30, 2024:


	Number of Options	Weighted- Average Exercise Price per share		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (1) (in thousands)













Outstanding as of December 31, 2023	17,956,385	$	5.64	8.35	$	48,968
Granted	2,793,400	4.33			54
Exercised	(146,310)	2.77			369
Forfeited	(797,838)	3.39			645
Expired	(246,781)	9.38			5
Outstanding as of June 30, 2024	19,558,856	$	5.51	8.14	$	11,834
Exercisable as of June 30, 2024	8,053,441	$	8.63	6.95	$	3,507
Vested and expected to vest as of June 30, 2024	19,558,856	$	5.51	8.14	$	11,834

(1) Aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying options and the fair value of ordinary shares for those options in the money as of June 30, 2024

Restricted Stock Units

The table below summarizes Company’s restricted stock unit (“RSU”) awards activity during the six months ended June 30, 2024:


	Number of restricted units	Weighted average grant date fair value












Unvested and outstanding at December 31, 2023	116,436	$	3.43

Vested	(73,604)	2.79
Forfeited	(927)	6.20
Unvested and outstanding at June 30, 2024	41,905	$	4.49

Liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]


	Amount in thousands
Balance at 1 January, 2023	$	125,900
Interest expense on liability related to future royalties and milestones, net	4,905
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	130,805
Interest expense on liability related to future royalties and milestones, net	4,959
Balance at June 30, 2023	$	135,764
Interest expense on liability related to future royalties and milestones, net	5,014
Balance at September 30, 2023	$	140,778
Interest expense on liability related to future royalties and milestones, net	5,014
Cumulative catch-up adjustment	25,107
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	170,899
Initial recognition of BioNTech liability	38,335
Interest expense on liability related to future royalties and milestones, net	8,390
Cumulative catch-up adjustment	10,870
Balance at March 31, 2024	$	228,494
Interest expense on liability related to future royalties and milestones, net	10,169
Balance at June 30, 2024	$	238,663

Blackstone Collaboration Agreement

•Note 2, “Summary of significant accounting policies”

•Note 11, “Liability related to future royalties and milestones, net”

•Note 12, “Warrants”

•Note 13, “Shareholders’ equity”

BioNTech Agreements

On February 6, 2024, the Company concurrently entered into the BioNTech Agreements.

For further details on the terms and accounting treatment considerations for these contracts, refer to following notes to these interim condensed consolidated financial statements:

•Note 1, “Nature of the business”

•Note 2, “Summary of significant accounting policies”

•Note 3, “License Revenue”

•Note 10, “Shareholders’ equity”

•Note 14, “Commitment and contingencies”

Obe-cel Product Revenue Interest

Leases

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Leases [Abstract]

Leases

Operating leases - Lessee

The Company’s costs as a lessee for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Operating lease costs	$	2,087	$	1,807	$	4,185	$	3,174
Variable costs	484		355		1,028		84
Short term lease costs	103		199		204		242
Total lease costs	$	2,674	$	2,361	$	5,417	$	3,500

Supplemental cash flow information for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):


	Six Months Ended June 30,
Other information	2024		2023
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash outflows from operating leases	$	4,485	$	2,882

The weighted average remaining lease term and weighted average discount rate of operating leases at June 30, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023




Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases	15.9 years		15.8 years
Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases	7.44	%	7.29	%

The maturities of operating lease liabilities as of June 30, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):


Remainder of 2024	$	4,235
2025	6,854
2026	6,623
2027	6,481
2028	5,764
Thereafter	55,815
Total lease payments	85,772
Less: imputed interest	(35,751)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	50,021

Operating leases - Lessor (sublease agreements)

The following table shows the sublease rental income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
Sublease rental income	2024		2023		2024		2023
Sublease rental income (included in other income (expense), net)	$	61	$	61	$	123	$	120
Total sublease rental income	$	61	$	61	$	123	$	120

Future fixed receipts for non-cancellable operating subleases in effect as of June 30, 2024 are receivable as follows (in thousands):


