Form 10-Q - Quarterly report [Sections 13 or 15(d)]

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)


☒			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2024


☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ________ to ________

Commission File Number: 001-39544

BAKKT HOLDINGS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware			98-1550750
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)			(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
10000 Avalon Boulevard, Suite 1000 Alpharetta, Georgia			30009
(Address of principal executive offices)			(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (678) 534-5849

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading Symbol (s)

Name of each exchange on which registered

Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share

BKKT

The New York Stock Exchange

Warrants to purchase Class A Common Stock

BKKT WS

The New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☐

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☒

Smaller reporting company

☒

Emerging growth company

☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).Yes ☐ No ☒

As of November 8, 2024, there were 6,476,386 shares of the registrant’s Class A Common Stock, 7,194,941 shares of Class V Common Stock, and 7,140,508 public warrants issued and outstanding.

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		Page
PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	5
	Consolidated Balance Sheets	5
	Consolidated Statements of Operations	6
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss	7
	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity	8
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	10
	Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements	11
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	39
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	59
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	59
PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	61
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	61
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	64
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	64
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	65
Item 5.	Other Information	65
Item 6.	Exhibits	66
	Signatures	67

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Unless the context otherwise requires, all references to “Bakkt,” “we,” “us,” “our,” or the “Company” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Report”) refer to Bakkt Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

This Report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws, which statements involve substantial risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements generally relate to future events or our future financial or operating performance. You can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intends,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “would,” the negative of such terms, and other similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based on management’s current expectations, assumptions, hopes, beliefs, intentions and strategies regarding future events and are based on currently available information as to the outcome and timing of future events. We caution you that these forward-looking statements are subject to all of the risks and uncertainties, most of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control, incident to our business. Forward-looking statements in this Report may include, for example, statements about:

• our future financial performance;

• changes in the market for our products and services;

• our restructuring initiative and future potential reductions of expenses; and

• expansion plans and opportunities.

These forward-looking statements are based on information available as of the date of this Report and management’s current expectations, forecasts and assumptions, and involve a number of judgments, known and/or unknown risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as representing our views as of any subsequent date. We do not undertake any obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date they were made, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable law.

You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Should one or more of a number of known and unknown risks and uncertainties materialize, or should any of our assumptions prove incorrect, our actual results or performance may be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Some factors that could cause actual results to differ include, but are not limited to:

•our ability to grow and manage growth profitably;

•our ability to continue as a going concern;

•changes in our business strategy;

•changes in the markets in which we compete, including with respect to our competitive landscape, technology evolution or changes in applicable laws or regulations;

•changes in the markets that we target;

•disruptions in the crypto market that subject us to additional risks, including the risk that banks may not provide banking services to us;

•the possibility that we may be adversely affected by other economic, business, and/or competitive factors;

•the inability to launch new services and products or to profitably expand into new markets and services, or the inability to continue offering existing services or products;

•the inability to execute our growth strategies, including identifying and executing acquisitions and our initiatives to add new clients;

•our ability to maintain and grow our existing customer relationships;

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•our ability to reach definitive agreements with our expected commercial counterparties;

•our ability to achieve the expected benefits from the acquisition of Bakkt Crypto (as defined below);

•our inability to reduce cash expenses and align headcount and employee-related costs with our budget priorities;

•our failure to comply with extensive government regulation, oversight, licensure and appraisals;

•the uncertain regulatory regime governing blockchain technologies and crypto;

•our ability to remediate the material weakness in and establish and maintain effective internal controls and procedures;

•our exposure to any liability, protracted and costly litigation, settlement expenses or reputational damage relating to legal proceedings or our data security;

•the impact of any goodwill or other intangible assets impairments on our operating results;

•the impact of any pandemics or other public health emergencies;

•our ability to maintain the listing of our securities on the NYSE; and

•other risks and uncertainties indicated in this Report, including those set forth under “Risk Factors.”

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PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Consolidated Financial Statements.

Bakkt Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except share data)


	As of September 30, 2024 (Unaudited)		As of December 31, 2023
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	28,984	$	52,882
Restricted cash	35,306		31,838
Customer funds	51,550		32,925
Available-for-sale securities	6,727		17,398
Accounts receivable, net	26,786		29,664
Prepaid insurance	5,619		13,049
Safeguarding asset for crypto	938,695		701,556
Other current assets	4,128		3,332
Total current assets	1,097,795		882,644
Property, equipment and software, net	1,769		60
Goodwill	68,001		68,001
Intangible assets, net	2,900		2,900
Other assets	12,264		13,262
Total assets	$	1,182,729	$	966,867
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	41,843	$	55,379
Customer funds payable	51,550		32,925
Deferred revenue, current	2,005		4,282
Due to related party	2,660		3,230
Safeguarding obligation for crypto	938,695		701,556
Unsettled crypto trades	953		996
Other current liabilities	4,243		3,706
Total current liabilities	1,041,949		802,074
Deferred revenue, noncurrent	2,598		3,198
Warrant liability	15,836		2,356
Other noncurrent liabilities	20,353		23,525
Total liabilities	1,080,736		831,153
Commitments and contingencies (Note 14)
Class A Common Stock ($0.0001 par value, 30,000,000 shares authorized, 6,465,776 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2024 and 3,793,837 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023)	1		—
Class V Common Stock ($0.0001 par value, 10,000,000 shares authorized, 7,194,941 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2024 and 7,200,064 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023)	1		1
Additional paid-in capital	829,477		799,683
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(223)		(101)
Accumulated deficit	(778,783)		(751,301)
Total stockholders’ equity	50,473		48,282
Noncontrolling interest	51,520		87,432
Total equity	101,993		135,714
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	1,182,729	$	966,867

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Bakkt Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(in thousands, except per share data)

(Unaudited)


	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024		Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Revenues:
Crypto services	$	316,333	$	191,750	$	1,654,814	$	527,526
Loyalty services, net	12,086		13,024		38,085		38,096
Total revenues	328,419		204,774		1,692,899		565,622
Operating expenses:
Crypto costs	312,841		189,428		1,636,514		521,601
Execution, clearing and brokerage fees	2,207		697		11,229		2,902
Compensation and benefits	21,085		24,608		67,997		85,818
Professional services	5,346		1,962		12,620		7,204
Technology and communication	4,234		5,536		13,657		15,647
Selling, general and administrative	8,493		7,447		21,819		21,722
Acquisition-related expenses	—		(739)		66		17,053
Depreciation and amortization	107		3,959		281		10,843
Related party expenses	150		1,033		450		3,145
Goodwill and intangible asset impairments	—		23,325		—		23,325
Impairment of long-lived assets	601		56		889		56
Restructuring expenses	425		—		7,492		4,471
Other operating expenses	313		322		1,122		1,231
Total operating expenses	355,802		257,634		1,774,136		715,018
Operating loss	(27,383)		(52,860)		(81,237)		(149,396)
Interest income, net	1,014		1,177		3,215		3,502
Gain (loss) from change in fair value of warrant liability	19,984		(214)		13,916		(857)
Other (expense) income, net	(20)		379		1,144		33
Loss before income taxes	(6,405)		(51,518)		(62,962)		(146,718)
Income tax benefit (expense)	114		(231)		(116)		(401)
Net loss	(6,291)		(51,749)		(63,078)		(147,119)
Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest	(3,398)		(34,418)		(35,598)		(98,964)
Net loss attributable to Bakkt Holdings, Inc.	$	(2,893)	$	(17,331)	$	(27,480)	$	(48,155)

Net loss per share attributable to Class A Common Stockholders:
Basic	$	(0.45)	$	(4.74)	$	(4.87)	$	(13.72)
Diluted	$	(0.45)	$	(4.74)	$	(4.87)	$	(13.72)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Bakkt Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

(in thousands)

(Unaudited)


	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024		Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Net loss	$	(6,291)	$	(51,749)	$	(63,078)	$	(147,119)
Currency translation adjustment, net of tax	247		(397)		(372)		(36)
Unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities, net of tax	4		16		3		20
Comprehensive loss	$	(6,040)	$	(52,130)	$	(63,447)	$	(147,135)
Comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interest	(3,265)		(34,669)		(35,847)		(98,977)
Comprehensive loss attributable to Bakkt Holdings, Inc.	$	(2,775)	$	(17,461)	$	(27,600)	$	(48,158)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Bakkt Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

(in thousands, except share data)

(Unaudited)


	Class A Common Stock			Class V Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Total Stockholders’ Equity		Noncontrolling Interest		Total Equity
	Shares	$		Shares	$
Balance as of December 31, 2023	3,793,837	$	—	7,200,064	$	1	$	799,683	$	(751,301)	$	(101)	$	48,282	$	87,432	$	135,714
Share-based compensation	—	—		—	—		8,013		—		—		8,013		—		8,013
Shares issued upon vesting of share-based awards, net of tax withholding	118,593	—		—	—		(2,259)		—		—		(2,259)		—		(2,259)
Equity offerings, net of issuance costs	1,955,924	1		—	—		11,268		—		—		11,269		—		11,269
Exchange of Class V shares for Class A shares	4,725	—		(4,725)	—		63		—		—		63		(63)		—
Currency translation adjustment, net of tax	—	—		—	—		—		—		(160)		(160)		(261)		(421)
Unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities, net of tax	—	—		—	—		—		—		(60)		(60)		(98)		(158)
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		(8,165)		—		(8,165)		(13,110)		(21,275)
Balance as of March 31, 2024	5,873,079	$	1	7,195,339	$	1	$	816,768	$	(759,466)	$	(321)	$	56,983	$	73,900	$	130,883
Share-based compensation	—	—		—	—		2,406		—		—		2,406		—		2,406
Shares issued upon vesting of share-based awards, net of tax withholding	86,178	—		—	—		(59)		—		—		(59)		—		(59)
Exercise of warrants	12	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Equity offerings, net of issuance costs	350,881	—		—	—		4,903		—		—		4,903		—		4,903
Exchange of Class V shares for Class A shares	398	—		(398)	—		5		—		—		5		(5)		—
Currency translation adjustment, net of tax	—	—		—	—		—		—		(92)		(92)		(107)		(199)
Unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities, net of tax	—	—		—	—		—		—		72		72		85		157
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		(16,424)		—		(16,424)		(19,088)		(35,512)
Balance as of June 30, 2024	6,310,548	$	1	7,194,941	$	1	$	824,023	$	(775,890)	$	(341)	$	47,794	$	54,785	$	102,579
Share-based compensation	—	—		—	—		2,630		—		—		2,630		—		2,630
Shares issued upon vesting of share-based awards, net of tax withholding	11,053	—		—	—		(8)		—		—		(8)		—		(8)
Exercise of warrants	144,175	—		—	—		2,832		—		—		2,832		—		2,832


Currency translation adjustment, net of tax	—	—		—	—		—		—		116		116		131		247
Unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities, net of tax	—	—		—	—		—		—		2		2		2		4
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		(2,893)		—		(2,893)		(3,398)		(6,291)
Balance as of September 30, 2024	6,465,776	$	1	7,194,941	$	1	$	829,477	$	(778,783)	$	(223)	$	50,473	$	51,520	$	101,993

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	Class A Common Stock			Class V Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Total Stockholders’ Equity		Noncontrolling Interest		Total Equity
	Shares	$		Shares	$
Balance as of December 31, 2022	3,237,074	$	—	7,339,310	$	1	$	773,000	$	(676,447)	$	(290)	$	96,264	$	239,811	$	336,075
Share-based compensation	—	—		—	—		6,713		—		—		6,713		—		6,713
Unit-based compensation	—	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		542		542
Shares issued upon vesting of share-based awards, net of tax withholding	59,801	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Exchange of Class V shares for Class A shares	8,115	—		(8,115)	—		345		—		—		345		(345)		—
Currency translation adjustment, net of tax	—	—		—	—		—		—		7		7		15		22
Unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities, net of tax	—	—		—	—		—		—		(72)		(72)		(157)		(229)
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		(13,976)		—		(13,976)		(30,883)		(44,859)
Balance as of March 31, 2023	3,304,990	$	—	7,331,195	$	1	$	780,058	$	(690,423)	$	(355)	$	89,281	$	208,983	$	298,264
Share-based compensation	—	—		—	—		4,614		—		—		4,614		—		4,614
Unit-based compensation	—	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		377		377
Shares issued upon vesting of share-based awards, net of tax withholding	100,828	—		—	—		(2,502)		—		—		(2,502)		—		(2,502)
Shares issued in connection with Apex acquisition	245,624	—		—	—		9,062		—		—		9,062		—		9,062
Currency translation adjustment, net of tax	—	—		—	—		—		—		112		112		227		339
Unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities	—	—		—	—		—		—		77		77		156		233
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		(16,848)		—		(16,848)		(33,663)		(50,511)
Balance as of June 30, 2023	3,651,442	$	—	7,331,195	$	1	$	791,232	$	(707,271)	$	(166)	$	83,796	$	176,080	$	259,876
Share-based compensation	—	—		—	—		2,957		—		—		2,957		—		2,957
Unit-based compensation	—	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		385		385
Forfeiture and cancellation of common units	—	—		193	—		—		—		—		—		(13)		(13)
Shares issued upon vesting of share-based awards, net of tax withholding	4,128	—		—	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Exchange of Class V shares for Class A shares	1,024	—		(1,024)	—		37		—		—		37		(37)		—
Currency translation adjustment, net of tax	—	—		—	—		—		—		(133)		(133)		(264)		(397)
Unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities	—	—		—	—		—		—		6		6		10		16
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		(17,331)		—		(17,331)		(34,418)		(51,749)
Balance as of September 30, 2023	3,656,594	$	—	7,330,364	$	1	$	794,226	$	(724,602)	$	(293)	$	69,332	$	141,743	$	211,075

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Bakkt Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)

(Unaudited)


	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(63,078)	$	(147,119)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	281		10,843
Non-cash lease expense	989		2,298
Share-based compensation expense	13,049		14,284
Unit-based compensation expense	—		1,300
Forfeiture and cancellation of common units	—		(13)
Impairment of long-lived assets	889		56
Goodwill and intangible assets impairments	—		23,325
Loss on disposal of assets	—		70
(Gain) loss from change in fair value of warrant liability	(13,916)		857
Other	2		19
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	3,679		3,607
Prepaid insurance	7,430		10,772
Deposits with clearing house	—		14,991
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	(13,636)		(14,243)
Unsettled crypto trades	(43)		—
Due to related party	(570)		602
Deferred revenue	(2,877)		136
Operating lease liabilities	(2,619)		(2,088)
Customer funds payable	18,625		27,632
Other assets and liabilities	(810)		(1,220)
Net cash used in operating activities	(52,605)		(53,891)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Capitalized internal-use software development costs and other capital expenditures	(2,779)		(7,905)
Purchase of available-for-sale securities	(25,986)		(44,599)
Proceeds from the settlement of available-for-sale securities	36,660		163,165
Acquisition of Bumped Financial, LLC	—		(631)
Acquisition of Apex Crypto LLC, net of cash acquired	—		(44,320)
Net cash provided by investing activities	7,895		65,710
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from Concurrent Offerings, net of issuance costs	46,505		—
Proceeds from the exercise of warrants	3		—
Repurchase and retirement of Class A Common Stock	(2,430)		(2,502)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	44,078		(2,502)
Effect of exchange rate changes	(373)		(36)
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, customer funds and deposits	(1,005)		9,281
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, customer funds and deposits at the beginning of the period	118,498		115,423
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, customer funds and deposits at the end of the period	$	117,493	$	124,704
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Non-cash operating lease right-of-use asset acquired	$	—	$	3,783
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activity:
Capitalized internal-use software development costs and other capital expenditures included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	—	$	548
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, customer funds and deposits to consolidated balance sheets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	28,984	$	68,219
Restricted cash	35,306		28,262
Customer funds	51,550		28,223
Deposits (Note 6)	1,653		—
Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and customer funds	$	117,493	$	124,704

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Bakkt Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

1.Organization and Description of Business

Organization

VPC Impact Acquisition Holdings (“VIH”) was a blank check company incorporated as a Cayman Islands exempted company on July 31, 2020. VIH was incorporated for the purpose of effecting a merger, share exchange, asset acquisition, share purchase, reorganization or similar business combination with one or more businesses or entities.

On October 15, 2021 (the “Closing Date”), VIH and Bakkt Opco Holdings, LLC (then known as Bakkt Holdings, LLC, “Opco”) and its operating subsidiaries consummated a business combination (the “VIH Business Combination”) contemplated by the definitive Agreement and Plan of Merger entered into on January 11, 2021 (as amended, the “Merger Agreement”). In connection with the VIH Business Combination, VIH changed its name to “Bakkt Holdings, Inc.” and changed its jurisdiction of incorporation from the Cayman Islands to the State of Delaware (the “Domestication”).

Unless the context otherwise provides, “we,” “us,” “our,” “Bakkt,” the “Company” and like terms refer to Bakkt Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries, including Opco.

Immediately following the Domestication, we became organized in an umbrella partnership corporation, or “up-C,” structure in which substantially all of our assets and business are held by Opco, and our only direct assets consist of common units in Opco (“Opco Common Units”), which are non-voting interests in Opco, and the managing member interest in Opco.

In connection with the VIH Business Combination, a portion of VIH shares were exchanged for cash for shareholders who elected to execute their redemption right. The remaining VIH shares were exchanged for newly issued shares of our Class A Common Stock. Additionally, all outstanding membership interests and rights to acquire membership interests in Opco were exchanged for Opco Common Units and an equal number of newly issued shares of our Class V Common Stock. The existing owners of Opco other than Bakkt are considered noncontrolling interests in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

On April 1, 2023 we completed the acquisition of 100% of the ownership interests of Apex Crypto LLC ("Apex Crypto") and subsequently changed the name of the legal entity to Bakkt Crypto Solutions, LLC ("Bakkt Crypto Solutions"), effective June 12, 2023. On March 20, 2024, Bakkt Crypto Solutions merged with and into Bakkt Marketplace, LLC ("Bakkt Marketplace"), with Bakkt Marketplace as the surviving entity in the merger. Bakkt Marketplace was then renamed to Bakkt Crypto Solutions, LLC ("Bakkt Crypto").

Description of Business

We provide, or are working to provide, simplified solutions focused in the following areas:

Crypto

•Custody. Our institutional-grade qualified custody solution is primarily provided by our subsidiary, Bakkt Trust Company LLC (“Bakkt Trust”), a limited purpose trust company that is supervised by the New York State Department of Financial Services (“NYDFS”) and governed by an independent Board of Managers. In connection to the acquisition of Apex Crypto, we acquired third-party custodial relationships with BitGo and Coinbase Custody, which are currently used by Bakkt Crypto for custody and coin transfers, where applicable. In addition, Bakkt Crypto also self-custodies select coins to facilitate consumer withdrawals. Refer to Note 20.

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•Trading. Our platform provides customers with the ability to buy, sell and store crypto via application programming interfaces or embedded web experience. We enable clients in various industries to provide their customers with the ability to transact in crypto directly in their trusted environments. In September 2024, we added nine coins to our crypto trading offering. As of September 30, 2024, we currently facilitate transactions in the crypto assets listed in the table below.


Crypto Asset			Symbol
Algorand*			ALGL
Avalanche*			AVAX
Bitcoin			BTC
Bitcoin Cash			BCH
Cardano*			ADA
Chainlink*			LINK
Cosmos*			ATOM
Dogecoin			DOGE
Ethereum			ETH
Ethereum Classic			ETC
Litecoin			LTC
Pepe Coin*			PEPE
Polkadot*			DOT
Ripple*			XRP
Shiba Inu			SHIB
Solana*			SOL
USD Coin			USDC
*New coin as of September 30, 2024

Bakkt Trust's custody solution has the capability to provide support to Bakkt Crypto with respect to certain of the crypto assets supported by the Company. Additionally, until October 2, 2023, Bakkt Trust operated, in conjunction with Intercontinental Exchange, Inc. ("ICE"), regulated infrastructure for trading, clearing, and custody services for physically delivered bitcoin futures. Refer to Note 8 for a description of a recent delisting of certain Bakkt Bitcoin futures and option contracts by ICE Futures U.S., Inc. ("IFUS"). Bakkt Crypto holds a New York State virtual currency license (commonly referred to as a "BitLicense"), and money transmitter licenses from all states throughout the U.S. where such licenses are required for the operation of its business and is registered as a money services business with the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network of the United States Department of the Treasury.

As of September 30, 2024, we offer crypto services in the U.S. and in select markets in Latin America, Europe and Asia.

Loyalty

We offer a full spectrum of supplier content through configurable, white-label e-commerce storefronts that end users can acquire via redemption of loyalty points. Our redemption catalog spans a variety of rewards categories including travel, gift cards and merchandise, including a unique Apple product and services storefront. Our travel solution offers a retail e-commerce booking platform with direct supplier integrations, as well as a U.S.-based call center for live-agent booking and servicing. Our platform provides a unified shopping experience that is built to seamlessly extend our customers’ loyalty strategies and user experience for their loyalty programs. Our platform’s functionality includes a mobile-optimized user interface, numerous configurations to support diverse program needs, promotional campaign services, comprehensive fraud protection capabilities and the ability to split payments across both loyalty points and credit cards.

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2.Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Our accounting policies are as set forth in the notes to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (our "Form 10-K").

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and our subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. In addition, certain reclassifications of amounts previously reported have been made to the accompanying consolidated financial statements in order to conform to current presentation.

In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals), considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. The interim results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2024, or for any other future annual or interim period. These unaudited interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited financial statements and accompanying notes thereto included in our Form 10-K.

On April 29, 2024, following approval by our stockholders and Board of Directors, we effected a reverse stock split (the “Reverse Stock Split”) of our Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“Class A Common Stock”), and Class V Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“Class V Common Stock” and collectively with the Class A Common Stock, the “Common Stock”), at a ratio of 1-for-25 (the “Reverse Stock Split Ratio”). Our Class A Common Stock began trading on a reverse-split adjusted basis on the New York Stock Exchange (the "NYSE") as of the open of trading on April 29, 2024. All outstanding warrants and share-based awards were also adjusted on a 1-for-25 basis. As such, the Reverse Stock Split has been retroactively applied to all share and per share information throughout this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (unless otherwise noted).

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. We base our estimates and assumptions on historical experience and various judgments that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. The significant estimates and assumptions that affect the financial statements may include, but are not limited to, those that are related to going concern, income tax valuation allowances, useful lives and fair value of intangible assets and property, equipment and software, fair value of financial assets and liabilities, determining provision for doubtful accounts, valuation of acquired tangible and intangible assets, the impairment of intangible and long-lived assets and goodwill, our issued warrants, and fair market value of stock-based awards. Actual results and outcomes may differ from management’s estimates and assumptions and such differences may be material to our audited consolidated financial statements.

Liquidity and Going Concern

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements are prepared on a going concern basis in accordance with U.S. GAAP. This presentation contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business and does not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of

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recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might result from the outcome of the uncertainties described below.

At each reporting period, in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we evaluate whether there are conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the financial statements are issued. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, our initial evaluation can only include management’s plans that have been fully implemented as of the issuance date. Operating forecasts for new products/markets cannot be considered in the initial evaluation as those product/market launches have not been fully implemented.

Accordingly, our evaluation entails analyzing prospective fully implemented operating budgets and forecasts for expectations of our cash needs and comparing those needs to the current cash and cash equivalent balances. This evaluation initially does not take into consideration the potential mitigating effect of management’s plans that have not been fully implemented as of the date the financial statements are issued. When substantial doubt exists under this methodology, we evaluate whether the mitigating effect of our plans sufficiently alleviates substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. The mitigating effect of management’s plans, however, is only considered if both (1) it is probable that the plans will be effectively implemented within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued, and (2) it is probable that the plans, when implemented, will mitigate the relevant conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that these consolidated financial statements are issued.

Evaluation in conjunction with the issuance of the September 30, 2024 unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

We have incurred net losses and consumed cash flow from operations since our inception and incurred losses and consumed cash through the date of this filing in excess of our cash inflows from operations and fundraising. Due to these ongoing losses and a limited supply of remaining cash and available-for-sale securities, we have been executing a strategic plan to optimize our capital allocation and expense base since the fourth quarter of 2022, which has reduced our annual cash expenses year over year and which we expect will continue to reduce our cash expenses in 2024. As a part of those plans, we have and expect to continue to align headcount and employee-related costs to further reduce cash expenses. This expense restructuring initiative is expected to result in aggregate cash savings of approximately $13.0 million, excluding severance, over the next 12 months. We completed a reduction in force on October 28, 2024 that is expected to result in aggregate cash savings of approximately $3.4 million, excluding severance, over the next 12 months. We expect to enact additional personnel and discretionary spending cuts such as incentive compensation, marketing, professional services and administrative travel to preserve cash to fund operations. It is critical to our plan to mitigate our cash burn that we significantly expand our revenue base to be able to generate a sustainable operating profit. There is significant uncertainty associated with our expansion to new markets and the growth of our revenue base given the uncertain and rapidly evolving environment associated with crypto assets.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2024 we incurred a net loss of $63.1 million and consumed $52.6 million of cash in operations. We have historically relied on our existing cash and available-for-sale securities portfolio to fund operations. As of September 30, 2024, we had $29.0 million of available cash and cash equivalents that was not restricted or required to be held for regulatory capital (Note 13) and $6.7 million in available-for-sale securities. We do not have any long-term debt to service but have commitments under long-term cloud computing and lease contracts as described in Notes 14 and 17. We expect to continue to incur losses and consume cash for the foreseeable future. As discussed in Note 8, Opco executed a secured revolving credit facility with Intercontinental Exchange Holdings, Inc. (the “Lender”; the credit facility herein referred to as the “ICE Credit Facility”), with Bakkt and certain subsidiaries of Bakkt as guarantors, which provides the Company with a $40.0 million secured revolving line of credit that matures on December 31, 2026. The $40.0 million ICE Credit Facility is available in defined commitment amounts at specified dates in the future. We believe that our cash, short-term securities and access to the ICE Credit Facility will be sufficient to fund our operations for the next 12 months from the date of these financial statements.

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Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, there were no significant changes to the recently adopted accounting pronouncements applicable to us from those disclosed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements included in our Form 10-K.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280), Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which expands annual and interim disclosure requirements for reportable segments, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The updated standard will be effective for our annual periods beginning in fiscal 2024 and interim periods beginning in the first quarter of fiscal 2025. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact that the updated standard will have on our financial statement disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740), Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which will require additional tax disclosures, predominantly related to the effective income tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The updated standard will be effective for our annual periods beginning in fiscal 2025. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact that the updated standard will have on our financial statement disclosures.

3.Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Disaggregation of Revenue

We disaggregate revenue by service type and by platform as follows (in thousands):


Service Type	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024		Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Transaction revenue	$	322,338	$	198,526	$	1,674,040	$	548,774
Subscription and service revenue	6,081		6,248		18,859		16,848
Total revenue	$	328,419	$	204,774	$	1,692,899	$	565,622


Platform	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024		Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Loyalty redemption platform, net	$	12,086	$	13,024	$	38,085	$	38,096
Crypto services	316,333		191,750		1,654,814		527,526
Total revenue	$	328,419	$	204,774	$	1,692,899	$	565,622

We recognized revenue from foreign jurisdictions of $10.6 million and $35.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, and $1.1 million and $2.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively.

We have one reportable segment to which our revenues relate.

Deferred Revenue

Contract liabilities consist of deferred revenue for amounts invoiced prior to us meeting the criteria for revenue recognition. We invoice customers for service fees at the beginning of service performance, and such fees are recognized as revenue over time as we satisfy performance obligations. Contract liabilities are classified as “Deferred revenue, current”

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and “Deferred revenue, noncurrent” in our consolidated balance sheets. The activity in deferred revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively, was as follows (in thousands):


	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Beginning of the period contract liability	$	7,480	$	7,084
Revenue recognized from contract liabilities included in the beginning balance	(3,703)		(3,055)
Increases due to cash received, net of amounts recognized in revenue during the period	826		3,191
End of the period contract liability	$	4,603	$	7,220

Remaining Performance Obligations

As of September 30, 2024, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations related to partially completed contracts is $12.4 million, comprised of $7.8 million of subscription fees and $4.6 million of service fees that are deferred. We recognize our subscription fees as revenue over a weighted-average period of 19 months (ranges from 2 months to 24 months months) and our service fees as revenue over approximately 45 months.

As of September 30, 2023, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations related to partially completed contracts is $20.5 million, comprised of $13.3 million of subscription fees and $7.2 million of service fees that are deferred. We recognize our subscription fees as revenue over a weighted-average period of 29 months (ranges from 1 month to 36 months) and our service fees as revenue over approximately 14 months.

Contract Costs

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, we incurred no incremental costs to obtain and/or fulfill contracts with customers.

4.Business Combination and Asset Acquisition

Bakkt Crypto

On April 1, 2023 we completed the acquisition of 100% of the ownership interests of Bakkt Crypto Solutions. We recognized goodwill from the acquisition due to the assembled, experienced workforce and anticipated growth we expect to achieve from Apex Crypto’s sales pipeline and product capabilities. The total consideration as measured at April 1, 2023 included $55.0 million in cash, approximately $10.5 million in Class A Common Stock payable based on Bakkt Crypto Solutions’ performance in the fourth quarter of 2022, and $11.8 million of cash paid for net working capital, which was predominantly cash held in banks. In addition, we may pay up to $100.0 million of our Class A Common Stock as additional consideration depending on Bakkt Crypto Solutions’ achievement of certain financial targets through 2025 (the "contingent consideration"). As part of the purchase price allocation, the value of the contingent consideration was estimated to be $2.9 million.

The following is a reconciliation of the fair value of consideration transferred in the acquisition to the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed.

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($ in millions)
Cash consideration paid	$	55.0
Cash paid for working capital and cash	11.8
Class A Common Stock at transaction close	10.5
Estimated fair value of Class A Common Stock contingent consideration	2.9
Total consideration	$	80.2
Current assets	$	31.8
Safeguarding asset for crypto	689.3
Non-current assets	0.3
Intangible assets - developed technology	5.6
Intangible assets - customer relationships	10.2
Goodwill	52.0
Current liabilities	(19.7)
Safeguarding obligation for crypto	(689.3)
Net assets acquired	$	80.2

The above fair values are as of the acquisition date. The acquired intangible assets and goodwill required the use of significant unobservable inputs including partner activation forecasts, expectations about customer trading volume and frequency, customer attrition rates, and estimated useful lives of acquired technology and discount rates (level 3 inputs). The acquired customer relationships were valued using a multi-period excess earnings model. The acquired developed technology was valued using a relief from royalty method. Acquired crypto safeguarding asset and obligation were valued based on the midpoint of a bid-ask spread as of the acquisition date (level 2 inputs). Other assets and liabilities were carried over at their acquired costs which was not materially different than their fair values.

The contingent consideration payable in Class A Common Stock to Bakkt Crypto Solutions' former owners based on the performance of the business in the 2023 through 2025 annual periods was estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation given the range of possible outcomes. As of December 31, 2023, we determined the value of the contingent consideration was zero, based on our forward-looking projections and minimum profit requirements associated with the contingent consideration and reversed the accrual through acquisition expenses. As of September 30, 2024, we determined the value of the contingent consideration remained zero.

The following unaudited pro forma financial information presents the Company's results of operations as if the acquisition of Bakkt Crypto Solutions had occurred on January 1, 2023. The unaudited pro forma financial information as presented below is for illustrative purposes and does not purport to represent what the results of operations would actually have been if the acquisition of Bakkt Crypto Solutions occurred as of the date indicated or what the results would be for any future periods. The unaudited pro forma results reflect the step-up amortization adjustments for the fair value of intangible assets acquired, acquisition-related expenses, and share-based compensation expense for newly issued restricted stock units. Pro forma revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 would be $1,011.0 million. Pro forma net loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 would be $148.3 million.

