Form 8-K - Current report

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 8-K

CURRENT REPORT

Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Date of Report (Date of earliest event reported): December 12, 2024

Assembly Biosciences, Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)


Delaware	001-35005	20-8729264
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation)	(Commission File Number)	(IRS Employer Identification No.)

Two Tower Place, 7th Floor, South San Francisco, California		94080
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)		(Zip Code)

Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code: (833) 509-4583

Not Applicable

(Former Name or Former Address, if Changed Since Last Report)

Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions:


☐	Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)
☐	Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)
☐	Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))
☐	Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

    Title of each class

    Trading
Symbol(s)

    Name of each exchange on which registered

    Common Stock, par value $0.001

    ASMB

    The Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (§ 230.405 of this chapter) or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (§ 240.12b-2 of this chapter).

Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Item 5.03 Amendments to Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws; Change in Fiscal Year.

On December 12, 2024, the Board of Directors (the “Board”) of Assembly Biosciences, Inc. (the “Company”) approved an amendment and restatement of the Company’s Amended and Restated Bylaws (the “Amended Bylaws”), effective as of such date. Among other updates, the Amended Bylaws:

•

Update and expand the procedural and informational requirements for director nominations and other proposals submitted by stockholders under the Company’s “advance notice” bylaws, including requiring additional background information and disclosures regarding proposing stockholders, proposed nominees and proposed items of business.

•

Revise the deadline for advance notice of director nominations and other proposals submitted by stockholders for an annual meeting of the Company’s stockholders to be generally not earlier than one hundred twenty (120) days and not later than ninety (90) days prior to the first anniversary of the preceding year’s annual meeting.

•

Require a stockholder soliciting proxies from other stockholders to use a proxy card color other than white, which is reserved for the exclusive use for solicitation by the Company or the Board.

•

Provide that for a person to be eligible to be a nominee for election as a director, that person must deliver to the Company’s Secretary (1) a completed and signed written questionnaire regarding his or her background and qualifications and (2) certain written representations and agreements related to his or her service on the Board enumerated in the Amended Bylaws.

•

Require stockholders providing notice pursuant to the advance notice and “proxy access” provisions to further update and supplement the notice to ensure that the information provided in connection with the notice is true and correct as of the record date for the applicable annual meeting.

•

Provide that a special meeting requested by stockholders need not be called if a similar item is included as an item of business to be brought before an annual meeting or special meeting called for a date within one hundred twenty (120) days of receipt of the special meeting request.

•

Make certain other nonmaterial procedural, modernizing, clarifying and conforming changes.

As a result of the amendments summarized above, if a stockholder intends to present a proposal of business or a nominee for election as a director at the Annual Meeting of Stockholders of the Company to be held in 2025 pursuant to the advance notice provisions of the Amended Bylaws, the Company’s Secretary must receive written notice of such proposal or nomination that complies with the advance notice provisions contained in the Amended Bylaws no earlier than January 29, 2025 and no later than February 28, 2025.

The foregoing description is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Amended Bylaws, a copy of which is filed as Exhibit 3.1 to this Current Report on Form 8-K and incorporated herein by reference.

Item 9.01 Financial Statements and Exhibits.

(d) Exhibits.


Exhibit Number		Description
3.1		Amended and Restated Bylaws of Assembly Biosciences, Inc., effective December 12, 2024.
104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document).

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


	Assembly Biosciences, Inc.

Date: December 13, 2024	By:	/s/ John O. Gunderson
		John O. Gunderson
		VP, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary

Exhibit 3.1

AMENDED AND RESTATED BYLAWS

ASSEMBLY BIOSCIENCES, INC.

(as amended through December 12, 2024)

Article I
OFFICES

1.1 Registered Office. The registered office of ASSEMBLY BIOSCIENCES, INC. (the “Corporation”), in the State of Delaware is 251 Little Falls Drive, Wilmington, New Castle County, Delaware 19808, and its registered agent at such address is Corporation Service Company.

1.2 Principal Office. The principal office for the transaction of the business of the Corporation shall be at such location, within or without the State of Delaware, as shall be designated by the board of directors of the Corporation.

1.3 Other Offices. The Corporation may also have an office or offices at such other place or places, either within or without the State of Delaware, as the board of directors may from time to time determine or as the business of the Corporation may require.

Article II
MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS

2.1 Place of Meetings. Meetings of stockholders shall be held at any place (if any), within or outside the State of Delaware, designated by the board of directors. The board of directors may, in its sole discretion, determine that a meeting shall not be held at any place, but may instead be held solely by means of remote communication as authorized by Section 211 of the General Corporation Law of Delaware.

If authorized by the board of directors in its sole discretion, and subject to such guidelines and procedures as the board of directors may adopt, stockholders and proxyholders not physically present at a meeting of stockholders may, by means of remote communication, participate in a meeting of stockholders, be deemed present in person and vote at a meeting of stockholders whether such meeting is to be held at a designated place or solely by means of remote communication, provided that (i) the Corporation shall implement reasonable measures to verify that each person deemed present and permitted to vote at the meeting by means of remote communication is a stockholder or proxyholder, (ii) the Corporation shall implement reasonable measures to provide such stockholders and proxyholders a reasonable opportunity to participate in the meeting and to vote on matters submitted to the stockholders, including an opportunity to read or hear the proceedings of the meeting substantially concurrently with such proceedings, and (iii) if any stockholder or proxyholder votes or takes other action at the meeting by means of remote communication, a record of such vote or other action shall be maintained by the Corporation.

2.2 Annual Meeting. The annual meeting of stockholders shall be held each year on a date and at a time and place (if any) designated by the board of directors, which date, time and place (if any) may subsequently be changed at any time by vote of the board of directors. In the absence of such designation, the annual meeting of stockholders shall be held on the fourth Tuesday in May of each year at 10:00 a.m. However, if such day falls on a legal holiday, then the meeting shall be held at the same time and place on the next succeeding full business day. At the meeting, directors shall be elected and any other proper business may be transacted. If no

annual meeting has been held for a period of thirteen (13) months after the Corporation’s last annual meeting, a special meeting in lieu thereof may be held, and such special meeting shall have, for the purposes of these bylaws or otherwise, all the force and effect of an annual meeting. Any and all references hereafter in these bylaws to an annual meeting or annual meetings also shall be deemed to refer to any special meeting(s) in lieu thereof.

2.3 Special Meeting.

(a) Except as otherwise required by statute and subject to the rights, if any, of the holders of any series of preferred stock then outstanding, special meetings of the stockholders may be called, at any time for any purpose or purposes as is proper for stockholder action under the General Corporation Law of Delaware, by (i) the board of directors acting pursuant to a resolution duly adopted by a majority of the board of directors then in office, (ii) the Chairperson of the board of directors, (iii) the Chief Executive Officer or (iv) the Chief Executive Officer or secretary of the Corporation upon the written request of stockholder(s) owning (as defined below) at least 25% (in the aggregate) of the then voting power of all shares of the Corporation entitled to vote on the matters to be brought before the proposed special meeting (the “Requisite Percent,” and such a special meeting, a “Stockholder Requested Special Meeting”); provided that a request pursuant to Section 2.3(a)(iv) shall be invalid if (A) it relates to an item of business that is the same or substantially similar (as determined in good faith by the Board of Directors, a “Similar Item”) to any item of business that stockholders voted on at a meeting of stockholders that occurred within 120 days preceding the date of such request (and, for purposes of this Section 2.3, the election of directors shall be deemed to be a “Similar Item” with respect to all items of business involving the election or removal of directors, changing the size of the Board of Directors and the filling of vacancies and/or newly created directorships resulting from any increase in the authorized number of directors); (B) the Special Meeting Request (as defined below) is received within the period commencing 90 days prior to the anniversary of the date of the most recent annual meeting of stockholders and ending on the date of the next annual meeting of stockholders; or (C) a Similar Item is included in the Corporation’s notice of meeting as an item of business to be brought before an annual meeting or special meeting that has been called but not yet held or that is called for a date within 120 days of the receipt by the Corporation of a Special Meeting Request. Special meetings of the stockholders shall be held at such time and place within or without the State of Delaware as may be designated from time to time by the board of directors; provided that any Stockholder Requested Special Meeting shall be held within 120 days after a Special Meeting Request that complies with the requirements of this Section 2.3 has been delivered to, or mailed and received by, the secretary of the Corporation at the principal executive offices of the Corporation in accordance with Section 2.3(b) below. Only those matters set forth in the notice of the special meeting or brought by or at the direction of the board of directors may be considered or acted upon at a special meeting of stockholders of the Corporation; provided, however, that nothing herein shall prohibit the board of directors from submitting additional matters to the stockholders at any Stockholder Requested Special Meeting. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, nominations of persons for election to the board of directors of the Corporation shall not be brought before a special meeting of stockholders to be considered by the stockholders unless such special meeting is held in lieu of an annual meeting of stockholders in accordance with Section 2.2 of these bylaws, in which case such special meeting in lieu thereof shall be deemed an annual meeting for purposes of these bylaws and the provisions of Section 2.14 of these bylaws shall govern such special meeting.

For purposes of this Section 2.3, a holder shall be deemed to “own” only those shares that an Eligible Shareholder (as defined in Section 3.16(c)(i) of these bylaws) is deemed to “own” as determined in accordance with Section 3.16(c)(iv) of these bylaws. The determination of the extent to which a person “owns” shares for these purposes shall be made by the board of directors, which determination shall be conclusive and binding on the Corporation and its stockholders.

(b) In order for the Chief Executive Officer or the secretary to call a Stockholder Requested Special Meeting, one or more written requests for a special stockholder meeting (individually or collectively, a “Special Meeting Request”) signed and dated by the stockholder(s) of record that own the Requisite Percent, or by persons who are acting on behalf of those who own the Requisite Percent, must be delivered by the requesting stockholder(s) to the secretary at the principal executive offices of the Corporation, must set forth therein the purpose or purposes of the proposed Stockholder Requested Special Meeting and must be accompanied by:

(i) the relevant information required by Section 2.14 of these bylaws, as applied to a special meeting rather than an annual meeting, and without regard to the timing of the stockholder notice described therein; and

(ii) as to each stockholder signing such request, or if such stockholder is a nominee or custodian, as to each beneficial owner on whose behalf such request is signed, (i) an affidavit signed by such person stating the number of shares of the Corporation that it owns as of the date such request was signed and agreeing to continue to own at least (A) such number of shares or (B) a number of shares equal to the Requisite Percent through the date of the Stockholder Requested Special Meeting and (ii) an agreement by each such stockholder or beneficial owner (x) to notify the Corporation promptly in the event of any disposition prior to the Stockholder Requested Special Meeting of shares of common stock of the Corporation and (y) to update and supplement such affidavit, if necessary, so that the information provided in such affidavit regarding the number of shares that such person owns shall be true and correct as of the record date for the Stockholder Requested Special Meeting and as of the date that is five business days prior to the meeting or any adjournment or postponement thereof, with such update and supplement to be delivered to the secretary at the principal executive offices of the Corporation not later than five business days after the record date for the meeting in the case of the update and supplement required to be made as of the record date, and not later than three business days prior to the date for the meeting or any adjournment or postponement thereof in the case of the update and supplement required to be made as of five business days prior to the meeting or any adjournment or postponement thereof; provided that in the event of any decrease in the number of shares of the Corporation owned by such person at any time before the Stockholder Requested Special Meeting, such person’s Special Meeting Request shall be deemed revoked with respect to the shares comprising such reduction and shall not be counted towards the calculation of the Requisite Percent.

One or more written requests for a special meeting delivered to the secretary shall constitute a valid Special Meeting Request only if each such written request satisfies the requirements set

forth above in this clause (b) and has been dated and delivered to the secretary within 60 days of the earliest date of such requests. If the record holder is not the signatory to the Special Meeting Request, such Special Meeting Request will not be valid unless documentary evidence from the record holder of such signatory’s authority to execute the Special Meeting Request on behalf of the record holder is supplied to the secretary at the time of delivery of such Special Meeting Request (or within 10 business days thereafter). The determination of the validity of a Special Meeting Request shall be made in good faith by the board of directors, whose determination shall be conclusive and binding on the Corporation and the stockholders.

(c) If none of the stockholder(s) who submitted the Special Meeting Request(s) (or their qualified representatives) appears at the Stockholder Requested Special Meeting to present the matter or matters to be brought before the special meeting as specified in the Special Meeting Request(s), the Corporation need not present the matter or matters for a vote at the meeting, notwithstanding that proxies in respect of such vote may have been received by the Corporation.

(d) The stockholder(s) seeking to call the special meeting may revoke a Special Meeting Request by written revocation delivered to, or mailed and received by, the secretary at any time prior to the Stockholder Requested Special Meeting, and any stockholder signing a Special Meeting Request may revoke such request as to the shares that such person owns (or as to the shares that are owned by the person on whose behalf the stockholder is acting, as applicable), and each such Special Meeting Request shall thereupon be deemed revoked; provided that if as a result of such revocation(s) there are no longer any valid unrevoked Special Meeting Request(s) from stockholders who own at least a Requisite Percent with respect to the proposed special meeting, then there shall be no requirement for the secretary to call, or for the Corporation to hold, a special meeting regardless of whether notice of such special meeting has been sent and/or proxies solicited for such special meeting. Further, in the event that the stockholder requesting the Stockholder Requested Special Meeting withdraws such Special Meeting Request, there shall be no requirement for the secretary to call, or for the Corporation to hold, such special meeting.

2.4 Notice of Stockholders’ Meetings.

(a) Except to the extent otherwise required by law, all notices of meetings of stockholders shall be in writing and shall be sent or otherwise given in accordance with Section 2.5 of these bylaws not less than ten (10) nor more than sixty (60) days before the date of the meeting to each stockholder entitled to vote at such meeting as of the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to notice of such meeting. The notice shall specify the place, if any, date, and hour of the meeting, the means of remote communication, if any, by which stockholders and proxyholders may be deemed to be present in person and vote at such meeting, the record date for determining stockholder entitled to vote at such meeting (if such date is different from the record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of such meeting), and, in the case of a special meeting, the purpose or purposes for which the meeting is called.