Remainder of 2024	$	130
2025	$	260
2026	$	203
2027	$	122
2028	$	106

Total lease payments receivable	$	821

Commitments and Contingencies	6 Months Ended
Commitments and Contingencies	Jun. 30, 2024
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Commitments and Contingencies	Commitments and Contingencies License Agreements The Company has entered into an exclusive license agreement, as amended, with UCL Business Ltd (“UCLB”). In connection with the UCLB license agreement, the Company is required to make annual license payments and may be required to make payments to UCLB upon the achievement of specified milestones. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, less than $0.1 million was paid or payable to UCLB by the Company, relating to the income allocable to the value of the sublicensed intellectual property rights. In November 2019, the Company entered into an exclusive license agreement with Noile-Immune Biotech Inc. (“Noile”) under which the Company will have the right to develop CAR T cell therapies incorporating Noile’s PRIME (proliferation-inducing and migration-enhancing) technology. The Company may be obligated to make additional payments to Noile upon the achievement of development milestones and receipt of regulatory approvals product sale milestones, as well as royalty payments based on possible future sales resulting from the utilization of the licensed technology. In September 2023, the Company entered into a non-exclusive sublicense agreement with Miltenyi Biotech B.V. & Co. KG (“Miltenyi”) under which the Company received a sublicense related to the use of certain Miltenyi products in the Company’s development, manufacture and sale of its products. Under the agreement, the Company is obligated to make specified payments to Miltenyi upon the achievement of certain regulatory and clinical milestones. The Company recognized $0.4 million of expense in aggregate relating to an upfront license payment and milestone payments that were deemed probable during the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company did not recognize any further milestone payments during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024. Contractual obligations In July 2022, the Company renegotiated a master services agreement with Adaptive Biotechnologies Corporation (“Adaptive”), under which Adaptive's assay is used to analyze patient samples from r/r B-ALL patients. Under the agreement, the Company is obligated to make specified payments to Adaptive upon the achievement and receipt of certain regulatory approvals and achievement of commercial milestones in connection with the Company’s use of the Adaptive assay. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized all contractual milestones relating to this contract, and as a result no contractual milestones were recognized during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024. In previous periods, the Company has entered into agreements with certain advisory firms. The Company is obligated to make specified payments upon the achievement of certain strategic transactions involving the Company. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company paid a fee under these agreements. The Company has estimated the probability of the Company achieving each potential milestone in relation to the agreements with UCLB, Noile, Miltenyi and its agreements with certain advisory firms in accordance with ASC 450. The Company considers the regulatory approval, commercial milestones and execution of collaboration agreements probable when actually achieved. Furthermore, the Company recognizes expenses for clinical milestones when their achievement is deemed probable. The Company concluded that, as of June 30, 2024, there were no other milestones for which the likelihood of achievement was currently probable. Capital Commitments As of June 30, 2024, the Company’s unconditional purchase obligations for capital expenditures totaled $9.7 million and included signed orders for capital equipment and capital expenditures for construction and related expenditures relating to its properties in the U.K. and the US. The Company expects to incur the full amount of these obligations within one year. Master Supply Commitments As of June 30, 2024, the Company’s unconditional purchase obligations with Miltenyi Biotec GmbH for reagents and disposables totaled $1.1 million, which the Company expects to incur within one year. Distribution Commitments The Company entered into an Exclusive Distribution Agreement, effective as of April 25, 2024 (the “Effective Date”), with Cardinal Health 105, LLC (“Cardinal Health”). Pursuant to, and subject to the terms and conditions of, the Exclusive Distribution Agreement, the Company engaged Cardinal Health as its exclusive third-party logistics distribution agent for sales of obe-cel in the US. The Exclusive Distribution Agreement runs for an initial term of three years following commercial launch and automatically renews for additional terms of one year each, unless either party elects not to renew. In addition, the Company can terminate the Exclusive Distribution Agreement without cause, subject to the payment of termination fees if such termination occurs during the initial three-year term. Under the terms of the Exclusive Distribution Agreement, the Company must pay to Cardinal Health a one-time start-up fee, and if the Company proceeds with commercialization of obe-cel, upon its launch, a monthly account management fee, and other fees for various services, including post-launch program implementation, information systems, warehouse operations and financial services. Blackstone and BioNTech Agreements Refer to Note 12, “Liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net” for further details about the BioNTech Agreements and Blackstone Agreements. BioNTech License and Option Agreement - Product Options gain contingency As the Product Options within the BioNTech License and Option Agreement were an embedded feature within a freestanding financial instrument, the Company assessed if the Product Options should be accounted for as a derivative under ASC 815. However, the Company determined the Product Options met the scope exception for derivative accounting under ASC 815 and therefore should be accounted for a gain contingency under the scope of ASC 450. As of June 30, 2024, Product Options were not exercised and therefore no amounts were recognized. Legal Proceedings From time to time, the Company may be a party to litigation or subject to claims incident to the ordinary course of business. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on the Company because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors. The Company was not a party to any litigation and did not have contingency reserves established for any liabilities as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Indemnification Agreements In the normal course of business, the Company enters into contracts and agreements that contain a variety of representations and warranties and provide for general indemnification. The Company’s exposure under these agreements is unknown because they involve claims that may be made against the Company in the future. To date, the Company has not paid any claims or been required to defend any action related to its indemnification obligations. However, the Company may record charges in the future as a result of these indemnification obligations. In accordance with the indemnification agreements entered into with relevant individuals in accordance with the Company’s Articles of Association, the Company has indemnification obligations to its directors, officers and members of senior management for certain events or occurrences, subject to certain limits, while they are serving at the Company’s request in such capacity. There have been no claims to date under these indemnification agreements, and the Company has director and officer insurance that may enable it to recover a portion of any amounts paid for future potential claims.

Related party transactions	6 Months Ended
Related party transactions	Jun. 30, 2024
Related Party Transactions [Abstract]
Related party transactions	Related party transactions Blackstone Agreements In November 2021, the Company concurrently entered into the Blackstone Agreements. As of the execution of the Blackstone Agreements, Blackstone became a related party of the Company, as Blackstone became the owner of more than 10% of the Company’s outstanding voting securities. In addition, Blackstone received and exercised its right to nominate one director to the board of directors of the Company and is therefore considered to be one of the principal owners of the Company. As of June 30, 2024, the carrying amount of the Blackstone Collaboration Agreement Liability was $195.9 million which included aggregated cumulative non-cash interest expense and cumulative catch-up adjustment of $25.0 million. As of December 31, 2023, the carrying amount of the Blackstone Collaboration Agreement Liability was $170.9 million which included aggregated cumulative non-cash interest expense (including cumulative catch-up adjustments), of $45.0 million. Refer to Note 12, “Liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net” for further details. BioNTech Agreements In February 2024, the Company concurrently entered into the BioNTech Agreements. Upon the execution of the BioNTech Agreements, BioNTech became a related party of the Company. BioNTech owns more than 10% of the Company’s outstanding voting securities and is therefore one of the principal owners of the Company. In addition, BioNTech has the right to nominate one director to the board of directors of the Company which BioNTech has not yet exercised. As of June 30, 2024, the carrying amount of the BioNTech Liability was $42.8 million which included aggregated cumulative interest expense and cumulative catch-up adjustment of $2.7 million. Refer to Note 12, “Liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net” for further details.

Subsequent Events	6 Months Ended
Subsequent Events	Jun. 30, 2024
Subsequent Events [Abstract]
Subsequent Events	Subsequent Events The Company evaluated subsequent events through August 8, 2024, the date on which these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements were issued. The Company has concluded that no subsequent event has occurred that requires disclosure.

Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended				6 Months Ended
Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2024	Mar. 31, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net loss	$ (58,272)	$ (52,690)	$ (45,552)	$ (39,811)	$ (110,962)	$ (85,363)

Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended	6 Months Ended
Insider Trading Arrangements	Jun. 30, 2024 shares	Jun. 30, 2024 shares
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Martin Pule [Member]
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Material Terms of Trading Arrangement		On June 14, 2024, Martin Pule, our Chief Scientific Officer, adopted a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” as defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K, which is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c). The sales plan has an initial term ending on March 21, 2025 and covers the sale of a total of 698,741 ADSs, each representing one ordinary share with a nominal value of $0.000042 per share, of the Company.
Name	Martin Pule
Title	Chief Scientific Officer
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	true
Adoption Date	June 14, 2024
Expiration Date	March 21, 2025
Arrangement Duration	280 days
Aggregate Available	698,741	698,741