Bumped Acquisition

On February 8, 2023, we acquired 100% of the units of Bumped Financial, LLC, which we subsequently renamed Bakkt Brokerage, LLC ("Bakkt Brokerage"), a broker-dealer registered with the SEC and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc., for cash consideration of $0.6 million. Because of the limited scope of its historical operations, we determined that substantially all of the purchase consideration in the transaction would be allocated to the in-place licenses Bakkt Brokerage held and, as such, have accounted for this transaction as an asset acquisition.

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5.Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net

Changes in goodwill consisted of the following (in thousands):


	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Impairment Losses		Net Carrying Amount
Balance as of December 31, 2023	$	1,579,265	$	(1,511,264)	$	68,001
Foreign currency translation	—		—		—
Balance as of September 30, 2024	$	1,579,265	$	(1,511,264)	$	68,001

We did not identify any indicators of impairment during the three months ended September 30, 2024. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we identified a triggering event related to the significant decline in our stock price, indicating a potential impairment of our goodwill. We determined no goodwill impairment charge was required based on a comparison of our market capitalization against the carrying value of our equity.

Intangible assets consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024
	Weighted Average Useful Life (in years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount
Trademarks / trade names	Indefinite	$	2,900	$	—	$	2,900
Total		$	2,900	$	—	$	2,900


	December 31, 2023
	Weighted Average Useful Life (in years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Impairment		Net Carrying Amount
Licenses	Indefinite	$	611	$	—	$	(611)	$	—
Trademarks / trade names	Indefinite	8,000		—		(5,100)		2,900
Technology	5	18,360		(6,234)		(12,126)		—
Customer relationships	8.4	55,170		(12,508)		(42,662)		—
Total		$	82,141	$	(18,742)	$	(60,499)	$	2,900

We did not record any amortization of intangible assets for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 as our finite-lived intangible assets have been fully impaired. Amortization of intangible assets for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $2.6 million and $7.2 million, respectively, and is included in “Depreciation and amortization” in the consolidated statements of operations.

Estimated future amortization for definite-lived intangible assets as of September 30, 2024 was zero as our finite-lived intangible assets had been fully impaired.

We account for crypto we own as indefinite-lived intangible assets and initially measure such crypto at cost (under a first-in, first-out basis) under the guidance in ASC 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other. These assets are not amortized, but assessed for impairment given the volatility of markets for these assets. Impairment exists when the carrying amount exceeds its fair value. The fair value of crypto is determined as the lowest price of executed transactions during the measurement or holding period using the quoted price of the crypto in our principal market. The carrying amount of a crypto asset after its impairment becomes its new cost basis. Impairment losses are not reversible or recoverable and are included in “Crypto costs” in the consolidated statements of operations. Impairment losses were not material for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively. Our owned crypto is typically liquidated on a daily basis during the fulfillment of customer orders and settlement with our liquidity providers. Our owned crypto

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was not material as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 and is included within "Other assets" in the consolidated balance sheets. We classify cash flows from crypto within cash flows from operating activities.

6.Consolidated Balance Sheet Components

Accounts Receivable, Net

Accounts receivable, net consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Trade accounts receivable	$	18,011	$	14,987
Receivables from customers, clients and liquidity partners	3,674		6,123
Unbilled receivables	1,602		6,125
Deposits	1,653		939
Other receivables	3,033		2,221
Total accounts receivable	27,973		30,395
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts	(1,187)		(731)
Total	$	26,786	$	29,664

Deposits includes cash, as noted on the consolidated statements of cash flows, at clearing agencies used to settle customer transactions. Amounts payable and receivable to our liquidity providers are reported net by counterparty when the right of offset exists.

Other Current Assets

Other current assets consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Prepaid expenses	$	3,936	$	3,307
Other	192		25
Total	$	4,128	$	3,332

Property, Equipment and Software, Net

Property, equipment and software, net consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Internal-use software	$	1,565	$	—
Other computer and network equipment	863		800
Leasehold improvements	276		—
Property, equipment and software, gross	2,704		800
Less: accumulated amortization and depreciation	(935)		(740)
Total	$	1,769	$	60

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, depreciation and amortization expense related to property, equipment and software amounted to $0.1 million and $0.3 million, respectively, of which $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, related to amortization expense of capitalized internal-use software placed in service. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, impairment on long-lived assets related to Bakkt Trust was $0.6 million.

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For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, depreciation and amortization expense related to property, equipment and software amounted to $1.4 million and $3.7 million, respectively, of which $0.5 million and $1.2 million, respectively, related to amortization expense of capitalized internal-use software placed in service.

Other Assets

Other assets consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	10,101	$	11,456
Deposits with clearinghouse	159		159
Other	2,004		1,647
Total	$	12,264	$	13,262

Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

Accounts payable and accrued liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Accounts payable	$	7,398	$	14,925
Payables to clients and customers	2,075		4,906
Accrued expenses	14,921		15,970
Purchasing card payable	5,755		11,830
Salaries and benefits payable	6,806		4,442
Loyalty revenue share liability	3,159		2,686
Other	1,729		620
Total	$	41,843	$	55,379

Other Current Liabilities

Other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Current maturities of operating lease liability	4,192		3,636
Other	51		70
Total	$	4,243	$	3,706

Other Noncurrent Liabilities

Other noncurrent liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Operating lease liability, noncurrent	$	20,353	$	23,525
Total	$	20,353	$	23,525

Amounts receivable and payable as of September 30, 2024 included in the tables above related to our crypto transactions pending settlement with our customers and liquidity providers were settled in October 2024 in amounts consistent with those reflected above.

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7.Tax Receivable Agreement

On October 15, 2021, we entered into a Tax Receivable Agreement (the "TRA") with certain Opco equity holders. Each Opco common unit, when coupled with one share of our Class V Common Stock is referred to as a “Paired Interest.” Pursuant to the TRA, among other things, holders of Opco Common Units may, subject to certain conditions, from and after April 16, 2022, exchange such Paired Interests for Class A Common Stock on a one-for-one basis, subject to the terms of the Exchange Agreement, including our right to elect to deliver cash in lieu of Class A Common Stock and, in certain cases, adjustments as set forth therein. Opco will have in effect an election under Section 754 of the Internal Revenue Code for each taxable year in which an exchange of Opco Common Units for Class A Common Stock (or cash) occurs.

The exchanges are expected to result in increases in the tax basis of the tangible and intangible assets of Opco. These increases in tax basis may reduce the amount of tax that we would otherwise be required to pay in the future. These increases in tax basis may also decrease gains (or increase losses) on future dispositions of certain capital assets to the extent tax basis is allocated to those capital assets.

The TRA provides for the payment by us to exchanging holders of Opco Common Units of 85% of certain net income tax benefits, if any, that we realize (or in certain cases are deemed to realize) as a result of these increases in tax basis related to entering into the TRA, including tax benefits attributable to payments under the TRA. This payment obligation is an obligation of the Company and not of Opco. For purposes of the TRA, the cash tax savings in income tax will be computed by comparing our actual income tax liability (calculated with certain assumptions) to the amount of such taxes that we would have been required to pay had there been no increase to the tax basis of the assets of Opco as a result of Opco having an election in effect under Section 754 of the Code for each taxable year in which an exchange of Opco Common Units for Class A Common Stock occurs and had we not entered into the TRA. Such change will be calculated under the TRA without regard to any transfers of Opco Common Units or distributions with respect to such Opco Common Units before the exchange under the Exchange Agreement to which Section 743(b) or 734(b) of the Code applies. As of September 30, 2024, 1,043,210 Opco Common Units had been exchanged for Class A Common Stock. Refer to Note 14 regarding the contingency related to the TRA.

8.Related Parties

ICE Credit Facility

On August 12, 2024, Bakkt and Opco entered into the ICE Credit Facility, with certain subsidiaries of Bakkt party thereto from time to time, as guarantors, whereby the Lender agreed to provide for a $40.0 million secured revolving line of credit to us for working capital and general corporate purposes. Any borrowings under the facility made prior to December 31, 2024 require the consent of the Lender in its sole discretion. For the period beginning December 31, 2024 through March 30, 2025, Opco can borrow up to an aggregate principal amount (excluding any capitalized interest) of $10.0 million. For the period beginning March 31 through June 29, 2025, Opco can borrow up to an aggregate principal amount (excluding any capitalized interest) of $20.0 million. From the period beginning June 30 through September 29, 2025, Opco can borrow up to an aggregate principal amount (excluding any capitalized interest) of $30.0 million. On or after September 30, 2025, Opco can borrow up to an aggregate principal amount (excluding any capitalized interest) of $40.0 million. As of September 30, 2024, no loans were outstanding under the ICE Credit Facility.

Loans under the ICE Credit Facility do not amortize and mature on December 31, 2026. Borrowings under the ICE Credit Facility accrue interest at a rate equal to, at Opco’s election, either the secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”) for a term of one, three or six months plus 12%, or the prime rate plus 11%. Interest is payable quarterly in arrears with respect to borrowings bearing interest at the prime rate or on the last day of an interest period, but at least every three months, with respect to borrowings bearing interest at the term SOFR rate; provided, that Opco can elect to pay interest in kind by adding such interest amount to the principal amount of the outstanding borrowings under the ICE Credit Facility. For any interest period for which Opco has elected to pay interest in kind, the applicable margin on the outstanding loans will increase by 1% per annum. Under certain circumstances, a default interest rate will apply on all

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obligations during the existence of an event of default under the ICE Credit Facility at a per annum rate equal to 2% above the otherwise applicable interest rate.

Opco will pay a commitment fee of 0.5% per annum on the daily average of the available commitment that can be borrowed, less the outstanding principal amount of all loans (excluding any capitalized interest). Fees are payable in cash quarterly and at maturity. Loans under the ICE Credit Facility can be prepaid without penalty, subject to customary breakage costs for loans bearing interest at the term SOFR rate. Amounts repaid under the ICE Credit Facility can be reborrowed prior to the maturity date, subject to certain customary conditions set forth in the ICE Credit Facility.

The ICE Credit Facility contains customary affirmative and negative covenants, including negative covenants limiting the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries to, among other things, incur debt, grant liens, undergo certain fundamental changes, dispose of assets, make certain restricted payments and prepayments, enter into restrictive agreements, enter into transactions with affiliates, make investments, and amend certain agreements relating to debt, in each case, subject to limitations and exceptions set forth in the ICE Credit Facility. The ICE Credit Facility also contains various customary events of default that include, among others, payment defaults, breach of covenants, inaccuracy of representations and warranties, cross defaults to certain other indebtedness, bankruptcy and insolvency events, judgment defaults, and events constituting a change of control, subject to thresholds and cure periods as set forth in the ICE Credit Facility.

The obligations under the ICE Credit Facility are required to be guaranteed by Bakkt and certain material domestic subsidiaries of the Company and secured by substantially all of the personal property of the Company and such subsidiary guarantors.

Bakkt Crypto Solutions Technical Support

In connection with our acquisition of Bakkt Crypto Solutions, we entered into a Transition Services Agreement (the “Apex TSA”) with Apex Fintech Solutions, Inc. ("AFS"), pursuant to which AFS provides technical support and other transition-related services in exchange for quarterly service fees payable by us. We recognized approximately $0.2 million and $0.5 million of expense related to the Apex TSA for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, which are reflected as “Related party expenses” in the consolidated statements of operations. We recognized $0.4 million and $0.9 million, respectively of expense related to the Apex TSA for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 which is reflected as “Related party expenses” in the consolidated statements of operations. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had approximately $0.2 million and $0.2 million, respectively, reflected as “Due to related party” in the consolidated balance sheets related to the Apex TSA.

ICE Management and Technical Support

Upon consummation of the VIH Business Combination, we entered into a Transition Services Agreement (the “ICE TSA”) with ICE, pursuant to which ICE provided insurance, digital warehouse, data center, technical support, and other transition-related services in exchange for quarterly service fees payable by us. We did not recognize any expense related to the ICE TSA for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. We recognized $0.6 million and $2.2 million of expense related to the ICE TSA for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, which is reflected as “Related party expenses” in the consolidated statements of operations. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had $2.2 million and $3.0 million, respectively, reflected as “Due to related party” in the consolidated balance sheets related to the ICE TSA. The agreement terminated in December 2023.

Triparty Agreement

The Digital Currency Trading, Clearing, and Warehouse Services Agreement ("Triparty Agreement") provided for ICE Futures U.S., Inc. ("IFUS") to list for trading one or more digital currency futures and/or options contracts, and for ICE Clear US, Inc. ("ICUS") to serve as the clearing house to provide central counterparty and ancillary services for such contracts.

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Effective July 28, 2023, IFUS delisted all Bakkt Bitcoin futures contracts other than the August and September 2023 expiry months, and also delisted all Bakkt Bitcoin Option contracts. Following the delisting, no new Bakkt Bitcoin futures or option expiry months were listed for trading. The August and September 2023 expiry months continued to be listed for trading through their regular last trading days, which were August 24, 2023 and September 28, 2023 respectively. No material revenues associated with the Triparty Agreement were recognized during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. Effective October 2, 2023, the parties terminated the Triparty Agreement.

9.Warrants

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were 7,140,508 public warrants outstanding. Public warrants may only be exercised for a whole number of shares. No fractional shares will be issued upon exercise of the public warrant. Holders of public warrants are entitled to purchase one share of Class A Common Stock for every 25 public warrants. The exercise price associated with such warrants is equivalent to $287.50 per share of Class A Common Stock. The public warrants became exercisable on November 15, 2021. The public warrants will expire on October 15, 2026, or earlier upon redemption or liquidation. We may redeem the outstanding warrants when various conditions are met, such as specific stock prices, as detailed in the specific warrant agreements. The warrants are recorded as a liability and reflected as “Warrant liability” in the consolidated balance sheets.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we received zero and less than $0.1 million, respectively, in proceeds from the exercise of the public warrants. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we did not receive any proceeds from the exercise of the public warrants. We recognized a gain from the change in fair value of the warrant liability during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 of $20.0 million and $13.9 million, respectively. We recognized a gain from the change in fair value of the warrant liability during the three months ended September 30, 2023 of $0.2 million and a loss during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 of $0.9 million.

In connection with the Concurrent Offerings (Note 10), we issued and sold to the Third-Party Purchasers (as defined below) an aggregate of 1,396,701 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock, including 196,701 shares of Class A Common Stock issued upon exercise of certain of the Pre-Funded Warrants (as defined below) prior to the Third-Party Closing, Class 1 Warrants (“Class 1 Warrants”) to purchase an aggregate of 922,722 shares of Class A Common Stock, Class 2 Warrants (“Class 2 Warrants”) to purchase an aggregate of 922,722 shares of Class A Common Stock and Pre-Funded Warrants (“Pre-Funded Warrants”) to purchase an aggregate of 448,742 shares of Class A Common Stock.

Concurrently, under the terms of the ICE Offering we entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “ICE Purchase Agreement” and, together with the Third-Party Purchase Agreement, the “Purchase Agreements”) with ICE, pursuant to which we issued and sold to ICE an aggregate of 461,361 shares of Class A Common Stock, Class 1 Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 230,680 shares of Class A Common Stock, and Class 2 Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 230,680 shares of Class A Common Stock. The consummation of the transactions contemplated by the ICE Purchase Agreement occurred on March 4, 2024 and April 25, 2024.

The Class 1 and Class 2 Warrants have an exercise price of $25.50 and have a five-and-a-half year term. The Class 1 and Class 2 Warrants may be exercised at any time after the 6 month anniversary of the relevant closing. The Class 2 warrant agreement contains an alternative exercise clause that entitles the holder to exchange two warrants for a share of stock if certain conditions are met. The Class 1 and Class 2 Warrants issued in the Concurrent Offerings are initially recorded as a liability at fair value and reflected as “Warrant liability” in the consolidated balance sheets.

The warrants issued on April 25, 2024 were valued at $2.6 million using the Black-Scholes-Merton model for Class 1 Warrants and a binomial lattice model for the Class 2 Warrants. Prior to the second quarter of 2024, we used a Monte Carlo simulation to measure the fair value of the Class 2 Warrants. During the second quarter of 2024, we adopted a binomial lattice model as our valuation technique as we believe it provides a more accurate and relevant measure of the fair value of the Class 2 Warrants. The Class 1 Warrants and Class 2 Warrants issued on March 4, 2024 were valued at

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$27.7 million using the Black-Scholes-Merton model for Class 1 Warrants and a Monte Carlo simulation for the Class 2 Warrants.

During the three months ended September 30, 2024, Class 2 warrants exercisable for 288,350 shares of Class A Common Stock were exercised under an alternate cashless exercise, resulting in us issuing 144,175 shares of Class A Common Stock. As of September 30, 2024, all Class 1 Warrants and Class 2 Warrants exercisable for 865,050 shares of Class A Common Stock remain outstanding. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, holders exercised all of the Pre-Funded Warrants. The proceeds received from the exercise of Pre-Funded Warrants were immaterial. We recognized a gain from the change in fair value of the warrant liability associated with the Class 1 and Class 2 Warrants during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 of $19.4 million and $15.2 million, respectively.

10.Stockholders’ Equity

2024 Registered Direct Offering

On February 29, 2024, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain institutional investors (the “Third-Party Purchasers”), pursuant to which we agreed to sell and issue a combination of Class A Common Stock, Class 1 Warrants, Class 2 Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants in a registered direct offering (the “Third-Party Offering”). In a concurrent registered direct offering (the “ICE Offering” and, together with the Third-Party Offering, the “Concurrent Offerings”) on February 29, 2024, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with ICE (a related party), pursuant to which we agreed to sell and issue a combination of Class A Common Stock, Class 1 Warrants and Class 2 Warrants. We raised net proceeds from the Third-Party Offering of approximately $37.6 million, after deducting the placement agent’s fees and offering expenses payable by us, and raised net proceeds from the ICE Offering of approximately $9.8 million, after deducting offering expenses payable by us. Approximately $2.4 million of proceeds from the ICE Offering were received concurrently with the closing of the Third-Party Offering, with the remaining $7.4 million received in a subsequent closing of the ICE Offering on April 25, 2024 after we obtained stockholder approval for such issuance. We intend to use the net proceeds from the Concurrent Offerings for working capital and other general corporate purposes.

Preferred Stock

We are authorized to issue 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock with a par value of $0.0001 per share. The holders of a series of preferred stock shall be entitled only to such voting rights as shall expressly be granted thereto by the Certificate of Incorporation (including any certificate of designation relating to such series of preferred stock). As of September 30, 2024, no shares of preferred stock have been issued.

Common Stock

Class A Common Stock

We are authorized to issue 30,000,000 shares with a par value of $0.0001 per share. Each holder of record of Class A Common Stock is entitled to one vote for each share of Class A Common Stock held on all matters on which stockholders generally or holders of Class A Common Stock as a separate class are entitled to vote, including the election or removal of directors (whether voting separately as a class or together with one or more classes of our capital stock). As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were 6,465,776 and 3,793,837 shares of Class A Common Stock issued and outstanding, respectively.

Dividends

Subject to preferences that may be applicable to any outstanding preferred stock, the holders of shares of Class A Common Stock are entitled to receive ratably such dividends, if any, as may be declared from time to time by our Board out of funds legally available therefor. As of September 30, 2024, no dividends have been declared.

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Liquidation

In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs, the holders of Class A Common Stock are entitled to share ratably in all assets remaining after payment of our debts and other liabilities, subject to prior distribution rights of preferred stock or any class or series of stock having a preference over the Class A Common Stock, then outstanding, if any.

Class V Common Stock

We are authorized to issue 10,000,000 shares with par value $0.0001 per share. These shares have no economic value but entitle the holder to one vote per share. Paired Interests may be exchanged for one share of our Class A Common Stock or a cash amount in accordance with the Third Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Opco and the Amended and Restated Exchange Agreement. Holders of Paired Interests became eligible on April 16, 2022 under the Exchange Agreement to exchange their Paired Interests for Class A Common Stock, or, at our election, cash in lieu thereof. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, holders of Paired Interests exchanged zero and 5,123 Paired Interests for our Class A Common Stock, respectively, and we did not elect to settle any such exchanges in cash. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were 7,194,941 and 7,200,064 shares of Class V Common Stock issued and outstanding, respectively.

Dividends

Dividends will not be declared or paid on the Class V Common Stock.

Liquidation

In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs, the holders of Class V Common Stock shall not be entitled to receive any of our assets.

Restrictions

In the event that any outstanding share of Class V Common Stock ceases to be held directly or indirectly by a holder of Opco Common Units, such share will automatically be transferred to us and cancelled for no consideration. We will not issue additional shares of Class V Common Stock, other than in connection with the valid issuance or transfer of Opco Common Units in accordance with Opco’s Third Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement (the “LLC Agreement”).

Noncontrolling Interest

The following table summarizes the ownership interest in Opco as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.


	September 30, 2024			December 31, 2023
	Opco Common Units	Ownership %		Opco Common Units	Ownership %
Opco common units held by Bakkt Holdings, Inc.	6,465,776	47	%	3,793,837	35	%
Opco common units held by noncontrolling interest holders	7,194,941	53	%	7,200,064	65	%
Total Opco common units outstanding	13,660,717	100	%	10,993,901	100	%

The weighted average ownership percentages for the applicable reporting periods are used to attribute net loss and other comprehensive loss to the Company and the noncontrolling interest holders. The noncontrolling interest holders' weighted average ownership percentage for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 was 53.1% and 56.1%, respectively.

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Members’ Equity

Prior to the VIH Business Combination, Opco had three classes of voting units – Class A, Class B and Class C voting units – and incentive units granted under the Opco Incentive Equity Plan (the “Opco Plan”).

In connection with the VIH Business Combination, Class C warrants of Opco ("Class C Warrants") automatically converted into the right to purchase 31,734 Paired Interests in Opco at an exercise price of $126.00 per Paired Interest. Class C Warrants may only be exercised for a whole number of Paired Interests. Holders of Class C Warrants are entitled to purchase one Paired Interest for every 25 Class C Warrants. The Class C Warrants expired on September 23, 2024. As of September 30, 2024, 172,055 Class C Warrants vested but expired unexercised, and the remaining 621,297 Class C Warrants did not vest and expired. No expenses were recorded during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, since the service conditions were not probable of being met in those periods.

11.Share-Based and Unit-Based Compensation

2021 Incentive Plan

Our 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2021 Incentive Plan”), became effective on the Closing Date with the approval of VIH’s shareholders and our Board of Directors (the "Board"). The 2021 Incentive Plan allows us to make equity and equity-based incentive awards to employees, non-employee directors and consultants. As of December 31, 2023, there were 2,096,295 shares of Class A Common Stock reserved for issuance under the 2021 Incentive Plan which can be granted as stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted shares, restricted stock units ("RSUs"), performance stock units ("PSUs"), dividend equivalent rights and other share-based awards. On May 31, 2024, the 2021 Incentive Plan was amended to increase by 938,625 shares the number of authorized shares of Class A Common Stock available for issuance for a new aggregate total of 3,034,920 shares authorized. No award may vest earlier than the first anniversary of the date of grant, subject to limited exceptions.

Share-Based Compensation Expense

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we granted 15,756 and 1,044,308 RSUs, respectively, to employees and directors. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we granted 221,065 PSUs. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we granted 3,713 and 311,323 RSUs, respectively, to employees and directors. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we granted zero and 26,945, respectively, PSUs to employees and directors.

We recorded $2.4 million and $12.5 million of share-based compensation expense related to RSUs during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. We recorded $2.7 million and $12.1 million of share-based compensation expense related to RSUs during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. We recorded $0.2 million and $0.5 million of share-based compensation expense related to PSUs during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. We recorded $0.3 million and $2.2 million of share-based compensation expense related to PSUs during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. Share-based compensation expense for both RSUs and PSUs, except for share-based compensation expense related to the Company's restructuring efforts discussed below, is included in “Compensation and benefits” in the consolidated statements of operations.

Unrecognized compensation expense as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was $11.8 million and $14.3 million, respectively, for the RSUs and PSUs. The unrecognized compensation expense as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.59 years and 1.38 years, respectively.

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RSU and PSU Activity

The following tables summarize RSU and PSU activity under the 2021 Incentive Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023 (in thousands, except per unit data):


RSUs and PSUs	Number of RSUs and PSUs	Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years)	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022	551	2.05	$	101.25
Granted	338		$	37.25	$	12,596
Forfeited	(145)
Vested	(211)
Outstanding as of September 30, 2023	533	1.57	$	73.25

Outstanding as of December 31, 2023	521	1.38	$	69.75
Granted	1,265		$	13.29	$	16,816
Forfeited	(167)
Vested	(345)
Outstanding as of September 30, 2024	1,274	1.59	$	13.69

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recorded zero and $4.9 million, respectively, of share-based compensation expense related to the accelerated vesting of awards for certain employees, primarily related to the termination of a former executive. Acceleration of share-based compensation expense related to our restructuring efforts is included in “Restructuring expenses” in the consolidated statements of operations. We also recorded reversal of share-based compensation expense of $0.4 million and $0.8 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, for forfeitures related to the termination of employees. Reversal of share-based compensation expense related to the Company's restructuring efforts is included in “Restructuring expenses” in the consolidated statements of operations.

Total fair value of vested RSU and PSU awards was $0.3 million and $6.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. Total fair value of vested RSU and PSU awards was $0.1 million and $8.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively.

The fair value of the RSUs and PSUs used in determining share-based compensation expense is based on the closing price of our common stock on the grant date.

PSUs provide an opportunity for the recipient to receive a number of shares of our Class A Common Stock based on various performance metrics. Upon vesting, each performance stock unit equals one share of Class A Common Stock of the Company. We accrue compensation expense for the PSUs based on our assessment of the probable outcome of the performance conditions. The metrics for PSUs granted during 2022 relate to our performance during fiscal years 2022, 2023 and 2024, as measured against objective performance goals approved by the Board. The actual number of units earned may range from 0% to 150% of the target number of units depending upon achievement of each year's performance goals. PSUs granted in 2022 vest in three equal annual installments, subject to a catch-up provision over the three annual performance targets. The metrics for PSUs granted during 2023 relate to our performance during fiscal year 2023, as measured against objective performance goals approved by the Board. The actual number of units earned may range from 0% to 150% of the target number of units depending upon achievement of the 2023 performance goals. PSUs granted in 2023 vest in three equal annual installments from 2024 to 2026. The metrics for PSUs granted during 2024 relate to our performance during fiscal year 2024, as measured against objective performance goals approved by the Board. The actual number of units earned may range from 0% to 150% or 200% of the target number of units depending on the metric and

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depending upon achievement of the 2024 performance goals. PSUs granted in 2024 vest in two equal annual installments from 2025 to 2026.

Opco Plan

Preferred incentive units and common incentive units (collectively, “incentive units”) represent an ownership interest in Opco and are entitled to receive distributions from Opco, subject to certain vesting conditions. Opco classifies incentive units as equity awards on its consolidated balance sheets. Participation units, issued directly by Opco to Opco Plan participants, do not represent an ownership interest in Opco but rather provide Opco Plan participants the contractual right to participate in the value of Opco, if any, through either a cash payment or issuance of Class A Common Stock upon the occurrence of certain events following vesting of the participation units. Refer to Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements included in our Form 10-K where the modifications to the Opco Plan are described in detail.

Upon consummation of the VIH Business Combination, the 76,475,000 outstanding preferred incentive units and 23,219,745 outstanding common incentive units were converted into 698,934 common incentive units, and the 10,811,502 outstanding participation units were converted into 1,197,250 participation units. Opco preferred incentive units and common incentive units outstanding prior to the VIH Business Combination, as well as participation units, were not impacted by the Reverse Stock Split discussed in Note 2, therefore these amounts are presented without consideration of the Reverse Stock Split Ratio. Contemporaneously with the conversion, approximately one-third of the awards in the Opco Plan vested. The second tranche vested on the one-year anniversary of the Closing Date and the third tranche vested on the two-year anniversary of the Closing Date, although under the terms of the Opco Plan, employees who were terminated without cause after the Closing Date would vest in the unvested portion of their awards immediately upon their termination date. There has not been, and will not be, any additional awards made under the Opco Plan following the VIH Business Combination.

Unit-Based Compensation Expense

Unit-based compensation expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 was as follows (in thousands):


Type of unit	Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Common incentive unit	$	372	$	1,291
Participation unit	(32)		(4)
Total	$	340	$	1,287

As of December 31, 2023, all Common Incentive Units and Participation Units had vested or been forfeited and there was no unrecognized unit-based compensation expense.

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Incentive Unit Activity

The following table summarizes common incentive unit activity under the Opco Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 (in thousands, except per unit data):


Common Incentive Units	Number of Common Incentive Units	Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years)	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023	309	0.00	$	166.75	$	51,467
Granted	—
Forfeited	—
Exchanged	(5)
Outstanding as of September 30, 2024	304	0.00	$	166.75	$	50,677


Common Incentive Units	Number of Common Incentive Units	Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years)	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022	332	0.79	$	157.50	$	67,635
Granted	—
Forfeited	—
Exchanged	(8)
Outstanding as of September 30, 2023	324	0.54	$	157.50	$	65,980

There were no participation units granted during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023. We did not make any cash payments to settle vested participation units during the three months ended September 30, 2023. We made cash payments of less than $0.1 million to settle vested participation units during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Determination of Fair Value

The fair value of incentive and participation units granted is calculated through a Monte Carlo simulation based on various outcomes. Opco determined that a Monte Carlo simulation was an appropriate estimation model because of the market conditions associated with the vesting of the units. The determination of the fair value of the units is affected by Opco’s stock price and certain assumptions such as Opco’s expected stock price volatility over the term of the units, risk-free interest rates, and expected dividends, which are determined as follows:

•Expected term – The expected term represents the period that a unit is expected to be outstanding.

•Volatility – Opco has limited historical data available to derive its own stock price volatility. As such, Opco estimates stock price volatility based on the average historic price volatility of comparable public industry peers.

•Risk-free interest rate – The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect on the grant date for securities with similar expected terms to the term of Opco’s incentive units.

•Expected dividends – Expected dividends is assumed to be zero as Opco has not paid and does not expect to pay cash dividends or non-liquidating distributions.

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•Discount for lack of marketability – an estimated two-year time to exit Predecessor awards and the six-month lock-up restriction on Successor awards is reflected as a discount for lack of marketability estimated using the Finnerty model.

12.Net Loss per share

Basic earnings per share is based on the weighted average number of shares of Class A Common Stock issued and outstanding. Diluted earnings per share is based on the weighted average number shares of Class A Common Stock issued and outstanding and the effect of all dilutive common stock equivalents and potentially dilutive share-based awards outstanding. There is no difference in the number of shares used to calculate basic and diluted shares outstanding due to our net loss position. The potentially dilutive securities that would be anti-dilutive due to our net loss are not included in the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to controlling interest.

The following is a reconciliation of the denominators of the basic and diluted per share computations for net loss (in thousands, except share and per share data):


	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024		Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Net Loss per share:
Numerator – basic and diluted:
Net loss	$	(6,291)	$	(51,749)	$	(63,078)	$	(147,119)
Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest	(3,398)		(34,418)		(35,598)		(98,964)


Net loss attributable to Bakkt Holdings, Inc. – basic and diluted	$	(2,893)	$	(17,331)	$	(27,480)	$	(48,155)

Denominator – basic and diluted:

Weighted average shares outstanding – basic and diluted	6,361,793		3,654,314		5,642,609		3,509,048


Net loss per share – basic and diluted	$	(0.45)	$	(4.74)	$	(4.87)	$	(13.72)

Potential common shares issuable to employees or directors upon exercise or conversion of shares under our share-based and unit-based compensation plans and upon exercise of warrants are excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per common share when the effect would be anti-dilutive.

