Hong Kong's healthcare engineering sectors have actively responded to the Hong Kong SAR Government's efforts to promote advanced and modern construction technologies for fostering efficient building construction practices. In 2020, the industry adopted the innovative 'Modular Integrated Construction' (MiC) technology, coupled with the 'Multi-trade Integrated Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing' (MiMEP) construction method, to construct the world's first high-standard negative-pressure isolation ward module that could be assembled and deployed fast and easy. The module was repurposed for anti-epidemic use during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic that year. After the pandemic, the negative-pressure isolation ward module was put on public display at the CIC-Zero Carbon Park in Kowloon Bay to promote the MiC construction method. When the about two-year display ends in 2025, parts of the module will be recycled for purposes including reuse and further research. The project has demonstrated the immense potential of innovative engineering technologies in serving public health needs and laid a solid foundation for modular design in constructing infectious disease isolation facilities.

The engineering sector in Hong Kong putting all heads together, applying innovative thinking and technologies, contributed to the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic raging in 2020. It took the industry only four months, starting from initial sketching to completing the project, to deliver in May 2020 a negative-pressure isolation ward meets hospital-grade standards, the first of its kind globally and was later hailed as the 'Hong Kong version of Huoshenshan Hospital.' The facility exemplified the professionalism, innovative spirit, and rapid crisis response capabilities of Hong Kong's engineering sector. Moreover, it has provided a significant reference model for the concerned global community in addressing similar events.

The project used advanced MiC technology, plus the MiMEP construction method, which together significantly enhanced construction efficiency, shortening the entire construction cycle to just about a month. MiC technology enabled close to 80% of the construction process to be prefabricated in factories before being transported to the site for rapid assembly, adjustment, and testing. The approach not only drastically reduced on-site construction time, but also ensured high-quality standards and sustainability. Rigorous ventilation tests verified that the isolation ward could provide an effective negative-pressure environment, efficiently blocking the spread of highly infectious airborne viral particles. A distinctive feature of the design is it does not rely on a centralised air conditioning system with extensive external ventilation ducts. Instead, the MiMEP system's built-in ventilation and air conditioning provide a self-sufficient airflow design, effectively controlling infection. Given her limited land resources, Hong Kong needs designs that can fit into small spaces, and the project was then a 'highly condensed design' unprecedented in the world.

Ir Prof P L YUEN, Past President of the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers (HKIE), Past Vice President of the United Kingdom Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE), and Chairman of the Hong Kong Branch of the United Kingdom Institute of Healthcare Engineering and Estate Management (IHEEM), said, 'Inspired by the country's 'Huoshenshan' project at the time, we began exploring how to construct high-standard isolation wards for limited spaces. The design required interlocking double-door control to precisely regulate airflow. To ease transportation, using the dimensions like those of a standard shipping container in our blueprint was an ideal option. By integrating MiC and MiMEP construction methods, we achieved a self-sufficient ventilation and air-conditioning design for the ward, matching with a compact electrical and mechanical module to supply its power and other engineering services demand. That innovative design was also the worlds first at the time." Prof Yuen also shared this design with fellow engineers, fostering collaboration to construct more suitable isolation facilities.

Professor Yuen added, "The successful project shows that engineering innovation has a vital role to play in addressing public health challenges. While this project has fulfilled its historical mission, it is not the end. I hope it will encourage wider adoption of the proven method, novel and efficient, in other advanced building projects, which the Government is keen to promote. Furthermore, I hope it will inspire more local engineers to embrace innovation and technology, and together show and tell the many success stories of Hong Kong engineering."

Ir Prof P L Yuen, Past President of the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers(HKIE), Past Vice President of the United Kingdom Chartered Institution ofBuilding Services Engineers (CIBSE), and Chairman of the Hong Kong Branchof the United Kingdom Institute of Healthcare Engineering and EstateManagement (IHEEM), expressed his heartfelt gratitude to the engineeringsector for their unwavering support. Working as one, in 2020, , the industry adopted the advanced 'Modular Integrated Construction' (MiC) technology,coupled withthe 'Multi-trade Integrated Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing' (MiMEP)construction method, to construct the world's first high-standard negative-pressure isolation ward module that could be assembled and deployed superfast, marking a groundbreaking achievement of Hong Kong's engineering sector.