(b) Without limiting the manner by which notice otherwise may be given effectively to stockholders, any notice to stockholders given by the Corporation under any provision of the General Corporation Law of Delaware, the certificate of incorporation of the

Corporation or these bylaws shall also be effective if given by a form of electronic transmission consented to by the stockholder to whom the notice is given. Any such consent shall be revocable by the stockholder by written notice to the Corporation. Any such consent shall be deemed revoked if (i) the Corporation is unable to deliver by electronic transmission two consecutive notices given by the Corporation in accordance with such consent, and (ii) such inability becomes known to the secretary or an assistant secretary of the Corporation or to the transfer agent, or other person responsible for the giving of notice; provided, however, the inadvertent failure to recognize such revocation shall not invalidate any meeting or other action.

(c) Without limiting the manner by which notice otherwise may be given effectively to stockholders, any notice to stockholders given by the Corporation under any provision of the General Corporation Law of Delaware, the certificate of incorporation of the Corporation or these bylaws shall be effective if given by a single written notice to stockholders who share an address if consented to by the stockholders at that address to whom such notice is given. Any such consent shall be revocable by the stockholder by written notice to the Corporation. Any stockholder who fails to object in writing to the Corporation, within sixty (60) days of having been given written notice by the Corporation of its intention to send the single notice permitted under this subsection 2.4(c), shall be deemed to have consented to receiving such single written notice.

(d) Sections 2.4(b) and (c) shall not apply to any notice given to stockholders under sections 164 (notice of sale of shares of stockholder who failed to pay an installment or call on stock not fully paid), 296 (notice of disputed claims relating to insolvent corporations), 311 (notice of meeting of stockholders to revoke dissolution of corporation), 312 (notice of meeting of stockholders of corporation whose certificate of incorporation has been renewed or revived) and 324 (notice when stock has been attached as required for sale upon execution process) of the General Corporation Law of Delaware.

(e) Notice of all special meetings of stockholders shall be given in the same manner as provided for annual meetings, except that the notice of all special meetings shall state the purpose or purposes for which the meeting has been called.

2.5 Manner of Giving Notice; Affidavit of Notice

(a) Written notice of any meeting of stockholders, if mailed, is given when deposited in the United States mail, postage prepaid, directed to the stockholder at his, her or its address as it appears on the records of the Corporation. An affidavit of the secretary or an assistant secretary or of the transfer agent or other agent of the Corporation that the notice has been given shall, in the absence of fraud, be prima facie evidence of the facts stated therein.

(b) Notice given pursuant to Section 2.4 shall be deemed given: (i) if by facsimile telecommunication, when directed to a number at which the stockholder has consented to receive notice; (ii) if by electronic mail, when directed to an electronic mail address at which the stockholder has consented to receive notice; (iii) if by a posting on an electronic network together with separate notice to the stockholder of such specific posting, upon the later of such posting and the giving of such separate notice; and (iv) if by any other form of electronic transmission, when directed to the stockholder. An affidavit of the secretary, an assistant

secretary or the transfer agent or other agent of the Corporation that the notice has been given by a form of electronic transmission shall, in the absence of fraud, be prima facie evidence of the facts stated therein.

2.6 Quorum; Action at Meeting. The holders of one-third (1/3) of the stock issued and outstanding and entitled to vote thereat, present in person or represented by proxy, shall constitute a quorum at all meetings of the stockholders for the transaction of business except as otherwise required by statute or provided by the certificate of incorporation; provided, however, that where a separate vote by a class or series or classes or series is required, one-third (1/3) of the voting power of the stock of such class or series or classes or series outstanding and entitled to vote on that matter, present in person or represented by proxy, shall constitute a quorum entitled to take action with respect to such matter. If, however, such quorum is not present or represented at any meeting of the stockholders, then the presiding officer or the stockholders holding a majority of the voting power entitled to vote thereat, present in person or represented by proxy, shall have power to adjourn the meeting from time to time in accordance with Section 2.7, without notice other than announcement at the meeting, until a quorum is present or represented. At such adjourned meeting at which a quorum is present or represented, any business may be transacted that might have been transacted at the meeting as originally noticed. Subject to applicable law, the stockholders present at a duly constituted meeting may continue to transact business until adjournment, notwithstanding the withdrawal of enough stockholders to leave less than a quorum. When a quorum is present at any meeting of stockholders, any matter before any such meeting (other than an election of a director or directors) shall be decided by a majority of the votes properly cast for and against such matter, except where a larger vote is required by law, by the certificate of incorporation or by these bylaws.

Except as provided in Section 3.4 of Article III of these bylaws, a nominee for director shall be elected if the votes cast for such nominee’s election exceed the votes cast against such nominee’s election; provided, however, that directors shall be elected by a plurality of the votes cast at any meeting of stockholders for which (i) the secretary of the Corporation receives a notice that a stockholder (or group of stockholders) has nominated a person for election to the Board of Directors in compliance with the advance notice requirements for stockholder nominees for director set forth in Section 3.15 of Article III of these bylaws or the proxy access requirements set forth in Section 3.16 of Article III of these bylaws and (ii) such nomination has not been withdrawn by such stockholder (or group of stockholders) on or prior to the fourteenth day preceding the date the Corporation first mails its notice of meeting for such meeting to the stockholders.

2.7 Adjournments; Notice

(a) The board of directors may postpone and reschedule any previously scheduled annual meeting or, subject to the requirements of Section 2.3 with respect to Stockholder Requested Special Meetings, special meeting of stockholders and any record date with respect thereto, regardless of whether any notice or public disclosure with respect to any such meeting has been sent or made pursuant to these bylaws or otherwise. In no event shall the public announcement of an adjournment, postponement or rescheduling of any previously scheduled meeting of stockholders commence a new time period for the giving of a stockholder’s notice under these bylaws.

(b) Any meeting of stockholders, whether or not a quorum is present, may be adjourned to any other time and to any other place at which a meeting of stockholders may be held under these bylaws by the chairperson of the board of directors, or in the absence of such person, by any officer entitled to preside at or to act as secretary of such meeting. When a meeting is adjourned to another time or place, unless these bylaws otherwise require, notice need not be given of the adjourned meeting if the time and place thereof, and the means of remote communication, if any, by which stockholders and proxyholders may be deemed to be present in person and vote at such meeting, are announced at the meeting at which the adjournment is taken or displayed during the time scheduled for the meeting on the same electronic network used to enable stockholders and proxyholders to participate in the meeting by means of remote communication. At the adjourned meeting, the Corporation may transact any business that might have been transacted at the original meeting. If the adjournment is for more than thirty (30) days, or if after the adjournment a new record date is fixed for the adjourned meeting, a notice of the adjourned meeting shall be given to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at the meeting. If after the adjournment a new record date for stockholders entitled to vote is fixed for the adjourned meeting, the board of directors shall fix a new record date for notice of such adjourned meeting in accordance with Section 213(a) of General Corporation Law of Delaware, and shall give notice of the adjourned meeting to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at such adjourned meeting as of the record date fixed for notice of such adjourned meeting.

2.8 Voting. The stockholders entitled to vote at any meeting of stockholders shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of Section 2.11 of these bylaws, subject to the provisions of Sections 217 and 218 of the General Corporation Law of Delaware (relating to voting rights of fiduciaries, pledgors and joint owners of stock and to voting trusts and other voting agreements).

Except as otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation or by law, each stockholder shall be entitled to one vote for each share of capital stock held by such stockholder of record according to the stock ledger of the Corporation as of the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to vote, unless otherwise provided by law or by the certificate of incorporation.

2.9 Waiver of Notice. Whenever notice is required to be given under any provision of the General Corporation Law of Delaware or of the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, a written waiver thereof, signed by the person entitled to notice, or a waiver by electronic transmission by the person entitled to notice, whether before or after the time stated therein, shall be deemed equivalent to notice. Attendance of a person at a meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, except when the person attends a meeting for the express purpose of objecting, at the beginning of the meeting, to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened. Neither the business to be transacted at, nor the purpose of, any regular or special meeting of the stockholders need be specified in any written waiver or any waiver by electronic transmission of notice unless so required by the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws.

2.10 No Stockholder Action by Written Consent Without a Meeting. Any action required or permitted to be taken by the stockholders of the Corporation must be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting of the stockholders of the Corporation and may not be effected by any consent in writing by such stockholders.

2.11 Record Date for Stockholder Notice; Voting.

(a) In order that the Corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to notice of any meeting of stockholders or any adjournment thereof, the board of directors may fix a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the board of directors, and which record date shall not be more than 60 nor less than 10 days before the date of such meeting. If the board of directors so fixes a date, such date shall also be the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to vote at such meeting unless the board of directors determines, at the time it fixes such record date, that a later date on or before the date of the meeting shall be the date for making such determination. If no record date is fixed by the board of directors, the record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of and to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall be at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which notice is given, or, if notice is waived, at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which the meeting is held. A determination of stockholders of record entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall apply to any adjournment of the meeting; provided, however, that the board of directors may fix a new record date for determination of stockholders entitled to vote at the adjourned meeting, and in such case shall also fix as the record date for stockholders entitled to notice of such adjourned meeting the same or an earlier date as that fixed for determination of stockholders entitled to vote in accordance with the foregoing provisions of this Section 2.11(a) at the adjourned meeting.

(b) In order that the Corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to receive payment of any dividend or other distribution or allotment of any rights or the stockholders entitled to exercise any rights in respect of any change, conversion or exchange of stock, or for the purpose of any other lawful action, the board of directors may fix a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted, and which record date shall be not more than 60 days prior to such action. If no record date is fixed, the record date for determining stockholders for any such purpose shall be at the close of business on the day on which the board of directors adopts the resolution relating thereto.

2.12 Proxies. Each stockholder entitled to vote at a meeting of stockholders may authorize another person or persons to act for such stockholder by proxy, but no such proxy shall be voted or acted upon after 3 years from its date, unless the proxy provides for a longer period. Without limiting the manner in which a stockholder may authorize another person or persons to act for such stockholder as proxy pursuant to this Section 2.12, the following shall constitute a valid means by which a stockholder may grant such authority:

(a) A stockholder may execute a writing authorizing another person or persons to act for such stockholder as proxy. Execution may be accomplished by the stockholder or such stockholder's authorized officer, director, employee or agent signing such writing or causing such person's signature to be affixed to such writing by any reasonable means including, but not limited to, by facsimile signature.

(b) A stockholder may authorize another person or persons to act for such stockholder as proxy by transmitting or authorizing the transmission of a telegram, cablegram, or other means of electronic transmission to the person who will be the holder of the proxy or to a proxy solicitation firm, proxy support service organization or like agent duly authorized by the

person who will be the holder of the proxy to receive such transmission, provided that any such telegram, cablegram or other means of electronic transmission must either set forth or be submitted with information from which it can be determined that the telegram, cablegram or other electronic transmission was authorized by the stockholder. If it is determined that such telegrams, cablegrams or other electronic transmissions are valid, the inspectors or, if there are no inspectors, such other persons making that determination shall specify the information upon which they relied.

Any copy, facsimile telecommunication or other reliable reproduction of the writing or transmission created pursuant to this Section 2.12 may be substituted or used in lieu of the original writing or transmission for any and all purposes for which the original writing or transmission could be used, provided that such copy, facsimile telecommunication or other reproduction shall be a complete reproduction of the entire original writing or transmission. A duly executed proxy shall be irrevocable if it states that it is irrevocable and if, and only as long as, it is coupled with an interest sufficient in law to support an irrevocable power. A proxy may be made irrevocable regardless of whether the interest with which it is coupled is an interest in the stock itself or an interest in the corporation generally.

2.13 List of Stockholders Entitled to Vote. The Corporation shall prepare and make, at least ten (10) days before every meeting of stockholders, a complete list of the stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting; provided, however, if the record date for determining stockholders entitled to vote is less than ten (10) days before the meeting date, the list shall reflect the stockholders entitled to vote as of the tenth (10th) day before the meeting date, arranged in alphabetical order, and showing the address of each stockholder and the number of shares registered in the name of each stockholder. The Corporation shall not be required to include electronic mail addresses or other electronic contact information on such list. Such list shall be open to the examination of any stockholder for any purpose germane to the meeting for a period of at least ten (10) days prior to the meeting: (a) on a reasonably accessible electronic network, provided that the information required to gain access to such list is provided with the notice of the meeting, or (b) during ordinary business hours, at the principal place of business of the Corporation. In the event that the Corporation determines to make the list available on an electronic network, the Corporation may take reasonable steps to ensure that such information is available only to stockholders of the Corporation.

2.14 Stockholder Proposals Outside of Proxy Access and Other Proposals by Stockholders at Annual Meeting.

(a) Nominations of persons for election to the board of directors of the Corporation and the proposal of other business to be considered by the stockholders may be brought before an annual meeting (i) pursuant to the Corporation’s proxy materials, (ii) by or at the direction of the board of directors, (iii) by any stockholder of the Corporation who was a stockholder of record at the time of giving of notice provided for in this bylaw, who is entitled to vote at the meeting, who is present (in person or by proxy) at the meeting and who complies with the notice procedures set forth in this bylaw (including, to the extent applicable, Section 3.15) as to such nomination or business and, in the case of a nomination, who complies with Rule 14a-19 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), or (iv) by way of proxy access in accordance with Section 3.16. For the avoidance of doubt, the foregoing clauses

(iii) and (iv) shall be the exclusive means for a stockholder to bring nominations or business properly before an annual meeting (other than matters properly brought under Rule 14a-8 (or any successor rule) under the Exchange Act ), and such stockholder must comply with the notice and other procedures set forth in these bylaws to bring such nominations or business properly before an annual meeting. In addition to the other requirements set forth in this bylaw, for any proposal of business to be considered at an annual meeting, it must be a proper subject for action by stockholders of the Corporation under Delaware law.

