Sovereign Government and Supranational Debt.
Investments in debt securities issued by foreign governments and their political subdivisions or agencies (“Sovereign Debt”) involve special risks. Sovereign debt is subject to risks in addition to those relating to non-U.S. investments generally. The issuer of the debt or the governmental authorities that control the repayment of the debt may be unable or unwilling to repay principal and/or interest when due in accordance with the terms of such debt, and a fund may have limited legal recourse in the event of a default. As a sovereign entity, the issuing government may be immune from lawsuits in the event of its failure or refusal to pay the obligations when due.
Sovereign Debt differs from debt obligations issued by private entities in that, generally, remedies for defaults must be pursued in the courts of the defaulting party. Legal recourse is therefore somewhat diminished. Political conditions, especially a sovereign entity’s willingness to meet the terms of its debt obligations, are of considerable significance. Also, holders of
commercial bank debt issued by the same sovereign entity may contest payments to the holders of Sovereign Debt in the event of default under commercial bank loan agreements.
A sovereign debtor’s willingness or ability to repay principal and interest due in a timely manner may be affected by, among other factors, its cash flow situation, the extent of its non-U.S. reserves, the availability of sufficient non-U.S. exchange on the date a payment is due, the relative size of the debt service burden to the economy as a whole, the sovereign debtor’s policy toward principal international lenders and the political constraints to which a sovereign debtor may be subject. Increased protectionism on the part of a country’s trading partners or political
changes in those countries, could also adversely affect its exports. Such events could diminish a country’s trade account surplus, if any, or the credit standing of a particular local government or agency.
Sovereign debtors may also be dependent on disbursements or assistance from foreign governments or multinational agencies, the country’s access to trade and other international credits, and the country’s balance of trade. Assistance may be dependent on a country’s implementation of austerity measures and reforms, which measures may limit or be perceived to limit economic growth and recovery. Some sovereign debtors have rescheduled their debt payments, declared moratoria on payments or restructured their debt to effectively eliminate portions of it, and similar occurrences may happen in the future. There is no bankruptcy proceeding by which sovereign debt on which governmental entities have defaulted may be collected in whole or in part.
The ability of some sovereign debtors to repay their obligations may depend on the timely receipt of assistance from international agencies or other governments, the flow of which is not assured. The willingness of such agencies to make these payments may depend on the sovereign debtor’s willingness to institute certain economic changes, the implementation of which may be politically difficult.
The occurrence of political, social or diplomatic changes in one or more of the countries issuing Sovereign Debt could adversely affect the Fund’s investments. Political changes or a deterioration of a country’s domestic economy or balance of trade may affect the willingness of countries to service their Sovereign Debt. While NB Management endeavors to manage investments in a manner that will minimize the exposure to such risks, there can be no assurance
that adverse political changes will not cause the Fund to suffer a loss of interest or principal on any of its holdings.
Sovereign Debt securities may include: debt securities issued or guaranteed by governments, governmental agencies or instrumentalities and political subdivisions located in emerging market countries; debt securities issued by government owned, controlled or sponsored entities located in emerging market countries; interests in entities organized and operated for the purpose of restructuring the investment characteristics of instruments issued by any of the above issuers; participations in loans between emerging market governments and financial institutions; and Brady Bonds, which are debt securities issued under the framework of the Brady Plan as a means for debtor nations to restructure their outstanding external indebtedness.
Brady Bonds may be collateralized or uncollateralized and issued in various currencies (although most are dollar-denominated) and they are actively traded in the over-the-counter
secondary market. Certain Brady Bonds are collateralized in full as to principal due at maturity by zero coupon obligations issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities having the same maturity (“Collateralized Brady Bonds”). Brady Bonds are not, however, considered to be U.S. Government Securities.