No shares that are contingently issuable as part of the Bakkt Crypto Solutions acquisition have been included in the calculation of diluted EPS as no amounts are payable as of September 30, 2024. The following table summarizes the total potential common shares excluded from diluted loss per common share as their effect would be anti-dilutive (in thousands):


			As of September 30, 2024
RSUs and PSUs			1,274
Public warrants			286
Opco warrants			32
Class 1 and Class 2 warrants			2,018
Opco common units			7,195
Total			10,805

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13.Capital Requirements

Bakkt Trust is subject to certain regulatory capital requirements imposed by NYDFS. These capital requirements require Bakkt Trust to maintain in cash the greater of a defined positive net worth or the sum of the required percentages established for transmitted assets and cold wallet and hot wallet custody assets. The amounts set aside to satisfy these requirements are included within “Restricted cash” in the consolidated balance sheets.

Bakkt Crypto holds a BitLicense from NYDFS, which subjects it to NYDFS’s oversight with respect to business activities conducted in New York State and with New York residents, and is required to maintain a capital balance equal to the greater of a predefined minimum amount or the sum of the required percentages established for transmitted assets, cold wallet and hot wallet custody assets, and predefined wind-down costs, or expected costs associated with the orderly wind-down of the business. Bakkt Crypto also has money transmitter licenses wherever its business model requires (46 states plus Washington D.C., giving effect to the surrender of duplicative and unneeded licenses following the merger of Bakkt Crypto Solutions and Bakkt Marketplace discussed below) which require it to maintain a minimum tangible net worth. Several states have adopted the Model Money Transmission Modernization Act (“MMTMA”), which defined tangible net worth as the aggregate assets of a licensee excluding all intangible assets, less liabilities, and established a calculation for minimum tangible net worth as a percentage of total assets. For states that have not adopted the MMTMA, Bakkt Crypto is required to maintain tangible net worth of a minimum amount, plus the amount of customer funds held in transit. In March 2024, we received approval from NYDFS to merge, and have since merged, Bakkt Crypto Solutions and Bakkt Marketplace into one legal entity, now referred to as Bakkt Crypto.

Bakkt Brokerage was registered as a broker-dealer with the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority ("FINRA") and was required to maintain a non-material minimum amount of net capital. Bakkt Brokerage filed for a withdrawal of its membership with FINRA on July 16, 2024. Following Bakkt Brokerage's withdrawal filing, FINRA expelled Bakkt Brokerage for a failure to file independently audited financial statements for 2023, a period when Bakkt Brokerage was inactive. Bakkt Brokerage is working to correct this filing prior to final withdrawal of its membership.

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the above mentioned subsidiaries were in compliance with their respective regulatory capital requirements. The minimum capital requirements to which our subsidiaries are subject may restrict their ability to transfer cash. We may also be required to transfer cash to our subsidiaries such that they may continue to meet these minimum capital requirements.

14.Commitments and Contingencies

401(k) Plan

We sponsor a 401(k) defined contribution plan covering all eligible U.S. employees. Both Company and employee contributions to the 401(k) plan are discretionary. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recorded approximately $0.5 million and $1.8 million, respectively, of expenses related to the 401(k) plan, which is included in "Compensation and benefits" in the consolidated statements of operations. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recorded approximately $0.7 million and $2.4 million, respectively, of expenses related to the 401(k) plan, which is included in "Compensation and benefits" in the consolidated statements of operations.

Tax Receivable Agreement

The Company is party to a TRA with certain Opco equity holders. As of September 30, 2024, the Company has not recorded a liability under the TRA related to the income tax benefits originating from the exchanges of Opco Common Units as it is not probable that the Company will realize such tax benefits. The amounts payable under the TRA will vary depending upon a number of factors, including the amount, character, and timing of the taxable income of the Company in the future. Should the Company determine that the payment of the TRA liability becomes probable at a future date based on new information, any changes will be recorded on the Company's consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss at that time.

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Litigation

As described above, in October 2021, we completed the VIH Business Combination with VIH, pursuant to which VIH changed its name to Bakkt Holdings, Inc. and the current directors and officers of the Company replaced the directors and officers in place prior to the VIH Business Combination. On April 21, 2022, a putative class action was filed against Bakkt Holdings, Inc. and certain of its directors and officers prior to the VIH Business Combination in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York on behalf of certain purchasers of securities of VIH and/or purchasers of Bakkt Class A Common Stock issued in connection with the VIH Business Combination. On August 3, 2022, the Court appointed lead plaintiffs and lead counsel and on October 18, 2022, lead plaintiffs filed an amended complaint (the "Amended Complaint"). The Amended Complaint alleged that VIH made false or misleading statements and omissions of material fact in the registration statement and prospectus/proxy statement filing in connection with the VIH Business Combination and in other SEC filings made by VIH, in violation of federal securities laws in connection with disclosures relating to certain of VIH’s financial statements, accounting, and internal controls and that, as a result, VIH securities traded at artificially inflated prices. Plaintiffs sought certification of a class of purchasers of (1) VIH/Bakkt’s publicly traded securities between March 31, 2021 and November 19, 2021, and/or (2) Bakkt’s publicly traded securities pursuant and/or traceable to the registration statement. The Amended Complaint sought damages, as well as fees and costs. The Amended Complaint named as defendants only one current director, and no current officers, of Bakkt. On March 14, 2023, the parties reached a settlement in principle. On April 12, 2023, the parties completed a stipulation of settlement resolving the litigation for $3.0 million, subject to Court approval. On September 21, 2023, the Court granted the motion for preliminary approval. On February 27, 2024, the Court held a final approval hearing at which the Court sought certain limited additional information from Plaintiffs, which Plaintiffs provided on March 5, 2024. On April 17, 2024, the Court granted the Plaintiffs' motion for final approval and terminated the class action. We expect the settlement will be covered by our insurance less our contractual retention.

On June 23, 2023, an “opt-out” action related to the foregoing class action was filed against Bakkt Holdings, Inc. and the individuals named in the class action. In late February 2024, plaintiff provided notice that he intended to pursue his remedies as a class member, and therefore did not expect further to pursue this action. On March 1, 2024, the parties filed a joint stipulation of dismissal without a settlement or compromise between the parties, and on March 5, 2024 the Court issued an order dismissing the action.

On February 20, 2023, a derivative action related to the foregoing class action was filed against Bakkt Holdings, Inc. and all of its directors in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York. On June 13, 2023, the defendants filed with the Court a pre-motion letter setting forth the reasons for the dismissal of the action. On July 20, 2023, the parties filed with the Court a stipulation of a voluntary dismissal of the action without a settlement or compromise between them. On July 31, 2023, the Court issued an order to dismiss the action.

Prior to its acquisition by the Company, Apex Crypto received requests from the SEC for documents and information about certain aspects of its business, including the operation of its trading platform, processes for listing assets, the classification of certain listed assets, and relationships with customers and service providers, among other topics. The SEC has since made a number of follow-up requests for additional documents and information, and the Company has continued to respond to those requests on a timely basis. Based on the ongoing nature of this matter, the outcome remains uncertain and the Company cannot estimate the potential impact, if any, on its business or financial statements at this time.

On January 25, 2024, the Company’s subsidiary, Aspire Loyalty Travel Solutions, LLC (“Aspire”) received a letter from one of its vendors alleging breach of its agreement with that vendor relating to a migration of Aspire’s systems to a different vendor. The alleged breach relates to a contractual provision requiring Aspire to originate at least a given percentage of its redemptions on the vendor’s systems. In May 2024, we settled the matter for $1.1 million. We recognized $0.4 million of expense for this matter during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Other legal and regulatory proceedings have arisen and may arise in the ordinary course of business. However, we do not believe that the resolution of these matters will have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of

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operations or cash flows. However, future results could be materially and adversely affected by new developments relating to the legal proceedings and claims.

Commercial Purchasing Card Facility

On April 7, 2022, we entered into a corporate card services agreement with Bank of America to provide a purchasing card facility that we utilize for redemption purchases made from vendors as part of our loyalty redemption platform. Total borrowing capacity under the facility was $35 million and there is no defined maturity date. Expenditures made using the purchasing card facility are payable at least bi-monthly, are not subject to formula-based restrictions and do not bear interest if amounts outstanding are paid when due and in full. The purchasing card facility requires us to maintain a concentration account with the lender subject to a minimum liquidity maintenance requirement of $7.0 million along with the accounts receivable of our subsidiary, within the loyalty business. Bakkt Holdings, Inc. serves as the guarantor on behalf of our subsidiary under the commercial purchasing card facility. We began using the purchasing card facility in August 2022.

In March 2024, Bank of America required us to pledge as collateral the amounts which were previously required to be maintained in the concentration account. In April 2024, Bank of America reduced our credit line associated with the purchasing card facility from $35.0 million to $20.0 million.

Purchase Obligations

In December 2021, we entered into a four-year cloud computing arrangement which includes minimum contractual payments due to the third-party provider. In December 2023, we agreed to amend the contract and extend the payment period for an additional year. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we entered into a five-year strategic marketing agreement which required a committed spend. In July 2024, we terminated the agreement, which required a settlement payment of $1.1 million and resulted in the release from future obligations. As of September 30, 2024, our outstanding purchase obligations, net of the settlement described above, consisted of the following future minimum commitments (in thousands):


	Payments Due by Period
	Less than 1 year		1-3 years		3-5 years		More than 5 years		Total
Purchase obligations	$	5,000	$	10,500	$	—	$	—	$	15,500

15.Income Taxes

As a result of the VIH Business Combination, the Company acquired a controlling interest in Opco, which is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and in most applicable state and local income tax jurisdictions. As a partnership, Opco is not itself subject to U.S. federal and certain state and local income taxes. Any taxable income or loss generated by Opco is passed through to and included in the taxable income or loss of its partners, including the Company following the VIH Business Combination, on a pro rata basis. The Company's U.S. federal and state income tax expense primarily relates to the Company’s allocable share of any taxable income or loss of Opco following the VIH Business Combination. In addition, Opco’s wholly owned corporate subsidiaries that are consolidated for U.S. GAAP purposes but separately taxed for federal, state, and foreign income tax purposes as corporations are generating federal, state, and foreign income tax expense.

Our effective tax rate of 1.8% and less than 1.0% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, differ from statutory rates primarily due to the loss that is not taxed to the Company and the absence of taxable income to realize the Company's net operating losses and other deferred tax assets.

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Our effective tax rate of less than 1.0% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, differ from statutory rates primarily due to the loss that is not taxed to the Company and the absence of taxable income to realize the Company's net operating losses and other deferred tax assets.

Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Our realizability of our deferred tax assets, in each jurisdiction, is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income sufficient to utilize the deferred tax assets on income tax returns, including the reversal of existing temporary differences, historical and projected operating results and tax planning strategies. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company believed that it was not more likely than not that the net deferred tax assets would be realizable and thus has maintained a full valuation allowance.

The effects of uncertain tax positions are recognized in the consolidated financial statements if these positions meet a “more-likely-than-not” threshold. For those uncertain tax positions that are recognized in the consolidated financial statements, liabilities are established to reflect the portion of those positions it cannot conclude “more-likely-than-not” to be realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company had no unrecognized tax benefits or related interest and penalties accrued as of September 30, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

16.Fair Value Measurements

Financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis are classified as Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 as follows (in thousands):


	As of September 30, 2024
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
U.S. Treasury debt securities	$	6,727	$	6,727	$	—	$	—
Safeguarding asset for crypto	938,695		—		938,695		—
Total Assets	$	945,422	$	6,727	$	938,695	$	—

Liabilities:
Safeguarding obligation for crypto	938,695		—		938,695		—
Warrant liability - Class 1 and Class 2 warrants	15,193		—		—		15,193
Warrant liability - public warrants	643		643		—		—
Total Liabilities	$	954,531	$	643	$	938,695	$	15,193


	As of December 31, 2023
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
U.S. Treasury debt securities	$	17,398	$	17,398	$	—	$	—
Safeguarding asset for crypto	701,556		—		701,556		—
Total Assets	$	718,954	$	17,398	$	701,556	$	—

Liabilities:
Safeguarding obligation for crypto	$	701,556	$	—	$	701,556	$	—
Warrant liability - public warrants	2,356		2,356		—		—
Total Liabilities	$	703,912	$	2,356	$	701,556	$	—

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The carrying amounts of certain financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivables, unbilled accounts receivables, due from related party, deposits with clearinghouse, due to related party, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, and operating lease obligations approximate their fair values due to their short-term nature. The balance of deposits with clearinghouse not invested in U.S. government securities are in the form of cash, and therefore approximate fair value.

Our investments in debt securities consist of U.S. Treasury debt securities held in the custody of a major financial institution. As of September 30, 2024, our investment in available-for-sale debt securities was determined to be a Level 1 investment based on quoted prices in active markets and was recorded in the consolidated balance sheet at fair value.

The fair value of the safeguarding obligation for crypto and the corresponding safeguarding asset for crypto was determined using Level 2 inputs which included using the value of the safeguarded asset determined as the mid-point of a bid-ask spread in the market we determined to be the principal market for the related crypto as of September 30, 2024.

The contingent consideration associated with the acquisition of Bakkt Crypto Solutions is valued using Level 3 inputs, which includes a Monte Carlo simulation. The inputs for the Monte Carlo simulation included forecasted financial performance of Bakkt Crypto Solutions and estimated earnings volatility. The contingent consideration liability is revalued each reporting period and any change in the liability is reflected in the Company's statements of operations in “Acquisition-related expenses". As of the acquisition date, the fair value of the contingent consideration was estimated to be $2.9 million and used an estimated gross profit volatility of 66%. As of December 31, 2023, we determined the value of the contingent consideration was zero, based on our forward-looking projections and minimum profit requirements associated with the contingent consideration and reversed the accrual through acquisition expenses. As of September 30, 2024, we determined the value of the contingent consideration remained zero.

Our public warrant liability is valued based on quoted prices in active markets and is classified within Level 1. Since the second quarter 2024, our Class 1 Warrants and Class 2 Warrants were valued using the Black-Scholes-Merton model and a binomial lattice model, respectively, both of which utilize certain Level 3 inputs. Prior to the second quarter of 2024, our Class 1 Warrants and Class 2 Warrants were valued using the Black-Scholes-Merton model and a Monte Carlo simulation, respectively. A significant input to the Monte Carlo simulation included the volatility of movement in the price of the stock underlying the warrants, which was estimated using the historical volatility of our Class A Common Stock over the contractual period of the warrant.

The significant unobservable inputs used for the fair value measurement of our Class 1 Warrants and Class 2 Warrants liabilities as of September 30, 2024 are summarized as follows:


Expected term (years)			4.93 - 5.50
Continuous risk-free rate			3.52% - 4.59%
Expected volatility			125.0% - 145.0%

The preceding methods described may produce fair value calculations that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Furthermore, although we believe our valuation techniques are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different fair value measurement at the reporting date.

As described in Note 5, our owned crypto is continually evaluated for impairment using the lowest quoted price in the market we determine to be the principal market for the related crypto, which we determined was a Level 2 input. Other fair value inputs associated with non-recurring impairment analyses are discussed in the notes of the related assets.

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17.Leases

We lease real estate for office space under operating leases. On December 21, 2023, we signed an agreement to sublease a portion of our corporate headquarters office space in Alpharetta, Georgia. The sublease commenced in March 2024. On March 15, 2023, we signed an amendment to our Scottsdale, Arizona lease that extended the lease term. The amended lease has a term of 89 months and total fixed lease payments over the term of the amended lease are $5.7 million. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we entered into a new real estate lease for office space in New York, New York, that commenced on January 31, 2022. The lease has a term of 94 months and the total fixed lease payments over the term of the lease are $7.3 million. On April 25, 2022, we signed a lease agreement for call center office space in Alpharetta, Georgia. On May 12, 2022, we executed our option to lease additional space for the Alpharetta call center. The call center lease commenced on June 3, 2022. The lease has a term of 47 months and total fixed lease payments over the term of the lease are $5.9 million. We consider a lease to have commenced on the date when we are granted access to the leased asset. Several of these leases include escalation clauses for adjusting rentals. As of September 30, 2024, we do not have any active finance leases.

Our real estate leases have remaining lease terms as of September 30, 2024 ranging from 19 months to 96 months, with three of our leases containing an option to extend the term for a period of 5 years exercisable by us, which we are not reasonably certain of exercising at commencement. None of our leases contain an option to terminate the lease without cause at the option of either party during the lease term.

Certain of our real estate leasing agreements include terms requiring us to reimburse the lessor for its share of real estate taxes, insurance, operating costs and utilities which we account for as variable lease costs when incurred since we have elected to not separate lease and non-lease components, and hence are not included in the measurement of lease liability. There are no restrictions or covenants imposed by any of the leases, and none of our leases contain material residual value guarantees.

The discount rates for all of our leases are based on our estimated incremental borrowing rate since the rates implicit in the leases were not determinable. Our incremental borrowing rate is based on management’s estimate of the rate of interest we would have to pay to borrow on a fully collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment.

We have elected the practical expedient under which lease components would not be separated from the non-lease components for all our classes of underlying assets. Accordingly, each lease component and the non-lease components related to the lease component are accounted for as a single lease component. As of September 30, 2024, the weighted average remaining lease term for our operating leases was approximately 78 months, and the weighted average discount rate for our operating leases was 5.3%. As of December 31, 2023, the weighted average remaining lease term for our operating leases was approximately 84 months, and the weighted average discount rate for our operating leases was 5.3%. We were party to short-term leases during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, which resulted in less than $0.1 million and less than $0.1 million of rent expense, respectively. We were party to short-term leases during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, which resulted in less than $0.1 million and less than $0.1 million of rent expense, respectively.

18. Safeguarding Obligation For Crypto

We provide custody services for Bakkt Crypto's customers and for Bakkt Trust's standalone custody customers. Bakkt Trust may also provide sub-custodian services for Bakkt Crypto customers. We do not own crypto held in a custodial capacity on behalf of our customers. We maintain the internal recordkeeping of those assets and are obligated to safeguard the assets and protect them from loss or theft. We hold the controlling majority of cryptographic key information on behalf of our Bakkt Trust custodial customers. A significant portion of the crypto we hold in a custodial capacity are

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custodied by institutional grade sub-custodians. Sub-custodians used by Bakkt Crypto hold our customer cryptographic key information and are not permitted to move assets without our specific authorization.

As of September 30, 2024, we have a safeguarding obligation for crypto of $938.7 million. The safeguarding liability, and corresponding safeguarding asset for crypto on the balance sheet, are measured at the fair value of the crypto held for our customers. We are not aware of any actual or possible safeguarding loss events as of September 30, 2024. Therefore, the safeguarding obligation for crypto and the related safeguarding asset for crypto are recorded at the same amount.

We are responsible for holding the following crypto on behalf of our customers as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Bitcoin	$	407,246	$	262,231
Ether	179,167		196,016
Shiba Inu	218,422		143,237
Dogecoin	102,143		78,524
Other	31,717		21,548
Safeguarding obligation for crypto	$	938,695	$	701,556

Safeguarding asset for crypto	$	938,695	$	701,556

19.Investment in Debt Securities

We have investments in certain debt securities, which we record at fair value and present as "Available-for-sale securities" in the consolidated balance sheets.

Unrealized gains and temporary losses, net of related taxes, are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI"). Upon realization, those amounts are reclassified from AOCI to earnings. The amortization of premiums and discounts on the investments are included in our results of operations. Realized gains and losses are calculated based on the specific identification method. We classify our investments as current or noncurrent based on the nature of the investments and their availability for use in current operations.

The cost basis and fair value of available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized gains and losses included in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” in the consolidated balance sheets were as follows (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
Available-for-sale securities	Cost Basis		Unrealized Gain, net		Fair Value		Cost Basis		Unrealized Gain, net		Fair Value
Government debt
U.S. treasury bonds	$	6,550	$	177	$	6,727	$	17,230	$	168	$	17,398
Total available-for-sale securities	$	6,550	$	177	$	6,727	$	17,230	$	168	$	17,398

There were no available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position as of September 30, 2024 or December 31, 2023. We may sell certain investments depending on liquidity needs of the business; however, it is not likely that we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their respective amortized cost basis. In addition, there were no credit losses on these investments as of September 30, 2024.

The cost basis and fair value of available-for-sale debt securities at September 30, 2024, by contractual maturity, are shown below (in thousands). Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to prepay and creditors may have the right to call obligations.

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	September 30, 2024
	Cost Basis		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	6,550	$	6,727
Due after one year through five years	—		—
Total debt securities - available-for-sale	$	6,550	$	6,727

20.Subsequent Events

In October 2024, we began investigating a possible wind-down and dissolution of Bakkt Trust due to its lack of market traction and high cost of capital (due to regulatory requirements). As this process has progressed, we have also worked to find strategic alternatives for Bakkt Trust. As we explore these options, we expect to have a lower regulatory capital requirement during the pendency of this process.

Management evaluated subsequent events through the date of issuance of these consolidated financial statements and determined that no other events or transactions, other than those disclosed above, met the definition of a subsequent event for purposes of recognition or disclosure in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations should be read together with the accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2024 (this "Report") and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, which is incorporated herein by reference. References in this section to “we,” “us,” “our,” “Bakkt” or the “Company” and like terms refer to Bakkt Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries for the three and nine months ending September 30, 2024, unless the context otherwise requires. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements are based on the beliefs of our management, as well as assumptions made by, and information currently available to, our management. Actual results could differ materially from those contemplated by the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those factors discussed above in “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Item 1A. Risk Factors.”

Overview

In this section and elsewhere in this Report, we use the following terms, which are defined as follows:

•"Client" means businesses with whom we contract to provide services to customers on our platform, and includes financial institutions, hedge funds, merchants, retailers, third party partners and other businesses (except in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements, where we refer to revenue earned from customers, instead of clients. The term customers is in accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers.)

•"Crypto" or "Crypto asset" means an asset that is built using blockchain technology, including virtual currencies (as used in the State of New York), coins, cryptocurrencies, stablecoins, and other tokens. Our platform enables transactions in certain supported crypto assets. For purposes of this Form 10-Q, we use crypto assets, virtual currency, coins, and tokens interchangeably.

•"Customer" means an individual user of our platform. Customers include customers of our loyalty clients who use our platform to transact in loyalty points, as well as customers of our clients who transact in crypto through, and have accounts on, our platform (except as defined for ASC 606 purposes above).

•"Loyalty points" means loyalty and/or reward points that are issued by clients to their customers.

Founded in 2018, Bakkt builds technology that connects the digital economy by offering one ecosystem for crypto and loyalty points. We enable our clients to deliver new opportunities to their customers through software as a service (“SaaS”) and application programming interface ("API") solutions that unlock crypto and drive loyalty, powering engagement and performance. The global market for crypto, while nascent, is rapidly evolving and expanding. We believe we are well-positioned to provide innovative, multi-faceted product solutions and grow with this evolving market. Our platform is uniquely positioned to power commerce by enabling consumers, brands, and financial institutions to better manage, transact with and monetize crypto in exciting new ways.

Our platform is built to operate across various crypto assets and offers clients the flexibility to choose some or all of our capabilities, and the manner in which these capabilities are enabled for consumers, based on their needs and objectives. Some clients may choose to enable our capabilities directly in their experience, while others may want a “ready-to-go” storefront and leverage capabilities such as our web-based technology. Our institutional-grade platform, born out of our former parent company, Intercontinental Exchange, Inc. (“ICE”), supports "know your customer" ("KYC"), anti-money laundering ("AML"), and other anti-fraud measures to combat financial crime.

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Recent Developments

Bakkt Trust Exit

Revolving Credit Facility

On August 12, 2024, Bakkt and Opco executed a revolving credit facility with Intercontinental Exchange Holdings, Inc. (the “Lender”) and certain subsidiaries of Bakkt party thereto from time to time, as guarantors, whereby the Lender agreed to provide for a $40.0 million secured revolving line of credit for working capital and general corporate purposes. The ICE Credit Facility is available in defined commitment amounts at specified dates in the future. Refer to Liquidity and Capital Resources elsewhere in this section of this Report.

Reverse Stock Split

On April 29, 2024, following approval by our stockholders and Board of Directors (the "Board"), we effected a reverse stock split (the “Reverse Stock Split”) of our Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“Class A Common Stock”), and Class V Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“Class V Common Stock” and collectively with the Class A Common Stock, the “Common Stock”), at a ratio of 1-for-25 (the “Reverse Stock Split Ratio”), effective as of 12:01 a.m. eastern time on April 29, 2024 (the “Effective Time”). Our Class A Common Stock began trading on a reverse-split adjusted basis on the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) as of the open of trading on April 29, 2024. After the Effective Time, the Class A Common Stock continues to be listed on the NYSE under the symbol “BKKT”. As such, the Reverse Stock Split has been retroactively applied to all share and per share information throughout this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (unless otherwise noted).

The Reverse Stock Split increased the price per share of our Class A Common Stock above the $1.00 per share minimum bid price requirement of Section 802.01C of the NYSE Listed Company Manual (the “Listing Rule”), as discussed below. We, however, cannot assure that the price per share following the Reverse Stock Split will be maintained for any period of time, or that the price will remain above the pre-split trading price or $1.00 per share.

In connection with the Reverse Stock Split, we effected a corresponding and proportional adjustment to our authorized shares of Common Stock, such that the 1,000,000,000 authorized shares of Common Stock, consisting of 750,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock and 250,000,000 shares of Class V Common Stock were reduced proportionately to 40,000,000 authorized shares of Common Stock, consisting of 30,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock and 10,000,000 shares of Class V Common Stock. The par value per share of Common Stock, the par value per share of preferred stock and the number of authorized shares of preferred stock did not change.

We did not issue fractional shares in connection with the Reverse Stock Split. Stockholders who would have otherwise held fractional shares because the number of shares of Class A Common Stock they held before the Reverse Stock Split was not evenly divisible by the Reverse Stock Split Ratio received cash (without interest, and subject to any required tax withholding applicable to a holder) in lieu of such fractional shares. To maintain parity with the Class A Common Stock, holders of paired interests (each of which is a combination of one share of Class V Common Stock and one common unit of Opco and is exchangeable into a share of Class A Common Stock on a one-for-one basis) were also correspondingly adjusted for the Reverse Stock Split and paid out in cash, applying the same per-share price, for any resulting fractional interests. The aggregate cash in respect of fractional interests was not material. Immediately after the Reverse Stock Split, each stockholder’s percentage ownership interest and proportional voting power remained unchanged, except for minor changes that resulted from the treatment of fractional shares.

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All of our outstanding warrants to purchase Class A Common Stock were proportionately adjusted as a result of the Reverse Stock Split in accordance with the terms of the warrants. Proportionate adjustments were also made to our employees and directors' outstanding equity awards, as well as to the number of shares issuable under our 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan”).

February 2024 Concurrent Registered Direct Offerings

On February 29, 2024, we entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Third-Party Purchase Agreement”) with certain institutional investors (the “Third-Party Purchasers”). The consummation of the transactions contemplated by the Third-Party Purchase Agreement (the “Third-Party Closing”) occurred on March 4, 2024. At the Third-Party Closing, pursuant to the Third-Party Purchase Agreement, we issued and sold to the Third-Party Purchasers an aggregate of 1,396,701 shares of our Class A Common Stock, Class 1 Warrants (“Class 1 Warrants”) to purchase an aggregate of 922,722 shares of Class A Common Stock, Class 2 Warrants (“Class 2 Warrants”) to purchase an aggregate of 922,722 shares of Class A Common Stock and Pre-Funded Warrants (“Pre-Funded Warrants”) to purchase an aggregate of 448,742 shares of Class A Common Stock. As of the date of this report, holders have exercised all of the Pre-Funded Warrants. The offering of such securities was conducted in a registered direct offering (the “Third-Party Offering”). The purchase price of each share of Class A Common Stock and accompanying Class 1 Warrant or Class 2 Warrant (each, a “Warrant”) was $21.675 and the purchase price of each Pre-Funded Warrant and accompanying Warrant was $21.6725.

In a concurrent registered direct offering with ICE (the “ICE Offering”, together with the Third-Party Purchasers offering, the "Concurrent Offerings"), we entered into a purchase agreement with ICE, pursuant to which we issued and sold to ICE an aggregate of 461,361 shares of Class A Common Stock, Class 1 Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 230,680 shares of Class A Common Stock, and Class 2 Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 230,680 shares of Class A Common Stock. The purchase price of each share of Class A Common Stock and accompanying Warrant in the ICE Offering was $21.675.

In the ICE Offering, we closed the sale and issuance to ICE of 110,480 shares of Class A Common Stock, Class 1 Warrants to purchase up to 55,240 shares of Class A Common Stock and Class 2 Warrants to purchase up to 55,240 shares of Class A Common Stock, concurrently with the Third-Party Closing (the “Initial ICE Closing”). The closing of the issuance and sale of the remaining 350,880 shares of Class A Common Stock, Class 1 Warrants to purchase up to 175,440 shares of Class A Common Stock and Class 2 Warrants to purchase up to 175,440 shares of Class A Common Stock in the ICE Offering occurred on April 25, 2024, after we obtained stockholder approval for such issuances under the rules and regulations of the NYSE on April 23, 2024.

See “Liquidity and Capital Resources” below for management’s assertions on the impact of the Concurrent Offerings on our going concern considerations.

Crypto Market Developments

After a year of significant volatility in crypto asset prices, a loss of confidence in many participants in the crypto asset ecosystem, regulatory actions and adverse publicity around specific companies in 2023, the crypto markets in 2024 continue to be impacted by the broader macroeconomic conditions, including the strength of the overall macroeconomic environment, heightened interest rates, spikes in inflation rates, general market volatility, and geopolitical concerns. We expect the macroeconomic environment and the state of the crypto markets to remain dynamic in the near-term.

In addition, crypto assets and crypto market participants have recently faced increased scrutiny by regulators. For example, in 2023, the SEC brought charges against a number of crypto asset exchanges, including Bittrex, Coinbase, Binance, Kraken, and other crypto asset service providers, identifying a number of crypto assets as securities and alleging violations of, and non-compliance with, U.S. federal securities laws. We continue to monitor regulatory developments in this area and assess our business model and the assets we support in light of such developments.

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In January 2024, the SEC approved a number of applications for spot-traded bitcoin exchange-traded funds ("ETFs"). Since then, the crypto market has seen a significant increase in interest from, and participation by, institutional investors. In May 2024, the SEC approved a number of applications for spot-traded Ethereum ETFs, furthering the momentum of institutional investor interest. We believe this increase in institutional interest and adoption intersects with our strengths, as we were originally conceived as an institutionally-focused crypto company.

Bakkt Crypto Solutions Acquisition

On April 1, 2023, we completed the acquisition of 100% of the ownership interests of Bakkt Crypto Solutions. On March 20, 2024, Bakkt Marketplace merged with Bakkt Crypto Solutions, which now operates as Bakkt Crypto. We are leveraging Bakkt Crypto’s proprietary trading platform and existing relationships with liquidity providers to provide a wider range of assets and competitive pricing to our customers. Our acquisition of Bakkt Crypto Solutions complements our B2B2C growth strategy by broadening our business partnerships to fintechs and neobanks. Specifically, Bakkt Crypto offers customers the ability to purchase, sell, store and, in approved jurisdictions, deposit and withdraw approved crypto assets, all from within the applications of its clients with whom customers already have a relationship. Using Bakkt Crypto's platform, customers can purchase approved crypto assets, store crypto assets in custodial wallets, liquidate their holdings, and transfer supported crypto assets between a custodial wallet maintained by Bakkt Crypto and external wallets in certain jurisdictions, if enabled by the client.