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	6 Months Ended
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	Jun. 30, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Basis of Presentation	Basis of Presentation The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the US (“U.S. GAAP”) and are presented in U.S. dollars. All intercompany accounts and transactions between the Company and its subsidiaries have been eliminated upon consolidation. The significant accounting policies used in the preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are consistent with those discussed in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 21, 2024 (the “Annual Report”). Certain information and footnote disclosures have been condensed or omitted as permitted under U.S. GAAP. The information included in these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023, included in the Annual Report. However, these interim financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, which are, in the opinion of management, necessary to fairly state the results of the interim period. The interim results are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the full year ending December 31, 2024, any other interim periods, or any future year or period.
Going Concern	Going Concern The Company has incurred recurring losses since its inception, including net losses of $58.3 million and $45.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively and $111.0 million and $85.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company had an accumulated deficit of $989.5 million and $878.6 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The Company expects to continue to generate operating losses in the foreseeable future. The Company’s inability to raise additional capital as and when needed could have a negative impact on its financial condition and ability to pursue its business strategies. There can be no assurances, however, that the current operating plan will be achieved or that additional funding will be available on terms acceptable to the Company, or at all. The Company expects that its cash and cash equivalents at June 30, 2024 of $705.9 million will be sufficient to fund the Company’s operations for at least twelve months from the issuance date of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and accordingly they have been prepared on a going concern basis. As the Company continues to incur losses, the transition to profitability is dependent upon the successful development, approval and commercialization of its product candidates and achieving a level of revenues adequate to support its cost structure. Even if the Company’s planned regulatory submissions for its products are approved, and the Company is successful in its commercialization efforts, additional funding will be needed before the Company is expected to reach cash breakeven.
Foreign Currency Translation	Foreign Currency Translation The reporting currency of the Company is U.S. dollars. The Company has determined that its functional currency of the ultimate parent company, Autolus Therapeutics plc, is British Pound Sterling. The functional currency of each subsidiary’s operations is the applicable local currency. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the Company’s functional currency are translated into the functional currency at rates of exchange prevailing at the balance sheet dates. Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rates prevailing at the date of the transaction. The Company recorded foreign exchange gains of $1.2 million and $0.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and foreign exchange losses of $0.5 million and foreign exchange gains of $1.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which are included in other income (expense), net in the unaudited condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. For financial reporting purposes, the financial statements of the Company have been translated into U.S. dollars. Assets and liabilities have been translated at the exchange rates at the balance sheet dates, while revenue and expenses are translated at the average exchange rates over the reporting period and shareholders’ equity amounts are translated based on historical exchange rates as of the date of each transaction. Translation adjustments are not included in determining net income (loss) but are included in foreign exchange adjustment to other comprehensive loss, a component of shareholders’ equity.
Segment Information	Segment Information The Company’s chief operating decision maker (the “CODM”), its Chief Executive Officer, manages the Company’s operations on an integrated basis for the purpose of appropriately allocating resources. When evaluating the Company’s financial performance, the CODM reviews total revenue, total expenses and expenses by function and makes decisions using this information on a global basis. The Company and the CODM view the Company’s operations and manage its business as a single operating segment, which is the business of developing and commercializing CAR T therapies.
Use of Estimates	Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in these consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, the accrual for research and development expenses, share-based compensation including assessing the probability of meeting performance conditions, income taxes, initial fair value of warrants, and interest expense on liability related to future royalties and milestones, net and related cumulative catch-up adjustment, initial lease term of the Company’s new manufacturing facility (“The Nucleus”), incremental borrowing rates related to the Company's leased properties and allocation of transaction price using the relative standalone selling price. Estimates are periodically reviewed in light of changes in circumstances, facts and experience. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Allocation of transaction price using the relative standalone selling price Upfront payments are allocated between performance obligations using the Company’s best estimate of the relative standalone selling price of the performance obligation. The relative standalone selling price is estimated by determining the market values of development and license obligations. As these inputs are not directly observable, the estimate is determined considering all reasonably available information including internal pricing objectives used in negotiating the contract, taking into account the different stage of development of each development program and consideration of adjusted-market data from comparable arrangements. Where performance obligations have been identified relating to material rights, the determination of the relative standalone selling price of these performance obligations also includes an assessment of the likelihood that the options will be exercised and any payments by the customer that are triggered upon exercising the right. This assessment involves significant judgment and could have a significant impact on the amount and timing of revenue recognition. An assessment of the allocation of transaction price using the relative standalone selling price was required for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 for the BioNTech License and Option Agreement and the Option and License Agreement with Cabaletta Bio Inc. (“Cabaletta”), respectively. See Note 3 for additional information on the allocation of the transaction price for those agreements. Liability related to future royalties and milestones, net and cumulative catch-up adjustments The Company accounted for each of the Blackstone Collaboration Agreement (See Note 12) (“Blackstone Collaboration Agreement Liability”) and the BioNTech Obe-cel Product Revenue Interest (“BioNTech Liability”) as liabilities measured at amortized cost based on an effective interest rate determined at the outset of the arrangement The Blackstone Collaboration Agreement Liability related to future royalties and milestones, net is measured based on the Company’s current estimates of the timing and amount of expected future royalties, milestone payments to be paid and the milestones receivable upon the achievement of certain specified clinical, manufacturing and regulatory milestones (each such payment, a “Blackstone Development Payment” and collectively, the “Blackstone Development Payments”) expected to be received over the estimated term of the agreement. Similarly, the BioNTech Liability related to future royalties is measured based on the Company’s current estimates of the timing and amount of expected future royalty expected to be paid over the estimated term of the agreement. Milestone payments pursuant to the BioNTech License and Option Agreement (“BioNTech Milestone Payments”) are payable upon BioNTech's election, and therefore have not been included in the determination of the effective interest rate or in the measurement of the liability. The liabilities are amortized using the effective interest rate, resulting in recognition of interest expense over the estimated term of the agreement. Each reporting period the Company assesses the estimated probability, timing and amount of the future expected royalty, milestone payments, the Blackstone Development Payment over the estimated term. If there are changes to the estimates, the Company recognizes the impact to the liability’s amortization schedule and the related interest expense using the catch-up method. The Company’s estimate of the probability, timing and amount of expected future royalties and milestones to be paid by the Company and the expected Blackstone Development Payment to be paid to the Company, considers significant unobservable inputs. These inputs include regulatory approval, the estimated patient population, estimated selling price, estimated sales, estimated peak sales and sales ramp, timing of the expected launch and its impact on the royalties as well as the overall probability of a success. Additionally, the transaction costs associated with the liability will be amortized to interest expense over the estimated term of the agreements. The carrying amount of the Blackstone Collaboration Agreement Liability and BioNTech Liability is based on the Company’s estimate of the future royalties, milestones to be paid to Blackstone by the Company and the expected Blackstone Development Payment to be received over the life of the arrangement as discounted using the initial effective interest rate. The excess estimated present value of future royalty, milestone payments and the future Blackstone Development Payment received over the carrying amount is recognized as a cumulative catch-up adjustment within interest expense using the effective interest rate.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted	Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, (“FASB”), issued Accounting Standards Update, or (“ASU”), 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, or (“ASU 2023-07”), which expanded the disclosures for reportable segments made by public entities. These amendments within ASU 2023-07 retained the existing disclosure requirements in ASC 280 - Segment Reporting (“ASC 280”) and expanded upon them to require public entities to disclose significant expenses for reportable segments in both interim and annual reporting periods, as well as items that were previously disclosed only annually on an interim basis, including disclosures related to a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets. In addition, entities with a single reportable segment must provide all segment disclosures required in ASC 280, including the new disclosures for reportable segments under the amendments in ASU 2023-07. The amendments did not change the existing guidance on how a public entity identified and determined its reportable segments. A public entity should apply the amendments in ASU 2023-07 retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. Upon transition, the segment expense categories and amounts disclosed in the prior periods should be based on the significant segment expense categories identified and disclosed in the period of adoption. The amendments in ASU 2023-07 are effective for annual periods for all public entities in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and in interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company will comply with any new applicable disclosures in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2024. The Company does not expect the adoption to have a material effect on its financial statements and related disclosures. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This ASU improves the transparency of income tax disclosure by requiring consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation, and income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. This guidance is effective for the Company for the year beginning January 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted. The amendments should be applied on a prospective basis, with retrospective application permitted. The Company intends to adopt the guidance in the fiscal year beginning January 1, 2025. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2023-09 to have a material effect on its financial statements and related disclosures. Unless otherwise discussed, the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and disclosures in this report and for the full year ending December 31, 2024.
Fair value measurements	The Company uses valuation approaches that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible. The Company determines the fair value based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability in the principal or most advantageous market. When considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, the following fair value hierarchy distinguishes between observable and unobservable inputs, which are categorized in of the following levels: •Level 1 — Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. •Level 2 — Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. •Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that reflect the Company’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. The carrying amounts reported in the balance sheet for cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, prepaid expenses and other assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities approximate their fair value because of the short-term nature of these instruments.