(b) Any stockholder wishing to bring any other business before a meeting of stockholders, except for the nomination of persons for election as directors which shall be made pursuant to Sections 3.15 or 3.16 of these bylaws, must provide notice to the Corporation not more than one hundred twenty (120) days nor less than ninety (90) days prior to the anniversary date of the immediately preceding annual meeting, in writing to the Secretary of the Corporation, at the Corporation’s principal executive offices, by registered mail, return receipt requested, of the business to be presented by the stockholders at the stockholders’ meeting; provided, however, that in the event that the annual meeting is called for a date that is not within twenty-five (25) days before or after such anniversary date, notice by a stockholder, to be timely, must be received no later than the close of business on the tenth (10th) day following the day on which such notice of the date of annual meeting was mailed or such public disclosure was made, whichever first occurs. In no event shall the adjournment, postponement or rescheduling of an annual meeting, or the public announcement thereof, commence a new time period (or extend any time period) for the giving of a stockholder’s notice as described above.

(c) Any such notice shall set forth the following: (i) as to each matter the stockholder proposes to bring before the meeting, a brief description of the business desired to be brought before the meeting and the proposed text of any proposal regarding such business (including the text of any resolutions proposed for consideration and, if such business includes a proposal to amend these bylaws, the text of the proposed amendment), and the reasons for conducting such business at the meeting; and (ii) as to the stockholder giving notice and the beneficial owners, if any, on whose behalf the proposal is being made, (w) the name and address of such person; (x) the class and number of all shares of the Corporation that are owned beneficially or of record by such person; (y) a representation that the stockholder is a holder of record of stock of the Corporation entitled to vote at such meeting and intends to appear in person or by proxy at the meeting to propose such business and (z) (A) for proposals of business other than nominations, a statement whether or not the stockholder giving the notice and/or making a proposal will deliver a proxy statement and form of proxy to holders of at least the percentage of voting power of all of the shares of capital stock of the Corporation required under applicable law to approve the proposal or (B) in the case of a nomination or nominations, a statement that the stockholder giving the notice will deliver a proxy statement and form of proxy to holders representing at least 67% of the voting power of shares entitled to vote in the election of directors (such statement being the “Solicitation Statement”). In the absence of such notice to the Corporation meeting the requirements of this Section 2.14, a stockholder shall not be entitled to present any business at any meeting of stockholders.

(d) Such stockholder must also set forth in its notice: (i) any material interest in such business of such stockholder and any Stockholder Associated Person (as defined below), individually or in aggregate, including any anticipated benefit to the stockholder or the

Stockholder Associated Person therefrom; (ii) as to the stockholder giving notice and any Stockholder Associated Person, (A) the class, series and number of all shares of the Corporation beneficially owned, directly or indirectly, by such stockholder and by such Stockholder Associated Person, (B) the nominee holder for, and number of, shares owned beneficially but not of record by such stockholder and by any such Stockholder Associated Person, (C) any proxy, contract, arrangement, understanding or relationship pursuant to which either the stockholder or the Stockholder Associated Person has the right to vote, directly or indirectly, any shares of stock of the Corporation, (D) any option, swap, warrant or other transaction has been entered into by such stockholder or Stockholder Associated Person with respect to the capital stock of the Corporation, and (E) whether and the extent to which any hedging or other transaction or series of transactions has been entered into by or on behalf of, or any other agreement, arrangement or understanding (including any short position or any borrowing or lending of shares) has been made, the effect or intent of which is to mitigate loss to or manage risk or benefit of share price changes for, or to increase or decrease the voting power of, such stockholder of any such Stockholder Associated Person with respect to any share of stock of the Corporation (the information called for by this Section 2.14(d)(ii) with respect to any person referred to as the “Ownership Information”); (iii) as to the stockholder giving the notice and any Stockholder Associated Person, the name and address of such stockholder, as they appear on the Corporation’s stock ledger, and current name and address, if different, of such Stockholder Associated Person; (iv) a description of all agreements, arrangements or understandings (whether written or oral) between or among such stockholder or any Stockholder Associated Person and any other person (including their names) in connection with or relating to (A) the Corporation or (B) the proposed business; (v) to the extent known by the stockholder giving the notice, the name and address of any other stockholder supporting the proposal of other business on the date of such stockholder’s notice; (vi) any other information relating to such stockholder or any Stockholder Associated Person that would be required to be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filing required to be made in connection with the solicitation of proxies by such person with respect to the proposed business to be brought by such person before the annual meeting pursuant to Section 14 of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder; and (vii) in the case of a nomination, all other information required by Rule 14a-19 under the Exchange Act.

(e) A stockholder providing notice pursuant to Section 2.14, Section 3.15 or Section 3.16 shall further update and supplement such notice, if necessary, so that the information provided or required to be provided in such notice pursuant to these bylaws shall be true and correct as of the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to receive notice of the annual meeting and such update and supplement shall be delivered to or be mailed and received by the Secretary of the Corporation, at the Corporation’s principal executive offices, not later than five (5) business days after the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to receive notice of the annual meeting.

(f) For nominations or other business to be properly brought before an annual meeting by a stockholder pursuant to this bylaw, the stockholder must (i) have given notice as described in this Section 2.14 (or in Sections 3.15 or 3.16 with respect to nominations), (ii) have provided any updates or supplements to such notice at the times and in the forms required by this Section 2.14 (or by Sections 3.15 or 3.16 with respect to nominations), (iii) for nominations, have complied with Rule 14a-19 under the Exchange Act and provided evidence that the

stockholder has solicited proxies from holders representing at least 67% of the voting power of the shares entitled to vote in the election of directors and (iv) together with the beneficial owner(s), if any, on whose behalf the nomination or business proposal is made, have acted in accordance with the representations set forth in the Solicitation Statement (as described above) required by this bylaw.

(g) Only such business shall be conducted at a meeting of stockholders as shall have been brought before the meeting in accordance with the procedures set forth in this Section 2.14. The presiding officer of the meeting shall have the power and duty to determine whether any business proposed to be brought before the meeting was made in accordance with the procedures set forth in this Section 2.14 and, if any proposed business is not in compliance with this Section 2.14, to declare that such defective proposal be disregarded.

(h) Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 2.14, a stockholder shall also comply with all applicable requirements of state law and of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder with respect to the matters set forth in this Section 2.14. Nothing in this Section 2.14 shall be deemed to affect any rights of (i) stockholders to have proposals included in the Corporation’s proxy statement pursuant to Rule 14a-8 (or any successor rule), as applicable, under the Exchange Act and, to the extent required by such rule, have such proposals considered and voted on at an annual meeting or (ii) the holders of any series of preferred stock to elect directors under specified circumstances.

(i) Except as otherwise required by law, Rule 14a-19 under the Exchange Act or Section 3.16 of these bylaws, nothing in this Section 2.14 shall obligate the Corporation or the board of directors to include in any proxy statement or other stockholder communication distributed on behalf of the Corporation or the board of directors information with respect to any nominee for director or any other matter of business submitted by a stockholder.

(j) Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 2.14 or the provisions of Section 3.15, if the nominating or proposing stockholder (or qualified representative of the stockholder) does not appear at the annual meeting to present a nomination or any business or, in the case of a nomination, does not provide evidence that the stockholder has solicited proxies from holders representing at least 67% of the voting power of the shares entitled to vote in the election of directors, the presiding officer shall have the discretion to declare that such nomination or business shall be disregarded, notwithstanding that proxies in respect of such vote may have been received by the Corporation. For purposes of this Section 2.14 and Section 3.15, to be considered a qualified representative of the proposing or nominating stockholder, a person must be authorized by a written instrument executed by such stockholder or an electronic transmission delivered by such stockholder to act for such stockholder as proxy at the meeting of stockholders and such person must produce such written instrument or electronic transmission, or a reliable reproduction of the written instrument or electronic transmission, to the presiding officer at the meeting of stockholders.

(k) The stockholder providing a notice of any proposed business or of any nomination, or any Stockholder Associated Person, in connection with the solicitation of proxies, must use a proxy card color other than white, which shall be reserved for the exclusive use for solicitation by or on behalf of the Corporation or the Board of Directors.

(l) For the purposes of these bylaws, “Stockholder Associated Person” of any stockholder shall mean (i) any person controlling, directly or indirectly, such stockholder, (ii) any beneficial owner of shares of stock of the Corporation owned of record or beneficially by such stockholder, (iii) any person acting in concert with such stockholder with respect to making the proposal or nomination or with respect to the acquisition, disposition, voting or ownership of Company securities and (iv) any person controlling, controlled by or under common control with such Stockholder Associated Person.

2.15 Presiding Officer. The board of directors shall designate a representative to preside over all annual meetings or special meetings of stockholders, provided that if the board of directors does not so designate such a presiding officer, then the chairperson of the board of directors, if one is elected, shall preside over such meetings. If the board of directors does not so designate such a presiding officer and there is no chairperson of the board of directors or the chairperson of the board of directors is unable to so preside or is absent, then the chief executive officer, if one is elected, shall preside over such meetings, provided further that if there is no chief executive officer or the chief executive officer is unable to so preside or is absent, then the president shall preside over such meetings. The presiding officer at any annual meeting or special meeting of stockholders shall have the power, among other things, to adjourn such meeting at any time and from time to time, subject to Sections 2.6 and 2.7 of this Article II. The order of business and all other matters of procedure at any meeting of the stockholders shall be determined by the presiding officer. The presiding officer and the board of directors shall have the authority to adopt and enforce rules providing for the orderly conduct of the meeting and the safety of those in attendance, including without limitation the authority to: (i) determine when the polls will open and close on items submitted for stockholder action; (ii) fix the time allotted for consideration of each agenda item and for questions and comments by persons in attendance; (iii) adopt rules for determining who may pose questions and comments during the meeting; (iv) adopt rules for determining who may attend the meeting; and (v) adopt procedures (if any) requiring attendees to provide the Corporation advance notice of their intent to attend the meeting.

2.16 Inspector of Elections. The Corporation shall, in advance of any meeting of stockholders, appoint one or more inspectors to act at the meeting and make a written report thereof. The Corporation may designate one or more persons as alternate inspectors to replace any inspector who fails to act. If no inspector or alternate is able to act at a meeting of stockholders, the presiding officer shall appoint one or more inspectors to act at the meeting. Any inspector may, but need not, be an officer, employee or agent of the Corporation. Each inspector, before entering upon the discharge of his or her duties, shall take and sign an oath faithfully to execute the duties of inspector with strict impartiality and according to the best of his or her ability. The inspectors shall perform such duties as are required by the General Corporation Law of Delaware, including the counting of all votes and ballots. The inspectors may appoint or retain other persons or entities to assist the inspectors in the performance of the

duties of the inspectors. All determinations by the inspectors shall be subject to further review by any court of competent jurisdiction.

Article III
DIRECTORS

3.1 Powers. Except as may be otherwise provided in the General Corporation Law of Delaware or the certificate of incorporation, the business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed by or under the direction of the board of directors.

3.2 Number of Directors. Subject to the rights, if any, of the holders of any series of preferred stock, the number of directors constituting the board of directors shall be not more than ten (10) but not less than three (3), and may be fixed or changed, by resolution adopted by the board of directors. No reduction of the authorized number of directors shall have the effect of removing any director before that director’s term of office expires.

3.3 Election, Qualification and Term of Office of Directors. Except as provided in Section 3.4 of these bylaws, directors shall be elected at each annual meeting of stockholders to hold office until the next annual meeting. Directors need not be stockholders unless so required by the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, wherein other qualifications for directors may be prescribed. Each director, including a director elected to fill a vacancy, shall hold office until his or her successor is elected and qualified or until his or her earlier resignation or removal. Each director shall be a natural person.

Elections of directors need not be by written ballot.

To be eligible to be a nominee for election as a director, a person must have delivered to the Secretary a completed and signed written questionnaire with respect to the background and qualification of such person (which questionnaire shall be in the form provided by the Secretary upon written request) and a written representation and agreement from such person that he or she (A) is not and will not become a party to any agreement, arrangement or understanding with, and has not given any commitment or assurance to, any person or entity as to how such nominee, if elected as a director of the Corporation, will act or vote on any issue or question that has not been disclosed to the Corporation, (B) is not and will not become a party to any agreement, arrangement or understanding with any person or entity other than the Corporation with respect to any direct or indirect compensation, reimbursement or indemnification in connection with service or action as a director that has not been disclosed to the Corporation, (C) will comply with the Corporation’s code of ethics, corporate governance guidelines, stock ownership and trading policies and guidelines and any other policies or guidelines of the Corporation applicable to directors, and (D) will make such other acknowledgments, enter into such agreements and provide such information as the Board of Directors requires of all directors, including promptly submitting all completed and signed questionnaires required of the Corporation’s directors.

3.4 Resignation and Vacancies. Any director may resign at any time upon notice given in writing or electronic transmission to the Corporation. When one or more directors so resigns and the resignation is effective at a future date, a majority of the directors then in office, including those who have so resigned, shall have power to fill such vacancy or vacancies, the vote thereon to take effect when such resignation or resignations shall become effective, and

each director so chosen shall hold office as provided in this Section 3.4 in the filling of other vacancies. Unless otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws:

(a) vacancies and newly created directorships resulting from any increase in the authorized number of directors elected by all of the stockholders having the right to vote as a single class may be filled by a majority of the directors then in office, although less than a quorum, or by a sole remaining director; and

(b) whenever the holders of any class or classes of stock or series thereof are entitled to elect one or more directors by the provisions of the certificate of incorporation, vacancies and newly created directorships of such class or classes or series may be filled by a majority of the directors elected by such class or classes or series thereof then in office, or by a sole remaining director so elected.

If at any time, by reason of death or resignation or other cause, the Corporation should have no directors in office, then any officer or any stockholder or an executor, administrator, trustee or guardian of a stockholder, or other fiduciary entrusted with like responsibility for the person or estate of a stockholder, may call a special meeting of stockholders in accordance with the provisions of the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, or may apply to the Court of Chancery for a decree summarily ordering an election as provided in Section 211 of the General Corporation Law of Delaware.

3.5 Place of Meetings; Meetings by Telephone. The board of directors of the Corporation may hold meetings, both regular and special, either within or outside the State of Delaware.

Unless otherwise restricted by the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, members of the board of directors, or any committee designated by the board of directors, may participate in a meeting of the board of directors, or any committee, by means of conference telephone or other communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other, and such participation in a meeting shall constitute presence in person at the meeting.

3.6 Regular Meetings. Regular meetings of the board of directors may be held without notice at such time and at such place as shall from time to time be determined by the board of directors and publicized among the directors.