The design of the high-standard negative-pressure isolation ward featuresa self-sufficient airflow system enabled by the MiMEP construction method,that does not require a centralised air-conducting system withextensive external ventilation ducts. The built-in ventilation and air-conditioning system can effectively control infection by creating the necessary airflow path in the ward. Picture shows Prof Yuen conducting a smoke test showing air only flowing in one direction into the ward or being extracted through the ventilation system.

Rigorous ventilation tests verified that the high-standard negative-pressureisolation ward can provide a high-quality negative-pressure environment,effectively blocking the transmission of highly infectious airborne particles to outside occupying areas.

After the pandemic, the high-standard negative-pressure isolation ward module was put on an about two-year public display at the CIC-Zero CarbonPark in Kowloon Bay to promote the 'Modular Integrated Construction' (MiC)method. When the display ends in 2025, some components of the module willbe recycled for purposes including reuse and further research.

In addition to the double interlocking door control systems installed at the entrances to regulate airflow, the high-standard negative-pressure isolation ward is equipped with ultraviolet (UV) disinfection dual-door pass-through boxes to give patients convenience access to external supplieswhile minimising the need for medical staff to enter and exit the ward, assuch reduce viral transmission risks.

The design of the ward eliminates the need for extensive external ventilation ducts or a centralised air-conditioning system. Instead, it utilises the self-sufficient ventilation and air-conditioning system coming with the MiMEP construction method that ensures a controlled only-into-the-ward airflow to effective prevent infection transmission.

The design of the ward eliminates the need for extensive external ventilation ducts or a centralised air-conditioning system. Instead, it utilises the self-sufficient ventilation and air-conditioning system coming with the MiMEP construction method that ensures a controlled only-into-the-ward airflow to effectively prevent infection transmission.

About Ir Prof P L YUEN

Ir Prof P L YUEN is a professional engineer of 40 years in the healthcare engineering sector in Hong Kong. Early in his career, he worked in government departments, where he was responsible for construction, operation and maintenance of hospitals. Currently, he oversees the design and management of hospital engineering facilities within public healthcare institutions. Additionally, he leads the environmental and energy sustainability initiatives of both existing and planned hospitals, as well as hospital expansion projects across Hong Kong.

On combating the COVID 19 pandemic, armed with years of experience in research, design and construction of hospital ventilation system facilities, he was able to timely innovate and turn hospital wards into negative-pressure wards, including the community treatment facility at AsiaWorld-Expo, to meet the urgent need for public medical isolation facilities. During the epidemic, he was Government appointed Chairman of the Working Group on Implementing the Requirement on Air Change or Air in Dine-in Purifiers Restaurants that helped more than 18,000 eateries in Hong Kong improve ventilation in a few months, contributing to pandemic control in the community. Early in his career, he was invited by WHO and UNOPS to be their expert advisor and had travelled several times to Indonesia to offer technical guidance on how to build isolation wards across public hospitals there.

Ir Prof YUEN is the past President of the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers (HKIE), the current Chairman of the Engineers Registration Board in Hong Kong, the Hong Kong Branch Chairman of the United Kingdom Institute of Healthcare Engineering and Estate Management (IHEEM) and the past Vice President of the United Kingdom Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE). In 2023, he was re-elected as Deputy Chair of the International Engineering Technologists Agreements (IETA) and was elected as Chair of the Seoul Accord. He is also a member of the Executive Committee of the International Engineering Alliance (IEA). An active participant in the work of international professional organisations and platforms, he has contributed much to consolidating the professional standard and promoting mobility of the engineering sector. He was bestowed Fellowship by the Energy Institute (EI) UK and received the Lifetime Achievement Award from IHEEM UK, and recently the Gold Medal, the highest honour, from UK CIBSE. He has been a Council member of the China Hospital Association's Architectural Research Branch for close to two decades. In 2020, for his outstanding contribution to the fight against COVID-19, Ir Prof YUEN was presented the 'Chief Executive's Commendation for Community Service' by the Hong Kong SAR Government.

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