Nature of the Business (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Units of Accounting from Financing Agreement


Units of Accounting	Gross proceeds (in millions)		Initial fair value (in millions)		Allocated consideration based on relative fair value (in millions)		Net allocated consideration based on relative fair value after transaction costs* (in millions)
Initial ADSs, representing ordinary shares	$	200.0	$	200.0	$	200.0	$	193.8
Subsequent ADSs, representing ordinary shares	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
BioNTech License and Option Agreement	$	50.0	$	50.0	$	50.0	$	47.9
Liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net (Obe-cel Product Revenue Interest)	$	40.0	$	40.0	$	40.0	$	38.3
License Revenue (Binder License)	$	10.0	$	10.0	$	10.0	$	9.6
MCSA	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total	$	250.0	$	250.0	$	250.0	$	241.7
* In addition, the total shared transaction costs of $8.3 million, relating to the BioNTech Agreements have been allocated to the four units of accounting on a relative fair value basis.

License Revenue (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Schedule of Revenue by Geographic Locations

License revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, and 2023, is presented in the table below by geographical location (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
License revenue

United States	—		—		—		1,292
Germany	—		—		$	10,091	$	—
Total license revenue	$	—	$	—	$	10,091	$	1,292

Interest expense (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Banking and Thrift, Interest [Abstract]

Interest Income and Interest Expense Disclosure

Interest expense consisted of the following (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Interest expense on liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net (refer to Note 12)	$	10,169	$	4,959	$	18,559	$	9,864
Cumulative catch-up adjustment arising from the liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net (refer to Note 12)	—		—		10,870		—
Other interest expense	5		61		14		61
Total interest expense	$	10,174	$	5,020	$	29,443	$	9,925

Net loss per ordinary share (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of Loss Per Share, Basic and Diluted

Basic and diluted net loss per ordinary share was calculated as follows (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Numerator
Net loss	$	(58,272)	$	(45,552)	$	(110,962)	$	(85,363)
Net loss - basic and diluted	$	(58,272)	$	(45,552)	$	(110,962)	$	(85,363)

Denominator
Weighted-average number of ordinary shares used in net loss per share - basic and diluted	266,025,783		173,860,491		255,131,873		173,843,249
Basic and diluted net loss per ordinary share	$	(0.22)	$	(0.26)	$	(0.43)	$	(0.49)

Schedule of Anti-dilutive Securities

The following potentially dilutive securities have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share due to their anti-dilutive effect:


	Three and Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024	2023
Unvested restricted stock units	41,905	315,460
Share options	19,558,856	14,203,439
Warrants	3,265,306	3,265,306
Total potentially dilutive securities	22,866,067	17,784,205

Fair value measurements (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Measurements, Recurring and Nonrecurring


	June 30, 2024
	Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	528,910	$	528,910	—		—
Total	$	528,910	$	528,910	$	—	$	—


	December 31, 2023
	Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	184,635	$	184,635	—		—
Total	$	184,635	$	184,635	$	—	$	—

Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following (in thousands):


	June 30,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Research and development claims receivable	$	27,750	$	19,209
Prepayments	11,865		8,638
VAT receivable	3,597		2,771
Accrued interest income	2,597		999
Deferred cost	1,782		1,787
Other taxes receivable	1,585		—
Other receivables	957		516
Lease and lease deposit receivable	938		938
Corporate tax receivable	570		—
Accounts receivable	—		109
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	51,641	$	34,967

Property and Equipment, Net (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Schedule of Depreciation

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):


	June 30,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Lab equipment	$	41,307	$	32,232
Office equipment	5,017		3,777
Furniture and fixtures	2,353		2,360
Leasehold improvements	14,220		12,728
Assets under construction	2,249		12,539
Less: accumulated depreciation	(32,286)		(28,774)
Total property and equipment, net	$	32,860	$	34,862

Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

Schedule of Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):


	June 30,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Research and development costs	$	17,930	$	19,825
Compensation and benefits	10,459		14,757
Professional fees	6,808		4,466

Other accrued liabilities	382		533
Total accrued expenses and other liabilities	$	35,579	$	39,581