3.7 Special Meetings; Notice. Special meetings of the board of directors for any purpose or purposes may be called at any time by the chairperson of the board of directors, the chief executive officer, the president, or any two directors. The person calling any such special meeting of the board of directors may fix the hour, date and place thereof.

Notice of the time and place of special meetings shall be delivered either personally or by mail, facsimile, telephone or electronic transmission to each director, addressed to each director at such director’s address and/or phone number and/or electronic transmission address as it is shown on the records of the Corporation. If the notice is mailed, it shall be deposited in the United States mail at least four (4) days before the time of the holding of the meeting. If the notice is delivered personally or by facsimile, telephone or electronic transmission, it shall be delivered by telephone or transmitted at least forty-eight (48) hours before the time of the

holding of the meeting. Any oral notice given personally or by telephone may be communicated either to the director or to a person at the office of the director who the person giving the notice has reason to believe will promptly communicate it to the director. The notice need not specify (1) the purpose of the meeting (and, unless indicated in the notice thereof, any and all business may be transacted at a special meeting) or (2) the place of the meeting (if the meeting is to be held at the principal executive office of the Corporation). Notice may be delivered by any person entitled to call a special meeting or by an agent of such person.

3.8 Quorum. At all meetings of the board of directors, a majority of the authorized number of directors shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business and the act of a majority of the directors present at any meeting at which there is a quorum shall be the act of the board of directors, except as otherwise specifically required by statute or provided the certificate of incorporation. If a quorum is not present at any meeting of the board of directors, then the directors present thereat may adjourn the meeting from time to time, without notice other than announcement at the meeting, until a quorum is present. Any business which might have been transacted at the meeting as originally noticed may be transacted at such adjourned meeting at which a quorum is present. For purposes of this section, the total number of directors for quorum purposes includes any unfilled vacancies on the board of directors.

3.9 Waiver Of Notice. Whenever notice is required to be given under any provision of the General Corporation Law of Delaware or of the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, a written waiver thereof, signed by the person entitled to notice, or a waiver by electronic transmission by the person entitled to notice, whether before or after the time stated therein, shall be deemed equivalent to notice. Attendance of a person at a meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, except when the person attends a meeting for the express purpose of objecting, at the beginning of the meeting, to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened. Neither the business to be transacted at, nor the purpose of, any regular or special meeting of the directors, or meeting of a committee of directors, need be specified in any written waiver of notice unless so required by the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws.

3.10 Adjourned Meeting; Notice. If a quorum is not present at any meeting of the board of directors, then the directors present thereat may adjourn the meeting from time to time, without notice other than announcement at the meeting, until a quorum is present.

3.11 Board of Directors Action by Written Consent Without a Meeting. Unless otherwise restricted by the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, any action required or permitted to be taken at any meeting of the board of directors, or of any committee thereof, may be taken without a meeting if all members of the board of directors or committee, as the case may be, consent thereto in writing or by electronic transmission and the writing or writings or electronic transmission or transmissions are filed with the minutes of proceedings of the board of directors or committee. Such filing shall be in paper form if the minutes are maintained in paper form and shall be in electronic form if the minutes are maintained in electronic form. Such consent shall be treated as a resolution of the board of directors for all purposes. Any person (whether or not then a director) may provide, whether through instruction to an agent or otherwise, that a consent to action will be effective at a future time (including a time determined upon the happening of an event), no later than 60 days after such instruction is given or such provision is made and such consent shall be deemed to have been given for purposes of this

subsection at such effective time so long as such person is then a director and did not revoke the consent prior to such time. Any such consent shall be revocable prior to its becoming effective.

3.12 Fees and Compensation of Directors. Unless otherwise restricted by the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, the board of directors, or a designated committee thereof, shall have the authority to fix the compensation of directors, provided that directors who are serving the Corporation as employees and who receive compensation for their services as such, shall not receive any salary or other compensation for their services as directors of the Corporation.

3.13 Removal of Directors. Unless otherwise restricted by statute, by the certificate of incorporation or by these bylaws, any director or the entire board of directors may be removed, with or without cause, by the holders of a majority of the shares then entitled to vote at an election of directors; provided, that, whenever the holders of any class or classes or stock, or series thereof, are entitled to elect one or more directors by the provisions of the certificate of incorporation, removal without cause of any directors elected by such class or classes of stock, or series thereof, shall be by the holders of a majority of the shares or such class or classes or stock, or series of stock, then entitled to vote at an election of directors.

No reduction of the authorized number of directors shall have the effect of removing any director prior to the expiration of such director’s term of office.

3.14 Chairperson of the Board of Directors. The Corporation may also have, at the discretion of the board of directors, a chairperson of the board of directors. The chairperson of the board of directors shall, if such a person is elected, preside at the meetings of the board of directors and exercise and perform such other powers and duties as may from time to time be assigned to him or her by the board of directors, or as may be prescribed by these bylaws.

3.15 Nominating Procedures. Nominations for election of directors (other than nominations pursuant to Section 3.16) shall be governed by this Section 3.15 and, to the extent applicable, Section 2.14. Any stockholder of record entitled to vote generally in elections of directors may nominate one or more persons for election as directors at an annual meeting of stockholders or a special meeting of stockholders in lieu thereof pursuant to this Section 3.15 only if written notice of such stockholder’s intent to make such nomination or nominations has been given, either by personal delivery or by United States certified mail, postage prepaid, to the secretary of the Corporation at the Corporation’s principal executive office (i) with respect to an election to be held at an annual meeting of stockholders, not more than one hundred twenty (120) days nor less than ninety (90) days prior to the anniversary date of the immediately preceding annual meeting; provided, however, that in the event that the annual meeting is called for a date that is not within twenty-five (25) days before or after such anniversary date, notice by a stockholder, to be timely, must be received no later than the close of business on the tenth (10th) day following the day on which such notice of the date of annual meeting was mailed or such public disclosure was made, whichever first occurs, and (ii) with respect to an election to be held at a special meeting of stockholders called for the purpose of the election of directors in accordance with Section 2.2, not later than the close of business on the tenth (10th) day following the day on which notice of the date of the special meeting was mailed or public disclosure of the date of the special meeting was made, whichever first occurs. In no event shall the adjournment, postponement or rescheduling of an annual meeting or a special meeting called for the purpose

of electing directors, or the public announcement thereof, commence a new time period (or extend any time period) for the giving of a stockholder’s notice as described above.

Each such notice of a stockholder’s intent to nominate a director or directors at an annual or special meeting shall set forth (or be accompanied by) the following: (a) as to each person whom the stockholder proposes to nominate for election as a director: (i) the name, age, business address and residence address of such person, (ii) the principal occupation or employment of such person, (iii) the person’s Ownership Information; (iv) any other information relating to such person that would be required to be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filings required to be made in connection with solicitations of proxies for election of directors pursuant to Section 14 of the Exchange Act, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder; (v) the completed and signed written questionnaire with respect to the background and qualification of such person and the written representation and agreement, in each case as described in Section 3.3; and (vi) the written consent of each nominee to being named as a nominee in any proxy statement relating to the annual meeting or special meeting, as applicable, and to serve as a director if elected; and (b) as to the stockholder giving notice and any Stockholder Associated Person (i) the name and address of such person; (ii) the information required in Section 2.14(c) and (d) of these bylaws (substituting nomination for any reference to proposed business); (iii) a representation that the stockholder is a holder of record of stock of the Corporation entitled to vote at such meeting and intends to appear in person or by proxy at the meeting to nominate the person or persons specified in the notice; (iv) a description of all agreements, arrangements or understandings (whether written or oral) between the stockholder and any Stockholder Associated Person and each proposed nominee and any other person or persons (naming such person or persons) pursuant to which the nomination or nominations are to be made by the stockholder or otherwise relating to the Corporation or the capital stock of the Corporation; and (v) such other information relating to such person that would be required to be disclosed in solicitations of proxies for election of directors, or as would otherwise be required, in each case pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder. Subject to Section 3.16, no person shall be eligible to serve as a director of the Corporation unless nominated in accordance with this Section 3.15. If the chairperson of the stockholders’ meeting shall determine that a nomination was not made in accordance with the procedures described by these bylaws (including Section 2.14 to the extent applicable), he or she shall so declare to the meeting, and the defective nomination shall be disregarded. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section, a stockholder shall also comply with all applicable requirements of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder with respect to the matters set forth in this Section.

3.16 Proxy Access.

(a) Inclusion of Shareholder Nominees in Corporation’s Proxy Statement.

(i) Subject to the provisions of this ‎Section 3.16, if expressly requested in the relevant Nomination Notice (as defined below), the Corporation shall include in its proxy statement for any annual meeting of stockholders (but not at any special meeting of stockholders): (A) the names of any person or persons therein nominated for the election of directors (each, a “Shareholder Nominee”), who shall also be included on the Corporation’s form of proxy and ballot, by any Eligible Shareholder (as defined below) or group of up to 20 Eligible Shareholders that, as determined by the board of directors, has (individually and collectively, in the case of a group) satisfied all applicable

conditions and complied with all applicable procedures and requirements set forth in this ‎Section 3.16 (such Eligible Shareholder or group of Eligible Shareholders being a “Nominating Shareholder”); (B) disclosure about each Shareholder Nominee and the Nominating Shareholder required under the rules of the SEC or other applicable law to be included in the proxy statement; (C) any statement included by the Nominating Shareholder in the Nomination Notice for inclusion in the proxy statement in support of each Shareholder Nominee’s election to the board of directors (subject, without limitation, to ‎Section 3.16(e)(ii), and provided that such statement does not exceed 500 words and fully complies with Section 14 of the Exchange Act, including Rule 14a-9 thereunder (the “Supporting Statement”)); and (D) any other information that the Corporation or the board of directors determines, in their discretion, to include in the proxy statement relating to the Nominating Shareholder and the nomination of each Shareholder Nominee, including, without limitation, any statement in opposition to the nomination, any of the information provided pursuant to this ‎Section 3.16 and any solicitation materials or related information with respect to a Shareholder Nominee.

(ii) For purposes of this ‎Section 3.16, any determination to be made by the board of directors may be made by the board of directors, a committee of the board of directors or any officer of the Corporation designated by the board of directors or a committee of the board of directors, and any such determination shall be final and binding on any Eligible Shareholder, any Nominating Shareholder, any Shareholder Nominee and any other person for purposes of this Section 3.16 so long as made in good faith (without any further requirements). If any intervening events, facts or circumstances arise subsequent to any such determination, the presiding officer of any annual meeting of stockholders, in addition to making any other determinations that may be appropriate to the conduct of the meeting, shall have the power and duty to determine whether a Shareholder Nominee has been nominated in accordance with the requirements of this ‎Section 3.16 and, if not so nominated, shall direct and declare at the meeting that such Shareholder Nominee shall not be considered.

(b) Maximum Number of Shareholder Nominees.

(i) The Corporation shall not be required to include in the proxy statement for an annual meeting of stockholders more Shareholder Nominees than that number constituting the greater of (A) two or (B) 20% of the total number of directors of the Corporation then serving on the last day on which a Nomination Notice may be submitted pursuant to this ‎Section 3.16 (rounded down to the nearest whole number) (the “Maximum Number”).

(ii) The Maximum Number for a particular annual meeting shall be reduced by: (A) each Shareholder Nominee whose nomination is withdrawn by the Nominating Shareholder or who becomes unwilling to serve on the board of directors; (B) each Shareholder Nominee who ceases to satisfy, or each Shareholder Nominee of a Nominating Shareholder that ceases to satisfy, the eligibility requirements in this ‎Section 3.16, as determined by the board of directors; (C) each Shareholder Nominee who the board of directors itself decides to nominate for election at such annual meeting; and (D) the number of incumbent directors who had been Shareholder Nominees at either of the

preceding two annual meetings of stockholders and whose reelection at the upcoming annual meeting of stockholders is being recommended by the board of directors. In the event that one or more vacancies for any reason occurs on the board of directors after the deadline for submitting a Nomination Notice as set forth in ‎Section 3.16(d) but before the date of the annual meeting of stockholders and the board of directors resolves to reduce the size of the board of directors in connection therewith, the Maximum Number shall be calculated based on the number of directors in office as so reduced.

(iii) If the number of Shareholder Nominees pursuant to this ‎Section 3.16 for any annual meeting of stockholders exceeds the Maximum Number then, promptly upon notice from the Corporation, each Nominating Shareholder will select one Shareholder Nominee for inclusion in the proxy statement until the Maximum Number is reached, going in order of the amount (largest to smallest) of shares of the Corporation’s common stock that each Nominating Shareholder disclosed as owned in its Nomination Notice, with the process repeated if the Maximum Number is not reached after each Nominating Shareholder has selected one Shareholder Nominee. If, after the deadline for submitting a Nomination Notice as set forth in ‎Section 3.16(d), a Nominating Shareholder or a Shareholder Nominee ceases to satisfy the eligibility requirements in this ‎Section 3.16, as determined by the board of directors, a Nominating Shareholder withdraws its nomination or a Shareholder Nominee becomes unwilling to serve on the board of directors, whether before or after the mailing or other distribution of the definitive proxy statement, then the Corporation: (A) shall not be required to include in its proxy statement or on any ballot or form of proxy the Shareholder Nominee or any successor or replacement Shareholder Nominee proposed by the Nominating Shareholder or by any other Nominating Shareholder and (B) may otherwise communicate to the stockholders of the Corporation, including without limitation by amending or supplementing its proxy statement or ballot or form of proxy, that the Shareholder Nominee will not be included as a Shareholder Nominee in the proxy statement or on any ballot or form of proxy and will not be voted on at the annual meeting of stockholders (notwithstanding that proxies in respect of such vote may have been received by the Corporation).

(i) An “Eligible Shareholder” is a person who has either (A) been a record holder of the shares of common stock of the Corporation used to satisfy the eligibility requirements in this ‎Section 3.16(c) continuously for the three-year period specified in ‎Section 3.16(c)(ii) or (B) provides to the Secretary, within the time period referred to in ‎Section 3.16(d), evidence of continuous ownership of such shares for such three-year period from one or more securities intermediaries in a form that the board of directors determines acceptable.