In addition, Bakkt Crypto is in the process of enhancing capabilities on its trading platform, including support for larger orders and recurring buys, and extending the platform to support institutional execution.

As part of our ongoing review of potential services, we continually evaluate how we can most effectively improve our platform and service offerings in a manner that is compliant with applicable governance and regulatory considerations. In such review, we may determine to stop pursuing a potential service offering in light of, among other things, revenue expectations and compliance with applicable laws.

At the time our acquisition of Bakkt Crypto Solutions closed, Bakkt Crypto Solutions had agreements with more than 30 fintech clients pursuant to which the clients made Bakkt Crypto Solutions’ crypto asset trading service available to their customer base. Our acquisition of Bakkt Crypto Solutions resulted in us obtaining access to such partners. The majority of these fintech clients are also part of Apex Fintech Solutions’ client network.

The agreements with these fintech clients provide for licensing of their front-end trading platforms by Bakkt Crypto and cooperation between the parties in facilitating consumers’ transactions in crypto assets. The agreements are for a term of either one or two years and can be terminated by either party for breach or in case of a change of control. In most cases, the agreements also contain provisions giving Bakkt Crypto discretion in the choice of crypto assets offered to each client through its platform, and, in some cases, exclusivity covenants pursuant to which clients have agreed not to refer their customers to other crypto asset trading platforms.

Following the closing of the acquisition of Bakkt Crypto Solutions and in light of recent regulatory developments, we reviewed all crypto assets then available on the Bakkt Crypto Solutions platform and determined it was appropriate to delist certain of such crypto assets. In effecting such delisting decisions, we attempted to mitigate impacts on our business and customers by affording customers a period in which to exit their positions in the impacted crypto assets as part of an orderly wind-down. The delisting process was completed on September 21, 2023 and we recognized transactional revenue associated with delisted crypto assets of approximately $27.6 million on that date. In September 2024, we added nine crypto assets to our trading service, some of which we had previously delisted.

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NYSE Listing Notification

On March 13, 2024, we were notified by NYSE that we were not in compliance with the Listing Rule because the average closing stock price of a share of our Class A Common Stock was less than $1.00 per share over a consecutive 30 trading-day period. Pursuant to the Listing Rule, we had six months following the NYSE notification to regain compliance with the Listing Rule, during which time our Class A Common Stock will continue to be listed on the NYSE.

Under the NYSE’s rules, if a Company determines it will cure its noncompliance with the Listing Rule by taking an action that will require stockholder approval, it must so inform the NYSE, and the noncompliance with the Listing Rule will be deemed cured if the price promptly exceeds $1.00 per share and the price remains above that level for at least the following 30 trading days. On June 3, 2024, we received notice that we had regained compliance with the Listing Rule.

Executive Officer Transition

On March 18, 2024, Gavin Michael resigned as President, Chief Executive Officer and as a director of the Company, as well as from all positions held with the Company’s subsidiaries, effective March 25, 2024. Mr. Michael has been engaged as an advisor to the Company for a period of one year.

On March 18, 2024, the Company announced that the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) appointed Andrew Main to serve as the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer, effective as of March 26, 2024. In connection with his appointment as the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Main resigned from his position as a member of the Compensation Committee of the Board, effective as of March 26, 2024. Mr. Main will continue to serve as a member of the Board.

On April 29, 2024, Charles Goodroe resigned from his position as Chief Accounting Officer of the Company, effective May 22, 2024. Effective as of Mr. Goodroe’s resignation, Karen Alexander, the Company’s Chief Financial Officer and principal financial officer, assumed the role of the Company’s principal accounting officer. On July 8, 2024, the Company appointed Joe Henderson as Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer and principal accounting officer of the Company, effective July 8, 2024. Ms. Alexander continues to serve as the Company's Chief Financial Officer following Mr. Henderson's appointment.

Key Factors Affecting Our Performance

Growing Our Client Base

Our ability to increase our revenue stream depends on our ability to grow clients on our platform. We collaborate with leading brands and have built an extensive network across numerous industries including financial institutions, merchants and travel and entertainment. To date, management has been focused on building through clients within a B2B2C model. Our goal is to provide these clients opportunities to leverage our capabilities either through their existing environment or by leveraging our platform. Our acquisition of Bakkt Crypto Solutions complements our B2B2C growth strategy by broadening our business partnerships to fintechs and neobanks.

Product Expansion and Innovation

The crypto marketplace is rapidly evolving. We believe our ability to continue innovating our platform will increase the attractiveness of our platform to clients. Our ability to meet the capability demands of our clients will allow us to continue to grow revenue.

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Competition

The crypto marketplace is highly competitive with numerous participants competing for the same clients. We believe we are well positioned with our ability to provide capabilities around emerging crypto alongside loyalty points on a single, highly secure, institutional-grade technology platform.

General Economic and Market Conditions

Our performance is impacted by the strength of the overall macroeconomic environment and crypto market conditions, which are beyond our control. Negative market conditions hinder client activity, including extended decision timelines around implementing crypto strategies. See "Crypto Market Developments" above.

Regulations in U.S. & International Markets

We are subject to many complex, uncertain and overlapping local, state and federal laws, rules, regulations, policies and legal interpretations (collectively, “laws and regulations”) in the markets in which we operate. These laws and regulations govern, among other things, consumer protection, privacy and data protection, labor and employment, anti-money laundering, money transmission, competition, and marketing and communications practices. These laws and regulations will likely have evolving interpretations and applications, particularly as we introduce new products and services and expand into new jurisdictions.

We are seeking to bring trust and transparency to crypto. We are and will continue to be subject to laws and regulations relating to the collection, use, retention, security, and transfer of information, including the personally identifiable information of our clients and all of the users in the information chain. We have developed and frequently evaluate and update our compliance models to ensure that we are complying with applicable restrictions.

We continue to work with regulators to address the emerging global landscape for crypto. As investment continues, the intersection of technology and finance will require ongoing engagement as new applications emerge. Crypto asset and distributed ledger technology have significant, positive potential with proper collaboration between industry and regulators.

Safeguarding Obligation Liability and Safeguarding Asset Related to Crypto Held for Other Parties

As detailed in Note 18 in the unaudited consolidated financial statements included in this Report, upon the adoption of Staff Accounting Bulletin 121 (“SAB 121”), we recorded a safeguarding obligation liability and a corresponding safeguarding asset related to the crypto held for other parties. As of September 30, 2024, the safeguarding obligation liability related to crypto assets held for other parties was approximately $938.7 million. We have taken steps to mitigate the potential risk of loss for the crypto we hold for other parties, including holding insurance coverage specifically for certain crypto incidents and using secure cold storage to store the vast majority of crypto that we hold. SAB 121 also asks us to consider the legal ownership of the crypto held for other parties, including whether the crypto held for other parties would be available to satisfy general creditor claims in the event of our bankruptcy.

The legal rights with respect to crypto held on behalf of third parties by a custodian, such as us, upon the custodian’s bankruptcy have not yet been settled by courts and are highly fact-dependent. However, based on the terms and conditions of our terms of service and applicable law, in the event that we were to enter bankruptcy, we believe the crypto that we hold in custody for users of our platform should be respected as users’ property (and should not be available to satisfy the claims of our general creditors). We do not allow users to purchase crypto on margin, and crypto held on our platform does not serve as collateral for margin loans. We hold crypto in custody for users in one or more omnibus crypto wallets. We hold cryptographic key information and maintain internal record keeping for the crypto we hold in custody for users, and we are obligated to secure such assets from loss or theft. Our contractual arrangements state that our customers and clients retain legal ownership of the crypto custodied by us on their behalf; they also benefit from the rewards and bear the risks associated with their ownership, including as a result of any price fluctuations. We have been monitoring and will

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continue to actively monitor legal and regulatory developments and may consider further steps, as appropriate, to support this contractual position so that in the event of our bankruptcy, the crypto custodied by us should not be deemed to be part of our bankruptcy estate. We do not expect potential future cash flows associated with the crypto safeguarding obligation liability.

Key Performance Indicators

We use four key performance indicators (“KPIs”) that are key to understanding our business performance, as they reflect the different ways we enable clients to engage with our platform.

•Crypto-enabled accounts. We define crypto-enabled accounts as the total crypto accounts open on our platform. There were 6.5 million and 6.2 million crypto-enabled accounts as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

•Transacting accounts. We define transacting accounts as unique accounts that perform transactions on our platform each month. We use transacting accounts to reflect how users across our platform use the variety of services we offer, such as buying and selling crypto to facilitate everyday purchases, redeeming loyalty points for travel or merchandise, or converting loyalty points to cash or gift cards. There were 0.6 million and 2.1 million unique monthly transacting accounts during the three and nine months ending September 30, 2024, respectively.

•Notional traded volume. We define notional traded volume as the total notional volume of transactions across crypto and loyalty platforms. The figures we use represent gross values recorded as of the order date. Notional traded volumes were $476.5 million and $2,189.5 million during the three and nine months ending September 30, 2024, respectively.

•Assets under custody. We define assets under custody as the sum of coin quantities held by customers multiplied by the final quote for each coin on the last day of the quarter. Assets under custody were $938.7 million and $701.6 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

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Results of Operations

The following table is our consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively (in thousands, except per share data):


	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024		Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Revenues:
Crypto services	$	316,333	$	191,750	$	1,654,814	$	527,526
Loyalty services, net	12,086		13,024		38,085		38,096
Total revenues	328,419		204,774		1,692,899		565,622
Operating expenses:
Crypto costs	312,841		189,428		1,636,514		521,601
Execution, clearing and brokerage fees	2,207		697		11,229		2,902
Compensation and benefits	21,085		24,608		67,997		85,818
Professional services	5,346		1,962		12,620		7,204
Technology and communication	4,234		5,536		13,657		15,647
Selling, general and administrative	8,493		7,447		21,819		21,722
Acquisition-related expenses	—		(739)		66		17,053
Depreciation and amortization	107		3,959		281		10,843
Related party expenses	150		1,033		450		3,145
Goodwill and intangible assets impairments	—		23,325		—		23,325
Impairment of long-lived assets	601		56		889		56
Restructuring expenses	425		—		7,492		4,471
Other operating expenses	313		322		1,122		1,231
Total operating expenses	355,802		257,634		1,774,136		715,018
Operating loss	(27,383)		(52,860)		(81,237)		(149,396)
Interest income, net	1,014		1,177		3,215		3,502
Gain (loss) from change in fair value of warrant liability	19,984		(214)		13,916		(857)
Other (expense) income, net	(20)		379		1,144		33
Loss before income taxes	(6,405)		(51,518)		(62,962)		(146,718)
Income tax benefit (expense)	114		(231)		(116)		(401)
Net loss	(6,291)		(51,749)		(63,078)		(147,119)
Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest	(3,398)		(34,418)		(35,598)		(98,964)
Net loss attributable to Bakkt Holdings, Inc.	$	(2,893)	$	(17,331)	$	(27,480)	$	(48,155)

Net loss per share attributable to Class A Common Stockholders:
Basic	$	(0.45)	$	(4.74)	$	(4.87)	$	(13.72)
Diluted	$	(0.45)	$	(4.74)	$	(4.87)	$	(13.72)

Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 2023

Financial Summary

The three months ended September 30, 2024 included the following notable items relative to the three months ended September 30, 2023:

•Revenue increased $123.6 million primarily driven by an increase in crypto trading volume compared to the prior year third quarter; and

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•Operating expenses increased $98.2 million primarily driven by higher crypto trading costs in connection with higher crypto trading volume compared to the prior year third quarter.

Revenue

Revenues consist of crypto and loyalty revenue. We earn revenue when consumers use our services to buy, sell, and store crypto and redeem loyalty points. We generate revenue across our platform in the following key areas:

•Subscription and service revenue. We receive a recurring subscription revenue stream from client platform fees as well as service revenue from software development fees and call center support.

•Transaction revenue. We generate transaction revenue from crypto buy/sell trades where we earn a spread on both legs of the transaction (reported gross) and through loyalty redemption volumes where we receive a percentage fee based on the volume (reported net of associated costs).

Crypto Services Revenue


($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024		Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		$ Change		% Change
Crypto services	$	316,333	$	191,750	$	124,583	65.0	%

Crypto services revenue increased by $124.6 million, or 65.0%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was primarily driven by increased crypto trading volume due to improved market trading volume for crypto as compared to the prior year third quarter.

Loyalty Services Revenue


($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024		Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		$ Change		% Change
Loyalty services, net	$	12,086	$	13,024	$	(938)	(7.2	%)

Loyalty services revenue decreased by $0.9 million, or 7.2%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily related to a $0.8 million reduction in transaction revenue and a $0.2 million decrease in subscription and services revenue.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses consist of crypto costs, execution, clearing and brokerage fees, compensation and benefits, professional services, technology and communication expenses, selling, general and administrative expenses, acquisition-related expenses, depreciation and amortization, related party expenses, goodwill and intangible assets impairments, impairment of long-lived assets, restructuring charges, and other operating expenses.

Crypto Costs


($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024		Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		$ Change		% Change
Crypto costs	$	312,841	$	189,428	$	123,413	65.2	%

Crypto costs represent the gross value of crypto sold by our customers on our platform. These costs are measured at the executed price at the time of the trade. Crypto costs increased by $123.4 million, or 65.2%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase reflects increased volume driven by improved crypto market trading relative to the prior year third quarter.

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Execution, Clearing and Brokerage Fees


($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024		Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		$ Change		% Change
Execution, clearing and brokerage fees	$	2,207	$	697	$	1,510	216.6	%

Execution, clearing and brokerage fees primarily represent payments to clients in exchange for driving order flow to our platform. Execution, clearing and brokerage fees increased by $1.5 million during the three months ended September 30, 2024. The increase reflects increased crypto transaction volume as described above.

Compensation and Benefits


($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024		Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		$ Change		% Change
Compensation and benefits	$	21,085	$	24,608	$	(3,523)	(14.3	%)

Compensation and benefits expense include all salaries and benefits, compensation for contract labor, incentive programs for employees, payroll taxes, share-based and unit-based compensation and other employee related costs.

Our headcount decreased year over year as we undertook restructuring actions and right sized our expense base to meet current market demand. We expect to limit future hiring and further optimize our headcount as we complete development projects on our platform. Compensation and benefits expense is a significant component of our operating expenses, and we expect this will continue to be the case. However, we expect that our compensation and benefits expenses will decrease as a percentage of our revenue over time. Compensation and benefits decreased by $3.5 million, or 14.3%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to decreases of $2.7 million in salaries and wages and $0.6 million in non-cash compensation.

Professional Services


($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024		Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		$ Change		% Change
Professional services	$	5,346	$	1,962	$	3,384	172.5	%

Professional services expense includes fees for accounting, legal and regulatory fees. Professional services increased by $3.4 million, or 172.5%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $3.0 million in legal fees, mainly in relation to strategic and transformational initiatives, and an increase of $0.4 million in audit and tax fees.

Technology and Communication


($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024		Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		$ Change		% Change
Technology and communication	$	4,234	$	5,536	$	(1,302)	(23.5	%)

Technology and communication costs represent all non-headcount related costs to deliver technological solutions. Such costs principally include amounts paid for software licenses and software-as-a-service arrangements utilized for operating, administrative and information security activities, fees paid for third-party data center hosting arrangements, and fees paid to telecommunications service providers and for telecommunication software platforms necessary for operation of our customer support operations. These costs are driven by client requirements, system capacity, functionality and redundancy requirements.

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Technology and communications expense also includes fees paid for access to external market data and associated licensing costs, which may be impacted by growth in electronic contract volume, our capacity requirements, changes in the number of telecommunications hubs, and connections with customers to access our electronic platforms directly. Technology and communications expense decreased by $1.3 million, or 23.5%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease of $0.9 million in hardware and software license fees, and a decrease of $0.4 million in hosting fees. We expect these costs to decline in the future as we optimize our operational footprint.

Selling, General and Administrative


($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024		Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		$ Change		% Change
Selling, general and administrative	$	8,493	$	7,447	$	1,046	14.0	%

Selling, general and administrative expenses include marketing, advertising, business insurance, rent and occupancy, bank service charges, dues and subscriptions, travel and entertainment, rent and occupancy, and other general and administrative costs. Our marketing activities primarily consist of web-based promotional campaigns, promotional activities with clients, conferences and user events, and brand-building activities. Selling, general and administrative expenses do not include any headcount cost, which is reflected in the compensation and benefits financial statement line item. We expect these costs will decrease as a percentage of our revenue in future years as we gain improved operating leverage from our projected revenue growth and exercise prudent expense management.

Selling, general and administrative costs increased by $1.0 million, or 14.0%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to a $1.1 million settlement payment made in July 2024 to terminate a five year strategic marketing agreement that we entered into in 2023.

Acquisition-related Expenses


($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024		Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		$ Change		% Change
Acquisition-related expenses	$	—	$	(739)	$	739	(100.0	%)

Acquisition-related expenses increased by $0.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. Acquisition-related expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2023 included a reversal of accrued investment banking fees and adjustment to the contingent consideration, both related to the acquisition of Bakkt Crypto.

Depreciation and Amortization


($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024		Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		$ Change		% Change
Depreciation and amortization	$	107	$	3,959	$	(3,852)	(97.3	%)

Depreciation and amortization expense consists of amortization of intangible assets from business acquisitions and internally developed software and depreciation of purchased software and computer and office equipment over their estimated useful lives. Depreciation and amortization decreased by $3.9 million, or 97.3%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to lower net book values of intangible assets and property, equipment and software after impairments were recognized in 2023.

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Related Party Expenses


($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024		Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		$ Change		% Change
Related party expenses	$	150	$	1,033	$	(883)	(85.5	%)

Related party expenses consist of fees for transition services agreements. Related party expenses decreased by $0.9 million, or 85.5%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease was due to the termination of the ICE transition services agreement in December 2023.

Gain (loss) from Change in Fair Value of Warrant Liability


($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024		Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		$ Change		% Change
Gain (loss) from change in fair value of warrant liability	$	19,984	$	(214)	$	20,198	n/m

We recorded a gain of $20.0 million during the three months ended September 30, 2024 for the change in fair value on the revaluation of our warrant liabilities associated with our public warrants and the Class 1 and Class 2 warrants from the Concurrent Offerings. We recorded a loss of $(0.2) million during the three months ended September 30, 2023 for the change in fair value on the revaluation of our warrant liability associated with our public warrants. These are non-cash losses and gains which are driven by fluctuations in the market price of our public warrants and valuation of our warrants from the Concurrent Offerings.

Other (Expense) Income, net


($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024		Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		$ Change		% Change
Other (expense) income, net	$	(20)	$	379	$	(399)	n/m

Other (expense) income, net primarily consists of non-operating gains and losses. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, we had other expense of $20.0 thousand primarily related to foreign currency translation offset by sublease rental income. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, we had other income of $0.4 million primarily related to foreign currency translation.

Income Tax Benefit (Expense)


($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024		Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		$ Change		% Change
Income tax benefit (expense)	$	114	$	(231)	$	345	(149.4	%)

Income tax benefit (expense) during the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 primarily consists of current state tax expense related to certain state jurisdictions wherein we are required to file income tax returns.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023

Financial Summary

The nine months ended September 30, 2024 included the following notable items relative to the nine months ended September 30, 2023:

•Revenue increased $1,127.3 million primarily driven by a significant increase in crypto trading revenue due to our acquisition of Bakkt Crypto on April 1, 2023; and

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•Operating expenses increased $1,059.1 million primarily driven by increased crypto trading costs in connection with our acquisition of Bakkt Crypto, partially offset by decreases in acquisition costs and compensation and benefits.

Crypto Services Revenue


($ in thousands)	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023		$ Change		% Change
Crypto services	$	1,654,814	$	527,526	$	1,127,288	213.7	%

Crypto services revenue increased by $1,127.3 million, or 213.7%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was primarily driven by increased crypto trading volume due to our acquisition of Bakkt Crypto Solutions, including a full nine months of crypto services revenue for Bakkt Crypto Solutions in 2024 compared to six months of crypto services revenue for Bakkt Crypto Solutions in 2023 following the April 1, 2023 acquisition date.

Loyalty Services Revenue


($ in thousands)	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023		$ Change		% Change
Loyalty services, net	$	38,085	$	38,096	$	(11)	—	%

Loyalty services revenue did not materially change for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023 following a $2.0 million increase in subscription and services revenue, which was offset by $2.0 million decline in transaction volume. Approximately half of the increase in subscription and services revenue was driven by an adjustment to the remaining life of one of our service contracts.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses consist of crypto costs, execution, clearing and brokerage fees, compensation and benefits, professional services, technology and communication expenses, selling, general and administrative expenses, acquisition-related expenses, depreciation and amortization, goodwill and intangible assets impairments, related party expenses, restructuring expenses, and other operating expenses.

Crypto Costs


($ in thousands)	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023		$ Change		% Change
Crypto costs	$	1,636,514	$	521,601	$	1,114,913	213.7	%

Crypto costs increased by $1,114.9 million, or 213.7%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase reflects increased volume driven by our acquisition of Bakkt Crypto on April 1, 2023.

Execution, Clearing and Brokerage Fees


($ in thousands)	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023		$ Change		% Change
Execution, clearing and brokerage fees	$	11,229	$	2,902	$	8,327	286.9	%

Execution, clearing and brokerage fees increased $8.3 million, or 286.9%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The increase reflects increased volume driven by our acquisition of Bakkt Crypto on April 1, 2023.

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Compensation and Benefits


($ in thousands)	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023		$ Change		% Change
Compensation and benefits	$	67,997	$	85,818	$	(17,821)	(20.8	%)

Compensation and benefits decreased by $17.8 million, or 20.8%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to decreases of $8.4 million in salaries and wages, $6.6 million in non-cash compensation and incentive bonuses, and $2.4 million in contract labor.

Professional Services


($ in thousands)	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023		$ Change		% Change
Professional services	$	12,620	$	7,204	$	5,416	75.2	%

Professional services increased by $5.4 million, or 75.2%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to increases of $2.1 million in audit and tax fees, and $3.3 million in legal fees, mainly in relation to strategic and transformational initiatives.

Technology and Communication


($ in thousands)	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023		$ Change		% Change
Technology and communication	$	13,657	$	15,647	$	(1,990)	(12.7	%)

Technology and communications expense decreased by $2.0 million, or 12.7%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease of $1.7 million in hardware and software license fees and of $0.2 million in telecommunications fees.

Selling, General and Administrative


($ in thousands)	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023		$ Change		% Change
Selling, general and administrative	$	21,819	$	21,722	$	97	0.4	%

Selling, general and administrative costs increased by $0.1 million, or 0.4%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to a $1.7 million increase in marketing promotions and a $0.4 million in bank charges. This increase was offset by a $2.0 million reduction in insurance expense.

Acquisition-related Expenses


($ in thousands)	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023		$ Change		% Change
Acquisition-related expenses	$	66	$	17,053	$	(16,987)	n/m

Acquisition-related expenses decreased by $17.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Acquisition-related expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 primarily consist of changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration associated with the acquisition of Bakkt Crypto and fees for investment banking advisors, lawyers, accountants, tax advisors and public relations firms related to the acquisitions of Bakkt Crypto and Bakkt Brokerage.

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Depreciation and Amortization


($ in thousands)	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023		$ Change		% Change
Depreciation and amortization	$	281	$	10,843	$	(10,562)	(97.4	%)

Depreciation and amortization decreased by $10.6 million, or 97.4%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to lower net book values of intangible assets and property, equipment and software after impairments were recorded in 2023.

Related Party Expenses


($ in thousands)	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023		$ Change		% Change
Related party expenses	$	450	$	3,145	$	(2,695)	(85.7	%)

Related party expenses decreased by $2.7 million, or 85.7%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease was due to the expiration of the ICE transition services agreement in December 2023.

Restructuring Expenses


($ in thousands)	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023		$ Change		% Change
Restructuring expenses	$	7,492	$	4,471	$	3,021	67.6	%

Restructuring expenses of $7.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 consist of $4.9 million of accelerated vesting of non-cash compensation related to the termination of a former executive and certain employees and $2.2 million of severance costs.

Gain (Loss) from Change in Fair Value of Warrant Liability


($ in thousands)	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023		$ Change		% Change
Gain (Loss) from change in fair value of warrant liability	$	13,916	$	(857)	$	14,773	n/m

We recorded a gain of $13.9 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 for the change in fair value on the revaluation of our warrant liabilities associated with our public warrants and warrants from the Concurrent Offerings. We recorded a loss of $0.9 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 for the change in fair value on the revaluation of our warrant liability associated with our public warrants. These are non-cash losses and gains and are driven by fluctuations in the market price of our public warrants and valuation of our warrants from the Concurrent Offerings.

Other Income, net


($ in thousands)	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023		$ Change		% Change
Other income, net	$	1,144	$	33	$	1,111	n/m

Other income, net primarily consists of non-operating gains and losses. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recognized income of $1.1 million primarily related to foreign currency translation and sublease

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rental income. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recognized income of $33.0 thousand primarily related to foreign currency translation.

Income Tax Expense


($ in thousands)	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023		$ Change		% Change
Income tax expense	$	(116)	$	(401)	$	285	(71.1	%)

Income tax expense during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 primarily consists of current state tax expense related to certain state jurisdictions wherein we are required to file income tax returns. Income tax expense during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 primarily consists of current state tax expense related to certain state jurisdictions wherein we are required to file income tax returns and an increase to our valuation allowance related to the goodwill recognized from the acquisition of Bakkt Crypto.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of September 30, 2024, we had $29.0 million and $35.3 million of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, respectively. Additionally, as of September 30, 2024, we had $6.7 million of available-for-sale debt securities that mature over the next one to four months. Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash deposits at banks and money market funds. Restricted cash is held to satisfy certain minimum capital requirements pursuant to regulatory requirements, or as collateral for insurance contracts and our purchasing card facility.

As discussed above, we consummated the Concurrent Offerings in March and April 2024. We raised net proceeds from the Concurrent Offerings of approximately $46.5 million, after deducting the placement agent’s fees and offering expenses payable by us.

On August 12, 2024, Bakkt and Opco executed a secured revolving credit facility with Intercontinental Exchange Holdings, Inc (the "Lender", the credit facility herein referred to as the "ICE Credit Facility"), with certain subsidiaries of Bakkt to be party thereto from time to time, as guarantors, whereby the Lender agreed to provide for a $40.0 million secured revolving line of credit to us for working capital and general corporate purposes. Any borrowings under the facility made prior to December 31, 2024 require the consent of the Lender. For the period beginning December 31, 2024 through March 30, 2025, Opco can borrow up to an aggregate principal amount (excluding any capitalized interest) of $10.0 million. For the period beginning March 31 through June 29, 2025, Opco can borrow up to an aggregate principal amount (excluding any capitalized interest) of $20.0 million. From the period beginning June 30 through September 29, 2025, Opco can borrow up to an aggregate principal amount (excluding any capitalized interest) of $30.0 million. On or after September 30, 2025, Opco can borrow up to an aggregate principal amount (excluding any capitalized interest) of $40.0 million. As of September 30, 2024, no loans were outstanding under the ICE Credit Facility.

Loans under the ICE Credit Facility do not amortize and mature on December 31, 2026. Borrowings under the ICE Credit Facility incur an interest rate equal to, at Opco’s election, either SOFR for a term of one, three or six months plus 12%, or the prime rate plus 11%. Interest is payable quarterly in arrears with respect to borrowings bearing interest at the prime rate or on the last day of an interest period, but at least every three months, with respect to borrowings bearing interest at the term SOFR rate; provided that Opco can elect to pay interest in kind by adding such interest amount to the principal amount of the outstanding borrowings under the ICE Credit Facility. For any interest period for which Opco has elected to pay interest in kind, the applicable margin on the outstanding loans will increase by 1% per annum.

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We intend to use our unrestricted cash, inclusive of the net proceeds from the Concurrent Offerings, and proceeds from maturity of available-for-sale debt securities primarily to fund our day-to-day operations, including, but not limited to funding our regulatory capital requirements, compensating balance arrangements and other similar commitments, each of which is subject to change, and as available (i) activate new crypto clients, (ii) maintain our product development efforts, and (iii) optimize our technology infrastructure and operational support. We continue to evaluate our headcount and expense base. We have taken action to right-size headcount since 2022. Excluding the cash purchase price to acquire Bakkt Crypto Solutions in 2023, we expect our operating cash usage in 2024 (exclusive of potential acquisitions or other strategic initiatives) to decline from 2023 levels driven by the combined impact of increased revenue and expense reductions related to the completion of large-dollar investments in 2023 and benefits from restructuring actions. In addition, we may in the future enter into arrangements to acquire or invest in complementary businesses, services, technologies or intellectual property rights. However, we have no agreements or commitments with respect to any such acquisitions or investments at this time. Our expected uses of available funds are based on our present plans, objectives and business condition. Based on fully implemented operating budgets and forecasts, which exclude forecasts for new products or markets, our cash and proceeds from the maturity of available for sale debt securities, along with the ICE Credit Facility, as of the date of the filing of this Report are estimated to fund our operations for at least 12 months. However, there are certain risks associated with this determination. Please see “Risk Factors - We might not be able to continue as a going concern.” elsewhere in this Report for more information.

Our future cash requirements will depend on many factors, including our revenue growth rate, the timing and extent of overhead, sales and marketing expenditures to support projected growth, and our ability to limit our software development investments to features and functionality with a clear line of sight to revenue generation. We made substantial investments in our platforms in 2023, which we expect will enable us to simplify our organization and focus on the core capabilities that are critical to our strategy. However, there are certain risks associated with this determination. Please see “Risk Factors - We might not be able to continue as a going concern.” elsewhere in this Report for more information.

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented (in thousands):


	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(52,605)	$	(53,891)
Net cash provided by investing activities	$	7,895	$	65,710
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	$	44,078	$	(2,502)

Operating Activities

Since our inception, we have yet to achieve positive cash flow from operations. Our primary uses of cash include compensation and benefits for headcount-related expenses, investment in software and product development of our technology platforms, and associated non-headcount technology and communication cost to develop, operate and support our customer-facing technology platforms.

Net cash flows used in operating activities of $52.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was primarily related to our net loss of $63.1 million, offset by net cash inflows resulting from changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $9.2 million and non-cash charges of $1.3 million. Net cash inflows from changes in our operating assets and liabilities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 resulted primarily from a $18.6 million increase in customer funds and a decrease in prepaid insurance of $7.4 million, partially offset by a decrease of accounts payable and accrued liabilities of $13.5 million. The non-cash charges primarily consisted of share-based compensation of $13.0 million, gain from change in fair value of warrant liability of $(13.9) million, and non-cash lease expense of $1.0 million.

Net cash flows used in operating activities of $53.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was primarily related to our net loss of $147.1 million, offset by net cash inflows resulting from changes in our operating assets

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and liabilities of $40.2 million and non-cash charges of $53.0 million. Net cash inflows from changes in our operating assets and liabilities for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 resulted primarily from a $24.8 million increase in customer funds, a non-recurring return of a $15.2 million deposit with ICE Clear US, Inc., a decrease in prepaid insurance of $10.8 million and a decrease in accounts receivable of $3.6 million, partially offset by a decrease of accounts payable and accrued liabilities of $17.6 million. The non-cash charges primarily consisted of intangible assets impairments of $23.3 million, share-based compensation of $14.3 million and depreciation and amortization of $10.8 million.

Investing Activities

Net cash flows provided by investing activities of $7.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 consisted of the receipt of $36.7 million of proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale securities, partially offset by the purchase of $26.0 million of available-for-sale debt securities and $2.8 million of capitalized costs of internally developed software for our technology platforms.