Share-based Compensation (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Schedule of Share Based Compensation Expense

The following table summarizes the total share-based compensation expense included in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Research and development	$	1,048	$	1,776	$	1,498	$	3,457
General and administrative	1,887		885		3,723		1,612
Capitalized	—		7		(2)		15
Total share-based compensation expense	$	2,935	$	2,668	$	5,219	$	5,084

Stock Option Rollforward

The table below summarizes Company’s share option activity during the six months ended June 30, 2024:


	Number of Options	Weighted- Average Exercise Price per share		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (1) (in thousands)













Outstanding as of December 31, 2023	17,956,385	$	5.64	8.35	$	48,968
Granted	2,793,400	4.33			54
Exercised	(146,310)	2.77			369
Forfeited	(797,838)	3.39			645
Expired	(246,781)	9.38			5
Outstanding as of June 30, 2024	19,558,856	$	5.51	8.14	$	11,834
Exercisable as of June 30, 2024	8,053,441	$	8.63	6.95	$	3,507
Vested and expected to vest as of June 30, 2024	19,558,856	$	5.51	8.14	$	11,834

(1) Aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying options and the fair value of ordinary shares for those options in the money as of June 30, 2024

Schedule of Nonvested Share Activity

The table below summarizes Company’s restricted stock unit (“RSU”) awards activity during the six months ended June 30, 2024:


	Number of restricted units	Weighted average grant date fair value












Unvested and outstanding at December 31, 2023	116,436	$	3.43

Vested	(73,604)	2.79
Forfeited	(927)	6.20
Unvested and outstanding at June 30, 2024	41,905	$	4.49

Liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]


	Amount in thousands
Balance at 1 January, 2023	$	125,900
Interest expense on liability related to future royalties and milestones, net	4,905
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	130,805
Interest expense on liability related to future royalties and milestones, net	4,959
Balance at June 30, 2023	$	135,764
Interest expense on liability related to future royalties and milestones, net	5,014
Balance at September 30, 2023	$	140,778
Interest expense on liability related to future royalties and milestones, net	5,014
Cumulative catch-up adjustment	25,107
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	170,899
Initial recognition of BioNTech liability	38,335
Interest expense on liability related to future royalties and milestones, net	8,390
Cumulative catch-up adjustment	10,870
Balance at March 31, 2024	$	228,494
Interest expense on liability related to future royalties and milestones, net	10,169
Balance at June 30, 2024	$	238,663

Leases (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Leases [Abstract]

Lease Cost

The Company’s costs as a lessee for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Operating lease costs	$	2,087	$	1,807	$	4,185	$	3,174
Variable costs	484		355		1,028		84
Short term lease costs	103		199		204		242
Total lease costs	$	2,674	$	2,361	$	5,417	$	3,500

Supplemental cash flow information for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):


	Six Months Ended June 30,
Other information	2024		2023
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash outflows from operating leases	$	4,485	$	2,882

The weighted average remaining lease term and weighted average discount rate of operating leases at June 30, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023




Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases	15.9 years		15.8 years
Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases	7.44	%	7.29	%

Lease Maturity Schedule

The maturities of operating lease liabilities as of June 30, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):


Remainder of 2024	$	4,235
2025	6,854
2026	6,623
2027	6,481
2028	5,764
Thereafter	55,815
Total lease payments	85,772
Less: imputed interest	(35,751)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	50,021

Sublease Classification

The following table shows the sublease rental income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
Sublease rental income	2024		2023		2024		2023
Sublease rental income (included in other income (expense), net)	$	61	$	61	$	123	$	120
Total sublease rental income	$	61	$	61	$	123	$	120

Lease Receivable Maturity Schedule

Future fixed receipts for non-cancellable operating subleases in effect as of June 30, 2024 are receivable as follows (in thousands):


Remainder of 2024	$	130
2025	$	260
2026	$	203
2027	$	122
2028	$	106

Total lease payments receivable	$	821

Nature of the Business - Narrative (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions			1 Months Ended
	Feb. 13, 2024 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Feb. 06, 2024 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Nov. 30, 2021 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($) unit financialInstrument $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2023 $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Nov. 06, 2021 USD ($)
Product Information [Line Items]
Contract with customer, liability				$ 195.9
Number of freestanding financial instruments \| financialInstrument				1
Units of accounting \| unit				4
BioNTech
Product Information [Line Items]
Collaborative agreement, period to acquire beneficial ownership from execution date		5 years
Ordinary Shares
Product Information [Line Items]
Stock par value (usd/gbp per share) \| $ / shares				$ 0.000042	$ 0.000042
Number of shares issued in transaction (in shares) \| shares	33,333,333
Per share price of issuance (usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 6.00
Proceeds of issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs	$ 193.8
Ordinary Shares \| BioNTech
Product Information [Line Items]
Collaborative arrangement, rights and obligations, maximum share purchase requirement, shares (in shares) \| shares	15,000,000
Collaborative arrangement, rights and obligations, maximum share purchase requirement, value	$ 20.0
Collaborative agreement, beneficial ownership percentage, threshold (in percent)		0.30
Blackstone Collaboration Agreement
Product Information [Line Items]
Number of freestanding financial instruments \| financialInstrument				4
BioNTech License and Option Agreement
Product Information [Line Items]
Number of freestanding financial instruments \| financialInstrument				1
BioNTech
Product Information [Line Items]
Collaborative arrangement, period to enter agreement from initial closing date (in months)	18 months
Collaborative agreement, sale of stock prohibited without registrant's approval, period (in months)		6 months
BioNTech \| License And Options
Product Information [Line Items]
Contract with customer, liability		$ 10.0
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, maximum consideration, amount		582.0
Remaining performance obligation, variable consideration amount		$ 32.0
BioNTech \| Ordinary Shares
Product Information [Line Items]
Stockholders' equity, common stock, conversion ratio \| shares		1
Stock par value (usd/gbp per share) \| $ / shares		$ 0.000042
Blackstone \| Affiliated Entity \| Obe-cel Product
Product Information [Line Items]
Contract with customer, liability gross			$ 40.0
Remaining performance obligation, variable consideration amount							$ 100.0
Blackstone \| Blackstone Collaboration Agreement
Product Information [Line Items]
Contract with customer, liability						$ 35.0
Contract with customer, liability gross			$ 50.0
Remaining performance obligation, variable consideration amount						$ 30.0