(ii) An Eligible Shareholder or group of up to 20 Eligible Shareholders may submit a nomination in accordance with this ‎Section 3.16 only if the person or group (in the aggregate) has continuously owned at least the Minimum Number (as defined below) (as adjusted for any stock splits, reverse stock splits, stock dividends or similar events) of shares of the Corporation’s common stock throughout the three-year period preceding and including the date of submission of the Nomination Notice, and continues to own at

least the Minimum Number of shares through the date of the annual meeting of stockholders. The following shall be treated as one Eligible Shareholder if such Eligible Shareholder shall provide together with the Nomination Notice documentation satisfactory to the board of directors that the Eligible Shareholder consists only of persons or entities that are: (A) under common management and investment control; (B) under common management and funded primarily by the same employer; or (C) a “group of investment companies” (as defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended). In the event of a nomination by a Nominating Shareholder that includes a group of Eligible Shareholders, any and all requirements and obligations for an Eligible Shareholder shall apply to each Eligible Shareholder in such group; provided, however, that the Minimum Number shall apply to the aggregate ownership of the group of Eligible Shareholders constituting the Nominating Shareholder. Should any Eligible Shareholder cease to satisfy the eligibility requirements in this ‎Section 3.16, as determined by the board of directors, or withdraw from a group of Eligible Shareholders constituting a Nominating Shareholder at any time prior to the annual meeting of stockholders, the Nominating Shareholder shall be deemed to own only the shares held by the remaining Eligible Shareholders. As used in this ‎Section 3.16, any reference to a “group” or “group of Eligible Shareholders” refers to any Nominating Shareholder that consists of more than one Eligible Shareholder and to all the Eligible Shareholders that make up such Nominating Shareholder.

(iii) The “Minimum Number” of shares of the Corporation’s common stock means 3% of the aggregate number of shares outstanding of each class of the Corporation’s common stock, as disclosed in each filing by the Corporation under the Exchange Act during the three-year period prior to the submission of the Nomination Notice.

(iv) For purposes of this ‎Section 3.16, an Eligible Shareholder “owns” only those outstanding shares of the Corporation’s common stock as to which such Eligible Shareholder possesses both: (A) the full voting and investment rights pertaining to such shares and (B) the full economic interest in (including the opportunity for profit from and the risk of loss on) such shares; provided that the number of shares calculated in accordance with clauses (A) and (B) shall not include any shares: (w) purchased or sold by such Eligible Shareholder or any of its affiliates in any transaction that has not been settled or closed, (x) that are subject to short positions or were otherwise sold short by such Eligible Shareholder or any of its affiliates, (y) borrowed by such Eligible Shareholder or any of its affiliates for any purpose or purchased by such Eligible Shareholder or any of its affiliates pursuant to an agreement to resell or subject to any other obligation to resell to another person, or (z) subject to any option, warrant, forward contract, swap, contract of sale, other derivative or similar agreement entered into by such Eligible Shareholder or any of its affiliates, whether any such instrument or agreement is to be settled with shares, with cash based on the notional amount or value of outstanding shares of common stock of the Corporation or a combination thereof, in any such case, which instrument or agreement has, or is intended to have, or if exercised or settled would have, the purpose or effect of: (1) reducing in any manner, to any extent or at any time in the future, such Eligible Shareholder’s or any of its affiliates’ full right to vote or direct the voting of any such shares and/or (2) hedging, offsetting or altering to

any degree any gain or loss arising from the full economic interest in such shares by such Eligible Shareholder or any of its affiliates. An Eligible Shareholder “owns” shares held in the name of a nominee or other intermediary so long as the Eligible Shareholder retains the right to instruct how the shares are voted with respect to the election of directors and possesses the full economic interest in the shares. An Eligible Shareholder’s ownership of shares shall be deemed to continue during any period in which the Eligible Shareholder has delegated any voting power by means of a proxy, power of attorney or other similar instrument or arrangement that is revocable at any time by the Eligible Shareholder. An Eligible Shareholder’s ownership of shares shall be deemed to continue during any period in which the Eligible Shareholder has loaned such shares; provided that the Eligible Shareholder has the power to recall such loaned shares on not more than five business days’ notice. The terms “owned,” “owning” and other variations of the word “own” shall have correlative meanings. Whether outstanding shares of the Corporation are “owned” for these purposes shall be determined by the board of directors. For purposes of this ‎Section 3.16(c)(iv), the term “affiliate” or “affiliates” shall have the meaning ascribed thereto under the General Rules and Regulations under the Exchange Act.

(v) No Eligible Shareholder shall be permitted to be in more than one group constituting a Nominating Shareholder, and if any Eligible Shareholder appears as a member of more than one such group, such Eligible Shareholder shall be deemed to be a member of only the group that owns the largest aggregate number of shares of each class of the Corporation’s common stock, as reflected in the Nomination Notice.

(d) Nomination Notice.

(i) To nominate a Shareholder Nominee pursuant to this ‎Section 3.16, the Nominating Shareholder (including each Eligible Shareholder in the case of a Nominating Shareholder consisting of a group of Eligible Shareholders) must deliver to the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the Corporation all of the following information and documents in a form that the board of directors determines acceptable (collectively, the “Nomination Notice”), not less than 120 days nor more than 150 days prior to the anniversary of the date that the Corporation first mailed or otherwise distributed its proxy statement for the prior year’s annual meeting of stockholders; provided, however, that if (and only if) the annual meeting of stockholders is not scheduled to be held within a period that commences 30 days before and concludes 30 days after the first anniversary date of the preceding year’s annual meeting of stockholders, or if no annual meeting was held in the preceding year, the Nomination Notice shall be given in the manner provided herein by the later of the close of business on the date that is 180 days prior to such annual meeting or the tenth day following the date such annual meeting is first publicly announced or disclosed (in no event shall the adjournment or postponement of an annual meeting, or the public announcement thereof, commence a new time period (or extend any time period) for the giving of the Nomination Notice):

(A) one or more written statements from the record holder of the shares (and from each intermediary through which the shares are or have been held

during the requisite three-year holding period) verifying that, as of a date within seven days prior to the date of the Nomination Notice, the Nominating Shareholder owns, and has continuously owned for the preceding three years, the Minimum Number of shares, and the Nominating Shareholder’s agreement to provide, within five business days after the record date for the annual meeting, written statements from the record holder and intermediaries verifying the Nominating Shareholder’s continuous ownership of the Minimum Number of shares through the record date;

(B) an agreement to hold the Minimum Number of shares through the annual meeting and to provide immediate notice if the Nominating Shareholder ceases to own the Minimum Number of shares at any time prior to the date of the annual meeting;

(C) a Schedule 14N (or any successor form) relating to each Shareholder Nominee, completed and filed with the SEC by the Nominating Shareholder, as applicable, in accordance with SEC rules;

(D) the written consent of each Shareholder Nominee to being named in any proxy statement, form of proxy and ballot for the annual meeting as a Shareholder Nominee and to serving as a Director if elected;

(E) a written notice, in a form deemed satisfactory by the board of directors, of the nomination of each Shareholder Nominee that includes the following additional information, agreements, representations and warranties by the Nominating Shareholder: (1) the information that would be required to be set forth in a stockholder’s notice of nomination pursuant to ‎Section 3.15; (2) a representation and warranty that the Nominating Shareholder acquired the securities of the Corporation in the ordinary course of business and did not acquire, and is not holding, securities of the Corporation for the purpose or with the intent of changing or influencing control of the Corporation; (3) a representation and warranty that the Nominating Shareholder has not nominated and will not nominate for election to the board of directors at the annual meeting any person other than such Nominating Shareholder’s Shareholder Nominee(s); (4) a representation and warranty that the Nominating Shareholder has not engaged in and will not engage in a “solicitation” within the meaning of Rule 14a-1(l) under the Exchange Act (without reference to the exception in Section 14a-1(l)(2)(iv)) with respect to the annual meeting, other than with respect to such Nominating Shareholder’s Shareholder Nominee(s) or any nominee of the board of directors; (5) a representation and warranty that the Nominating Shareholder will not use any form of proxy and ballot other than the Corporation’s form of proxy and ballot in soliciting stockholders in connection with the election of a Shareholder Nominee at the annual meeting; (6) a representation and warranty that each Shareholder Nominee’s candidacy or, if elected, membership on the board of directors would not violate the Certificate of Incorporation, these bylaws, any applicable law, rule, regulation, order or decree to which the Corporation is subject, including rules or regulations of any stock exchange on which the Corporation’s shares of common stock are listed; (7) a representation and

warranty that each Shareholder Nominee: (a) does not have any direct or indirect relationship with the Corporation that would cause the Shareholder Nominee to be deemed not independent pursuant to the Corporation’s standards in its Corporate Governance Guidelines and otherwise qualifies as independent under any other standards established by the Corporation and the rules of any stock exchange on which the Corporation’s shares of common stock are listed; (b) meets the audit committee and compensation committee independence requirements under the rules of any stock exchange on which the Corporation’s shares of common stock are listed; (c) is a “non-employee director” for the purposes of Rule 16b-3 under the Exchange Act (or any successor rule); (d) is an “outside director” for the purposes of Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code (or any successor provision); (e) is not and has not been subject to any event specified in Rule 506(d)(1) of Regulation D (or any successor rule) under the Securities Act of 1933 or Item 401(f) of Regulation S-K (or any successor rule) under the Exchange Act, without reference to whether the event is material to an evaluation of the ability or integrity of such Shareholder Nominee; and (f) meets the Director qualifications set forth in the Corporation’s Corporate Governance Guidelines and any other standards established by the Corporation (notwithstanding this clause ‎(7), for the avoidance of doubt, the board of directors is responsible for making the final determination of the Shareholder Nominee’s independence); (8) a representation and warranty that the Nominating Shareholder satisfies the eligibility requirements set forth in ‎Section 3.16(c) and intends to continue to satisfy such eligibility requirements through the date of the annual meeting; (9) details of any position of a Shareholder Nominee as an employee, officer or director of any company, and of any other material relationship with or material financial interest in any company, within the three years preceding the submission of the Nomination Notice; (10) if desired, a Supporting Statement; and (11) in the case of a nomination by a Nominating Shareholder comprised of a group, the designation by all Eligible Shareholders in such group of one Eligible Shareholder that is authorized to act on behalf of the Nominating Shareholder with respect to matters relating to the nomination, including withdrawal of the nomination;

(F) an executed agreement, in a form deemed satisfactory by the board of directors, pursuant to which the Nominating Shareholder (including in the case of a group, each Eligible Shareholder in that group) agrees: (1) to comply with all applicable laws, rules and regulations in connection with the nomination, solicitation and election of the Shareholder Nominee; (2) to file any written solicitation or other communication with the Corporation’s stockholders relating to one or more of the Corporation’s directors or director nominees or any Shareholder Nominee with the SEC, regardless of whether any such filing is required under any rule or regulation or whether any exemption from filing is available for such materials under any rule or regulation; (3) to assume all liability stemming from any action, suit or proceeding concerning any actual or alleged legal or regulatory violation arising out of any communication by the Nominating Shareholder or any of its Shareholder Nominees with the Corporation, the stockholders of the Corporation or any other person in connection with the nomination or election of Directors, including, without limitation, the Nomination Notice; (4) to indemnify and hold harmless (jointly with all other Eligible

Shareholders, in the case of a group of Eligible Shareholders) the Corporation and each of its Directors, officers and employees individually against any liability, loss, damages, expenses or other costs (including attorneys’ fees) incurred in connection with any threatened or pending action, suit or proceeding, whether legal, administrative or investigative, against the Corporation or any of its Directors, officers or employees arising out of or relating to a failure or alleged failure of the Nominating Shareholder or any of its Shareholder Nominees to comply with, or any breach or alleged breach of, its or their obligations, agreements or representations under, this ‎Section 3.16; (5) in the event that any information included in the Nomination Notice or any other communication by the Nominating Shareholder (including with respect to any Eligible Shareholder included in a group) with the Corporation, the stockholders of the Corporation or any other person in connection with the nomination or election ceases to be true and accurate in all material respects (or omits a material fact necessary to make the statements made not misleading), to promptly (and in any event within 48 hours of discovering such misstatement or omission) notify the Corporation and any other recipient of such communication of the misstatement or omission in such previously provided information and of the information that is required to correct the misstatement or omission; and (6) in the event that the Nominating Shareholder (including any Eligible Shareholder in a group) has failed to continue to satisfy the eligibility requirements described in ‎Section 3.16(c), to promptly notify the Corporation; and

(G) an executed agreement, in a form deemed satisfactory by the board of directors, by each Shareholder Nominee: (1) to promptly, but in any event within ten business days after such request, provide to the Corporation such other information and certifications, including completion of the Corporation’s director nominee questionnaire, as the Corporation may reasonably request; (2) at the reasonable request of the board of directors, any committee or any officer of the Corporation, to meet with the board of directors, any committee or any officer of the Corporation to discuss matters relating to the nomination of such Shareholder Nominee to the board of directors, including the information provided by such Shareholder Nominee to the Corporation in connection with his or her nomination and such Shareholder Nominee’s eligibility to serve as a member of the board of directors; (3) that such Shareholder Nominee has read and agrees, if elected, to comply with all of the Corporation’s corporate governance guidelines, code of conduct, conflict of interest, confidentiality, and stock ownership and trading policies and guidelines, and any other Corporation policies and guidelines applicable to directors; (4) understands his or her duties as a director under Delaware law and agrees to act in accordance with those duties while serving as a director, and (5) that such Shareholder Nominee is not and will not become a party to: (a) any agreement, arrangement or understanding with any person with respect to any direct or indirect compensation, reimbursement or indemnification of the Shareholder Nominee in connection with being a Shareholder Nominee that has not been fully disclosed in writing to the Corporation prior to or concurrently with the Nominating Shareholder’s submission of the Nomination Notice; (b) any agreement, arrangement, or understanding with any person other than the

Corporation with respect to any direct or indirect compensation, reimbursement, or indemnification of the Shareholder Nominee in connection with service or action as a director of the Corporation if so elected; (c) any agreement, arrangement or understanding with any person or entity as to how such Shareholder Nominee, if elected, will vote or act on any issue (a “Voting Commitment”) except such as is already existing and has been fully disclosed to the Corporation prior to or concurrently with the Nominating Shareholder’s submission of the Nomination Notice; or (d) any Voting Commitment that could limit or interfere with such Shareholder Nominee’s ability to comply, if elected, with his or her fiduciary duties under applicable law.