Net cash flows provided by investing activities of $65.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 consisted of the receipt of $163.2 million of proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale securities, partially offset by the purchase of $44.6 million of available-for-sale debt securities, $7.9 million of capitalized costs of internally developed software for our technology platforms, $44.3 million net cash used to acquire Bakkt Crypto and $0.6 million cash used to acquire Bakkt Brokerage.

Financing Activities

Net cash flows provided by financing activities of $44.1 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 primarily consisted of $46.5 million in proceeds from our Concurrent Offerings, partially offset by the repurchase and retirement of $2.4 million of Class A Common Stock that was withheld from vested equity grants.

Net cash flows used in financing activities of $2.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 resulted from the repurchase and retirement of Class A common stock that was withheld from vested restricted stock units and performance stock units.

Tax Receivable Agreement

Concurrently with the completion of the VIH Business Combination, we entered into a Tax Receivable Agreement ("TRA") with certain Opco Equity Holders. Pursuant to the TRA, among other things, holders of Opco Common Units may, subject to certain conditions, from and after April 16, 2022, exchange such Opco Common Units (along with a corresponding number of shares of our Class V Common Stock), for Class A Common Stock on a one-for-one basis, subject to the terms of the Exchange Agreement, including our right to elect to deliver cash in lieu of Class A Common Stock and, in certain cases, adjustments as set forth therein. Opco will have in effect an election under Section 754 of the Internal Revenue Code for each taxable year in which an exchange of Opco Common Units for Class A Common Stock (or cash) occurs.

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of Opco having an election in effect under Section 754 of the Code for each taxable year in which an exchange of Opco Common Units for Class A Common Stock occurs and had we not entered into the TRA. Such change will be calculated under the TRA without regard to any transfers of Opco Common Units or distributions with respect to such Opco Common Units before the exchange under the Exchange Agreement to which Section 743(b) or 734(b) of the Code applies. As of September 30, 2024, 1,043,210 Opco Common Units were exchanged for Class A Common Stock. Based on our history of taxable losses, we have concluded that it is not probable to expect cash tax payments in the foreseeable future and as such, no value has been recorded under the TRA.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

The following is a summary of our significant contractual obligations and commitments as of September 30, 2024 (in thousands):


	Payments Due by Period
	Less than 1 year		1-3 years		3-5 years		More than 5 years		Total
Purchase obligations(1)	$	5,000	$	10,500	$	—	$	—	$	15,500
Future minimum operating lease payments(2)	5,396		8,345		7,709		7,765		29,215
Total contractual obligations	$	10,396	$	18,845	$	7,709	$	7,765	$	44,715

(1)Represents minimum commitment payments under a four-year cloud computing arrangement. In December 2023, we agreed to amend the cloud computing arrangement and extended the payment period for an additional year.

(2)Represents rental payments under operating leases with remaining non-cancellable terms in excess of one year.

On April 7, 2022, we entered into a corporate card services agreement with Bank of America to provide a purchasing card facility that we utilize for redemption purchases made from vendors as part of our loyalty redemption platform. Expenditures made using the purchasing card facility are payable at least bi-monthly, are not subject to formula-based restrictions and do not bear interest if amounts outstanding are paid when due and in full. The purchasing card facility requires us to maintain a concentration account with the lender subject to a minimum liquidity maintenance requirement of $7.0 million along with the accounts receivable of our subsidiary, within the loyalty business. Bakkt Holdings, Inc. serves as the guarantor on behalf of our subsidiary under the commercial purchasing card facility. We began using the purchasing card facility in August 2022. In March 2024, Bank of America required us to pledge as collateral the amounts which were previously required to be maintained in the concentration account. In April 2024, Bank of America reduced our credit line associated with the purchasing card facility from $35.0 million to $20.0 million. There is no defined maturity date for the purchasing card facility.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

The unaudited interim consolidated financial statements included in this Report are prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). We use non-GAAP financial measures to assist in comparing our performance on a consistent basis for purposes of business decision-making by removing the impact of certain items that management believes do not directly reflect our core operations. We believe that presenting non-GAAP financial measures is useful to investors because it (a) provides investors with meaningful supplemental information regarding financial performance by excluding certain items that we believe do not directly reflect our core operations, (b) permits investors to view performance using the same tools that we use to budget, forecast, make operating and strategic decisions, and evaluate historical performance, and (c) otherwise provides supplemental information that may be useful to investors in evaluating our results.

We believe that the presentation of the following non-GAAP financial measures, when considered together with the corresponding GAAP financial measures and the reconciliations to those measures provided herein, provides investors

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with an additional understanding of the factors and trends affecting our business that could not be obtained absent these disclosures.

Adjusted EBITDA

We present Adjusted EBITDA as a non-GAAP financial measure.

We believe that Adjusted EBITDA provides relevant and useful information, which is used by management in assessing the performance of our business. Adjusted EBITDA is defined as earnings before interest, income taxes, depreciation, amortization, acquisition-related expenses, share-based and unit-based compensation expense, goodwill and intangible assets impairments, restructuring charges, changes in the fair value of our warrant liability and certain other non-cash and/or non-recurring items that do not contribute directly to our evaluation of operating results and are not components of our core business operations. Adjusted EBITDA provides management with an understanding of earnings before the impact of investing and financing transactions and income taxes, and the effects of aforementioned items that do not reflect the ordinary earnings of our operations. This measure may be useful to an investor in evaluating our performance. Adjusted EBITDA is not a measure of our financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered as an alternative to net income (loss) or other performance measures derived in accordance with GAAP. Our definition of Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies.

Non-GAAP financial measures like Adjusted EBITDA have limitations, should be considered as supplemental in nature and are not meant as a substitute for the related financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. The non-GAAP financial measures should be considered alongside other financial performance measures, including net loss and our other financial results presented in accordance with GAAP.

The following table presents a reconciliation of net loss, the most directly comparable GAAP operating performance measure, to our Adjusted EBITDA for each of the periods indicated (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024		Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Net loss	$	(6,291)	$	(51,749)	$	(63,078)	$	(147,119)
Depreciation and amortization	107		3,959		281		10,843
Interest income, net	(1,014)		(1,177)		(3,215)		(3,502)
Income tax (benefit) expense	(114)		231		116		401
EBITDA	(7,312)		(48,736)		(65,896)		(139,377)
Acquisition-related expenses	—		(739)		66		17,053
Share-based and unit-based compensation expense	2,584		3,297		13,003		15,584
Cancellation of common units	—		(13)		—		(13)
Loss (gain) from change in fair value of warrant liability	(19,984)		214		(13,916)		857
Goodwill and intangible assets impairments	—		23,325		—		23,325
Impairment of long-lived assets	601		56		889		56
Restructuring expenses	425		—		7,492		4,471
Shelf registration expenses	—		—		200		—
Transition services expense	—		1,033		300		3,145
Adjusted EBITDA loss	$	(23,686)	$	(21,563)	$	(57,862)	$	(74,899)

Adjusted EBITDA loss for the three months ended September 30, 2024 increased by $2.1 million or 9.8% as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increased loss was primarily due to a $1.3 million decrease in revenue less crypto costs and execution, clearing and brokerage fees, a $3.4 million increase in professional fees, and a

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$1.0 million increase in selling, general and administrative expenses, partially offset by a $2.5 million decrease in compensation and benefits expense.

Adjusted EBITDA loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 decreased by $17.0 million or 22.7% as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The decreased loss was primarily due to the contribution of increased revenues and a $16.8 million decrease in compensation and benefits expense, partially offset by a $5.4 million increase in professional fees.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP, which requires us to make estimates and apply judgments that affect the reported amounts. In our notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements, we describe the significant accounting policies used in preparing the consolidated financial statements. Our management has discussed the development, selection, and disclosure of our critical accounting policies and estimates with the Audit and Risk Committee of our Board of Directors. For further information about our critical accounting policies and estimates, refer to “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 25, 2024 (our "Form 10-K"). There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates since our Form 10-K.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. We base our estimates and assumptions on various judgments that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. The significant estimates and assumptions that affect the financial statements may include, but are not limited to, going concern, those that are related to income tax valuation allowances, useful lives of intangible assets and property, equipment and software, fair value of financial assets and liabilities, determining provision for credit losses, valuation of acquired tangible and intangible assets, the impairment of intangible assets and goodwill, and fair market value of Bakkt common units, incentive units and participation units. Actual results and outcomes may differ from management's estimates and assumptions and such differences may be material to our consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

Recently issued and adopted accounting pronouncements are described in Note 2 in the unaudited consolidated financial statements included in this Report.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Not applicable.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As required by Rule 13a-15(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), we have evaluated, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this Report. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer), as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure and is recorded, processed, summarized, and

reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that as of September 30, 2024, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective because of the previously identified material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting described further below.

Previously Reported Material Weakness

As previously disclosed in Part I, Item 4, "Controls and Procedures" of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2024 filed with the SEC on May 15, 2024, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting relating to the review of the work performed by a third-party valuation specialist. The specialist was used in the valuation of our Class 1 Warrants and Class 2 Warrants issued in connection with the Concurrent Offerings.

Notwithstanding such material weakness, our management believes that our financial statements included in this Report present fairly, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Remediation Status of Material Weakness

We are continuing to design and implement measures to remediate this material weakness and improve our overall internal control environment. As of the date of this filing, we have designed and implemented enhanced management review procedures to validate the compliance of third-party valuation specialist's assumptions with U.S. GAAP and to evaluate the appropriateness of significant unobservable inputs used to measure fair value. Additionally, we have expanded and enhanced existing documentation to demonstrate the level of precision and procedures performed in our review of work prepared by a third-party valuation specialist.

These actions are subject to an ongoing management review and the oversight of our Board of Directors and its Audit and Risk Committee. The material weakness cannot be considered remediated until the applicable remedial controls operate for a sufficient period of time and our management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively. We will continue to monitor the design and effectiveness of these and other processes, procedures and controls and implement any additional measures our management deems appropriate.

In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, our management recognizes that a system of controls, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues have been detected. The design of any control system is based in part on certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Except as described above, there were no changes to our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and Rule 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended September 30, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

From time to time we are subject to legal proceedings and claims arising in the ordinary course of business. Based on our current knowledge, we believe that the amount or range of reasonably possible losses will not, either individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.

Prior to its acquisition by the Company, Bakkt Crypto received requests from the SEC for documents and information about certain aspects of its business, including the operation of its trading platform, processes for listing assets, the classification of certain listed assets, and relationships with customers and service providers, among other topics. The SEC has since made a number of follow-up requests for additional documents and information, and we have continued to respond to those requests on a timely basis. Based on the ongoing nature of this matter, the outcome remains uncertain and we cannot estimate the potential impact, if any, on our business or financial statements at this time.

The results of any litigation cannot be predicted with certainty, and an unfavorable resolution in any legal proceedings could materially affect our future business, results of operations, or financial condition. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources, and other factors. For additional information regarding our ongoing legal proceedings, refer to Note 14 in our unaudited consolidated financial statements included in this Report.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

In addition to the information set forth in this Report, you should carefully consider the risk factors and other cautionary statements described under the heading “Item 1A. Risk Factors” included in our Form 10-K, which could materially affect our businesses, financial condition, or future results. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, or future results. There have been no material changes in our risk factors from those described in our Form 10-K, other than as set forth below:

We might not be able to continue as a going concern.

We intend to use our unrestricted cash, inclusive of the net proceeds from the Concurrent Offerings, and proceeds from maturity of available-for-sale debt securities together with amounts available for borrowings under the ICE Credit Facility primarily to fund our day-to-day operations, including, but not limited to funding our regulatory capital requirements, compensating balance arrangements and other similar commitments, each of which is subject to change, and as available, to (i) activate new crypto clients, (ii) launch new crypto products in the institutional space and maintain our product development efforts, and (iii) optimize our technology infrastructure and operational support. Substantial doubt was initially raised about our ability to continue as a going concern in connection with the filing of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ending September 30, 2023. In connection with the filing of subsequent amendments thereto, we disclosed that, without additional equity financing, we could not conclude that we could maintain our operations for a period of at least 12 months from the dates of such filings. We subsequently closed on the Concurrent Offerings and, most recently, the ICE Credit Facility (see Note 8, Related Parties in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Report for additional information) that, when considered with management’s other plans, resulted in management concluding that we have sufficient capital to continue as a going concern for at least 12 months from the date of this Report. However, that determination may change in the future. If we cannot continue as a viable entity, our stockholders will likely lose most or all of their investment in us.

We have experienced and may continue to experience impacts to our business as a result of our partners and customers concern regarding our ability to continue as a going concern. For example, (i) one of our partners closed out of

all customer positions, (ii) we have received inquiries from partners and prospective partners about our financial position, (iii) certain of our surety bond providers have requested additional collateral, (iv) we were required to pledge as collateral the amounts that were previously required to be maintained in a concentration account for our purchasing card facility, and (v) certain of our liquidity providers have requested updated payment arrangements. There can be no assurance that we will not experience additional adverse impacts to our business, including additional or accelerated account closures, loss of future potential business, and additional demands for cash or collateral, which, individually or in the aggregate may further impair our business and exacerbate the risks related to our ability to continue as a going concern.

There is significant uncertainty associated with our expansion to new markets, our launch of new products, and the growth of our revenue base given the rapidly evolving environment associated with crypto assets. Accordingly, we cannot conclude it is probable we will be able to increase revenues substantially beyond levels that we have attained in the past in order to generate sustainable operating profit and sufficient cash flows to continue doing business without raising additional capital in the near future.

If we are required to raise additional funding in the future to maintain our operations or we are unable to access any or all of the amounts available under the ICE Credit Facility, we cannot be certain that additional capital, whether through selling additional equity or debt securities or obtaining additional lines of credit or other loans, will be available to us or, if available, will be on terms acceptable to us. If we issue additional securities to raise funds, these securities may have rights, preferences, or privileges senior to those of our common stock, and our current stockholders may experience dilution. If we are unable to obtain funds when needed or on acceptable terms, we may be required to curtail our current platform expansion programs, cut operating costs, forego future development and other opportunities or even terminate our operations. In addition, even though as of the filing of this Report we determined that the Company has sufficient capital to continue as a going concern for at least 12 months, we may be unable to recover with investors, partners and customers due to the adverse reputational effects we experienced previously or may experience in the future.

We may require additional capital to support the growth of our business, and such capital might not be available on acceptable terms, if at all.

We have funded our operations since inception primarily through equity financings and payments received from our platform. We cannot be certain when or if our operations will generate sufficient cash to fully fund our ongoing operations or the growth of our business. We intend to continue to make investments to support our business, which may require us to engage in equity or debt financings to secure additional funds. For example, in Concurrent Offerings we issued and sold an aggregate of 1,858,062 shares of our Class A Common Stock, warrants to purchase an aggregate of 2,306,800 shares of Class A Common Stock at an exercise price of $25.50 per share, and pre-funded warrants to purchase an aggregate of 448,742 shares of Class A Common Stock at an exercise price of $0.0001 per share for aggregate net proceeds of $46.5 million. Furthermore, while the ICE Credit Facility allows us to borrow up to $40,000,000, there are certain limitations on such borrowings, including a prohibition on incurring any borrowings prior to December 31, 2024 and graduated availability thereafter through September 29, 2025.

Additional financing may not be available on terms favorable to us, if at all. For example, we may be required to seek the approval of ICE under the ICE Credit Facility in order to incur other indebtedness. If adequate funds are not available on acceptable terms, we may be unable to invest in future growth opportunities, which could harm our business, financial condition, or results of operations. If we incur debt, including under the ICE Credit Facility, the debt holders would have rights senior to holders of existing securities to make claims on our assets, and the terms of any debt could restrict our operations, including our ability to pay dividends on our Class A Common Stock. Furthermore, if we issue additional equity securities, stockholders will experience dilution, and the new equity securities could have rights senior to those of our existing securities. Our decision to issue securities in the future will depend on numerous considerations, including factors beyond our control, thus we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing, or nature of any future issuances of debt or equity securities. As a result, our stockholders bear the risk of future issuances of debt or equity securities reducing the value of our securities and diluting their interests.

The ICE Credit Facility restricts our current and future operations, particularly our ability to respond to changes or to take certain actions.

In August 2024, we entered into the ICE Credit Facility pursuant to which we obtained and secured a revolving loan of up to $40,000,000 that will mature on December 31, 2026. Under the ICE Credit Facility, we are subject to certain fees, conditions, security arrangements and covenants, including negative covenants that restrict our ability to engage in certain transactions, which may limit our ability to respond to changes in business and economic conditions. Such negative covenants include, among other things, limitations on our ability and the ability of our subsidiaries to incur debt or liens, make investments (including acquisitions), sell assets and pay dividends on our capital stock.

If we are not able to maintain compliance with the covenants under the ICE Credit Facility or are unsuccessful in obtaining waivers or amendments for any covenant defaults in the future, in addition to other actions ICE may require, the amounts outstanding under the ICE Credit Facility may become immediately due and payable and ICE may terminate its commitment to provide any revolving loans. This immediate payment and loss of access to revolving loans may negatively impact our financial condition. In addition, any failure to make scheduled payments of interest and principal on our outstanding indebtedness would likely harm our ability to incur additional indebtedness on acceptable terms. Our cash flow and capital resources may be insufficient to pay interest and principal on our debt in the future. If that should occur, our capital raising or debt restructuring measures may be unsuccessful or inadequate to meet our scheduled debt service obligations, which could cause us to default on our obligations and further impair our liquidity.

Our ability to make scheduled payments on our debt and other financial obligations and comply with financial covenants depends on our financial and operating performance. Our financial and operating performance will continue to be subject to prevailing economic conditions and to financial, business and other factors, some of which are beyond our control. Failure within any applicable grace or cure periods to make such payments or any other non-financial or restrictive covenant, would create a default under our ICE Credit Facility. Our cash flow and existing capital resources may be insufficient to repay our debt at maturity, in which such case prior thereto we would have to extend such maturity date, or otherwise repay, refinance and or restructure the obligations under the ICE Credit Facility, including with proceeds from the sale of assets, and additional equity or debt capital. If we are unsuccessful in obtaining such extension, or entering into such repayment, refinance or restructure prior to maturity, or any other default existed under the ICE Credit Facility, ICE could accelerate the indebtedness under the ICE Credit Facility and terminate its commitments, or seek other remedies, which would jeopardize our ability to continue our current operations.

ICE may exert significant influence over us and its interests may conflict with yours or those of other stockholders in the future.

Each share of Class A Common Stock and Class V Common Stock entitles its holder to one vote on all matters presented to stockholders generally. Accordingly, ICE is able to exert significant influence over the election and removal of our directors and thereby significantly influence corporate and management policies, including potential mergers or acquisitions, payment of dividends, asset sales, amendment of our Certificate of Incorporation and By-Laws and other significant corporate transactions for so long as it retains significant ownership. This concentration of ownership may delay or deter possible changes in control, which may reduce the value of an investment in our securities. So long as ICE continues to own a significant amount of the combined voting power, even if such amount is less than 50%, ICE will continue to be able to strongly influence our decisions. While the Voting Agreement (as defined below) limits ICE to vote only an aggregate of 30% of its voting power, such amount may result in substantial influence in voting matters. The Voting Agreement provides that this limitation on ICE’s voting power will terminate at such time as its ownership is less than a majority of the outstanding voting power, at which time ICE will be entitled to vote all of its voting shares, which may result in an increase in its potential influence.

Additionally, the ICE Credit Facility contains certain conditions and covenants, including negative covenants that restrict our ability to engage in certain transactions, which may limit our ability to respond to changes in business and economic conditions. Such negative covenants include, among other things, limitations on our ability and the ability of our

subsidiaries to incur debt or liens, make investments (including acquisitions), sell assets and pay dividends on our capital stock. For additional detail, see Note 8 in the unaudited consolidated financial statements included in this Report.

A large percentage of our revenue is concentrated with a small number of clients; the loss of any such client would materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects. Moreover, because of our B2B2C go-to-market model, the loss of any client - regardless of the reason - increases the risk that the customers that originally emanated from that client will transition to another provider or stop doing business with us, which would harm our business.

The concentration of a significant portion of our business and transaction volume with a limited number of clients exposes us disproportionately to the risk of any of those clients choosing to no longer partner with us, to the economic performance of such clients or their respective industries or to any events, circumstances, or risks affecting such clients or their respective industries. For example, our largest client has indicated that it is considering expanding its internal capabilities in a manner that, once complete, would likely result in the non-renewal for our services. Our clients may terminate or reduce their use of our services, including their transaction volumes, for any number of reasons, including if they are not satisfied with our services, the value proposition of our services or platform, or our ability to meet their needs and expectations. We cannot accurately predict clients’ usage levels and the loss of clients or reductions in their usage levels of our services or transaction volumes. Any such loss or reduction could make our platform less appealing to existing and potential clients. Accordingly, the loss of any significant client relationship could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and future prospects.

We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. This material weakness, or other material weaknesses not yet identified, could continue to adversely our ability to report our results of operations or produce timely and accurate financial statements, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

In connection with the preparation our financial statements for the period ended March 31, 2024, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting relating to the review of the work performed by a third-party valuation specialist. The specialist was used in the valuation of our Class 1 Warrants and Class 2 Warrants issued in connection with the Concurrent Offerings.

The material weakness described above or any newly identified material weakness could limit our ability to prevent or detect a misstatement of our accounts or disclosures that could result in a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements. We cannot assure you that the measures we have taken to date, or any measures we may take in the future, will be sufficient to remediate the control deficiency that led to the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting described above or to avoid potential future material weaknesses.

While we have taken steps to remediate the material weakness discussed above, and plan to take additional steps to further improve our overall internal control environment there is no assurance that we will remediate such material weakness or not identify other control deficiencies or material weaknesses in the future.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. Pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act we are required to make a formal assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.

Any failure to maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting could have an adverse effect on our business and operating results, and cause a decline in the price of our securities.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

Securities Trading Plans of Directors and Executive Officers

During our last fiscal quarter, no director or officer, as defined in Rule 16a-1(f), adopted or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or a "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," each as defined in Regulation S-K Item 408.

Item 6. Exhibits.

Incorporated by Reference

Exhibit

Number

Description

Form

File No.

Exhibit

Filing Date

2.1

Amendment No. 1 To Membership Interest Purchase Agreement, dated as of March 30, 2023, by and among the Company, Bakkt Marketplace, Apex Fintech Solutions Inc. and Apex Crypto, LLC.

8-K

001-39544

2.2

April 3, 2023

3.1

Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, as currently in effect

S-8

333-280724

4.1

July 29, 2024

3.2

By-laws of the Company, as currently in effect

8-K

001-39544

3.2

October 21, 2021

10.1

Amendment No. 2 to Bakkt Holdings, Inc. 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan

S-8

333-280724

4.6

July 9, 2024

10.2

Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of August 12, 2024, by and among the Company, Bakkt Opco Holdings LLC, as borrower, certain subsidiaries of the Company and Intercontinental Exchange Holdings, Inc., as lender.

10-Q

001-39544

10.2

August 15, 2024

10.3*

Outside Director Compensation Program

31.1*

Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2*

Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1†

Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.2†

Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101.INS*

Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.

101.SCH*

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL*

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF*

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB*

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE*

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

104*

Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

* Filed herewith.

† These exhibits are furnished with this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and are not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are not incorporated by reference in any filing of Bakkt Holdings, Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filings.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


	Bakkt Holdings, Inc.

Date: November 14, 2024	By:	/s/ Andrew Main
		Andrew Main
		Chief Executive Officer, President and Director (Principal Executive Officer)

Date: November 14, 2024	By:	/s/ Karen Alexander
		Karen Alexander
		Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

Date: November 14, 2024	By:	/s/ Joseph Henderson
		Joseph Henderson
		Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

RULES 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a) UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Andrew Main, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Bakkt Holdings, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.


Date: November 14, 2024	By:	/s/ Andrew Main
		Andrew Main
		Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

RULES 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a) UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Karen Alexander, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Bakkt Holdings, Inc.;

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.


Date: November 14, 2024	By:	/s/ Karen Alexander
		Karen Alexander
		Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Bakkt Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ending September 30, 2024 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Andrew Main, the Chief Executive Officer of the Company, hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and result of operations of the Company.


Date: November 14, 2024	By:	/s/ Andrew Main
		Andrew Main
		Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Bakkt Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ending September 30, 2024 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Karen Alexander, the Chief Financial Officer of the Company, hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and result of operations of the Company.


Date: November 14, 2024	By:	/s/ Karen Alexander
		Karen Alexander
		Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

BAKKT HOLDINGS, INC.

OUTSIDE DIRECTOR COMPENSATION PROGRAM

Table of Contents


Page(s)
1	Effective Date		1
2	Cash Compensation		1
	2.1	Board Member Annual Cash Retainer	1
	2.2	Additional Annual Cash Retainers	1
	2.3	Payment Timing and Proration	2
	2.4	Form of Payment	2
3	Equity Compensation		2
	3.1	No Discretion	2
	3.2	Annual Award	2
	3.3	Additional Terms of Annual Awards	2
4	Change in Control		3
5	Annual Compensation Limit		3
6	Travel Expenses		4
7	Section 409A		4
8	Revisions		4

Version #

Date

Editor

Changes

Approver

Approval Date

BAKKT HOLDINGS, INC.

OUTSIDE DIRECTOR COMPENSATION PROGRAM

The Company (as defined below) believes that the granting of equity and cash compensation to members of the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board,” and members of the Board, “Directors”) represents an effective tool to attract, retain and reward Directors who are not employees of the Company (“Outside Directors”). This Outside Director Compensation Program (the “Program”) is intended to formalize the Company’s policy regarding cash compensation and grants of equity awards to its Outside Directors. Unless otherwise defined herein, capitalized terms used in this Program will have the meaning given such term in the Company’s 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended from time to time, or if such plan no longer is in use at the time of the grant of an equity award, the meaning given such term or similar term in the equity plan then in place under which the equity award is granted (the “Plan”). Each Outside Director will be solely responsible for any tax obligations incurred by such Outside Director as a result of the equity awards and cash and other compensation such Outside Director receives under this Program. “Company” means Bakkt Holdings, LLC (which, on or following the Closing, will be Bakkt Holdings, Inc.), a Delaware corporation, or any successor thereto.

1. Effective Date. This Program will be effective as of the day immediately prior to the date of the closing of the merger contemplated by that certain Agreement and Plan of Merger by and among the Company, VPC Impact Acquisition Holdings, a Cayman Islands exempted company, and certain other parties, dated January 11, 2021, as amended from time to time (such closing, the “Closing,” and the effective date of this Program, the “Effective Date”).

2. Cash Compensation .

2.1 Board Member Annual Cash Retainer. Following the Effective Date, each Outside Director will be paid an annual cash retainer of $50,000. There are no per-meeting attendance fees for attending Board meetings or meetings of any committee of the Board.

2.2 Additional Annual Cash Retainers. Following the Effective Date, each Outside Director who serves as the Chair of the Board or chair or a member of a committee of the Board, will be eligible to earn additional annual fees as follows:


Non-Executive Chair of the Board:			$100,000
Audit Committee Chair:			$25,000
Audit Committee Member:			$10,000


Compensation Committee Chair:			$20,000
Compensation Committee Member:			$7,500
Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee Chair:			$12,000
Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee Member:			$5,000

For clarity, each Outside Director who serves as the chair of a committee will receive only the additional annual fee as the chair of the committee and not the additional annual fee as a member of such committee while serving as such chair, provided, that the Outside Director who serves as the Chair of the Board will receive the annual fee for services provided in such role as well as the annual fee as an Outside Director.

2.3 Payment Timing and Proration. Each annual cash retainer under this Program will be paid quarterly in arrears on a prorated basis to each Outside Director who has served in the relevant capacity at any time during the immediately preceding fiscal quarter of the Company (“Fiscal Quarter”), and such payment will be made no later than 30 days following the end of such immediately preceding Fiscal Quarter. An Outside Director who has served as an Outside Director, as a member of an applicable committee (or chair thereof), or as Chair of the Board during only a portion of the relevant Fiscal Quarter will receive a prorated payment of the quarterly installment of the applicable annual cash retainer(s), calculated based on the number of days during such Fiscal Quarter such Outside Director has served in the relevant capacities. An Outside Director who has served as an Outside Director, as a member of an applicable committee (or chair thereof), or as Chair of the Board the Effective Date through the end of the Fiscal Quarter containing the Effective Date (the “Initial Period”), as applicable, will receive a prorated payment of the quarterly installment of the applicable annual cash retainer(s), calculated based on the number of days during the Initial Period that such Outside Director has served in the relevant capacities.

2.4 Form of Payment. The Company may allow Outside Directors to elect to receive all or a portion of the cash retainers in the form of restricted stock unit awards issued under the Plan.

3. Equity Compensation. Outside Directors will be eligible to receive all types of Awards (except Incentive Stock Options) under the Plan, including discretionary Awards not covered under this Program. All grants of Awards to Outside Directors pursuant to Section 3.2 of this Program will be automatic and nondiscretionary, except as otherwise provided herein, and will be made in accordance with the following provisions:

3.1 No Discretion. No person will have any discretion to select which Outside Directors will be granted Awards under this Program or to determine the number of Shares to be covered by such Awards (except as provided in Sections 3.2 and 8 below).

3.2 Equity Awards. Each Outside Director will be granted an award of Restricted Stock Units (the “Annual Award”) that will have a value of $200,000. Each Annual Award shall be granted on the date of the Annual Meeting of the Company’s stockholders (an “Annual Meeting”) that occurs after the Effective Date, to Outside Directors serving on the Board as of such date who are continuing in service as Outside Directors following such date. Each Annual Award shall cover a number of shares of Company common stock (rounded to the nearest whole Share) equal to $200,000 divided by the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date. Each Annual Award will be scheduled to vest on the one-year anniversary of the grant date, subject to the Outside Director remaining a Service Provider through the applicable vesting date.

On and after June 1, 2024, each individual who first becomes an Outside Director on a date other than the date of an Annual Meeting will be granted an award of Restricted Stock Units (an “Initial Award”), with a value equal to the product of (a) $200,000, multiplied by (b) a fraction obtained by dividing (i) the number of days during the period beginning on the date the individual first becomes an Outside Director through the one-year anniversary of the date of the Company’s then most recently held Annual Meeting, by (ii) 365 (such value, the “Initial Award Value”). Each Initial Award shall cover a number of shares of Company common stock (rounded to the nearest whole Share) equal to the applicable Initial Award Value divided by the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date. If an individual was a member of the Board and also an Employee, becoming an Outside Director due to termination of employment will not entitle the Outside Director to an Initial Award.

3.3 Additional Terms of Equity Awards. The terms and conditions of each Annual Award and Initial Award will be as follows.

3.3.1 Each Annual Award or Initial Award will be granted under and subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan and the applicable form of Award Agreement previously approved by the Board or its Committee (as defined below), as applicable, for use thereunder. The Board or its Committee, as applicable and in its discretion, may change and otherwise revise the terms of Annual Awards and Initial Awards to be granted in the future pursuant to this Program, including without limitation the number of Shares subject thereto and type of Award.

4. Change in Control. In the event of a Change in Control, each Outside Director will fully vest in and have the right to exercise his or her outstanding equity awards and, with respect to equity awards with performance-based vesting, all performance goals or other vesting criteria will be deemed achieved at 100% of target levels and all other terms and conditions met, unless specifically provided otherwise under the applicable award agreement or other written agreement between the Outside Director and the Company or any of its Parents or Subsidiaries, as applicable, that is authorized by the Administrator.

5. Annual Compensation Limit. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Program, all compensation payable under this Program will be subject to any limits on

the maximum amount of non-employee director compensation as set forth in the Plan, as in effect from time to time.