Nature of the Business - Units of Accounting (Details) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($) unit
Class of Stock
Units of accounting \| unit	4
BioNTech
Class of Stock
Payment of equity issuance costs	$ 8.3
BioNTech \| Investor
Class of Stock
Amounts of related party transaction	250.0
BioNTech \| Investor \| Estimate of Fair Value Measurement
Class of Stock
Amounts of related party transaction	250.0
Allocated consideration based on relative fair value	250.0
Net allocated consideration based on relative fair value after transaction costs	241.7
BioNTech \| Initial ADSs, representing ordinary shares \| Investor
Class of Stock
Amounts of related party transaction	200.0
BioNTech \| Initial ADSs, representing ordinary shares \| Investor \| Estimate of Fair Value Measurement
Class of Stock
Amounts of related party transaction	200.0
Allocated consideration based on relative fair value	200.0
Net allocated consideration based on relative fair value after transaction costs	193.8
BioNTech \| Subsequent ADSs, representing ordinary shares \| Investor
Class of Stock
Amounts of related party transaction	0.0
BioNTech \| Subsequent ADSs, representing ordinary shares \| Investor \| Estimate of Fair Value Measurement
Class of Stock
Amounts of related party transaction	0.0
Allocated consideration based on relative fair value	0.0
Net allocated consideration based on relative fair value after transaction costs	0.0
BioNTech \| BioNTech License and Option Agreement \| Investor
Class of Stock
Amounts of related party transaction	50.0
BioNTech \| BioNTech License and Option Agreement \| Investor \| Estimate of Fair Value Measurement
Class of Stock
Amounts of related party transaction	50.0
Allocated consideration based on relative fair value	50.0
Net allocated consideration based on relative fair value after transaction costs	47.9
BioNTech \| Liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net (Obe-cel Product Revenue Interest) \| Investor
Class of Stock
Amounts of related party transaction	40.0
BioNTech \| Liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net (Obe-cel Product Revenue Interest) \| Investor \| Estimate of Fair Value Measurement
Class of Stock
Amounts of related party transaction	40.0
Allocated consideration based on relative fair value	40.0
Net allocated consideration based on relative fair value after transaction costs	38.3
BioNTech \| License Revenue (Binder License) \| Investor
Class of Stock
Amounts of related party transaction	10.0
BioNTech \| License Revenue (Binder License) \| Investor \| Estimate of Fair Value Measurement
Class of Stock
Amounts of related party transaction	10.0
Allocated consideration based on relative fair value	10.0
Net allocated consideration based on relative fair value after transaction costs	9.6
BioNTech \| MCSA \| Investor
Class of Stock
Amounts of related party transaction	0.0
BioNTech \| MCSA \| Investor \| Estimate of Fair Value Measurement
Class of Stock
Amounts of related party transaction	0.0
Allocated consideration based on relative fair value	0.0
Net allocated consideration based on relative fair value after transaction costs	$ 0.0

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended				6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Mar. 31, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Net loss	$ (58,272)	$ (52,690)	$ (45,552)	$ (39,811)	$ (110,962)	$ (85,363)
Accumulated deficit	(989,524)				(989,524)		$ (878,562)
Cash and cash equivalents	705,939		307,500		705,939	307,500	$ 239,566
Foreign currency gain (loss)	$ 1,200		$ 400		$ (500)	$ 1,300

License Revenue - Disaggregation of Revenue (Details) - License revenue - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total license revenue	$ 0	$ 0	$ 10,091	$ 1,292
United States
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total license revenue	0	0	0	1,292
Germany
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total license revenue	$ 0	$ 0	$ 10,091	$ 0

License revenue - Narrative (Details)		3 Months Ended			6 Months Ended
License revenue - Narrative (Details)	Jan. 09, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($) financialInstrument performanceObligation	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($) financialInstrument performanceObligation	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Feb. 06, 2024 USD ($)
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Number of freestanding financial instruments \| financialInstrument		1			1
Number of combined performance obligations \| performanceObligation		1			1
Distinct performance obligation \| performanceObligation		1			1
BioNTech And Cabaletta \| Revenue Benchmark \| Customer Concentration Risk
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Concentration risk (in percent)					100.00%	100.00%
License revenue
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue from contract with customer		$ 0		$ 0	$ 10,091,000	$ 1,292,000
License revenue \| Cabaletta Bio Inc. (“Cabaletta”)
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue from contract with customer	$ 1,200,000	0			0	$ 1,200,000
License revenue \| BioNTech
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue from contract with customer		$ 0	$ 10,100,000
License And Options \| BioNTech
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Remaining performance obligation, variable consideration amount							$ 32,000,000
Technology Options \| BioNTech
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue from contract with customer					$ 10,000,000

Interest expense (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended						6 Months Ended
Interest expense (Details) - USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2024	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Banking and Thrift, Interest [Abstract]
Interest expense on liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net (refer to Note 12)	$ 10,169,000	$ 8,390,000	$ 5,014,000	$ 5,014,000	$ 4,959,000	$ 4,905,000	$ 18,559,000	$ 9,864,000
Cumulative catch-up adjustment arising from the liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net (refer to Note 12)	0	$ 10,870,000	$ 25,107,000		0		10,870,000	0
Other interest expense	5,000				61,000		14,000	61,000
Total interest expense	$ 10,174,000				$ 5,020,000		$ 29,443,000	$ 9,925,000

Net loss per ordinary share - Schedule of Net Loss Per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended				6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Mar. 31, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Numerator
Net loss	$ (58,272)	$ (52,690)	$ (45,552)	$ (39,811)	$ (110,962)	$ (85,363)
Net loss - basic	(58,272)		(45,552)		(110,962)	(85,363)
Net loss - diluted	$ (58,272)		$ (45,552)		$ (110,962)	$ (85,363)
Denominator
Weighted-average number of ordinary shares used in net loss per share - basic (in shares)	266,025,783		173,860,491		255,131,873	173,843,249
Weighted-average number of ordinary shares used in net loss per share - diluted (in shares)	266,025,783		173,860,491		255,131,873	173,843,249
Earnings Per Share
Net loss per share - basic (in usd per share)	$ (0.22)		$ (0.26)		$ (0.43)	$ (0.49)
Net loss per share - diluted (in usd per share)	$ (0.22)		$ (0.26)		$ (0.43)	$ (0.49)