(ii) The information and documents required by this ‎Section 3.16(d) to be provided by the Nominating Shareholder shall be: (A) provided with respect to and executed by each Eligible Shareholder in the case of a Nominating Shareholder comprised of a group of Eligible Shareholders; and (B) provided with respect to both the persons specified in Instructions 1 and 2 to Items 6(c) and (d) of Schedule 14N (or any successor item) and limited liability companies (x) in the case of a Nominating Shareholder that is an entity and (y) in the case of a Nominating Shareholder that is a group that includes one or more Eligible Shareholders that are entities. The Nomination Notice shall be deemed submitted on the date on which all of the information and documents referred to in this ‎Section 3.16(d) (other than such information and documents contemplated to be provided after the date the Nomination Notice is provided) have been delivered to and received by the Secretary.

(e) Exceptions.

(i) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this ‎Section 3.16, the Corporation may omit from its proxy statement any Shareholder Nominee and any information concerning such Shareholder Nominee (including a Nominating Shareholder’s Supporting Statement) and no vote on such Shareholder Nominee will occur (notwithstanding that proxies in respect of such vote may have been received by the Corporation), and the Nominating Shareholder may not, after the last day on which a Nomination Notice would be timely, cure in any way any defect preventing the nomination of such Shareholder Nominee, if: (A) the Corporation receives a notice pursuant to the advance notice requirements set forth in ‎Section 3.15 that a stockholder intends to nominate a candidate for director at the annual meeting, whether or not such notice is subsequently withdrawn or made the subject of a settlement with the Corporation; (B) the Nominating Shareholder (or, in the case of a Nominating Shareholder consisting of a group of Eligible Shareholders, the Eligible Shareholder that is authorized to act on behalf of the Nominating Shareholder), or any qualified representative thereof, does not appear at the annual meeting to present the nomination submitted pursuant to this ‎Section 3.16, the Nominating Shareholder withdraws its nomination or the presiding officer of the annual meeting declares that such nomination was not made in accordance with the procedures prescribed by this ‎Section 3.16 and shall therefore be disregarded; (C) the board of directors

in good faith determines that such Shareholder Nominee fails to satisfy all the standards set forth in ‎Section 3.16(d)(i)(E)(7)(a)-(f), such Shareholder Nominee has been, within the past three years, an officer or director of a competitor, as defined for purposes of ‎Section 8 of the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914, as amended, or if such Shareholder Nominee’s nomination or election to the board of directors would result in the Corporation violating or failing to be in compliance with the Certificate of Incorporation, these bylaws or any applicable law, rule, regulation, order or decree to which the Corporation is subject, including any rules or regulations of any stock exchange on which the Corporation’s shares of common stock are listed; (D) such Shareholder Nominee was nominated for election to the board of directors pursuant to this ‎Section 3.16 at one of the Corporation’s two preceding annual meetings of stockholders and either withdrew from or became ineligible or unavailable for election at such annual meeting or received less than 25% of the votes that all stockholders are entitled to cast in favor of the election of such Shareholder Nominee; or (E) the Corporation is notified, or the board of directors determines, that the Nominating Shareholder or such Shareholder Nominee has failed to continue to satisfy the eligibility requirements described in ‎Section 3.16(c), any of the representations and warranties made in the Nomination Notice ceases to be true and accurate in all material respects (or omits a material fact necessary to make the statements made not misleading), such Shareholder Nominee becomes unwilling or unable to serve on the board of directors or any material violation or breach occurs of any of the obligations, agreements, representations or warranties of the Nominating Shareholder or such Shareholder Nominee under this ‎Section 3.16.

(ii) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this ‎Section 3.16, the Corporation may omit from its proxy statement, or may supplement or correct, any information, including all or any portion of the Supporting Statement or any other statement in support of a Shareholder Nominee included in the Nomination Notice, if the board of directors determines that: (A) such information is not true in all material respects or omits a material statement necessary to make the statements made not misleading; (B) such information directly or indirectly impugns the character, integrity or personal reputation of, or directly or indirectly makes charges concerning improper, illegal or immoral conduct or associations, without factual foundation, with respect to, any individual, corporation, partnership, association or other entity, organization or governmental authority; (C) the inclusion of such information in the proxy statement would otherwise violate SEC proxy rules or any other applicable law, rule or regulation; or (D) the inclusion of such information in the proxy statement would impose a material risk of liability upon the Corporation.

(iii) The Corporation may solicit against, and include in the proxy statement its own statement relating to, any Shareholder Nominee.

Article IV
COMMITTEES

4.1 Committees of Directors. The board of directors may, by resolution passed by a majority of the whole board of directors, designate one or more committees, including, without limitation, a Compensation Committee, a Nominating & Governance Committee and an Audit Committee, with each committee to consist of one or more of the directors of the Corporation. In the absence or disqualification of a member of a committee, the member or members present at any meeting and not disqualified from voting, whether or not the member or members present constitute a quorum, may unanimously appoint another member of the board of directors to act at the meeting in the place of any such absent or disqualified member. The board of directors may delegate thereto some or all of its powers except those which by law, by the certificate of incorporation or by these bylaws may not be delegated. Any such committee, to the extent provided in the resolution of the board of directors or in the bylaws of the Corporation, shall have and may exercise all the powers and authority of the board of directors in the management of the business and affairs of the Corporation, and may authorize the seal of the Corporation to be affixed to all papers that may require it; but no such committee shall have the power or authority to (i) approve or adopt, or recommend to the stockholders, any action or matter expressly required by the General Corporation Law of Delaware to be submitted to stockholders for approval (other than the election or removal of directors), or (ii) adopt, amend or repeal any bylaws of the Corporation. All members of such committees shall hold such offices at the pleasure of the board of directors. The board of directors may abolish any such committee at any time.

4.2 Committee Minutes. Each committee shall keep regular minutes of its meetings and report the same to the board of directors when required.

4.3 Meetings and Action of Committees. Meetings and actions of committees shall be governed by, and be held and taken in accordance with, the provisions of Article III of these bylaws, Section 3.5 (place of meetings; meetings by telephone), Section 3.6 (regular meetings), Section 3.7 (special meetings and notice), Section 3.8 (quorum), Section 3.9 (waiver of notice), Section 3.10 (adjourned meeting; notice), and Section 3.11 (board of directors action by written consent without a meeting), with such changes in the context of those bylaws as are necessary to substitute the committee and its members for the board of directors and its members; provided, however, that the time of regular meetings of committees may also be called by resolution of the board of directors, who shall have the right to attend all meetings of the committee. The board of directors may adopt rules for the governance of any committee not inconsistent with the provisions of these bylaws.

Article V
OFFICERS

5.1 Officers. The officers of the Corporation shall be a president, one or more vice presidents, a secretary and a treasurer. The Corporation may also have, at the discretion of the board of directors, a chairperson of the board of directors (who must be a director), one or more assistant vice presidents, assistant secretaries, assistant treasurers, and any such other officers as may be appointed in accordance with the provisions of Section 5.3 of these bylaws.

5.2 Election of Officers. The officers of the Corporation, except such officers as may be appointed in accordance with the provisions of Sections 5.3 of these bylaws, shall be chosen by the board of directors, subject to the rights, if any, of an officer under any contract of employment. Except as otherwise provided by the certificate of incorporation or by these bylaws, each of the officers of the Corporation shall hold office until his or her successor is elected and qualified or until his or her earlier resignation and removal.

5.3 Subordinate Officers. The board of directors may appoint, or empower the president to appoint, such other officers and agents as the business of the Corporation may require, each of whom shall hold office for such period, have such authority, and perform such duties as are provided in these bylaws or as the board of directors may from time to time determine.

5.4 Qualification. No officer need be a stockholder or a director. Any person may occupy more than one office of the Corporation at any time.

5.5 Removal and Resignation of Officers. Subject to the rights, if any, of an officer under any contract of employment, any officer may be removed, either with or without cause, by an affirmative vote of the majority of the board of directors at any regular or special meeting of the board of directors or by any officer upon whom such power of removal may be conferred by the board of directors.

Any officer may resign at any time by giving written notice to the Corporation. Any resignation shall take effect at the date of the receipt of that notice or at any later time specified in that notice; and, unless otherwise specified in that notice, the acceptance of the resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective. Any resignation is without prejudice to the rights, if any, of the Corporation under any contract to which the officer is a party.

5.6 Absence or Disability. In the event of the absence or disability of any officer, the board of directors may designate another officer to act temporarily in place of such absent or disabled officer.

5.7 Vacancies in Offices. Any vacancy occurring in any office of the Corporation shall be filled by the board of directors.

5.8 Chairperson of the Board. The chairperson of the board of directors, if such an officer be elected, shall, if present, preside at meetings of the board of directors and exercise and perform such other powers and duties as may from time to time be assigned to him or her by the board of directors or as may be prescribed by these bylaws. The chairperson of the board of directors shall be chosen by the board of directors. The chairperson shall preside at all meetings of stockholders to the extent provided pursuant to Article II, Section 2.15.

5.9 Chief Executive Officer. Subject to the control of the Board and such supervisory powers, if any, as may be given by the Board, the powers and duties of the chief executive officer of the Corporation are:

(a) To act as the general manager and, subject to the control of the Board, to have general supervision, direction and control of the business and affairs of the Corporation;

(b) To the extent provided pursuant to Article II, Section 2.15, to preside at all meetings of the stockholders; and

(c) To affix the signature of the Corporation to all deeds, conveyances, mortgages, guarantees, leases, obligations, bonds, certificates and other papers and instruments in writing which have been authorized by the Board or which, in the judgment of the chief executive officer, should be executed on behalf of the Corporation; and, subject to the direction of the Board, to have general charge of the property of the Corporation and to supervise and control all officers, agents and employees of the Corporation.

The president shall be the chief executive officer of the Corporation unless the Board shall designate another officer to be the chief executive officer.

5.10 President. The chief executive officer shall be the president of the Corporation unless the Board shall have designated one individual as the president and a different individual as the chief executive officer of the Corporation. Subject to the provisions of these bylaws and to the direction of the Board, and subject to the supervisory powers of the chief executive officer (if the chief executive officer is an officer other than the president), and subject to such supervisory powers and authority as may be given by the Board to the Chairperson of the Board, and/or to any other officer, the president shall have the responsibility for the general management and control of the business and affairs of the Corporation and the general supervision and direction of all of the officers, employees and agents of the Corporation (other than the chief executive officer, if the chief executive officer is an officer other than the president) and shall perform all duties and have all powers that are commonly incident to the office of president or that are delegated to the president by the Board.

5.11 Vice Presidents. The vice presidents shall have such other powers and perform such other duties as from time to time may be prescribed for them by the board of directors, these bylaws, the chief executive officer or the chairperson of the board of directors.

5.12 Chief Financial Officer. The chief financial officer shall be the treasurer of the Corporation unless the Board shall have designated another officer as the treasurer of the Corporation. Subject to the direction of the Board and the chief executive officer, the chief financial officer shall perform all duties and have all powers that are commonly incident to the office of chief financial officer.

5.13 Treasurer. The treasurer shall keep and maintain, or cause to be kept and maintained, adequate and correct books and records of accounts of the properties and business transactions of the Corporation, including accounts of its assets, liabilities, receipts,

disbursements, gains, losses, capital, retained earnings, and shares. The books of account shall at all reasonable times be open to inspection by any director.

The treasurer shall deposit all money and other valuables in the name and to the credit of the Corporation with such depositaries as may be designated by the board of directors. The treasurer shall disburse the funds of the Corporation as may be ordered by the board of directors, shall render to the president and directors, whenever they request it, an account of all of his or her transactions as treasurer and of the financial condition of the Corporation, and shall have such other powers and perform such other duties as may be prescribed by the board of directors or these bylaws.

5.14 Secretary. The secretary or an agent of the Corporation shall keep or cause to be kept, at the principal executive office of the Corporation or such other place as the board of directors may direct, a book of minutes of all meetings and actions of directors, committees of directors, and stockholders. The minutes shall show the time and place of each meeting, whether regular or special (and, if special, how authorized and the notice given), the names of those present at directors’ meetings or committee meetings, the number of shares present or represented at stockholders’ meetings, and the proceedings thereof.

The secretary shall keep, or cause to be kept, at the principal executive office of the Corporation or at the office of the Corporation’s transfer agent or registrar, as determined by resolution of the board of directors, a share register, or a duplicate share register, showing the names of all stockholders and their addresses, the number and classes of shares held by each, the number and date of certificates evidencing such shares, and the number and date of cancellation of every certificate surrendered for cancellation.

The secretary shall give, or cause to be given, notice of all meetings of the stockholders and of the board of directors required to be given by law or by these bylaws. The secretary shall keep the seal of the Corporation, if one be adopted, in safe custody and shall have such other powers and perform such other duties as may be prescribed by the board of directors or by these bylaws.

5.15 Assistant Secretary. The assistant secretary, or, if there is more than one, the assistant secretaries in the order determined by the stockholders or board of directors (or if there be no such determination, then in the order of their election) shall, in the absence of the secretary or in the event of his or her inability or refusal to act, perform the duties and exercise the powers of the secretary and shall perform such other duties and have such other powers as the board of directors or the stockholders may from time to time prescribe.

5.16 Representation of Securities of Other Entities. The chairperson of the board of directors, the chief executive officer, the president, any vice president, the treasurer, the secretary or assistant secretary of this corporation, or any other person authorized by the board of directors or the chief executive officer, president or a vice president, is authorized to vote, represent, and exercise on behalf of this corporation all rights incident to any and all securities of any other entity standing in the name of the Corporation. The authority granted herein may be exercised either by such person directly or by any other person authorized to do so by proxy or power of attorney duly executed by such person having the authority.

5.17 Authority and Duties of Officers. In addition to the foregoing authority and duties, all officers of the Corporation shall respectively have such authority and perform such duties in the management of the business of the Corporation as may be designated from time to time by the board of directors.