6. Travel Expenses. Each Outside Director’s reasonable, customary and properly documented travel expenses to meetings of the Board and any of its committees, as applicable, will be reimbursed by the Company.

7. Section 409A. In no event will cash compensation or expense reimbursement payments under this Program be paid after the later of (a) the 15th day of the 3rd month following the end of the Company’s taxable year in which the compensation is earned or expenses are incurred, as applicable, or (b) the 15th day of the 3rd month following the end of the calendar year in which the compensation is earned or expenses are incurred, as applicable, in compliance with the “short-term deferral” exception under Section 409A. It is the intent of this Program that this Program and all payments hereunder be exempt from or otherwise comply with the requirements of Section 409A so that none of the compensation to be provided hereunder will be subject to the additional tax imposed under Section 409A, and any ambiguities or ambiguous terms herein will be interpreted to be so exempt or comply. In no event will the Company or any of its Parents or Subsidiaries have any responsibility, liability, or obligation to reimburse, indemnify, or hold harmless an Outside Director (or any other person) for any taxes imposed, or other costs incurred, as a result of Section 409A.

8. Revisions. The Board or any committee of the Board that has been designated appropriate authority with respect to Outside Director compensation (or with respect to any applicable element or elements thereof, authority with respect to such element or elements) (the “Committee”) may amend, alter, suspend or terminate this Program at any time and for any reason. Further, the Board may provide for cash, equity, or other compensation to Outside Directors in addition to the compensation provided under this Program. No amendment, alteration, suspension or termination of this Program will materially impair the rights of an Outside Director with respect to compensation that already has been paid or awarded, unless otherwise mutually agreed between the Outside Director and the Company. Termination of this Program will not affect the Board’s or the Committee’s ability to exercise the powers granted to it with respect to Awards granted under the Plan pursuant to this Program before the date of such termination, including without limitation such applicable powers set forth in the Plan.

Cover - shares	9 Months Ended
Cover - shares	Sep. 30, 2024	Nov. 08, 2024
Document Information [Line Items]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Sep. 30, 2024
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-39544
Entity Registrant Name	BAKKT HOLDINGS, INC.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	98-1550750
Entity Address, Address Line One	10000 Avalon Boulevard
Entity Address, Address Line Two	Suite 1000
Entity Address, City or Town	Alpharetta
Entity Address, State or Province	GA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	30009
City Area Code	678
Local Phone Number	534-5849
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	true
Entity Ex Transition Period	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Amendment Flag	false
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2024
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Central Index Key	0001820302
Class A Common Stock
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share
Trading Symbol	BKKT
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding (in shares)		6,476,386
Class V Common Stock
Document Information [Line Items]
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding (in shares)		7,194,941
Warrants
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Warrants to purchase Class A Common Stock
Trading Symbol	BKKT WS
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding (in shares)		7,140,508

Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 28,984	$ 52,882
Restricted cash	35,306	31,838
Customer funds	51,550	32,925
Available-for-sale securities	6,727	17,398
Accounts receivable, net	26,786	29,664
Prepaid insurance	5,619	13,049
Safeguarding asset for crypto	938,695	701,556
Other current assets	4,128	3,332
Total current assets	1,097,795	882,644
Property, equipment and software, net	1,769	60
Goodwill	68,001	68,001
Intangible assets, net	2,900	2,900
Other assets	12,264	13,262
Total assets	1,182,729	966,867
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	41,843	55,379
Customer funds payable	51,550	32,925
Deferred revenue, current	2,005	4,282
Safeguarding obligation for crypto	938,695	701,556
Total current liabilities	1,041,949	802,074
Deferred revenue, noncurrent	2,598	3,198
Warrant liability	15,836	2,356
Other noncurrent liabilities	20,353	23,525
Total liabilities	1,080,736	831,153
Commitments and contingencies (Note 14)
Additional paid-in capital	829,477	799,683
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(223)	(101)
Accumulated deficit	(778,783)	(751,301)
Total stockholders’ equity	50,473	48,282
Noncontrolling interest	51,520	87,432
Total equity	101,993	135,714
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	1,182,729	966,867
Platform Operator, Crypto-Asset, Unsettled Trades Liability	953	996
Related Party
Current liabilities:
Other current liabilities	2,660	3,230
Nonrelated Party
Current liabilities:
Other current liabilities	4,243	3,706
Class A Common Stock
Current liabilities:
Common stock, value	1	0
Class V Common Stock
Current liabilities:
Common stock, value	$ 1	$ 1

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parentheticals) - $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2024	Apr. 29, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Class A Common Stock
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, authorized (in shares)	30,000,000		30,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	6,465,776		3,793,837
Common stock, outstanding (in shares)	6,465,776		3,793,837
Class V Common Stock
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, authorized (in shares)	10,000,000		10,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	7,194,941		7,200,064
Common stock, outstanding (in shares)	7,194,941		7,200,064

Consolidated Statements of Operations - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Revenues:
Total revenues	$ 328,419	$ 204,774	$ 1,692,899	$ 565,622
Operating expenses:
Crypto costs	312,841	189,428	1,636,514	521,601
Execution, clearing and brokerage fees	2,207	697	11,229	2,902
Compensation and benefits	21,085	24,608	67,997	85,818
Professional services	5,346	1,962	12,620	7,204
Technology and communication	4,234	5,536	13,657	15,647
Selling, general and administrative	8,493	7,447	21,819	21,722
Acquisition-related expenses	0	(739)	66	17,053
Depreciation and amortization	107	3,959	281	10,843
Related party expenses	150	1,033	450	3,145
Goodwill and intangible asset impairments	0	23,325	0	23,325
Impairment of long-lived assets	601	56	889	56
Restructuring expenses	425	0	7,492	4,471
Other operating expenses	313	322	1,122	1,231
Total operating expenses	355,802	257,634	1,774,136	715,018
Operating loss	(27,383)	(52,860)	(81,237)	(149,396)
Interest income, net	1,014	1,177	3,215	3,502
Gain (loss) from change in fair value of warrant liability	19,984	(214)	13,916	(857)
Other (expense) income, net	(20)	379	1,144	33
Loss before income taxes	(6,405)	(51,518)	(62,962)	(146,718)
Income tax benefit (expense)	114	(231)	(116)	(401)
Net loss	(6,291)	(51,749)	(63,078)	(147,119)
Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest	(3,398)	(34,418)	(35,598)	(98,964)
Net loss attributable to Bakkt Holdings, Inc.	$ (2,893)	$ (17,331)	$ (27,480)	$ (48,155)
Net loss per share attributable to Class A Common Stockholders:
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ (0.45)	$ (4.74)	$ (4.87)	$ (13.72)
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ (0.45)	$ (4.74)	$ (4.87)	$ (13.72)
Crypto services
Revenues:
Total revenues	$ 316,333	$ 191,750	$ 1,654,814	$ 527,526
Loyalty services, net
Revenues:
Total revenues	$ 12,086	$ 13,024	$ 38,085	$ 38,096

Consolidated Statements of Operations (Parentheticals) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Revenue	$ 328,419	$ 204,774	$ 1,692,899	$ 565,622

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net loss	$ (6,291)	$ (51,749)	$ (63,078)	$ (147,119)
Currency translation adjustment, net of tax	247	(397)	(372)	(36)
Unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities, net of tax	4	16	3	20
Comprehensive loss	(6,040)	(52,130)	(63,447)	(147,135)
Comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interest	(3,265)	(34,669)	(35,847)	(98,977)
Comprehensive loss attributable to Bakkt Holdings, Inc.	$ (2,775)	$ (17,461)	$ (27,600)	$ (48,158)

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Class A Common Stock	Class V Common Stock	Total Stockholders’ Equity	Common Stock Class A Common Stock	Common Stock Class V Common Stock	Additional Paid-in Capital	Accumulated Deficit	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	Noncontrolling Interest
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022					3,237,074	7,339,310
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 336,075			$ 96,264	$ 0	$ 1	$ 773,000	$ (676,447)	$ (290)	$ 239,811
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Share-based compensation	6,713			6,713			6,713
Unit-based compensation	542									542
Shares issued upon vesting of share-based awards, net of tax withholding (in shares)					59,801
Exercise of warrants (in shares)					8,115
Exchange of Class V shares for Class A shares (in shares)						(8,115)
Exchange of Class V shares for Class A Shares, and exercise of warrants	0			345			345			(345)
Currency translation adjustment, net of tax	22			7					7	15
Unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities, net of tax	(229)			(72)					(72)	(157)
Net loss	(44,859)			(13,976)				(13,976)		(30,883)
Ending balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023					3,304,990	7,331,195
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2023	298,264			89,281	$ 0	$ 1	780,058	(690,423)	(355)	208,983
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022					3,237,074	7,339,310
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2022	336,075			96,264	$ 0	$ 1	773,000	(676,447)	(290)	239,811
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Currency translation adjustment, net of tax	(36)
Unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities, net of tax	20
Net loss	(147,119)
Ending balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2023					3,656,594	7,330,364
Ending balance at Sep. 30, 2023	211,075			69,332	$ 0	$ 1	794,226	(724,602)	(293)	141,743
Beginning balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023					3,304,990	7,331,195
Beginning balance at Mar. 31, 2023	298,264			89,281	$ 0	$ 1	780,058	(690,423)	(355)	208,983
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Share-based compensation	4,614			4,614			4,614
Unit-based compensation	377									377
Shares issued upon vesting of share-based awards, net of tax withholding (in shares)					100,828
Shares issued upon vesting of share-based awards, net of tax withholding	(2,502)			(2,502)			(2,502)
Shares issued in connection with Apex acquisition (in shares)					245,624
Stock Issued During Period, Value, Acquisitions	9,062			9,062			9,062
Currency translation adjustment, net of tax	339			112					112	227
Unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities, net of tax	233			77					77	156
Net loss	(50,511)			(16,848)				(16,848)		(33,663)
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2023					3,651,442	7,331,195
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2023	259,876			83,796	$ 0	$ 1	791,232	(707,271)	(166)	176,080
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Share-based compensation	2,957			2,957			2,957
Unit-based compensation	385									385
Shares Issued, Value, Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Forfeited	(13)									(13)
Shares Issued, Shares, Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Forfeited						193
Shares issued upon vesting of share-based awards, net of tax withholding (in shares)					4,128
Exercise of warrants (in shares)					1,024
Exchange of Class V shares for Class A shares (in shares)						(1,024)
Exchange of Class V shares for Class A Shares, and exercise of warrants	0			37			37			(37)
Currency translation adjustment, net of tax	(397)			(133)					(133)	(264)
Unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities, net of tax	16			6					6	10
Net loss	(51,749)			(17,331)				(17,331)		(34,418)
Ending balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2023					3,656,594	7,330,364
Ending balance at Sep. 30, 2023	211,075			69,332	$ 0	$ 1	794,226	(724,602)	(293)	141,743
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2023		3,793,837	7,200,064		3,793,837	7,200,064
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2023	135,714			48,282	$ 0	$ 1	799,683	(751,301)	(101)	87,432
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Share-based compensation	8,013			8,013			8,013
Shares issued upon vesting of share-based awards, net of tax withholding (in shares)					118,593
Shares issued upon vesting of share-based awards, net of tax withholding	(2,259)			(2,259)			(2,259)
Issuance of Class A voting units (in shares)					1,955,924
Equity offerings, net of issuance costs	11,269			11,269	$ 1		11,268
Exchange of Class V shares for Class A shares (in shares)					(4,725)	(4,725)
Exchange of Class V shares for Class A Shares, and exercise of warrants	0			63			63			(63)
Currency translation adjustment, net of tax	(421)			(160)					(160)	(261)
Unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities, net of tax	(158)			(60)					(60)	(98)
Net loss	(21,275)			(8,165)				(8,165)		(13,110)
Ending balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2024					5,873,079	7,195,339
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2024	130,883			56,983	$ 1	$ 1	816,768	(759,466)	(321)	73,900
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2023		3,793,837	7,200,064		3,793,837	7,200,064
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2023	135,714			48,282	$ 0	$ 1	799,683	(751,301)	(101)	87,432
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Exchange of Class V shares for Class A shares (in shares)		(1,043,210)
Currency translation adjustment, net of tax	(372)
Unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities, net of tax	3
Net loss	(63,078)
Ending balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2024		6,465,776	7,194,941		6,465,776	7,194,941
Ending balance at Sep. 30, 2024	101,993			50,473	$ 1	$ 1	829,477	(778,783)	(223)	51,520
Beginning balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2024					5,873,079	7,195,339
Beginning balance at Mar. 31, 2024	130,883			56,983	$ 1	$ 1	816,768	(759,466)	(321)	73,900
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Share-based compensation	2,406			2,406			2,406
Shares issued upon vesting of share-based awards, net of tax withholding (in shares)					86,178
Shares issued upon vesting of share-based awards, net of tax withholding	(59)			(59)			(59)
Exercise of warrants (in shares)					12
Issuance of Class A voting units (in shares)					350,881
Equity offerings, net of issuance costs	4,903			4,903			4,903
Exchange of Class V shares for Class A shares (in shares)					(398)	(398)
Exchange of Class V shares for Class A Shares, and exercise of warrants	0			5			5			(5)
Currency translation adjustment, net of tax	(199)			(92)					(92)	(107)
Unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities, net of tax	157			72					72	85
Net loss	(35,512)			(16,424)				(16,424)		(19,088)
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2024					6,310,548	7,194,941
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2024	102,579			47,794	$ 1	$ 1	824,023	(775,890)	(341)	54,785
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Share-based compensation	2,630			2,630			2,630
Shares issued upon vesting of share-based awards, net of tax withholding (in shares)					11,053
Shares issued upon vesting of share-based awards, net of tax withholding	$ (8)			(8)			(8)
Exercise of warrants (in shares)	144,175				144,175
Exchange of Class V shares for Class A Shares, and exercise of warrants	$ 2,832			2,832			2,832
Currency translation adjustment, net of tax	247			116					116	131
Unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities, net of tax	4			2					2	2
Net loss	(6,291)			(2,893)				(2,893)		(3,398)
Ending balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2024		6,465,776	7,194,941		6,465,776	7,194,941
Ending balance at Sep. 30, 2024	$ 101,993			$ 50,473	$ 1	$ 1	$ 829,477	$ (778,783)	$ (223)	$ 51,520

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$ (6,291)	$ (51,749)	$ (63,078)	$ (147,119)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization			281	10,843
Non-cash lease expense			989	2,298
Share-based compensation expense			13,049	14,284
Unit-based compensation expense			0	1,300
Forfeiture and cancellation of common units			0	(13)
Impairment of long-lived assets	601	56	889	56
Goodwill and intangible asset impairments	0	23,325	0	23,325
Loss on disposal of assets			0	70
(Gain) loss from change in fair value of warrant liability	(19,984)	214	(13,916)	857
Other			2	19
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable			3,679	3,607
Prepaid insurance			7,430	10,772
Deposits with clearing house			0	14,991
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities			(13,636)	(14,243)
Unsettled crypto trades			(43)	0
Due to related party			(570)	602
Deferred revenue			(2,877)	136
Operating lease liabilities			(2,619)	(2,088)
Customer funds payable			18,625	27,632
Other assets and liabilities			(810)	(1,220)
Net cash used in operating activities			(52,605)	(53,891)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Capitalized internal-use software development costs and other capital expenditures			(2,779)	(7,905)
Purchase of available-for-sale securities			(25,986)	(44,599)
Proceeds from the settlement of available-for-sale securities			36,660	163,165
Net cash provided by investing activities			7,895	65,710
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from Concurrent Offerings, net of issuance costs			46,505	0
Proceeds from the exercise of warrants			3	0
Repurchase and retirement of Class A Common Stock			(2,430)	(2,502)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities			44,078	(2,502)
Effect of exchange rate changes			(373)	(36)
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, customer funds and deposits			(1,005)	9,281
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, customer funds and deposits at the beginning of the period			118,498	115,423
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, customer funds and deposits at the end of the period	117,493	124,704	117,493	124,704
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Non-cash operating lease right-of-use asset acquired			0	3,783
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activity:
Capitalized internal-use software development costs and other capital expenditures included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities			0	548
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, customer funds and deposits to consolidated balance sheets:
Cash and cash equivalents	28,984	68,219	28,984	68,219
Restricted cash	35,306	28,262	35,306	28,262
Customer funds	51,550	28,223	51,550	28,223
Deposits (Note 6)	1,653	0	1,653	0
Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and customer funds	$ 117,493	$ 124,704	117,493	124,704
Apex Crypto, LLC
Cash flows from investing activities:
Acquisition, net of cash acquired			0	(44,320)
Bumped
Cash flows from investing activities:
Acquisition, net of cash acquired			$ 0	$ (631)

Organization and Description of Business

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Organization and Description of Business

Organization

Unless the context otherwise provides, “we,” “us,” “our,” “Bakkt,” the “Company” and like terms refer to Bakkt Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries, including Opco.

Description of Business

We provide, or are working to provide, simplified solutions focused in the following areas:

Crypto


Crypto Asset			Symbol
Algorand*			ALGL
Avalanche*			AVAX
Bitcoin			BTC
Bitcoin Cash			BCH
Cardano*			ADA
Chainlink*			LINK
Cosmos*			ATOM
Dogecoin			DOGE
Ethereum			ETH
Ethereum Classic			ETC
Litecoin			LTC
Pepe Coin*			PEPE
Polkadot*			DOT
Ripple*			XRP
Shiba Inu			SHIB
Solana*			SOL
USD Coin			USDC
*New coin as of September 30, 2024

Bakkt Trust's custody solution has the capability to provide support to Bakkt Crypto with respect to certain of the crypto assets supported by the Company. Additionally, u

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	9 Months Ended
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	Sep. 30, 2024
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Our accounting policies are as set forth in the notes to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (our "Form 10-K"). Basis of Presentation The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and our subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. In addition, certain reclassifications of amounts previously reported have been made to the accompanying consolidated financial statements in order to conform to current presentation. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals), considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. The interim results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2024, or for any other future annual or interim period. These unaudited interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited financial statements and accompanying notes thereto included in our Form 10-K. On April 29, 2024, following approval by our stockholders and Board of Directors, we effected a reverse stock split (the “Reverse Stock Split”) of our Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“Class A Common Stock”), and Class V Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“Class V Common Stock” and collectively with the Class A Common Stock, the “Common Stock”), at a ratio of 1-for-25 (the “Reverse Stock Split Ratio”). Our Class A Common Stock began trading on a reverse-split adjusted basis on the New York Stock Exchange (the "NYSE") as of the open of trading on April 29, 2024. All outstanding warrants and share-based awards were also adjusted on a 1-for-25 basis. As such, the Reverse Stock Split has been retroactively applied to all share and per share information throughout this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (unless otherwise noted). Use of Estimates The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. We base our estimates and assumptions on historical experience and various judgments that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. The significant estimates and assumptions that affect the financial statements may include, but are not limited to, those that are related to going concern, income tax valuation allowances, useful lives and fair value of intangible assets and property, equipment and software, fair value of financial assets and liabilities, determining provision for doubtful accounts, valuation of acquired tangible and intangible assets, the impairment of intangible and long-lived assets and goodwill, our issued warrants, and fair market value of stock-based awards. Actual results and outcomes may differ from management’s estimates and assumptions and such differences may be material to our audited consolidated financial statements. Liquidity and Going Concern The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements are prepared on a going concern basis in accordance with U.S. GAAP. This presentation contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business and does not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might result from the outcome of the uncertainties described below. At each reporting period, in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we evaluate whether there are conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the financial statements are issued. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, our initial evaluation can only include management’s plans that have been fully implemented as of the issuance date. Operating forecasts for new products/markets cannot be considered in the initial evaluation as those product/market launches have not been fully implemented. Accordingly, our evaluation entails analyzing prospective fully implemented operating budgets and forecasts for expectations of our cash needs and comparing those needs to the current cash and cash equivalent balances. This evaluation initially does not take into consideration the potential mitigating effect of management’s plans that have not been fully implemented as of the date the financial statements are issued. When substantial doubt exists under this methodology, we evaluate whether the mitigating effect of our plans sufficiently alleviates substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. The mitigating effect of management’s plans, however, is only considered if both (1) it is probable that the plans will be effectively implemented within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued, and (2) it is probable that the plans, when implemented, will mitigate the relevant conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that these consolidated financial statements are issued. Evaluation in conjunction with the issuance of the September 30, 2024 unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements We have incurred net losses and consumed cash flow from operations since our inception and incurred losses and consumed cash through the date of this filing in excess of our cash inflows from operations and fundraising. Due to these ongoing losses and a limited supply of remaining cash and available-for-sale securities, we have been executing a strategic plan to optimize our capital allocation and expense base since the fourth quarter of 2022, which has reduced our annual cash expenses year over year and which we expect will continue to reduce our cash expenses in 2024. As a part of those plans, we have and expect to continue to align headcount and employee-related costs to further reduce cash expenses. This expense restructuring initiative is expected to result in aggregate cash savings of approximately $13.0 million, excluding severance, over the next 12 months. We completed a reduction in force on October 28, 2024 that is expected to result in aggregate cash savings of approximately $3.4 million, excluding severance, over the next 12 months. We expect to enact additional personnel and discretionary spending cuts such as incentive compensation, marketing, professional services and administrative travel to preserve cash to fund operations. It is critical to our plan to mitigate our cash burn that we significantly expand our revenue base to be able to generate a sustainable operating profit. There is significant uncertainty associated with our expansion to new markets and the growth of our revenue base given the uncertain and rapidly evolving environment associated with crypto assets. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024 we incurred a net loss of $63.1 million and consumed $52.6 million of cash in operations. We have historically relied on our existing cash and available-for-sale securities portfolio to fund operations. As of September 30, 2024, we had $29.0 million of available cash and cash equivalents that was not restricted or required to be held for regulatory capital (Note 13) and $6.7 million in available-for-sale securities. We do not have any long-term debt to service but have commitments under long-term cloud computing and lease contracts as described in Notes 14 and 17. We expect to continue to incur losses and consume cash for the foreseeable future. As discussed in Note 8, Opco executed a secured revolving credit facility with Intercontinental Exchange Holdings, Inc. (the “Lender”; the credit facility herein referred to as the “ICE Credit Facility”), with Bakkt and certain subsidiaries of Bakkt as guarantors, which provides the Company with a $40.0 million secured revolving line of credit that matures on December 31, 2026. The $40.0 million ICE Credit Facility is available in defined commitment amounts at specified dates in the future. We believe that our cash, short-term securities and access to the ICE Credit Facility will be sufficient to fund our operations for the next 12 months from the date of these financial statements. Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, there were no significant changes to the recently adopted accounting pronouncements applicable to us from those disclosed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements included in our Form 10-K. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280), Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which expands annual and interim disclosure requirements for reportable segments, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The updated standard will be effective for our annual periods beginning in fiscal 2024 and interim periods beginning in the first quarter of fiscal 2025. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact that the updated standard will have on our financial statement disclosures. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740), Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which will require additional tax disclosures, predominantly related to the effective income tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The updated standard will be effective for our annual periods beginning in fiscal 2025. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact that the updated standard will have on our financial statement disclosures.

Revenue from Contracts with Customers

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Disaggregation of Revenue

We disaggregate revenue by service type and by platform as follows (in thousands):


Service Type	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024		Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Transaction revenue	$	322,338	$	198,526	$	1,674,040	$	548,774
Subscription and service revenue	6,081		6,248		18,859		16,848
Total revenue	$	328,419	$	204,774	$	1,692,899	$	565,622


Platform	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024		Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Loyalty redemption platform, net	$	12,086	$	13,024	$	38,085	$	38,096
Crypto services	316,333		191,750		1,654,814		527,526
Total revenue	$	328,419	$	204,774	$	1,692,899	$	565,622

We have one reportable segment to which our revenues relate.

Deferred Revenue


	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Beginning of the period contract liability	$	7,480	$	7,084
Revenue recognized from contract liabilities included in the beginning balance	(3,703)		(3,055)
Increases due to cash received, net of amounts recognized in revenue during the period	826		3,191
End of the period contract liability	$	4,603	$	7,220

Remaining Performance Obligations

Contract Costs

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, we incurred no incremental costs to obtain and/or fulfill contracts with customers.

Business Combination and Asset Acquisition

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Business Combination, Asset Acquisition, and Joint Venture Formation [Abstract]

Business Combination and Asset Acquisition

Bakkt Crypto

The following is a reconciliation of the fair value of consideration transferred in the acquisition to the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed.


($ in millions)
Cash consideration paid	$	55.0
Cash paid for working capital and cash	11.8
Class A Common Stock at transaction close	10.5
Estimated fair value of Class A Common Stock contingent consideration	2.9
Total consideration	$	80.2
Current assets	$	31.8
Safeguarding asset for crypto	689.3
Non-current assets	0.3
Intangible assets - developed technology	5.6
Intangible assets - customer relationships	10.2
Goodwill	52.0
Current liabilities	(19.7)
Safeguarding obligation for crypto	(689.3)
Net assets acquired	$	80.2

Bumped Acquisition

Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net

Changes in goodwill consisted of the following (in thousands):


	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Impairment Losses		Net Carrying Amount
Balance as of December 31, 2023	$	1,579,265	$	(1,511,264)	$	68,001
Foreign currency translation	—		—		—
Balance as of September 30, 2024	$	1,579,265	$	(1,511,264)	$	68,001

Intangible assets consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024
	Weighted Average Useful Life (in years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount
Trademarks / trade names	Indefinite	$	2,900	$	—	$	2,900
Total		$	2,900	$	—	$	2,900


	December 31, 2023
	Weighted Average Useful Life (in years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Impairment		Net Carrying Amount
Licenses	Indefinite	$	611	$	—	$	(611)	$	—
Trademarks / trade names	Indefinite	8,000		—		(5,100)		2,900
Technology	5	18,360		(6,234)		(12,126)		—
Customer relationships	8.4	55,170		(12,508)		(42,662)		—
Total		$	82,141	$	(18,742)	$	(60,499)	$	2,900

Estimated future amortization for definite-lived intangible assets as of September 30, 2024 was zero as our finite-lived intangible assets had been fully impaired.

We account for crypto we own

Consolidated Balance Sheet Components

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Consolidated Balance Sheet Components

Accounts Receivable, Net

Accounts receivable, net consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Trade accounts receivable	$	18,011	$	14,987
Receivables from customers, clients and liquidity partners	3,674		6,123
Unbilled receivables	1,602		6,125
Deposits	1,653		939
Other receivables	3,033		2,221
Total accounts receivable	27,973		30,395
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts	(1,187)		(731)
Total	$	26,786	$	29,664

Other Current Assets

Other current assets consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Prepaid expenses	$	3,936	$	3,307
Other	192		25
Total	$	4,128	$	3,332

Property, Equipment and Software, Net

Property, equipment and software, net consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Internal-use software	$	1,565	$	—
Other computer and network equipment	863		800
Leasehold improvements	276		—
Property, equipment and software, gross	2,704		800
Less: accumulated amortization and depreciation	(935)		(740)
Total	$	1,769	$	60

Other Assets

Other assets consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	10,101	$	11,456
Deposits with clearinghouse	159		159
Other	2,004		1,647
Total	$	12,264	$	13,262

Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

Accounts payable and accrued liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Accounts payable	$	7,398	$	14,925
Payables to clients and customers	2,075		4,906
Accrued expenses	14,921		15,970
Purchasing card payable	5,755		11,830
Salaries and benefits payable	6,806		4,442
Loyalty revenue share liability	3,159		2,686
Other	1,729		620
Total	$	41,843	$	55,379

Other Current Liabilities

Other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Current maturities of operating lease liability	4,192		3,636
Other	51		70
Total	$	4,243	$	3,706

Other Noncurrent Liabilities

Other noncurrent liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Operating lease liability, noncurrent	$	20,353	$	23,525
Total	$	20,353	$	23,525

Tax Receivable Agreement	9 Months Ended
Tax Receivable Agreement	Sep. 30, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Tax Receivable Agreement	Tax Receivable Agreement On October 15, 2021, we entered into a Tax Receivable Agreement (the "TRA") with certain Opco equity holders. Each Opco common unit, when coupled with one share of our Class V Common Stock is referred to as a “Paired Interest.” Pursuant to the TRA, among other things, holders of Opco Common Units may, subject to certain conditions, from and after April 16, 2022, exchange such Paired Interests for Class A Common Stock on a one-for-one basis, subject to the terms of the Exchange Agreement, including our right to elect to deliver cash in lieu of Class A Common Stock and, in certain cases, adjustments as set forth therein. Opco will have in effect an election under Section 754 of the Internal Revenue Code for each taxable year in which an exchange of Opco Common Units for Class A Common Stock (or cash) occurs. The exchanges are expected to result in increases in the tax basis of the tangible and intangible assets of Opco. These increases in tax basis may reduce the amount of tax that we would otherwise be required to pay in the future. These increases in tax basis may also decrease gains (or increase losses) on future dispositions of certain capital assets to the extent tax basis is allocated to those capital assets. The TRA provides for the payment by us to exchanging holders of Opco Common Units of 85% of certain net income tax benefits, if any, that we realize (or in certain cases are deemed to realize) as a result of these increases in tax basis related to entering into the TRA, including tax benefits attributable to payments under the TRA. This payment obligation is an obligation of the Company and not of Opco. For purposes of the TRA, the cash tax savings in income tax will be computed by comparing our actual income tax liability (calculated with certain assumptions) to the amount of such taxes that we would have been required to pay had there been no increase to the tax basis of the assets of Opco as a result of Opco having an election in effect under Section 754 of the Code for each taxable year in which an exchange of Opco Common Units for Class A Common Stock occurs and had we not entered into the TRA. Such change will be calculated under the TRA without regard to any transfers of Opco Common Units or distributions with respect to such Opco Common Units before the exchange under the Exchange Agreement to which Section 743(b) or 734(b) of the Code applies. As of September 30, 2024, 1,043,210 Opco Common Units had been exchanged for Class A Common Stock. Refer to Note 14 regarding the contingency related to the TRA.

Related Parties	9 Months Ended
Related Parties	Sep. 30, 2024
Related Party Transactions [Abstract]
Related Parties	Related Parties ICE Credit Facility On August 12, 2024, Bakkt and Opco entered into the ICE Credit Facility, with certain subsidiaries of Bakkt party thereto from time to time, as guarantors, whereby the Lender agreed to provide for a $40.0 million secured revolving line of credit to us for working capital and general corporate purposes. Any borrowings under the facility made prior to December 31, 2024 require the consent of the Lender in its sole discretion. For the period beginning December 31, 2024 through March 30, 2025, Opco can borrow up to an aggregate principal amount (excluding any capitalized interest) of $10.0 million. For the period beginning March 31 through June 29, 2025, Opco can borrow up to an aggregate principal amount (excluding any capitalized interest) of $20.0 million. From the period beginning June 30 through September 29, 2025, Opco can borrow up to an aggregate principal amount (excluding any capitalized interest) of $30.0 million. On or after September 30, 2025, Opco can borrow up to an aggregate principal amount (excluding any capitalized interest) of $40.0 million. As of September 30, 2024, no loans were outstanding under the ICE Credit Facility. Loans under the ICE Credit Facility do not amortize and mature on December 31, 2026. Borrowings under the ICE Credit Facility accrue interest at a rate equal to, at Opco’s election, either the secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”) for a term of one, three or six months plus 12%, or the prime rate plus 11%. Interest is payable quarterly in arrears with respect to borrowings bearing interest at the prime rate or on the last day of an interest period, but at least every three months, with respect to borrowings bearing interest at the term SOFR rate; provided, that Opco can elect to pay interest in kind by adding such interest amount to the principal amount of the outstanding borrowings under the ICE Credit Facility. For any interest period for which Opco has elected to pay interest in kind, the applicable margin on the outstanding loans will increase by 1% per annum. Under certain circumstances, a default interest rate will apply on all obligations during the existence of an event of default under the ICE Credit Facility at a per annum rate equal to 2% above the otherwise applicable interest rate. Opco will pay a commitment fee of 0.5% per annum on the daily average of the available commitment that can be borrowed, less the outstanding principal amount of all loans (excluding any capitalized interest). Fees are payable in cash quarterly and at maturity. Loans under the ICE Credit Facility can be prepaid without penalty, subject to customary breakage costs for loans bearing interest at the term SOFR rate. Amounts repaid under the ICE Credit Facility can be reborrowed prior to the maturity date, subject to certain customary conditions set forth in the ICE Credit Facility. The ICE Credit Facility contains customary affirmative and negative covenants, including negative covenants limiting the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries to, among other things, incur debt, grant liens, undergo certain fundamental changes, dispose of assets, make certain restricted payments and prepayments, enter into restrictive agreements, enter into transactions with affiliates, make investments, and amend certain agreements relating to debt, in each case, subject to limitations and exceptions set forth in the ICE Credit Facility. The ICE Credit Facility also contains various customary events of default that include, among others, payment defaults, breach of covenants, inaccuracy of representations and warranties, cross defaults to certain other indebtedness, bankruptcy and insolvency events, judgment defaults, and events constituting a change of control, subject to thresholds and cure periods as set forth in the ICE Credit Facility. The obligations under the ICE Credit Facility are required to be guaranteed by Bakkt and certain material domestic subsidiaries of the Company and secured by substantially all of the personal property of the Company and such subsidiary guarantors.