Net loss per ordinary share - Schedule of Anti-dilutive Securities (Details) - shares	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Antidilutive Securities
Total potentially dilutive securities (in shares)	22,866,067	17,784,205	22,866,067	17,784,205
Unvested restricted stock units
Antidilutive Securities
Total potentially dilutive securities (in shares)	41,905	315,460	41,905	315,460
Share options
Antidilutive Securities
Total potentially dilutive securities (in shares)	19,558,856	14,203,439	19,558,856	14,203,439
Warrants
Antidilutive Securities
Total potentially dilutive securities (in shares)	3,265,306	3,265,306	3,265,306	3,265,306

Fair value measurements (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash and cash equivalents:	$ 528,910	$ 184,635
Money market funds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash and cash equivalents:	528,910	184,635
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash and cash equivalents:	528,910	184,635
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) \| Money market funds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash and cash equivalents:	528,910	184,635
Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash and cash equivalents:	0	0
Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) \| Money market funds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash and cash equivalents:	0	0
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash and cash equivalents:	0	0
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) \| Money market funds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash and cash equivalents:	$ 0	$ 0

Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets (Details) - USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Research and development claims receivable	$ 27,750,000	$ 19,209,000
Prepayments	11,865,000	8,638,000
VAT receivable	3,597,000	2,771,000
Accrued interest income	2,597,000	999,000
Deferred cost	1,782,000	1,787,000
Other taxes receivable	1,585,000	0
Other receivables	957,000	516,000
Lease and lease deposit receivable	938,000	938,000
Corporate tax receivable	570,000	0
Accounts receivable	0	109,000
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	$ 51,641,000	$ 34,967,000

Property and Equipment, Net - Schedule of PPE (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Property, Plant and Equipment
Less: accumulated depreciation	$ (32,286)	$ (28,774)
Total property and equipment, net	32,860	34,862
Lab equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property and equipment, gross	41,307	32,232
Office equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property and equipment, gross	5,017	3,777
Furniture and fixtures
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property and equipment, gross	2,353	2,360
Leasehold improvements
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property and equipment, gross	14,220	12,728
Assets under construction
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property and equipment, gross	$ 2,249	$ 12,539

Property and Equipment, Net - Narratives (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]
Depreciation expense	$ 1.9	$ 1.5	$ 3.7	$ 3.4

Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Payables and Accruals [Abstract]
Research and development costs	$ 17,930	$ 19,825
Compensation and benefits	10,459	14,757
Professional fees	6,808	4,466
Other accrued liabilities	382	533
Total accrued expenses and other liabilities	$ 35,579	$ 39,581

Shareholders’ Equity - Narrative (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	Feb. 13, 2024 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Feb. 12, 2024 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Jun. 30, 2024 vote shares	Feb. 06, 2024 shares
Class of Stock
Voting rights, votes per share \| vote			1
Unvested restricted stock units
Class of Stock
Vested not issued (in shares)			100
BioNTech
Class of Stock
Collaborative arrangement, period to enter agreement from initial closing date (in months)	18 months
Ordinary Shares
Class of Stock
Number of shares issued in transaction (in shares)	33,333,333
Per share price of issuance (usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 6.00
Proceeds of issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs \| $	$ 193.8
Ordinary Shares \| BioNTech
Class of Stock
Collaborative arrangement, rights and obligations, maximum share purchase requirement, shares (in shares)	15,000,000
Collaborative arrangement, rights and obligations, maximum share purchase requirement, value \| $	$ 20.0
Ordinary Shares \| BioNTech
Class of Stock
Stockholders' equity, common stock, conversion ratio				1
Ordinary Shares \| Underwriters public offering
Class of Stock
Number of shares issued in transaction (in shares)		58,333,336
Per share price of issuance (usd per share) \| $ / shares		$ 6.00
Proceeds of issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs \| $		$ 326.8

Share-based Compensation - Share-based Compensation Allocation (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award
Total share-based compensation expense	$ 2,935	$ 2,668	$ 5,219	$ 5,084
Research and development
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award
Total share-based compensation expense	1,048	1,776	1,498	3,457
General and administrative
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award
Total share-based compensation expense	1,887	885	3,723	1,612
Capitalized
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award
Total share-based compensation expense	$ 0	$ 7	$ (2)	$ 15

Share-Based Compensation - Share Options Rollforward (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares
Number of Options
Beginning balance (in shares) \| shares	17,956,385
Granted (in shares) \| shares	2,793,400
Exercised (in shares) \| shares	(146,310)
Forfeited (in shares) \| shares	(797,838)
Expired (in shares) \| shares	(246,781)
Ending balance (in shares) \| shares	19,558,856	17,956,385
Exercisable (in shares) \| shares	8,053,441
Vested and expected to vest (in shares) \| shares	19,558,856
Weighted- Average Exercise Price per share
Beginning balance (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 5.64
Granted (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	4.33
Exercised (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	2.77
Forfeited (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	3.39
Expired (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	9.38
Ending balance (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	5.51	$ 5.64
Exercisable (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	8.63
Vested and expected to vest (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 5.51
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Options, Additional Disclosures [Abstract]
Weighted average contractual term outstanding	8 years 1 month 20 days	8 years 4 months 6 days
Weighted average contractual term exercisable	6 years 11 months 12 days
Weighted average contractual term vested and expected to vest	8 years 1 month 20 days
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Options, Vested and Expected to Vest [Abstract]
Options outstanding, Aggregate Intrinsic Value \| $	$ 11,834	$ 48,968
Options granted, Aggregate Intrinsic Value \| $	54
Options exercised, Aggregate Intrinsic Value \| $	369
Options forfeited, Aggregate Intrinsic Value \| $	645
Options expired, Aggregate Intrinsic Value \| $	5
Options exercisable \| $	3,507
Options vested and expected to vest \| $	$ 11,834

Share-based Compensation - Narrative (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($) $ / shares shares
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award
Number of shares modified (in shares) \| shares	571,352
Incremental share-based compensation expense	$ 300
Intrinsic value of options exercised	$ 369
Share options
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award
Weighted average grant date fair value (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 3.12
Share based compensation not yet recognized for unvested shares	$ 14,800
Share based compensation not yet recognized for unvested shares vesting period (in years)	2 years 10 months 24 days
Performance Shares
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award
Share based compensation not yet recognized for unvested shares	$ 2,900
Share based compensation not yet recognized for unvested shares vesting period (in years)	4 months 17 days
Unvested restricted stock units
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award
Share based compensation not yet recognized for unvested shares vesting period (in years)	1 year 7 months 13 days
Share based compensation not yet recognized for unvested shares other than options (less than)	$ 100