Article VI
INDEMNITY

6.1 Indemnification of Directors and Officers. The Corporation shall, to the maximum extent and in the manner permitted by the General Corporation Law of Delaware (as such law may from time to time be amended, but, in the case of any such amendment, only to the extent that such amendment permits the Corporation to provide broader indemnification rights), indemnify each of its directors and officers (each such person sometimes referred to in this Section 6.1 as an “indemnitee”) against Expenses (as herein defined), judgments, fines, penalties, ERISA excise taxes, settlements, loss, liability, and other amounts actually and reasonably incurred in connection with any Proceeding (as herein defined), arising by reason of such person’s Official Capacity or anything done or not done in such person’s Official Capacity (as herein defined); provided, however, that except as provided in Section 6.1(d) with respect to Proceedings to enforce rights to indemnification and advancement, the Corporation shall indemnify any such indemnitee in connection with a Proceeding (or part thereof) initiated by such indemnitee only if such Proceeding (or part thereof) was authorized by the board of directors. For purposes of this Section 6.1, a director or officer of the Corporation includes any person (a) who is or was a director or officer of the Corporation, (b) who is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, manager, member, partner, trustee, or other agent of another corporation, limited liability company, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, or (c) who was a director or officer of a corporation that was a predecessor corporation of the Corporation or of another enterprise at the request of such predecessor corporation. Such indemnification shall include the right to receive payment of any Expenses incurred by the indemnitee in connection with any Proceeding in advance of its final disposition, consistent with the provisions of applicable law as then in effect. The right of indemnification provided in this Section 6.1 shall not be exclusive of any other rights to which those seeking indemnification may otherwise be entitled, and the provisions of this Section 6.1 shall inure to the benefit of the heirs and legal representatives of any person entitled to indemnity under this Section 6.1 and shall be applicable to Proceedings commenced or continuing after the adoption of this Section 6.1, whether arising from acts or omissions occurring before or after such adoption. In furtherance, but not in limitation of the foregoing provisions, the following procedures, presumptions and remedies shall apply with respect to advancement of Expenses and the right to indemnification under this Section 6.1. Indemnitee shall be entitled to indemnification and advancement against all Expenses reasonably incurred for serving as a witness by reason of indemnitee’s Official Capacity in any Proceeding with respect to which indemnitee is not a party.

(a) Advancement of Expenses. All reasonable Expenses incurred by or on behalf of the indemnitee in connection with any Proceeding shall be advanced to the indemnitee by the Corporation within twenty (20) days after the receipt by the Corporation of a statement or statements from the indemnitee requesting such advance or advances from time to time, whether prior to or after final disposition of such, Proceeding. Such statement or statements shall

reasonably evidence the Expenses incurred by the indemnitee and, if required by law at the time of such advance, shall include or be accompanied by an undertaking by or on behalf of the indemnitee to repay the amounts advanced if it should ultimately be determined that the indemnitee is not entitled to be indemnified against such Expenses pursuant to this Section 6.1.

(b) Procedure for Determination of Entitlement to Indemnification.

(i) To obtain indemnification under this Section 6.1, an indemnitee shall submit to the secretary of the Corporation a written request, including such documentation and information as is reasonably available to the indemnitee and reasonably necessary to determine whether and to what extent the indemnitee is entitled to indemnification (the “Supporting Documentation”). The determination of the indemnitee’s entitlement to indemnification shall be made not later than sixty (60) days after receipt by the Corporation of the written request for indemnification together with the Supporting Documentation. The secretary of the Corporation shall, promptly upon receipt of such a request for indemnification, advise the board of directors in writing that the indemnitee has requested indemnification, whereupon the Corporation shall provide such indemnification, including without limitation advancement of Expenses, so long as the indemnitee is legally entitled thereto in accordance with applicable law.

(ii) The indemnitee’s entitlement to indemnification under this Section 6.1 shall be determined in one of the following ways: (A) by a majority vote of the Disinterested Directors (as hereinafter defined), even though less than a quorum of the board of directors; (B) by a committee of such Disinterested Directors designated by a majority vote of the Disinterested Directors, even though less than a quorum of the board of directors; (C) by a written opinion of Independent Counsel (as hereinafter defined) if (x) a Change of Control (as hereinafter defined) shall have occurred and the indemnitee so requests or (y) if there are no Disinterested Directors; (D) by the stockholders of the Corporation (but only if a majority of the Disinterested Directors, if they constitute a quorum of the board of directors, presents the issue of entitlement to indemnification to the stockholders for their determination); or (E) as provided in paragraph (c) below.

(iii) In the event the determination of entitlement to indemnification is to be made by Independent Counsel pursuant to paragraph (b)(ii) above, a majority of the Disinterested Directors shall select the Independent Counsel, but only an Independent Counsel to which the indemnitee does not reasonably object; provided, however, that if a Change of Control shall have occurred, or there are no Disinterested Directors, the indemnitee shall select such Independent Counsel, but only an Independent Counsel to which the board of directors does not reasonably object.

(iv) The only basis upon which a finding that indemnification may not be made is that such indemnification is prohibited by law.

(v) The Corporation shall pay all costs associated with its determination of indemnitee’s eligibility for indemnification.

(c) Presumptions and Effect of Certain Proceedings. Except as otherwise expressly provided in this Section 6.1, if a Change of Control shall have occurred, the indemnitee shall be presumed to be entitled to indemnification under this Section 6.1 upon submission of a request for indemnification together with the Supporting Documentation in accordance with paragraph (b)(i), and thereafter the Corporation shall have the burden of proof to overcome that presumption in reaching a contrary determination. In any event, if the person or persons empowered under paragraph (b)(ii) above to determine entitlement to indemnification shall not have been appointed or shall not have made a determination within sixty (60) days after receipt by the Corporation of the request therefor together with the Supporting Documentation, the indemnitee shall be deemed to be entitled to indemnification and the indemnitee shall be entitled to such indemnification unless (A) the indemnitee misrepresented a material fact, or omitted a material fact necessary to make indemnitee’s statement not misleading, in making the request for indemnification or in the Supporting Documentation or (B) such indemnification is prohibited by law. The termination of any Proceeding described in this Section 6.1, or of any claim, issue or matter therein, by judgment, order, settlement or conviction, or upon a plea of nolo contendere or its equivalent, shall not, of itself, adversely affect the right of the indemnitee to indemnification or create a presumption that the indemnitee did not act in good faith and in a manner that the indemnitee reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation or, with respect to any criminal Proceeding, that the indemnitee had reasonable cause to believe that the indemnitee’s conduct was unlawful.

(d) Remedies of Indemnitee.

(i) In the event that a determination is made pursuant to paragraph (b)(ii) that the indemnitee is not entitled to indemnification under this Section 6.1: (A) the indemnitee shall be entitled to seek an adjudication of his or her entitlement to such indemnification either, at the indemnitee’s sole option, in (x) an appropriate court of the State of Delaware, or (y) an arbitration to be conducted by a single arbitrator pursuant to the rules of the American Arbitration Association; (B) any such judicial Proceeding or arbitration shall be de novo and the indemnitee shall not be prejudiced by reason of such adverse determination; and (C) in any such judicial Proceeding or arbitration the Corporation shall have the burden of proving that the indemnitee is not entitled to indemnification under this Section 6.1.

(ii) If a determination shall have been made or is deemed to have been made, pursuant to paragraph (b)(ii) or (iii), that the indemnitee is entitled to indemnification, the Corporation shall be obligated to pay the amounts constituting such indemnification within five (5) days after such determination has been made or is deemed to have been made and shall be conclusively bound by such determination unless (A) the indemnitee misrepresented a material fact, or omitted a material fact necessary to make indemnitee’s statement not misleading, in making the request for indemnification or in the Supporting Documentation, or (B) such indemnification is prohibited by law. In the event that: (X) advancement of Expenses is not timely made pursuant to paragraph (a); or (Y) payment of indemnification is not made within five (5) days after a determination of entitlement to indemnification has been made or deemed to have been made pursuant to paragraph (b)(ii) or (iii), the indemnitee shall be entitled to seek judicial enforcement of the Corporation’s obligation to pay to the indemnitee such advancement of Expenses or

indemnification. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Corporation may bring an action, in an appropriate court in the State of Delaware, contesting the right of the indemnitee to receive indemnification hereunder due to the occurrence of an event described in subclause (A) or (B) of this clause (ii) (a “Disqualifying Event”); provided, however, that in any such action the Corporation shall have the burden of proving the occurrence of such Disqualifying Event.

(iii) The Corporation shall be precluded from asserting in any judicial Proceedings or arbitration commenced pursuant to this paragraph (d) that the procedures and presumptions of this Section 6.1 are not valid, binding and enforceable and shall stipulate in any such court or before any such arbitrator that the Corporation is bound by all the provisions of this Section 6.1.

(iv) In the event that the indemnitee, pursuant to this paragraph (d), seeks a judicial adjudication of or an award in arbitration to enforce his or her rights under, or to recover damages for breach of, this Section 6.1, the indemnitee shall be entitled to recover from the Corporation, and shall be indemnified by the Corporation against, any Expenses actually and reasonably incurred by the indemnitee if the indemnitee prevails in such judicial adjudication or arbitration. If it shall be determined in such judicial adjudication or arbitration that the indemnitee is entitled to receive part but not all of the indemnification or advancement of Expenses sought, the Expenses incurred by the indemnitee in connection with such judicial adjudication shall be prorated accordingly.

(e) Definitions. For purposes of this Section 6:

(i) “Change in Control” means a change in control of the Corporation of a nature that would be required to be reported in response to Item 6(e) of Schedule 14A of Regulation 14A promulgated under the Exchange Act, whether or not the Corporation is then subject to such reporting requirement; provided that, without limitation, such a change in control shall be deemed to have occurred if (i) any “person” (as such term is used in Sections 13(d) and 14(d) of the Exchange Act) is or becomes the “beneficial owner” (as defined in Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act), directly or indirectly, of securities of the Corporation representing 25% or more of the combined voting power of the Corporation’s then outstanding securities without the prior approval of at least a majority of the members of the board of directors in office immediately prior to such acquisition; (ii) the Corporation is a party to a merger, consolidation, sale of assets or other reorganization, or a proxy contest, as a consequence of which members of the board of directors in office immediately prior to such transaction or event constitute less than a majority of the board of directors thereafter; or (iii) during any period of two consecutive years, individuals who at the beginning of such period constituted the board of directors (including for this purpose any new director whose election or nomination for election by the Corporation’s stockholders was approved by a vote of at least a majority of the directors then still in office who were directors at the beginning of such period) cease for any reason to constitute at least a majority of the board of directors;

(ii) “Disinterested Director” means a director of the Corporation who is not a party to the Proceeding in respect of which indemnification or advancement of Expenses is sought by the indemnitee;

(iii) “Expenses” shall include all direct and indirect costs including, but not limited to, attorneys’ fees, retainers, court costs, transcript costs, fees of experts, witness fees, advisory fees, travel expenses, duplicating costs, printing and binding costs, telephone charges, postage, delivery service fees, and all other disbursements or expenses of the types customarily incurred in connection with investigating, prosecuting, defending (or preparing to investigate, prosecute or defend) a Proceeding, or being or preparing to be a witness in a Proceeding;

(iv) “Independent Counsel” means a law firm or a member of a law firm that neither presently is, nor in the past five (5) years has been, retained to represent: (A) the Corporation or the indemnitee in any matter material to either such party or (B) any other party to the Proceeding giving rise to a claim for indemnification under this Section 6.1. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the term “Independent Counsel” shall not include any person who, under the applicable standards of professional conduct then prevailing under such persons relevant jurisdiction of practice, would have a conflict of interest in representing either the Corporation or the indemnitee in an action to determine the indemnitee’s rights under this Section 6.1;

(v) “Official Capacity” means indemnitee’s corporate status as an officer and/or director and any other fiduciary capacity in which indemnitee serves the Corporation, its subsidiaries or affiliates, and any other entity which indemnitee serves in such capacity at the request of any of the Corporation’s board of directors or any committee of its board of directors, chief executive officer, chairperson of the board of directors, or president. “Official Capacity” also refers to all actions which indemnitee takes or does not take while serving in such capacity; and

(vi) “Proceeding” includes any actual or threatened inquiry, investigation, action, suit, arbitration, or any other such actual or threatened action or occurrence, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative.

(f) Invalidity; Severability; Interpretation. If any provision or provisions of this Section 6.1 shall be held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable for any reason whatsoever: (i) the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions of this Section 6.1 (including, without limitation, all portions of any paragraph of this Section 6.1 containing any such provision held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable, that are not themselves invalid, illegal or unenforceable) shall not in any way be affected or impaired thereby; and (ii) to the fullest extent possible, the provisions of this Section 6.1 (including, without limitation, all portions of any paragraph of this Section 6.1 containing any such provision held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable, that are not themselves invalid; illegal or unenforceable) shall be construed so as to give effect to the intent manifested by the provision held invalid, illegal or unenforceable. Reference herein to laws, regulations or agencies shall be deemed to include all amendments thereof, substitutions therefor and successors thereto.

(g) Contractual Rights; Applicability. The right to be indemnified or to the reimbursement or advancement of Expenses pursuant hereto (i) is a contract right based upon good and valuable consideration, pursuant to which the person entitled thereto may bring suit as if the provisions hereof were set forth in a separate written contract between the Corporation and the director or officer, (ii) is intended to be retroactive and shall be available with respect to events occurring prior to the adoption hereof, and (iii) shall continue to exist after the rescission or restrictive modification hereof.

6.2 Indemnification of Others. The Corporation shall have the power, to the extent and in the manner permitted by the General Corporation Law of Delaware, to indemnify each of its employees and agents (other than directors and officers) against Expenses, judgments, fines, settlements, and other amounts actually and reasonably incurred in connection with any Proceeding, arising by reason of the fact that such person is or was an employee or agent of the Corporation. For purposes of this Section 6.2, an employee or agent of the Corporation (other than a director or officer) includes any person (a) who is or was an employee or agent of the Corporation, (b) who is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, manager, member, partner, trustee, employee or other agent of another corporation, limited liability company, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, or (c) who was an officer, employee or agent of a corporation that was a predecessor corporation of the Corporation or of another enterprise at the request of such predecessor corporation.