Warrants	9 Months Ended
Warrants	Sep. 30, 2024
Other Liabilities Disclosure [Abstract]
Warrants	Warrants As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were 7,140,508 public warrants outstanding. Public warrants may only be exercised for a whole number of shares. No fractional shares will be issued upon exercise of the public warrant. Holders of public warrants are entitled to purchase one share of Class A Common Stock for every 25 public warrants. The exercise price associated with such warrants is equivalent to $287.50 per share of Class A Common Stock. The public warrants became exercisable on November 15, 2021. The public warrants will expire on October 15, 2026, or earlier upon redemption or liquidation. We may redeem the outstanding warrants when various conditions are met, such as specific stock prices, as detailed in the specific warrant agreements. The warrants are recorded as a liability and reflected as “Warrant liability” in the consolidated balance sheets. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we received zero and less than $0.1 million, respectively, in proceeds from the exercise of the public warrants. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we did not receive any proceeds from the exercise of the public warrants. We recognized a gain from the change in fair value of the warrant liability during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 of $20.0 million and $13.9 million, respectively. We recognized a gain from the change in fair value of the warrant liability during the three months ended September 30, 2023 of $0.2 million and a loss during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 of $0.9 million. In connection with the Concurrent Offerings (Note 10), we issued and sold to the Third-Party Purchasers (as defined below) an aggregate of 1,396,701 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock, including 196,701 shares of Class A Common Stock issued upon exercise of certain of the Pre-Funded Warrants (as defined below) prior to the Third-Party Closing, Class 1 Warrants (“Class 1 Warrants”) to purchase an aggregate of 922,722 shares of Class A Common Stock, Class 2 Warrants (“Class 2 Warrants”) to purchase an aggregate of 922,722 shares of Class A Common Stock and Pre-Funded Warrants (“Pre-Funded Warrants”) to purchase an aggregate of 448,742 shares of Class A Common Stock. Concurrently, under the terms of the ICE Offering we entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “ICE Purchase Agreement” and, together with the Third-Party Purchase Agreement, the “Purchase Agreements”) with ICE, pursuant to which we issued and sold to ICE an aggregate of 461,361 shares of Class A Common Stock, Class 1 Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 230,680 shares of Class A Common Stock, and Class 2 Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 230,680 shares of Class A Common Stock. The consummation of the transactions contemplated by the ICE Purchase Agreement occurred on March 4, 2024 and April 25, 2024. The Class 1 and Class 2 Warrants have an exercise price of $25.50 and have a five-and-a-half year term. The Class 1 and Class 2 Warrants may be exercised at any time after the 6 month anniversary of the relevant closing. The Class 2 warrant agreement contains an alternative exercise clause that entitles the holder to exchange two warrants for a share of stock if certain conditions are met. The Class 1 and Class 2 Warrants issued in the Concurrent Offerings are initially recorded as a liability at fair value and reflected as “Warrant liability” in the consolidated balance sheets. The warrants issued on April 25, 2024 were valued at $2.6 million using the Black-Scholes-Merton model for Class 1 Warrants and a binomial lattice model for the Class 2 Warrants. Prior to the second quarter of 2024, we used a Monte Carlo simulation to measure the fair value of the Class 2 Warrants. During the second quarter of 2024, we adopted a binomial lattice model as our valuation technique as we believe it provides a more accurate and relevant measure of the fair value of the Class 2 Warrants. The Class 1 Warrants and Class 2 Warrants issued on March 4, 2024 were valued at $27.7 million using the Black-Scholes-Merton model for Class 1 Warrants and a Monte Carlo simulation for the Class 2 Warrants. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, Class 2 warrants exercisable for 288,350 shares of Class A Common Stock were exercised under an alternate cashless exercise, resulting in us issuing 144,175 shares of Class A Common Stock. As of September 30, 2024, all Class 1 Warrants and Class 2 Warrants exercisable for 865,050 shares of Class A Common Stock remain outstanding. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, holders exercised all of the Pre-Funded Warrants. The proceeds received from the exercise of Pre-Funded Warrants were immaterial. We recognized a gain from the change in fair value of the warrant liability associated with the Class 1 and Class 2 Warrants during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 of $19.4 million and $15.2 million, respectively.

Stockholders’ Equity

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Equity [Abstract]

Stockholders’ Equity

2024 Registered Direct Offering

Preferred Stock

Common Stock

Class A Common Stock

Dividends

Liquidation

Class V Common Stock

Dividends

Dividends will not be declared or paid on the Class V Common Stock.

Liquidation

In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs, the holders of Class V Common Stock shall not be entitled to receive any of our assets.

Restrictions

Noncontrolling Interest

The following table summarizes the ownership interest in Opco as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.


	September 30, 2024			December 31, 2023
	Opco Common Units	Ownership %		Opco Common Units	Ownership %
Opco common units held by Bakkt Holdings, Inc.	6,465,776	47	%	3,793,837	35	%
Opco common units held by noncontrolling interest holders	7,194,941	53	%	7,200,064	65	%
Total Opco common units outstanding	13,660,717	100	%	10,993,901	100	%

Members’ Equity

Share-Based and Unit-Based Compensation

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Share-Based and Unit-Based Compensation

2021 Incentive Plan

Share-Based Compensation Expense

RSU and PSU Activity

The following tables summarize RSU and PSU activity under the 2021 Incentive Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023 (in thousands, except per unit data):


RSUs and PSUs	Number of RSUs and PSUs	Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years)	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022	551	2.05	$	101.25
Granted	338		$	37.25	$	12,596
Forfeited	(145)
Vested	(211)
Outstanding as of September 30, 2023	533	1.57	$	73.25

Outstanding as of December 31, 2023	521	1.38	$	69.75
Granted	1,265		$	13.29	$	16,816
Forfeited	(167)
Vested	(345)
Outstanding as of September 30, 2024	1,274	1.59	$	13.69

The fair value of the RSUs and PSUs used in determining share-based compensation expense is based on the closing price of our common stock on the grant date.

depending upon achievement of the 2024 performance goals. PSUs granted in 2024 vest in two equal annual installments from 2025 to 2026.

Opco Plan

Unit-Based Compensation Expense

Unit-based compensation expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 was as follows (in thousands):


Type of unit	Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Common incentive unit	$	372	$	1,291
Participation unit	(32)		(4)
Total	$	340	$	1,287

As of December 31, 2023, all Common Incentive Units and Participation Units had vested or been forfeited and there was no unrecognized unit-based compensation expense.

Incentive Unit Activity

The following table summarizes common incentive unit activity under the Opco Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 (in thousands, except per unit data):


Common Incentive Units	Number of Common Incentive Units	Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years)	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023	309	0.00	$	166.75	$	51,467
Granted	—
Forfeited	—
Exchanged	(5)
Outstanding as of September 30, 2024	304	0.00	$	166.75	$	50,677


Common Incentive Units	Number of Common Incentive Units	Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years)	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022	332	0.79	$	157.50	$	67,635
Granted	—
Forfeited	—
Exchanged	(8)
Outstanding as of September 30, 2023	324	0.54	$	157.50	$	65,980

Determination of Fair Value

•Expected term – The expected term represents the period that a unit is expected to be outstanding.

•Expected dividends – Expected dividends is assumed to be zero as Opco has not paid and does not expect to pay cash dividends or non-liquidating distributions.

Net Loss per share

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Net Loss per share

The following is a reconciliation of the denominators of the basic and diluted per share computations for net loss (in thousands, except share and per share data):


	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024		Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Net Loss per share:
Numerator – basic and diluted:
Net loss	$	(6,291)	$	(51,749)	$	(63,078)	$	(147,119)
Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest	(3,398)		(34,418)		(35,598)		(98,964)


Net loss attributable to Bakkt Holdings, Inc. – basic and diluted	$	(2,893)	$	(17,331)	$	(27,480)	$	(48,155)

Denominator – basic and diluted:

Weighted average shares outstanding – basic and diluted	6,361,793		3,654,314		5,642,609		3,509,048


Net loss per share – basic and diluted	$	(0.45)	$	(4.74)	$	(4.87)	$	(13.72)


			As of September 30, 2024
RSUs and PSUs			1,274
Public warrants			286
Opco warrants			32
Class 1 and Class 2 warrants			2,018
Opco common units			7,195
Total			10,805

Capital Requirements	9 Months Ended
Capital Requirements	Sep. 30, 2024
Financial Services, Banking and Thrift [Abstract]
Capital Requirements	Capital Requirements

Commitment and Contingencies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

401(k) Plan

Tax Receivable Agreement

Litigation

operations or cash flows. However, future results could be materially and adversely affected by new developments relating to the legal proceedings and claims.

Commercial Purchasing Card Facility

Purchase Obligations


	Payments Due by Period
	Less than 1 year		1-3 years		3-5 years		More than 5 years		Total
Purchase obligations	$	5,000	$	10,500	$	—	$	—	$	15,500

Income Taxes	9 Months Ended
Income Taxes	Sep. 30, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Income Taxes	Income Taxes As a result of the VIH Business Combination, the Company acquired a controlling interest in Opco, which is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and in most applicable state and local income tax jurisdictions. As a partnership, Opco is not itself subject to U.S. federal and certain state and local income taxes. Any taxable income or loss generated by Opco is passed through to and included in the taxable income or loss of its partners, including the Company following the VIH Business Combination, on a pro rata basis. The Company's U.S. federal and state income tax expense primarily relates to the Company’s allocable share of any taxable income or loss of Opco following the VIH Business Combination. In addition, Opco’s wholly owned corporate subsidiaries that are consolidated for U.S. GAAP purposes but separately taxed for federal, state, and foreign income tax purposes as corporations are generating federal, state, and foreign income tax expense. Our effective tax rate of 1.8% and less than 1.0% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, differ from statutory rates primarily due to the loss that is not taxed to the Company and the absence of taxable income to realize the Company's net operating losses and other deferred tax assets. Our effective tax rate of less than 1.0% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, differ from statutory rates primarily due to the loss that is not taxed to the Company and the absence of taxable income to realize the Company's net operating losses and other deferred tax assets. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Our realizability of our deferred tax assets, in each jurisdiction, is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income sufficient to utilize the deferred tax assets on income tax returns, including the reversal of existing temporary differences, historical and projected operating results and tax planning strategies. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company believed that it was not more likely than not that the net deferred tax assets would be realizable and thus has maintained a full valuation allowance. The effects of uncertain tax positions are recognized in the consolidated financial statements if these positions meet a “more-likely-than-not” threshold. For those uncertain tax positions that are recognized in the consolidated financial statements, liabilities are established to reflect the portion of those positions it cannot conclude “more-likely-than-not” to be realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company had no unrecognized tax benefits or related interest and penalties accrued as of September 30, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

Fair Value Measurements

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Measurements

Financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis are classified as Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 as follows (in thousands):


	As of September 30, 2024
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
U.S. Treasury debt securities	$	6,727	$	6,727	$	—	$	—
Safeguarding asset for crypto	938,695		—		938,695		—
Total Assets	$	945,422	$	6,727	$	938,695	$	—

Liabilities:
Safeguarding obligation for crypto	938,695		—		938,695		—
Warrant liability - Class 1 and Class 2 warrants	15,193		—		—		15,193
Warrant liability - public warrants	643		643		—		—
Total Liabilities	$	954,531	$	643	$	938,695	$	15,193


	As of December 31, 2023
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
U.S. Treasury debt securities	$	17,398	$	17,398	$	—	$	—
Safeguarding asset for crypto	701,556		—		701,556		—
Total Assets	$	718,954	$	17,398	$	701,556	$	—

Liabilities:
Safeguarding obligation for crypto	$	701,556	$	—	$	701,556	$	—
Warrant liability - public warrants	2,356		2,356		—		—
Total Liabilities	$	703,912	$	2,356	$	701,556	$	—

The significant unobservable inputs used for the fair value measurement of our Class 1 Warrants and Class 2 Warrants liabilities as of September 30, 2024 are summarized as follows:


Expected term (years)			4.93 - 5.50
Continuous risk-free rate			3.52% - 4.59%
Expected volatility			125.0% - 145.0%

Leases	9 Months Ended
Leases	Sep. 30, 2024
Leases [Abstract]
Leases	Leases We lease real estate for office space under operating leases. On December 21, 2023, we signed an agreement to sublease a portion of our corporate headquarters office space in Alpharetta, Georgia. The sublease commenced in March 2024. On March 15, 2023, we signed an amendment to our Scottsdale, Arizona lease that extended the lease term. The amended lease has a term of 89 months and total fixed lease payments over the term of the amended lease are $5.7 million. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we entered into a new real estate lease for office space in New York, New York, that commenced on January 31, 2022. The lease has a term of 94 months and the total fixed lease payments over the term of the lease are $7.3 million. On April 25, 2022, we signed a lease agreement for call center office space in Alpharetta, Georgia. On May 12, 2022, we executed our option to lease additional space for the Alpharetta call center. The call center lease commenced on June 3, 2022. The lease has a term of 47 months and total fixed lease payments over the term of the lease are $5.9 million. We consider a lease to have commenced on the date when we are granted access to the leased asset. Several of these leases include escalation clauses for adjusting rentals. As of September 30, 2024, we do not have any active finance leases. Our real estate leases have remaining lease terms as of September 30, 2024 ranging from 19 months to 96 months, with three of our leases containing an option to extend the term for a period of 5 years exercisable by us, which we are not reasonably certain of exercising at commencement. None of our leases contain an option to terminate the lease without cause at the option of either party during the lease term. Certain of our real estate leasing agreements include terms requiring us to reimburse the lessor for its share of real estate taxes, insurance, operating costs and utilities which we account for as variable lease costs when incurred since we have elected to not separate lease and non-lease components, and hence are not included in the measurement of lease liability. There are no restrictions or covenants imposed by any of the leases, and none of our leases contain material residual value guarantees. The discount rates for all of our leases are based on our estimated incremental borrowing rate since the rates implicit in the leases were not determinable. Our incremental borrowing rate is based on management’s estimate of the rate of interest we would have to pay to borrow on a fully collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. We have elected the practical expedient under which lease components would not be separated from the non-lease components for all our classes of underlying assets. Accordingly, each lease component and the non-lease components related to the lease component are accounted for as a single lease component. As of September 30, 2024, the weighted average remaining lease term for our operating leases was approximately 78 months, and the weighted average discount rate for our operating leases was 5.3%. As of December 31, 2023, the weighted average remaining lease term for our operating leases was approximately 84 months, and the weighted average discount rate for our operating leases was 5.3%. We were party to short-term leases during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, which resulted in less than $0.1 million and less than $0.1 million of rent expense, respectively. We were party to short-term leases during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, which resulted in less than $0.1 million and less than $0.1 million of rent expense, respectively.
Leases	Leases We lease real estate for office space under operating leases. On December 21, 2023, we signed an agreement to sublease a portion of our corporate headquarters office space in Alpharetta, Georgia. The sublease commenced in March 2024. On March 15, 2023, we signed an amendment to our Scottsdale, Arizona lease that extended the lease term. The amended lease has a term of 89 months and total fixed lease payments over the term of the amended lease are $5.7 million. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we entered into a new real estate lease for office space in New York, New York, that commenced on January 31, 2022. The lease has a term of 94 months and the total fixed lease payments over the term of the lease are $7.3 million. On April 25, 2022, we signed a lease agreement for call center office space in Alpharetta, Georgia. On May 12, 2022, we executed our option to lease additional space for the Alpharetta call center. The call center lease commenced on June 3, 2022. The lease has a term of 47 months and total fixed lease payments over the term of the lease are $5.9 million. We consider a lease to have commenced on the date when we are granted access to the leased asset. Several of these leases include escalation clauses for adjusting rentals. As of September 30, 2024, we do not have any active finance leases. Our real estate leases have remaining lease terms as of September 30, 2024 ranging from 19 months to 96 months, with three of our leases containing an option to extend the term for a period of 5 years exercisable by us, which we are not reasonably certain of exercising at commencement. None of our leases contain an option to terminate the lease without cause at the option of either party during the lease term. Certain of our real estate leasing agreements include terms requiring us to reimburse the lessor for its share of real estate taxes, insurance, operating costs and utilities which we account for as variable lease costs when incurred since we have elected to not separate lease and non-lease components, and hence are not included in the measurement of lease liability. There are no restrictions or covenants imposed by any of the leases, and none of our leases contain material residual value guarantees. The discount rates for all of our leases are based on our estimated incremental borrowing rate since the rates implicit in the leases were not determinable. Our incremental borrowing rate is based on management’s estimate of the rate of interest we would have to pay to borrow on a fully collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. We have elected the practical expedient under which lease components would not be separated from the non-lease components for all our classes of underlying assets. Accordingly, each lease component and the non-lease components related to the lease component are accounted for as a single lease component. As of September 30, 2024, the weighted average remaining lease term for our operating leases was approximately 78 months, and the weighted average discount rate for our operating leases was 5.3%. As of December 31, 2023, the weighted average remaining lease term for our operating leases was approximately 84 months, and the weighted average discount rate for our operating leases was 5.3%. We were party to short-term leases during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, which resulted in less than $0.1 million and less than $0.1 million of rent expense, respectively. We were party to short-term leases during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, which resulted in less than $0.1 million and less than $0.1 million of rent expense, respectively.

Safeguarding Obligation For Crypto

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Platform Operator, Crypto Asset [Abstract]

Safeguarding Obligation For Crypto

We are responsible for holding the following crypto on behalf of our customers as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Bitcoin	$	407,246	$	262,231
Ether	179,167		196,016
Shiba Inu	218,422		143,237
Dogecoin	102,143		78,524
Other	31,717		21,548
Safeguarding obligation for crypto	$	938,695	$	701,556

Safeguarding asset for crypto	$	938,695	$	701,556

Investment in Debt Securities

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Investment in Debt Securities

We have investments in certain debt securities, which we record at fair value and present as "Available-for-sale securities" in the consolidated balance sheets.


	September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
Available-for-sale securities	Cost Basis		Unrealized Gain, net		Fair Value		Cost Basis		Unrealized Gain, net		Fair Value
Government debt
U.S. treasury bonds	$	6,550	$	177	$	6,727	$	17,230	$	168	$	17,398
Total available-for-sale securities	$	6,550	$	177	$	6,727	$	17,230	$	168	$	17,398


	September 30, 2024
	Cost Basis		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	6,550	$	6,727
Due after one year through five years	—		—
Total debt securities - available-for-sale	$	6,550	$	6,727

Subsequent Events	9 Months Ended
Subsequent Events	Sep. 30, 2024
Subsequent Events [Abstract]
Subsequent Events	Subsequent Events In October 2024, we began investigating a possible wind-down and dissolution of Bakkt Trust due to its lack of market traction and high cost of capital (due to regulatory requirements). As this process has progressed, we have also worked to find strategic alternatives for Bakkt Trust. As we explore these options, we expect to have a lower regulatory capital requirement during the pendency of this process.

Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net Income (Loss)	$ (2,893)	$ (17,331)	$ (27,480)	$ (48,155)

Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
Insider Trading Arrangements	Sep. 30, 2024
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	9 Months Ended
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	Sep. 30, 2024
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Basis of Presentation	Basis of Presentation The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and our subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. In addition, certain reclassifications of amounts previously reported have been made to the accompanying consolidated financial statements in order to conform to current presentation. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals), considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. The interim results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2024, or for any other future annual or interim period. These unaudited interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited financial statements and accompanying notes thereto included in our Form 10-K. On April 29, 2024, following approval by our stockholders and Board of Directors, we effected a reverse stock split (the “Reverse Stock Split”) of our Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“Class A Common Stock”), and Class V Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“Class V Common Stock” and collectively with the Class A Common Stock, the “Common Stock”), at a ratio of 1-for-25 (the “Reverse Stock Split Ratio”). Our Class A Common Stock began trading on a reverse-split adjusted basis on the New York Stock Exchange (the "NYSE") as of the open of trading on April 29, 2024. All outstanding warrants and share-based awards were also adjusted on a 1-for-25 basis. As such, the Reverse Stock Split has been retroactively applied to all share and per share information throughout this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (unless otherwise noted).
Use of Estimates	Use of Estimates The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. We base our estimates and assumptions on historical experience and various judgments that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. The significant estimates and assumptions that affect the financial statements may include, but are not limited to, those that are related to going concern, income tax valuation allowances, useful lives and fair value of intangible assets and property, equipment and software, fair value of financial assets and liabilities, determining provision for doubtful accounts, valuation of acquired tangible and intangible assets, the impairment of intangible and long-lived assets and goodwill, our issued warrants, and fair market value of stock-based awards. Actual results and outcomes may differ from management’s estimates and assumptions and such differences may be material to our audited consolidated financial statements.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements and Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted	Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, there were no significant changes to the recently adopted accounting pronouncements applicable to us from those disclosed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements included in our Form 10-K. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280), Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which expands annual and interim disclosure requirements for reportable segments, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The updated standard will be effective for our annual periods beginning in fiscal 2024 and interim periods beginning in the first quarter of fiscal 2025. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact that the updated standard will have on our financial statement disclosures. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740), Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which will require additional tax disclosures, predominantly related to the effective income tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The updated standard will be effective for our annual periods beginning in fiscal 2025. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact that the updated standard will have on our financial statement disclosures.

Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Disaggregation of Revenue

We disaggregate revenue by service type and by platform as follows (in thousands):


Service Type	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024		Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Transaction revenue	$	322,338	$	198,526	$	1,674,040	$	548,774
Subscription and service revenue	6,081		6,248		18,859		16,848
Total revenue	$	328,419	$	204,774	$	1,692,899	$	565,622


Platform	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024		Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Loyalty redemption platform, net	$	12,086	$	13,024	$	38,085	$	38,096
Crypto services	316,333		191,750		1,654,814		527,526
Total revenue	$	328,419	$	204,774	$	1,692,899	$	565,622

Contract Liabilities

The activity in deferred revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively, was as follows (in thousands):


	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Beginning of the period contract liability	$	7,480	$	7,084
Revenue recognized from contract liabilities included in the beginning balance	(3,703)		(3,055)
Increases due to cash received, net of amounts recognized in revenue during the period	826		3,191
End of the period contract liability	$	4,603	$	7,220

Business Combination and Asset Acquisition (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Business Combination, Asset Acquisition, and Joint Venture Formation [Abstract]

Schedule of Recognized Identified Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed

The following is a reconciliation of the fair value of consideration transferred in the acquisition to the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed.


($ in millions)
Cash consideration paid	$	55.0
Cash paid for working capital and cash	11.8
Class A Common Stock at transaction close	10.5
Estimated fair value of Class A Common Stock contingent consideration	2.9
Total consideration	$	80.2
Current assets	$	31.8
Safeguarding asset for crypto	689.3
Non-current assets	0.3
Intangible assets - developed technology	5.6
Intangible assets - customer relationships	10.2
Goodwill	52.0
Current liabilities	(19.7)
Safeguarding obligation for crypto	(689.3)
Net assets acquired	$	80.2

Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Goodwill

Changes in goodwill consisted of the following (in thousands):


	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Impairment Losses		Net Carrying Amount
Balance as of December 31, 2023	$	1,579,265	$	(1,511,264)	$	68,001
Foreign currency translation	—		—		—
Balance as of September 30, 2024	$	1,579,265	$	(1,511,264)	$	68,001

Schedule of Finite-Lived Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024
	Weighted Average Useful Life (in years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount
Trademarks / trade names	Indefinite	$	2,900	$	—	$	2,900
Total		$	2,900	$	—	$	2,900


	December 31, 2023
	Weighted Average Useful Life (in years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Impairment		Net Carrying Amount
Licenses	Indefinite	$	611	$	—	$	(611)	$	—
Trademarks / trade names	Indefinite	8,000		—		(5,100)		2,900
Technology	5	18,360		(6,234)		(12,126)		—
Customer relationships	8.4	55,170		(12,508)		(42,662)		—
Total		$	82,141	$	(18,742)	$	(60,499)	$	2,900

Schedule of Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024
	Weighted Average Useful Life (in years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount
Trademarks / trade names	Indefinite	$	2,900	$	—	$	2,900
Total		$	2,900	$	—	$	2,900


	December 31, 2023
	Weighted Average Useful Life (in years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Impairment		Net Carrying Amount
Licenses	Indefinite	$	611	$	—	$	(611)	$	—
Trademarks / trade names	Indefinite	8,000		—		(5,100)		2,900
Technology	5	18,360		(6,234)		(12,126)		—
Customer relationships	8.4	55,170		(12,508)		(42,662)		—
Total		$	82,141	$	(18,742)	$	(60,499)	$	2,900

Consolidated Balance Sheet Components (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Schedule of Accounts Receivable, Net

Accounts receivable, net consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Trade accounts receivable	$	18,011	$	14,987
Receivables from customers, clients and liquidity partners	3,674		6,123
Unbilled receivables	1,602		6,125
Deposits	1,653		939
Other receivables	3,033		2,221
Total accounts receivable	27,973		30,395
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts	(1,187)		(731)
Total	$	26,786	$	29,664

Schedule of Other Current Assets

Other current assets consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Prepaid expenses	$	3,936	$	3,307
Other	192		25
Total	$	4,128	$	3,332

Schedule of Property, Equipment and Software, Net

Property, equipment and software, net consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Internal-use software	$	1,565	$	—
Other computer and network equipment	863		800
Leasehold improvements	276		—
Property, equipment and software, gross	2,704		800
Less: accumulated amortization and depreciation	(935)		(740)
Total	$	1,769	$	60

Schedule of Other Assets

Other assets consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	10,101	$	11,456
Deposits with clearinghouse	159		159
Other	2,004		1,647
Total	$	12,264	$	13,262

Schedule of Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

Accounts payable and accrued liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Accounts payable	$	7,398	$	14,925
Payables to clients and customers	2,075		4,906
Accrued expenses	14,921		15,970
Purchasing card payable	5,755		11,830
Salaries and benefits payable	6,806		4,442
Loyalty revenue share liability	3,159		2,686
Other	1,729		620
Total	$	41,843	$	55,379

Other Current Liabilities

Other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Current maturities of operating lease liability	4,192		3,636
Other	51		70
Total	$	4,243	$	3,706

Other Noncurrent Liabilities

Other noncurrent liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Operating lease liability, noncurrent	$	20,353	$	23,525
Total	$	20,353	$	23,525

Stockholders’ Equity (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Equity [Abstract]

Schedule of Other Ownership Interests

The following table summarizes the ownership interest in Opco as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.