Share-Based Compensation - Restricted Stock Units (Details) - Unvested restricted stock units	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024 $ / shares shares
Number of restricted units
Unvested and outstanding beginning balance (in shares) \| shares	116,436
Vested (in shares) \| shares	(73,604)
Forfeited (in shares) \| shares	(927)
Unvested and outstanding ending balance (in shares) \| shares	41,905
Weighted average grant date fair value
Unvested and outstanding beginning balance (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 3.43
Vested (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	2.79
Forfeited (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	6.20
Unvested and outstanding ending balance (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 4.49

Liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net - Schedule of Liability Related to Revenue (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended						6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Collaborative Agreements, Debt Liability
Beginning Balance	$ 228,494,000	$ 170,899,000	$ 140,778,000			$ 125,900,000	$ 170,899,000	$ 125,900,000
Initial recognition of BioNTech liability		38,335,000
Interest expense on liability related to future royalties and milestones, net	10,169,000	8,390,000	5,014,000	$ 5,014,000	$ 4,959,000	$ 4,905,000	18,559,000	9,864,000
Cumulative catch-up adjustment	0	10,870,000	25,107,000		$ 0		10,870,000	$ 0
Ending Balance	$ 238,663,000	$ 228,494,000	$ 170,899,000	$ 140,778,000			$ 238,663,000

Liabilities related to future royalties and milestones, net - Narrative (Details)	1 Months Ended		3 Months Ended						6 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) payment	Nov. 30, 2021 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($) financialInstrument	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($) financialInstrument	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Feb. 06, 2024	Nov. 06, 2021 USD ($)
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Interest expense on liability related to future royalties and milestones, net			$ 10,169,000	$ 8,390,000	$ 5,014,000	$ 5,014,000	$ 4,959,000	$ 4,905,000	$ 18,559,000	$ 9,864,000
Cumulative catch-up adjustment			0	$ 10,870,000	25,107,000		$ 0		10,870,000	$ 0
Number of development payments \| payment	2
Contract with customer, liability			$ 195,900,000						$ 195,900,000
Number of freestanding financial instruments \| financialInstrument			1						1
Contract with customer, liability, noncurrent			$ 238,663,000		$ 170,899,000				$ 238,663,000
BioNTech Liability
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Interest rate (in percent)			28.70%						28.70%		28.70%
Blackstone Collaboration Agreement
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Number of freestanding financial instruments \| financialInstrument			4						4
Blackstone \| Blackstone Collaboration Agreement
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Contract with customer, liability gross		$ 50,000,000.0
Remaining performance obligation, variable consideration amount	$ 30,000,000
Contract with customer, liability	$ 35,000,000.0
Blackstone \| Affiliated Entity \| Obe-cel Product
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Contract with customer, liability gross		$ 40,000,000
Remaining performance obligation, variable consideration amount												$ 100,000,000
BioNTech
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Contract with customer, liability, noncurrent			$ 38,300,000						$ 38,300,000

Leases - Lease Cost (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
Leases - Lease Cost (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Leases [Abstract]
Operating lease costs	$ 2,087	$ 1,807	$ 4,185	$ 3,174
Variable costs	484	355	1,028	84
Short term lease costs	103	199	204	242
Total lease costs	$ 2,674	$ 2,361	5,417	3,500
Operating cash outflows from operating leases			$ 4,485	$ 2,882
Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases	15 years 10 months 24 days	15 years 9 months 18 days	15 years 10 months 24 days	15 years 9 months 18 days
Weighted-average discount rate — operating leases (in percent)	7.44%	7.29%	7.44%	7.29%

Leases - Schedule of Maturity Payments (Details) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($)
Leases [Abstract]
Remainder of 2024	$ 4,235
2025	6,854
2026	6,623
2027	6,481
2028	5,764
Thereafter	55,815
Total lease payments	85,772
Less: imputed interest	(35,751)
Present value of lease liabilities	$ 50,021

Leases - Narrative (Details) € in Thousands, $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
Leases - Narrative (Details) € in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($) contract	Oct. 31, 2021 EUR (€)
Lessor, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Number of manufacturing properties \| contract	2
Lessor, operating lease, payment to be received \| $	$ 821
Sublease, Lease Term 1
Lessor, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Lessor, operating lease, payment to be received		€ 97
Sublease, Lease Term 2
Lessor, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Lessor, operating lease, payment to be received		€ 109

Leases - Sublease Classification (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Leases [Abstract]
Total sublease rental income	$ 61	$ 61	$ 123	$ 120

Leases - Sublease Income Maturity (Details) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($)
Leases [Abstract]
Remainder of 2024	$ 130
2025	260
2026	203
2027	122
2028	106
Total lease payments receivable	$ 821

Commitments and Contingencies - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)		3 Months Ended	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Apr. 25, 2024	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Long-term Purchase Commitment [Line Items]
Payments for license fees (less than)		$ 100,000	$ 100,000
Loss contingency accrual		0	0	$ 0
Miltenyi Biotech B.V. & Co. KG ("Miltenyi")
Long-term Purchase Commitment [Line Items]
Annual license fee				$ 400,000
Cardinal Health 105, LLC (“Cardinal Health”)
Long-term Purchase Commitment [Line Items]
Agreement term (in years)	3 years
Additional agreement term (in years)	1 year
Capital Addition Purchase Commitments
Long-term Purchase Commitment [Line Items]
Unconditional purchase obligations for capital expenditures		9,700,000	9,700,000
Master Supply Commitments
Long-term Purchase Commitment [Line Items]
Unconditional purchase obligations for capital expenditures		$ 1,100,000	$ 1,100,000

Related party transactions - Narrative (Details) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($)	Feb. 28, 2024 director	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Nov. 30, 2021 director
Related Party Transaction
Number of directors \| director				1					1
Contract with customer, liability	$ 195,900
Accrued interest	25,000
Carrying amount of liability	238,663	$ 170,899	$ 228,494		$ 140,778	$ 125,900	$ 135,764	$ 130,805
Blackstone Collaboration Agreement
Related Party Transaction
Carrying amount of liability	42,800	170,900
Non-cash interest expense, catch-up	$ 2,700	$ 45,000
Blackstone \| Autolus
Related Party Transaction
Ownership percentage by noncontrolling owners (in percent)	10.00%