instead of a meeting, stockholder action may be taken only at an annual meeting or special meeting of stockholders and may not be taken by written consent instead of a meeting. Failure to satisfy any of the requirements for a stockholder meeting could delay, prevent or invalidate stockholder action.
Section 203 of the DGCL
Our fourth amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the provisions of Section 203 of the DGCL, which relate to business combinations with interested stockholders, do not apply to us. Section 203 of the DGCL prohibits a publicly held Delaware corporation from engaging in a business combination transaction with an interested stockholder (a stockholder who owns more than 15% of our common stock) for a period of three years after the interested stockholder became such unless the transaction fits within an applicable exemption, such as Board approval of the business combination or the transaction that resulted in such stockholder becoming an interested stockholder. These provisions apply even if the business combination could be considered beneficial by some stockholders. Our fourth amended and restated certificate of incorporation contains provisions that have the same effect as Section 203 of the DGCL but provides that Mudrick Capital and any of its affiliates or successors, and any group as to which such persons are party do not constitute interested stockholders for purposes of these provisions for so long as they collectively own, directly or indirectly, 10% or more of the voting power of our then outstanding shares of voting stock. Although we have elected to opt out of the statute’s provisions, we could elect to be subject to Section 203 in the future.
Amendment to Bylaws and Certificate of Incorporation
Any amendment to our fourth amended and restated certificate of incorporation must first be approved by a majority of our Board and, if required by law, thereafter be approved by a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote on the amendment voting as a single class. Our second amended and restated bylaws may be amended (x) by the affirmative vote of a majority of the directors then in office, subject to any limitations set forth in the bylaws, without further stockholder action or (y) by the affirmative vote of at least a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote on the amendment, voting as a single class, without further action by our Board.
Renouncement of Corporate Opportunity
Our fourth amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that, we renounce any interest or expectancy in, or in being offered an opportunity to participate in, any business opportunity that may from time to time be presented to Mudrick Capital, Paulson or GoldenTree or any of their respective affiliates (including, but not limited to, any entity that, directly or indirectly, controls, is controlled by or is under common control with it and including, in the case of Paulson, any individual nominated by Paulson and appointed as a director of the Board as of the date of the fourth amended and restated certificate of incorporation), successors, directly or indirectly managed funds or vehicles, partners, principals, directors, officers, members, managers and employees (other than our company and its subsidiaries) (“Exempted Persons”), even if the opportunity is one that we might reasonably have pursued or had the ability or desire to pursue if granted the opportunity to do so. No such Exempted Persons will be liable to us for breach of any fiduciary or other duty, as a director or officer or otherwise, by reason of the fact that such person pursues or acquires any such business opportunity, directs any such business opportunity to another person or fails to present any such business opportunity, or information regarding any such business opportunity, to us. None of the Exempted Persons has any fiduciary duty to refrain from engaging directly or indirectly in the same or similar business activities or lines of business as us or any of our subsidiaries.
Exclusive Forum
Our second amended and restated bylaws provide, subject to limited exceptions, that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders; (iii) any action asserting a claim against us, any director or our officers or employees arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL, our fourth amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our second amended and restated bylaws; or (iv) any action asserting a claim against us, any director or our officers or employees that are governed by the internal affairs doctrine. This exclusive forum provision does not apply to claims arising under the Securities Act,