6.3 Insurance. The Corporation may purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of any person who is or was a director, officer, manager, member, partner, trustee, employee or other agent of the Corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, limited liability company, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise against any liability asserted against him and incurred by him in any such capacity, or arising out of his or her status as such, whether or not the Corporation would have the power to indemnify him against such liability under the provisions of the General Corporation Law of Delaware.

Article VII
RECORDS AND REPORTS

7.1 Maintenance and Inspection of Records.

(a) The Corporation shall, either at its principal executive office or at such place or places as designated by the board of directors, keep a record of its stockholders listing their names and addresses and the number and class of shares held by each stockholder, a copy of these bylaws as amended to date, a copy of the certificate of incorporation as amended to date, records of all meetings of the incorporators, stockholders and the board of directors, the stock transfer books, accounting books, and other records.

(b) Any stockholder, in person or by attorney or other agent, shall, upon written demand under oath stating the purpose thereof, have the right during the usual hours for business to inspect for any proper purpose, and to make copies and extracts from:

(i) The Corporation’s stock ledger, a list of its stockholders, and its other books and records; and

(ii) A subsidiary’s books and records, to the extent that:

(A) The Corporation has actual possession and control of such records of such subsidiary; or

(B) The Corporation could obtain such records through the exercise of control over such subsidiary, provided that as of the date of the making of the demand:

(1) The stockholder inspection of such books and records of the subsidiary would not constitute a breach of an agreement between the Corporation or the subsidiary and a person or persons not affiliated with the Corporation; and

(2) The subsidiary would not have the right under the law applicable to it to deny the Corporation access to such books and records upon demand by the Corporation.

In every instance where the stockholder is other than a record holder of stock of the Corporation, the demand under oath shall state the person’s status as a stockholder, be accompanied by documentary evidence of beneficial ownership of the stock, and state that such documentary evidence is a true and correct copy of what it purports to be. A proper purpose shall mean a purpose reasonably related to such person’s interest as a stockholder. In every instance where an attorney or other agent shall be the person who seeks the right to inspection, the demand under oath shall be accompanied by a power of attorney or such other writing which authorizes the attorney or other agent to so act on behalf of the stockholder.

As used in this Section 7.1(b):

(1) “Stockholder” means a holder of record of stock of the Corporation, or a person who is the beneficial owner of shares of such stock held either in a voting trust or by a nominee on behalf of such person.

(2) “Subsidiary” means any entity directly or indirectly owned, in whole or in part, by the Corporation and over the affairs of which the Corporation directly or indirectly exercises control, and includes, without limitation, corporations, partnerships, limited partnerships, limited liability partnerships, limited liability companies, statutory trusts and/or joint ventures.

(3) “Under oath” includes statements the declarant affirms to be true under penalty of perjury under the laws of the United States or any state.

7.2 Inspection by Directors. Any director shall have the right to examine the Corporation’s stock ledger, a list of its stockholders, and its other books and records for a purpose reasonably related to his or her position as a director. The Court of Chancery is hereby vested with the exclusive jurisdiction to determine whether a director is entitled to the inspection sought. The Court may summarily order the Corporation to permit the director to inspect any and all books and records, the stock ledger, and the stock list and to make copies or extracts therefrom. The burden of proof shall be upon the Corporation to establish that the inspection such director seeks is for an improper purpose. The Court may, in its discretion, prescribe any limitations or conditions with reference to the inspection, or award such other and further relief as the Court may deem just and proper.

Article VIII
GENERAL MATTERS

8.1 Checks. From time to time, the board of directors shall determine by resolution which person or persons may sign or endorse all checks, drafts, other orders for payment of money, notes or other evidences of indebtedness that are issued in the name of or payable to the Corporation, and only the persons so authorized shall sign or endorse those instruments.

8.2 Execution of Corporate Contracts and Instruments. The board of directors, except as otherwise provided in these bylaws, may authorize any officer or officers, or agent or agents, to enter into any contract or execute any instrument in the name of and on behalf of the Corporation; such authority may be general or confined to specific instances. Unless so authorized or ratified by the board of directors or within the agency power of an officer, no officer, agent or employee shall have any power or authority to bind the Corporation by any contract or engagement or to pledge its credit or to render it liable for any purpose or for any amount.

8.3 Stock Certificates; Partly Paid Shares. The shares of the Corporation shall be represented by certificates, provided that the board of directors of the Corporation may provide by resolution or resolutions that some or all of any or all classes or series of its stock shall be uncertificated shares. Any such resolution shall not apply to shares represented by a certificate until such certificate is surrendered to the Corporation. Notwithstanding the adoption of such a resolution by the board of directors, every holder of stock represented by certificates and upon request every holder of uncertificated shares shall be entitled to have a certificate signed by, or in the name of the Corporation by any two of the chairperson of the board of directors, the vice-chairperson of the board of directors, the president, a vice president, the treasurer, an assistant treasurer, the secretary, an assistant secretary or any other authorized officer of the Corporation representing the number of shares registered in certificate form. Any or all of the signatures on the certificate may be a facsimile. In case any officer, transfer agent or registrar who has signed or whose facsimile signature has been placed upon a certificate has ceased to be such officer, transfer agent or registrar before such certificate is issued, it may be issued by the Corporation with the same effect as if he were such officer, transfer agent or registrar at the date of issue. The Corporation shall not have power to issue a certificate in bearer form.

The Corporation may issue the whole or any part of its shares as partly paid and subject to call for the remainder of the consideration to be paid therefor. Upon the face or back of each stock certificate issued to represent any such partly paid shares, or upon the books and records of the Corporation in the case of uncertificated partly paid shares, the total amount of the consideration to be paid therefor and the amount paid thereon shall be stated. Upon the declaration of any dividend on fully paid shares, the Corporation shall declare a dividend upon partly paid shares of the same class, but only upon the basis of the percentage of the consideration actually paid thereon.

8.4 Special Designation on Certificates. If the Corporation is authorized to issue more than one class of stock or more than one series of any class, then the powers, the designations, the preferences, and the relative, participating, optional or other special rights of each class of stock or series thereof and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions of such preferences and/or rights shall be set forth in full or summarized on the face or back of the certificate that the Corporation shall issue to represent such class or series of stock; provided, however, that, except as otherwise provided in Section 202 of the General Corporation Law of Delaware, in lieu of the foregoing requirements there may be set forth on the face or back of the certificate that the Corporation shall issue to represent such class or series of stock a statement that the Corporation will furnish without charge to each stockholder who so requests the powers, the designations, the preferences, and the relative, participating, optional or other special rights of each class of stock or series thereof and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions of such preferences and/or rights.

8.5 Lost Certificates. Except as provided in this Section 8.5, no new certificates for shares shall be issued to replace a previously issued certificate unless the latter is surrendered to the Corporation and cancelled at the same time. The Corporation may issue a new certificate of stock or uncertificated shares in the place of any certificate theretofore issued by it, alleged to have been lost, stolen or destroyed, and the Corporation may require the owner of the lost, stolen or destroyed certificate, or his or her legal representative, to give the Corporation a bond sufficient to indemnify it against any claim that may be made against it on account of the alleged loss, theft or destruction of any such certificate or the issuance of such new certificate or uncertificated shares.

8.6 Construction; Definitions. Unless the context requires otherwise, the general provisions, rules of construction and definitions in the Delaware General Corporation Law shall govern the construction of these bylaws. Without limiting the generality of this provision, the singular number includes the plural, the plural number includes the singular, the masculine includes the feminine, and the term “person” includes a corporation, an entity and a natural person.

8.7 Dividends. The directors of the Corporation, subject to any rights or restrictions contained in the certificate of incorporation, may declare and pay dividends upon the shares of its capital stock pursuant to the General Corporation Law of Delaware. Dividends may be paid in cash, in property, or in shares of the Corporation’s capital stock.

The directors of the Corporation may set apart out of any of the funds of the Corporation available for dividends a reserve or reserves for any proper purpose and may abolish any such reserve. Such purposes shall include but not be limited to equalizing dividends, repairing or maintaining any property of the Corporation, and meeting contingencies.

8.8 Fiscal Year. The fiscal year of the Corporation shall be fixed by resolution of the board of directors and may be changed by the board of directors.

8.9 Seal. The Corporation may adopt a corporate seal which may be altered as desired, and may use the same by causing it or a facsimile thereof, to be impressed or affixed or in any other manner reproduced.

8.10 Transfer of Stock. Upon surrender to the Corporation or the transfer agent of the Corporation of a certificate for shares duly endorsed or accompanied by proper evidence of succession, assignation or authority to transfer, it shall be the duty of the Corporation to issue a new certificate to the person entitled thereto, cancel the old certificate, and record the transaction in its books. Subject to any restrictions on transfer and unless otherwise provided by the board of directors, shares of stock that are represented by a certificate may be transferred on the books of the Corporation by the surrender to the Corporation or its transfer agent of the certificate theretofore properly endorsed or accompanied by a written assignment or power of attorney properly executed, with transfer stamps (if necessary) affixed, and with such proof of authenticity of signature as the Corporation or its transfer agent may reasonably require. Shares of stock that are not represented by a certificate may be transferred on the books of the Corporation by submitting to the Corporation or its transfer agent such evidence of transfer and following such other procedures as the Corporation or its transfer agent may require.

8.11 Stock Transfer Agreements and Restrictions. The Corporation shall have power to enter into and perform any agreement with any number of stockholders of any one or more classes of stock of the Corporation to restrict the transfer of shares of stock of the Corporation of any one or more classes owned by such stockholders in any manner not prohibited by the General Corporation Law of Delaware.

8.12 Record Holders. Except as may otherwise be required by law, by the certificate of incorporation or by these bylaws, the Corporation shall be entitled to treat the record holder of stock as shown on its books as the owner of such stock for all purposes, including the payment of dividends and the right to vote with respect thereto, regardless of any transfer, pledge or other disposition of such stock, until the shares have been transferred on the books of the Corporation in accordance with the requirements of these bylaws.

8.13 Electronic Transmission. For purposes of these bylaws, “electronic transmission” means any form of communication, not directly involving the physical transmission of paper, that creates a record that may be retained, retrieved, and reviewed by a recipient thereof, and that may be directly reproduced in paper form by such a recipient through an automated process.

8.14 Exclusive Jurisdiction of Delaware Courts. Unless the Corporation consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or if such court does not have jurisdiction, the Superior Court of Delaware, or if such other court

does not have jurisdiction, the United States District Court for the District of Delaware) shall be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Corporation, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any current or former director, officer or other employee of the Corporation to the Corporation or the Corporation’s stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law or the certificate of incorporation or bylaws, or (iv) any action asserting a claim against the Corporation governed by the internal affairs doctrine. Any person or entity holding any interest in shares of capital stock of the Corporation shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to the provisions of this Section 8.14.

Article IX
AMENDMENTS

9.1 Amendment by Directors. Except as provided otherwise by law, these Bylaws may be amended or repealed by the board of directors.

9.2 Amendment by Stockholders. These bylaws may be amended or repealed at any Annual Meeting, or special meeting of stockholders called for such purpose in accordance with these bylaws, by the affirmative vote of a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote on such amendment or repeal, voting together as a single class. Notwithstanding the foregoing, stockholder approval shall not be required unless mandated by the Certificate, these bylaws, or other applicable law.

Article X
DISSOLUTION

If it should be deemed advisable in the judgment of the board of directors of the Corporation that the Corporation should be dissolved, the board of directors, after the adoption of a resolution to that effect by a majority of the whole board of directors at any meeting called for that purpose, shall cause notice to be mailed to each stockholder entitled to vote thereon of the adoption of the resolution and of a meeting of stockholders to take action upon the resolution.

At the meeting a vote shall be taken for and against the proposed dissolution. If a majority of the outstanding stock of the Corporation entitled to vote thereon votes for the proposed dissolution, then a certificate stating, among other things, that the dissolution has been authorized in accordance with the provisions of Section 275 of the General Corporation Law of Delaware and setting forth the names and residences of the directors and officers shall be executed, acknowledged, and filed and shall become effective in accordance with Section 103 of the General Corporation Law of Delaware. Upon such certificate’s becoming effective in accordance with Section 103 of the General Corporation Law of Delaware, the Corporation shall be dissolved.

Article XI
CUSTODIAN

11.1 Appointment of a Custodian in Certain Cases. The Court of Chancery, upon application of any stockholder, may appoint one or more persons to be custodians and, if the Corporation is insolvent, to be receivers, of and for the Corporation when:

(a) at any meeting held for the election of directors the stockholders are so divided that they have failed to elect successors to directors whose terms have expired or would have expired upon qualification of their successors;

(b) the business of the Corporation is suffering or is threatened with irreparable injury because the directors are so divided respecting the management of the affairs of the Corporation that the required vote for action by the board of directors cannot be obtained and the stockholders are unable to terminate this division; or

(c) the Corporation has abandoned its business and has failed within a reasonable time to take steps to dissolve, liquidate or distribute its assets.

11.2 Duties of Custodian. The custodian shall have all the powers and title of a receiver appointed under Section 291 of the General Corporation Law of Delaware, but the authority of the custodian shall be to continue the business of the Corporation and not to liquidate its affairs and distribute its assets, except when the Court of Chancery otherwise orders and except in cases arising under Sections 226(a)(3) or 352(a)(2) of the General Corporation Law of Delaware.

Document And Entity Information	Dec. 12, 2024
Cover [Abstract]
Amendment Flag	false
Entity Central Index Key	0001426800
Document Type	8-K
Document Period End Date	Dec. 12, 2024
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Registrant Name	Assembly Biosciences, Inc.
Entity Incorporation State Country Code	DE
Entity File Number	001-35005
Entity Tax Identification Number	20-8729264
Entity Address, Address Line One	Two Tower Place
Entity Address, Address Line Two	7th Floor
Entity Address, City or Town	South San Francisco
Entity Address, State or Province	CA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	94080
City Area Code	(833)
Local Phone Number	509-4583
Written Communications	false
Soliciting Material	false
Pre-commencement Tender Offer	false
Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer	false
Security 12b Title	Common Stock, par value $0.001
Trading Symbol	ASMB
Securtiy Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false