	September 30, 2024			December 31, 2023
	Opco Common Units	Ownership %		Opco Common Units	Ownership %
Opco common units held by Bakkt Holdings, Inc.	6,465,776	47	%	3,793,837	35	%
Opco common units held by noncontrolling interest holders	7,194,941	53	%	7,200,064	65	%
Total Opco common units outstanding	13,660,717	100	%	10,993,901	100	%

Share-Based and Unit-Based Compensation (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Schedule of RSU Activity

The following tables summarize RSU and PSU activity under the 2021 Incentive Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023 (in thousands, except per unit data):


RSUs and PSUs	Number of RSUs and PSUs	Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years)	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022	551	2.05	$	101.25
Granted	338		$	37.25	$	12,596
Forfeited	(145)
Vested	(211)
Outstanding as of September 30, 2023	533	1.57	$	73.25

Outstanding as of December 31, 2023	521	1.38	$	69.75
Granted	1,265		$	13.29	$	16,816
Forfeited	(167)
Vested	(345)
Outstanding as of September 30, 2024	1,274	1.59	$	13.69

Schedule of PSU Activity

The following tables summarize RSU and PSU activity under the 2021 Incentive Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023 (in thousands, except per unit data):


RSUs and PSUs	Number of RSUs and PSUs	Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years)	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022	551	2.05	$	101.25
Granted	338		$	37.25	$	12,596
Forfeited	(145)
Vested	(211)
Outstanding as of September 30, 2023	533	1.57	$	73.25

Outstanding as of December 31, 2023	521	1.38	$	69.75
Granted	1,265		$	13.29	$	16,816
Forfeited	(167)
Vested	(345)
Outstanding as of September 30, 2024	1,274	1.59	$	13.69

Summary of Unit-Based Compensation Expense

Unit-based compensation expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 was as follows (in thousands):


Type of unit	Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Common incentive unit	$	372	$	1,291
Participation unit	(32)		(4)
Total	$	340	$	1,287

Summary of Incentive Unit Activity

The following table summarizes common incentive unit activity under the Opco Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 (in thousands, except per unit data):


Common Incentive Units	Number of Common Incentive Units	Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years)	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023	309	0.00	$	166.75	$	51,467
Granted	—
Forfeited	—
Exchanged	(5)
Outstanding as of September 30, 2024	304	0.00	$	166.75	$	50,677


Common Incentive Units	Number of Common Incentive Units	Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years)	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022	332	0.79	$	157.50	$	67,635
Granted	—
Forfeited	—
Exchanged	(8)
Outstanding as of September 30, 2023	324	0.54	$	157.50	$	65,980

Net Loss per share (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of Basic and Diluted Per Share Computations For Net Loss

The following is a reconciliation of the denominators of the basic and diluted per share computations for net loss (in thousands, except share and per share data):


	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024		Three Months Ended September 30, 2023		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Net Loss per share:
Numerator – basic and diluted:
Net loss	$	(6,291)	$	(51,749)	$	(63,078)	$	(147,119)
Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest	(3,398)		(34,418)		(35,598)		(98,964)


Net loss attributable to Bakkt Holdings, Inc. – basic and diluted	$	(2,893)	$	(17,331)	$	(27,480)	$	(48,155)

Denominator – basic and diluted:

Weighted average shares outstanding – basic and diluted	6,361,793		3,654,314		5,642,609		3,509,048


Net loss per share – basic and diluted	$	(0.45)	$	(4.74)	$	(4.87)	$	(13.72)

Schedule of Weighted-Average Potential Common Shares Excluded From Diluted Loss Per Common Share

The following table summarizes the total potential common shares excluded from diluted loss per common share as their effect would be anti-dilutive (in thousands):


			As of September 30, 2024
RSUs and PSUs			1,274
Public warrants			286
Opco warrants			32
Class 1 and Class 2 warrants			2,018
Opco common units			7,195
Total			10,805

Commitment and Contingencies (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Future Minimum Commitments

As of September 30, 2024, our outstanding purchase obligations, net of the settlement described above, consisted of the following future minimum commitments (in thousands):


	Payments Due by Period
	Less than 1 year		1-3 years		3-5 years		More than 5 years		Total
Purchase obligations	$	5,000	$	10,500	$	—	$	—	$	15,500

Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Schedule of Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis

Financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis are classified as Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 as follows (in thousands):


	As of September 30, 2024
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
U.S. Treasury debt securities	$	6,727	$	6,727	$	—	$	—
Safeguarding asset for crypto	938,695		—		938,695		—
Total Assets	$	945,422	$	6,727	$	938,695	$	—

Liabilities:
Safeguarding obligation for crypto	938,695		—		938,695		—
Warrant liability - Class 1 and Class 2 warrants	15,193		—		—		15,193
Warrant liability - public warrants	643		643		—		—
Total Liabilities	$	954,531	$	643	$	938,695	$	15,193


	As of December 31, 2023
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
U.S. Treasury debt securities	$	17,398	$	17,398	$	—	$	—
Safeguarding asset for crypto	701,556		—		701,556		—
Total Assets	$	718,954	$	17,398	$	701,556	$	—

Liabilities:
Safeguarding obligation for crypto	$	701,556	$	—	$	701,556	$	—
Warrant liability - public warrants	2,356		2,356		—		—
Total Liabilities	$	703,912	$	2,356	$	701,556	$	—

Safeguarding Obligation For Crypto (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Platform Operator, Crypto Asset [Abstract]

Summary of Crypto

We are responsible for holding the following crypto on behalf of our customers as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Bitcoin	$	407,246	$	262,231
Ether	179,167		196,016
Shiba Inu	218,422		143,237
Dogecoin	102,143		78,524
Other	31,717		21,548
Safeguarding obligation for crypto	$	938,695	$	701,556

Safeguarding asset for crypto	$	938,695	$	701,556

Investment in Debt Securities (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale


	September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
Available-for-sale securities	Cost Basis		Unrealized Gain, net		Fair Value		Cost Basis		Unrealized Gain, net		Fair Value
Government debt
U.S. treasury bonds	$	6,550	$	177	$	6,727	$	17,230	$	168	$	17,398
Total available-for-sale securities	$	6,550	$	177	$	6,727	$	17,230	$	168	$	17,398

Investments Classified by Contractual Maturity Date


	September 30, 2024
	Cost Basis		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	6,550	$	6,727
Due after one year through five years	—		—
Total debt securities - available-for-sale	$	6,550	$	6,727

Organization and Description of Business (Details)	Apr. 01, 2023
Apex Crypto, LLC
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Percentage of issued and outstanding ownership interests acquired	100.00%

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended						9 Months Ended
	Apr. 29, 2024 $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2024 USD ($) $ / shares	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2024 USD ($) $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2025 USD ($)	Sep. 29, 2025 USD ($)	Jun. 29, 2025 USD ($)	Mar. 30, 2025 USD ($)	Oct. 28, 2024 USD ($)	Aug. 12, 2024 USD ($)	May 03, 2024 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Line Items]
Reverse stock split ratio	0.04
Cash savings, excluding severance over the next 12 months																$ 13,000
Net loss		$ 6,291	$ 35,512	$ 21,275	$ 51,749	$ 50,511	$ 44,859	$ 63,078	$ 147,119
Cash consumed in operations								52,605	53,891
Cash and cash equivalents		28,984			$ 68,219			28,984	$ 68,219								$ 52,882
Available-for-sale securities		$ 6,727						$ 6,727									$ 17,398
Line of Credit \| ICE Credit Facility
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity															$ 40,000
Subsequent Event
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Line Items]
Cash savings, excluding severance over the next 12 months														$ 3,400
Subsequent Event \| Line of Credit \| ICE Credit Facility
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity										$ 40,000	$ 30,000	$ 20,000	$ 10,000
Class A Common Stock
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Line Items]
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001						$ 0.0001									$ 0.0001
Class V Common Stock
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Line Items]
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001						$ 0.0001									$ 0.0001

Revenue from Contracts with Customers - Disaggregation of Revenue (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	$ 328,419	$ 204,774	$ 1,692,899	$ 565,622
Loyalty redemption platform, net
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	12,086	13,024	38,085	38,096
Crypto services
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	316,333	191,750	1,654,814	527,526
Transaction revenue
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	322,338	198,526	1,674,040	548,774
Subscription and service revenue
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	$ 6,081	$ 6,248	$ 18,859	$ 16,848

Revenue from Contracts with Customers - Narrative (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2024 USD ($) segment	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 328,419	$ 204,774	$ 1,692,899	$ 565,622
Number of reportable segments \| segment			1
Transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligation	12,400	20,500	$ 12,400	20,500
Contract costs		0	0	0
Geographic Distribution, Foreign
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	10,600	1,100	35,500	2,800
Subscription Fees
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligation	7,800	13,300	$ 7,800	$ 13,300
Revenue recognition period			19 months	29 months
Subscription Fees \| Minimum
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue recognition period			2 months	1 month
Subscription Fees \| Maximum
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue recognition period			24 months	36 months
Service Fees
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligation	$ 4,600	$ 7,200	$ 4,600	$ 7,200
Revenue recognition period			45 months	14 months

Revenue from Contracts with Customers - Deferred Revenue (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Contract with Customer, Liability [Roll Forward]
Beginning of the period contract liability	$ 7,480	$ 7,084
Revenue recognized from contract liabilities included in the beginning balance	(3,703)	(3,055)
Increases due to cash received, net of amounts recognized in revenue during the period	826	3,191
End of the period contract liability	$ 4,603	$ 7,220

Business Combination and Asset Acquisition - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands			9 Months Ended
	Apr. 01, 2023	Feb. 08, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Bumped
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Percentage of issued and outstanding ownership interests acquired		100.00%
Cash consideration		$ 600
Apex Crypto, LLC
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Percentage of issued and outstanding ownership interests acquired	100.00%
Cash consideration paid	$ 55,000
Cash paid for working capital and cash	11,800
Contingent consideration	2,900			$ 0	$ 0
Pro forma revenue, net			$ 1,011,000
Pro forma net loss			$ (148,300)
Cash consideration	80,200
Apex Crypto, LLC \| Maximum
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Estimated fair value of Class A Common Stock contingent consideration	100,000
Apex Crypto, LLC \| Class A Common Stock
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Class A Common Stock at transaction close	10,500
Estimated fair value of Class A Common Stock contingent consideration	$ 2,900

Business Combination and Asset Acquisition - Schedule of Assets and Liabilities Acquired (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Apr. 01, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Goodwill		$ 68,001	$ 68,001
Apex Crypto, LLC
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Cash consideration paid	$ 55,000
Cash paid for working capital and cash	11,800
Total consideration	80,200
Current assets	31,800
Safeguarding asset for crypto	689,300
Non-current assets	300
Intangible assets	5,600
Current liabilities	(19,700)
Safeguarding obligation for crypto	(689,300)
Net assets acquired	80,200
Apex Crypto, LLC \| Technology-Based Intangible Assets [Member]
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Intangible assets	10,200
Apex Crypto, LLC \| Customer Relationships [Member]
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Goodwill	52,000
Apex Crypto, LLC \| Class A Common Stock
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Class A Common Stock at transaction close	10,500
Estimated fair value of Class A Common Stock contingent consideration	$ 2,900

Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net - Goodwill (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Gross Carrying Amount	$ 1,579,265	$ 1,579,265
Accumulated Impairment Losses	(1,511,264)	(1,511,264)
Net Carrying Amount	68,001	$ 68,001
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Goodwill, beginning balance	68,001
Foreign currency translation	0
Goodwill, ending balance	$ 68,001

Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Goodwill [Line Items]
Goodwill impairment			$ 0
Amortization of intangible assets		$ 2,600		$ 7,200
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Net			$ 0
Trademarks / trade names
Goodwill [Line Items]
Impairment of indefinite-lived intangible assets	$ 5,100
Licensing Agreements [Member]
Goodwill [Line Items]
Impairment of indefinite-lived intangible assets	611
Customer Relationships [Member]
Goodwill [Line Items]
Impairment of finite-lived intangible assets	42,662
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Net					$ 0
Technology-Based Intangible Assets [Member]
Goodwill [Line Items]
Impairment of finite-lived intangible assets	$ 12,126
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Net					$ 0

Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net - Schedule of Intangible Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	6 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Jun. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Accumulated Amortization			$ 0	$ (18,742)
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Net			0
Gross Carrying Amount			2,900	82,141
Impairment	$ (60,499)
Net Carrying Amount			2,900	2,900
Licensing Agreements [Member]
Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount				611
Impairment of Intangible Assets, Indefinite-Lived (Excluding Goodwill)	(611)
Net Carrying Amount				0
Trademarks / trade names
Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount			2,900	8,000
Impairment of Intangible Assets, Indefinite-Lived (Excluding Goodwill)	(5,100)
Net Carrying Amount			$ 2,900	2,900
Technology-Based Intangible Assets [Member]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Weighted Average Useful Life (in years)		5 years
Gross Carrying Amount				18,360
Accumulated Amortization				(6,234)
Impairment	(12,126)
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Net				0
Customer Relationships [Member]
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Weighted Average Useful Life (in years)		8 years 4 months 24 days
Gross Carrying Amount				55,170
Accumulated Amortization				(12,508)
Impairment	$ (42,662)
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Net				$ 0

Consolidated Balance Sheet Components - Accounts Receivable, Net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total accounts receivable	$ 27,973	$ 30,395
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts	(1,187)	(731)
Total	26,786	29,664
Trade accounts receivable
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total accounts receivable	18,011	14,987
Receivables from customers, clients and liquidity partners
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total accounts receivable	1,653	939
Crypto Receivable From Liquidity Providers [Member]
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total accounts receivable	3,674	6,123
Deposits
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total accounts receivable	1,602	6,125
Other receivables
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total accounts receivable	$ 3,033	$ 2,221

Consolidated Balance Sheet Components - Other Current Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Prepaid expenses	$ 3,936	$ 3,307
Other	192	25
Total	$ 4,128	$ 3,332

Consolidated Balance Sheet Components - Property, Equipment and Software, Net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, equipment and software, gross	$ 2,704	$ 800
Less: accumulated amortization and depreciation	(935)	(740)
Total	1,769	60
Internal-use software
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, equipment and software, gross	1,565	0
Other computer and network equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, equipment and software, gross	863	800
Leasehold improvements
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, equipment and software, gross	$ 276	$ 0

Consolidated Balance Sheet Components - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Depreciation and amortization expense	$ 100	$ 1,400	$ 300	$ 3,700
Amortization expense of capitalized internal-use software placed in service	100	500	200	1,200
Impairment of long-lived assets	601	$ 56	889	$ 56
Subsidiaries
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Impairment of long-lived assets	$ 600		$ 600

Consolidated Balance Sheet Components - Other Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$ 10,101	$ 11,456
Other	2,004	1,647
Total	12,264	13,262
Deposits With Clearinghouse	$ 159	$ 159

Consolidated Balance Sheet Components - Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Accounts payable	$ 7,398	$ 14,925
Payables to clients and customers	2,075	4,906
Accrued expenses	14,921	15,970
Purchasing card payable	5,755	11,830
Salaries and benefits payable	6,806	4,442
Loyalty revenue share liability	3,159	2,686
Other	1,729	620
Total	$ 41,843	$ 55,379

Consolidated Balance Sheet Components - Other Current Liabilities (Details) - Nonrelated Party - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Current maturities of operating lease liability	$ 4,192	$ 3,636
Other	51	70
Total	$ 4,243	$ 3,706

Consolidated Balance Sheet Components - Other Noncurrent Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Operating lease liability, noncurrent	$ 20,353	$ 23,525
Total	$ 20,353	$ 23,525

Tax Receivable Agreement (Details) - shares	9 Months Ended
Tax Receivable Agreement (Details) - shares	Sep. 30, 2024	Oct. 15, 2021
Opco common units
Conversion of Stock [Line Items]
TRA, percent of income tax benefits payable to exchanging stockholders		85.00%
Class A Common Stock
Conversion of Stock [Line Items]
Stock issued during period, shares, conversion of convertible securities (in shares)	1,043,210

Related Parties (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
Related Parties (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Related party expenses	$ 150	$ 1,033	$ 450	$ 3,145
Revenue	328,419	204,774	1,692,899	565,622
Accounts receivable, net	26,786		26,786		$ 29,664
Related Party
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Due to related party	2,660		2,660		3,230
ICE \| Transition Services Agreement \| Related Party
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Related party expenses	0	600		$ 2,200
Due to related party	2,200		2,200		3,000
IFUS \| Triparty Agreement \| Related Party
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Revenue		0
Apex Crypto, LLC \| Transition Services Agreement \| Related Party
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Related party expenses	200	$ 900	500
Due to related party	$ 200		$ 200		$ 200

Warrants (Details) - USD ($)			3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
Warrants (Details) - USD ($)	Mar. 04, 2024	Feb. 29, 2024	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Apr. 25, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Proceeds from the exercise of warrants					$ 3,000	$ 0
Loss (gain) from change in fair value of warrant liability			$ 19,984,000	$ (214,000)	13,916,000	(857,000)
Warrant liability			$ 15,836,000		$ 15,836,000				$ 2,356,000
Class Of Warrant Or Right, Term					5 years 6 months
Exercise of warrants (in shares)			144,175
Class A Common Stock
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Number of shares entitled to holders of each warrant (in shares)			0.04		0.04
Class A Common Stock \| Third-Party Offering [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Sale of stock, number of units/warrants issued (in shares)		1,396,701
Class A Common Stock \| ICE Offering
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Sale of stock, number of units/warrants issued (in shares)	461,361
Public warrants
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding (in shares)			7,140,508		7,140,508				7,140,508
Proceeds from the exercise of warrants			$ 0	0	$ 100,000	0
Loss (gain) from change in fair value of warrant liability			$ 20,000,000.0	$ (200,000)	$ 13,900,000	$ (900,000)
Public warrants \| Class A Common Stock
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Exercise price (in dollars per share)			$ 287.50		$ 287.50
Pre-Funded Warrants
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Proceeds from the exercise of warrants					$ 0
Pre-Funded Warrants \| Class A Common Stock \| Third-Party Offering [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Sale of stock, number of units/warrants issued (in shares)		196,701
Warrants issued, number of units called by warrants (in shares)		448,742
Class 1 And Class 2 Warrants
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Loss (gain) from change in fair value of warrant liability			$ 19,400,000		15,200,000
Warrant liability	$ 27,700,000							$ 2,600,000
Warrants and Rights Outstanding			$ 865,050		$ 865,050
Class 1 Warrants
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Exercise price (in dollars per share)		$ 25.50
Class Of Warrant Or Right, Threshold Period After Closing For Exercise Of Warrants		6 months
Class 1 Warrants \| Class A Common Stock \| Third-Party Offering [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Warrants issued, number of units called by warrants (in shares)		922,722
Class 1 Warrants \| Class A Common Stock \| ICE Offering
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Warrants issued, number of units called by warrants (in shares)	230,680
Class 2 Warrants
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Exercise price (in dollars per share)		$ 25.50
Class Of Warrant Or Right, Threshold Period After Closing For Exercise Of Warrants		6 months
Warrants and Rights Outstanding							$ 288,350
Class 2 Warrants \| Class A Common Stock
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Number of shares entitled to holders of each warrant (in shares)			0.5		0.5
Class 2 Warrants \| Class A Common Stock \| Third-Party Offering [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Warrants issued, number of units called by warrants (in shares)		922,722
Class 2 Warrants \| Class A Common Stock \| ICE Offering
Class of Warrant or Right [Line Items]
Warrants issued, number of units called by warrants (in shares)	230,680

Stockholders’ Equity - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands			3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Apr. 25, 2024	Feb. 29, 2024	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Apr. 29, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Oct. 15, 2021
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, authorized (in shares)			1,000,000		1,000,000
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)			$ 0.0001		$ 0.0001
Preferred stock, issued (in shares)			0		0
Noncontrolling interest weighted average ownership percentage			53.10%		56.10%
Selling, general and administrative			$ 8,493	$ 7,447	$ 21,819	$ 21,722
Class C Warrant
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Exercise price (in dollars per share)									$ 126.00
Warrant units vested but not exercised (in shares)			172,055		172,055
Warrant units not vested or exercised (in shares)			621,297		621,297
Selling, general and administrative			$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Class A Common Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Common stock, authorized (in shares)			30,000,000		30,000,000			30,000,000
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)			$ 0.0001		$ 0.0001		$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, outstanding (in shares)			6,465,776		6,465,776			3,793,837
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)			6,465,776		6,465,776			3,793,837
Dividends					$ 0
Stock issued during period, shares, conversion of convertible securities (in shares)					1,043,210
Class A Common Stock \| Conversion of Paired Interests Into Class A Common Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Stock issued during period, shares, conversion of convertible securities (in shares)					5,123
Class V Common Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Common stock, authorized (in shares)			10,000,000		10,000,000			10,000,000
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)			$ 0.0001		$ 0.0001		$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, outstanding (in shares)			7,194,941		7,194,941			7,200,064
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)			7,194,941		7,194,941			7,200,064
Paired Interest Rights \| Class C Warrant
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Warrants issued, number of units called by warrants (in shares)									31,734
Third-Party Offering [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Gross proceeds		$ 37,600
ICE Offering
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Gross proceeds	$ 7,400	2,400
Sale of Stock, Expected Consideration To Be Received on Transaction		$ 9,800

Stockholders’ Equity - Noncontrolling Ownership Interest (Details) - shares	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Bakkt Opco Holdings, LLC
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Ownership percentage, Total Opco common units outstanding	100.00%	100.00%
Bakkt Opco Holdings, LLC
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Opco Common Units (in shares)	13,660,717	10,993,901
Class A Common Stock \| Bakkt Opco Holdings, LLC
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Ownership percentage, Opco common units held by Bakkt Holdings, Inc.	47.00%	35.00%
Class A Common Stock \| Opco common units held by Bakkt Holdings, Inc. \| Bakkt Opco Holdings, LLC
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Opco Common Units (in shares)	6,465,776	3,793,837
Class V Common Stock \| Bakkt Opco Holdings, LLC
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Ownership percentage, Opco common units held by noncontrolling interest holders	53.00%	65.00%
Class V Common Stock \| Opco common units held by noncontrolling interest holders \| Bakkt Opco Holdings, LLC
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Opco Common Units (in shares)	7,194,941	7,200,064

Share-Based and Unit-Based Compensation - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended			9 Months Ended
	Oct. 15, 2021	Sep. 30, 2024	Mar. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023	Jun. 06, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Oct. 14, 2021
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Tranche One \| Opco
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting percentage	33.33%
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Tranche Two \| Opco
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting percentage	33.33%
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Tranche Three \| Opco
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting percentage	33.33%
Deferred Compensation, Share-based Payments
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of participation units outstanding (in shares)	1,197,250									10,811,502
Participation units outstanding (in shares)				0
Cash payments for settlement of vested participation units				$ 0		$ 100
RSUs and PSUs
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted (in shares)					1,265,000	338,000
Unrecognized compensation expense		$ 11,800			$ 11,800		$ 14,300
Period to recognize unrecognized compensation expense			1 year 4 months 17 days		1 year 7 months 2 days
Accelerated costs		0			$ 4,900
Reversal of forfeitures		$ 400			$ 800
Shares outstanding (in shares)		1,274,000		533,000	1,274,000	533,000	521,000		551,000
RSUs
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted (in shares)		15,756		3,713	1,044,308	311,323
Common incentive unit		$ 2,400		$ 2,700	$ 12,500	$ 12,100
PSUs
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted (in shares)					221,065	26,945
Common incentive unit		$ 200		300	$ 500	$ 2,200
PSUs \| Share-based Payment Arrangement, Tranche One
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting percentage					33.33%
PSUs \| Share-based Payment Arrangement, Tranche Two
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting percentage					33.33%
PSUs \| Share-based Payment Arrangement, Tranche Three
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting percentage					33.33%
PSUs \| Minimum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Percentage of target units earned					0.00%
PSUs \| Maximum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Percentage of target units earned					150.00%
Preferred Incentive Units
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares outstanding (in shares)										76,475,000
Common incentive unit
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted (in shares)					0	0
Common incentive unit				$ 372		$ 1,291
Unrecognized compensation expense							$ 0
Shares outstanding (in shares)	698,934	304,000		324,000	304,000	324,000	309,000		332,000	23,219,745
2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Common stock reserved for future issuance (in shares)							2,096,295	3,034,920
Increase in common stock reserved for future issuance (in shares)								938,625
Opco Plan \| Share-based Payment Arrangement, Tranche Two
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award vesting period	1 year
Opco Plan \| Share-based Payment Arrangement, Tranche Three
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award vesting period	2 years

Share-Based and Unit-Based Compensation - RSU & PSU Activity (Details) - RSUs and PSUs - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended				9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Mar. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Number of RSUs and PSUs
Beginning balance (in shares)		521		551	521	551
Granted (in shares)					1,265	338
Forfeited (in shares)					(167)	(145)
Vested (in shares)					(345)	(211)
Ending balance (in shares)	1,274		533		1,274	533
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years)		1 year 4 months 17 days		2 years 18 days	1 year 7 months 2 days	1 year 6 months 25 days
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Beginning balance (in usd per share)		$ 69.75		$ 101.25	$ 69.75	$ 101.25
Granted (in usd per share)					13.29	37.25
Ending balance (in usd per share)	$ 13.69		$ 73.25		$ 13.69	$ 73.25
Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Granted					$ 16,816	$ 12,596
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Vested in Period, Fair Value	$ 300		$ 100		$ 6,800	$ 8,500

Share-Based and Unit-Based Compensation - Compensation Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Participation unit	$ (32)	$ (4)
Total	340	1,287
Common incentive unit
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Common incentive unit	$ 372	$ 1,291

Share-Based and Unit-Based Compensation - Unit Activity (Details) - Common incentive unit - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Number of Common Incentive Units
Beginning balance (in shares)	309	332	309	332
Granted (in shares)			0	0
Forfeited (in shares)			0	0
Exchanged			(5)	(8)
Ending balance (in shares)			304	324
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years)	0 years	9 months 14 days	0 years	6 months 14 days
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Beginning balance (in usd per share)	$ 166.75	$ 157.50	$ 166.75	$ 157.50
Ending balance (in usd per share)			$ 166.75	$ 157.50
Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding			$ 50,677	$ 65,980	$ 51,467	$ 67,635

Net Loss per share - Basic and Diluted Per Share Computations (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended						9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2024	Mar. 31, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Numerator – basic and diluted:
Net loss	$ (6,291)	$ (35,512)	$ (21,275)	$ (51,749)	$ (50,511)	$ (44,859)	$ (63,078)	$ (147,119)
Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest	(3,398)			(34,418)			(35,598)	(98,964)
Net loss attributable to Bakkt Holdings, Inc.	(2,893)			(17,331)			(27,480)	(48,155)
Net loss attributable to Bakkt Holdings, Inc. – basic and diluted	$ (2,893)			$ (17,331)			$ (27,480)	$ (48,155)
Denominator – basic and diluted:
Weighted average shares outstanding – basic (in shares)	6,361,793			3,654,314			5,642,609	3,509,048
Weighted average shares outstanding – diluted (in shares)	6,361,793			3,654,314			5,642,609	3,509,048
Net loss per share – basic (in dollars per share)	$ (0.45)			$ (4.74)			$ (4.87)	$ (13.72)
Net loss per share – diluted (in dollars per share)	$ (0.45)			$ (4.74)			$ (4.87)	$ (13.72)

Net Loss per share - Anti-dilutive Shares Excluded From Computation (Details)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024 shares
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Total	10,805,000
RSUs and PSUs
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Total	1,274,000
Warrants \| Public warrants
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Total	286,000
Warrants \| Opco warrants
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Total	32,000
Class 1 and Class 2 warrants
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Total	2,018,000
Opco common units
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Total	7,195,000

Commitment and Contingencies - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions			1 Months Ended			3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Apr. 12, 2023 USD ($)	Oct. 18, 2022 defendant	Jul. 31, 2024 USD ($)	May 31, 2024 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021	Sep. 30, 2024 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2024 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Apr. 30, 2024 USD ($)	Apr. 07, 2022 USD ($)
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Expenses related to 401(k) plan						$ 0.5	$ 0.7	$ 1.8	$ 2.4
Litigation settlement	$ 3.0
Maximum borrowing capacity						$ 35.0		35.0		$ 20.0	$ 35.0
Liquidity maintenance requirement, minimum											$ 7.0
Legal Fees								$ 0.4
Loss on Contract Termination			$ 1.1
Loss Contingency, Number of Defendants \| defendant		1
Payments for Legal Settlements				$ 1.1
Cloud Computing Arrangement
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Purchase obligation term (in years)					4 years

Commitment and Contingencies - Future Minimum Commitments (Details) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024 USD ($)
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Less than 1 year	$ 5,000
1-3 years	10,500
3-5 years	0
More than 5 years	0
Total	$ 15,500

Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Effective tax rate	1.80%	1.00%	1.00%
Unrecognized tax benefits	$ 0.0		$ 0.0	$ 0.0
Unrecognized tax benefits, interest and penalties accrued	$ 0.0		$ 0.0	$ 0.0

Fair Value Measurements - Schedule of Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Assets:
U.S. Treasury debt securities	$ 6,727	$ 17,398
Safeguarding asset for crypto	938,695	701,556
Liabilities:
Safeguarding obligation for crypto	938,695	701,556
Warrant liability - public warrants	15,836	2,356
U.S. Treasury debt securities
Assets:
U.S. Treasury debt securities	6,727	17,398
Fair Value, Recurring
Assets:
Safeguarding asset for crypto	938,695	701,556
Total Assets	945,422	718,954
Liabilities:
Safeguarding obligation for crypto	938,695	701,556
Warrant liability - Class 1 and Class 2 warrants	15,193
Total Liabilities	954,531	703,912
Fair Value, Recurring \| U.S. Treasury debt securities
Assets:
U.S. Treasury debt securities	6,727	17,398
Fair Value, Recurring \| Level 1
Assets:
Safeguarding asset for crypto	0	0
Total Assets	6,727	17,398
Liabilities:
Safeguarding obligation for crypto	0	0
Warrant liability - Class 1 and Class 2 warrants	0
Total Liabilities	643	2,356
Fair Value, Recurring \| Level 1 \| U.S. Treasury debt securities
Assets:
U.S. Treasury debt securities	6,727	17,398
Fair Value, Recurring \| Level 2
Assets:
Safeguarding asset for crypto	938,695	701,556
Total Assets	938,695	701,556
Liabilities:
Safeguarding obligation for crypto	938,695	701,556
Warrant liability - Class 1 and Class 2 warrants	0
Total Liabilities	938,695	701,556
Fair Value, Recurring \| Level 2 \| U.S. Treasury debt securities
Assets:
U.S. Treasury debt securities	0	0
Fair Value, Recurring \| Level 3
Assets:
Safeguarding asset for crypto	0	0
Total Assets	0	0
Liabilities:
Safeguarding obligation for crypto	0	0
Warrant liability - Class 1 and Class 2 warrants	15,193
Total Liabilities	15,193	0
Fair Value, Recurring \| Level 3 \| U.S. Treasury debt securities
Assets:
U.S. Treasury debt securities	0	0
Public warrants \| Fair Value, Recurring
Liabilities:
Warrant liability - public warrants	643	2,356
Public warrants \| Fair Value, Recurring \| Level 1
Liabilities:
Warrant liability - public warrants	643	2,356
Public warrants \| Fair Value, Recurring \| Level 2
Liabilities:
Warrant liability - public warrants	0	0
Public warrants \| Fair Value, Recurring \| Level 3
Liabilities:
Warrant liability - public warrants	$ 0	$ 0

Fair Value Measurements - Narrative (Details) - Apex Crypto, LLC - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Apr. 01, 2023
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Contingent consideration	$ 0.0	$ 0.0	$ 2.9
Gross profit volatility			66.00%

Fair Value Measurements - Fair Value Assumptions (Details)	Sep. 30, 2024
Measurement Input, Expected Term \| Minimum
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrant measurement input	4.93
Measurement Input, Expected Term \| Maximum
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrant measurement input	5.50
Measurement Input, Risk Free Interest Rate \| Minimum
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrant measurement input	0.0352
Measurement Input, Risk Free Interest Rate \| Maximum
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrant measurement input	0.0459
Measurement Input, Price Volatility \| Minimum
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrant measurement input	1.250
Measurement Input, Price Volatility \| Maximum
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Warrant measurement input	1.450

Leases (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
Leases (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023	Mar. 15, 2023	Jun. 03, 2022	Jan. 31, 2022
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Option to extend	5 years		5 years
Weighted average remaining lease term	78 months		78 months		84 months
Weighted average discount rate	5.30%		5.30%		5.30%
Rent expense	$ 0.1	$ 0.1	$ 0.1	$ 0.1
Office Building \| ARIZONA
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Term of contract						89 months
Total lease liability						$ 5.7
Office Building \| NEW YORK
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Term of contract								94 months
Total lease liability								$ 7.3
Office Building \| GEORGIA
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Term of contract							47 months
Total lease liability							$ 5.9
Minimum
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Remaining lease terms	19 months		19 months
Maximum
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Remaining lease terms	96 months		96 months

Safeguarding Obligation For Crypto (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Platform Operator, Crypto-Asset [Line Items]
Safeguarding obligation for crypto	$ 938,695	$ 701,556
Safeguarding asset for crypto	938,695	701,556
Bitcoin
Platform Operator, Crypto-Asset [Line Items]
Safeguarding obligation for crypto	407,246	262,231
Ether
Platform Operator, Crypto-Asset [Line Items]
Safeguarding obligation for crypto	179,167	196,016
Shiba Inu
Platform Operator, Crypto-Asset [Line Items]
Safeguarding obligation for crypto	218,422	143,237
Dogecoin
Platform Operator, Crypto-Asset [Line Items]
Safeguarding obligation for crypto	102,143	78,524
Other
Platform Operator, Crypto-Asset [Line Items]
Safeguarding obligation for crypto	$ 31,717	$ 21,548

Investment in Debt Securities - Cost Basis and Fair Value of Available-for-Sale Debt Securities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale [Line Items]
Total debt securities - available-for-sale	$ 6,550	$ 17,230
Unrealized Gain, net	177	168
Fair Value	6,727	17,398
U.S. treasury bonds
Debt Securities, Available-for-Sale [Line Items]
Total debt securities - available-for-sale	6,550	17,230
Unrealized Gain, net	177	168
Fair Value	$ 6,727	$ 17,398

Investment in Debt Securities - Available-for-Sale Debt Securities by Contractual Maturity (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Cost Basis
Due in one year or less	$ 6,550
Due after one year through five years	0
Total debt securities - available-for-sale	6,550	$ 17,230
Fair Value
Due in one year or less	6,727
Due after one year through five years	0
Total debt securities - available-for-sale	$ 6,727	$ 17,398

Subsequent Events (Details) - ICE Credit Facility - Line of Credit - USD ($) $ in Millions	Aug. 12, 2024	Sep. 30, 2025	Sep. 29, 2025	Jun. 29, 2025	Mar. 30, 2025
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity	$ 40.0
Annual increase in interest, when interest is elected to be paid-in-kind	1.00%
Interest rate in event of default	2.00%
Commitment fee percentage	0.50%
Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR)
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Debt instrument, variable rate	12.00%
Prime Rate
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Debt instrument, variable rate	11.00%
Subsequent Event
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity		$ 40.0	$ 30.0	$ 20.0	$ 10.0