Dollar-denominated, Collateralized Brady Bonds may be fixed rate bonds or floating rate bonds. Interest payments on Brady Bonds are often collateralized by cash or securities in an amount that, in the case of fixed rate bonds, is equal to at least one year of rolling interest
payments or, in the case of floating rate bonds, initially is equal to at least one year’s rolling interest payments based on the applicable interest rate at that time and is adjusted at regular intervals thereafter. Certain Brady Bonds are entitled to “value recovery payments” in certain circumstances, which in effect constitute supplemental interest payments but generally are not collateralized. Brady Bonds are often viewed as having three or four valuation components: (i) collateralized repayment of principal at final maturity; (ii) collateralized interest payments; (iii) uncollateralized interest payments; and (iv) any uncollateralized repayment of principal at maturity (these uncollateralized amounts constitute the “residual risk”). In the event of a default with respect to Collateralized Brady Bonds as a result of which the payment obligations of the issuer are accelerated, the U.S. Treasury zero coupon obligations held as collateral for the payment of principal will not be distributed to investors, nor will such obligations be sold and the proceeds distributed. The collateral will be held by the collateral agent to the scheduled maturity of the defaulted Brady Bonds, which will continue to be outstanding, at which time the face amount of the collateral will equal the principal payments which would have been due on the Brady Bonds in the normal course. In addition, in light of the residual risk of Brady Bonds and, among other factors, the history of defaults with respect to commercial bank loans by public and private entities of countries issuing Brady Bonds, investments in Brady Bonds should be viewed as speculative.
Supranational entities may also issue debt securities. A supranational entity is a bank, commission or company established or financially supported by the national governments of one or more countries to promote reconstruction or development. Included among these organizations are the Asian Development Bank, the European Investment Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the United Nations, the World Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Supranational organizations
have no taxing authority and are dependent on their members for payments of interest and principal. Further, the lending activities of such entities are limited to a percentage of their total capital, reserves and net income.
Policies and Limitations.
The Fund normally invests at least 80% of its net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes, in debt and other instruments of issuers that are tied economically to emerging market countries. These include debt and other instruments of issuers that are based in emerging markets or that have the majority of revenue from emerging markets, in debt or other instruments where the underlying risk or ultimate risk is on such an emerging market issuer, or in debt or other instruments where the currency of risk is an emerging market currency.
Illiquid Securities
.
Generally, an illiquid security is a security that cannot be expected to be sold or disposed of within seven days at approximately the price at which it is valued by the Fund. Illiquid securities may include unregistered or other restricted securities and repurchase
agreements maturing in greater than seven days. Illiquid securities may also include commercial paper under section 4(2) of the 1933 Act, and Rule 144A securities (restricted securities that may be traded freely among qualified institutional buyers pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements of the securities laws); these securities are considered illiquid unless the Manager, acting pursuant to guidelines established by the Fund Trustees, determines they are liquid. Most such securities held by the Fund are deemed liquid. Generally, foreign securities freely tradable in their principal market are not considered restricted or illiquid, even if they are
not registered in the United States. Illiquid securities may be difficult for the Fund to value or dispose of due to the absence of an active trading market. The sale of some illiquid securities by the Fund may be subject to legal restrictions, which could be costly to the Fund.
Policies and Limitations
.
The Fund may not purchase any security if, as a result, more than 15% of its net assets would be invested in illiquid securities.
Indexed Securities
.
The Fund may invest in indexed securities whose values are linked to currencies, interest rates, commodities, indices, or other financial indicators, domestic or foreign. Most indexed securities are short- to intermediate-term fixed income securities whose values at maturity or interest rates rise or fall according to the change in one or more specified underlying instruments. The value of indexed securities may increase or decrease if the underlying instrument appreciates, and they may have return characteristics similar to direct investment in the underlying instrument. An indexed security may be more volatile than the underlying instrument itself.
The Fund may invest in various securities that are intended to track broad-based, U.S. market indices, including Standard & Poor’s Depository Receipts (“SPDRs”), Diamonds, and Nasdaq-100 Shares. SPDRs represent units in a trust that holds a portfolio of common stocks that closely tracks the price, performance and dividend yield of the Standard & Poor’s 500 Composite Stock Index (“S&P 500 Index”). SPDRs also entitle holders to receive proportionate quarterly cash distributions corresponding to the dividends that accrue to the S&P 500 Index stocks in the underlying portfolio. Diamonds represent units in an investment trust that holds the 30 component stocks comprising the Dow Jones Industrial Average (“DJIA”) and are designed to track the performance of the DJIA. Diamonds pay monthly dividends that correspond to the
dividend yields of the DJIA component stocks. Nasdaq-100 Shares represent ownership in the Nasdaq-100 trust, a unit investment trust that accumulates and holds a portfolio of equity securities that track the Nasdaq-100 Index. Nasdaq-100 Shares are designed to track the performance and dividend yield of the Nasdaq-100 Index. SPDRs and Diamonds are listed on the NYSE MKT LLC. Nasdaq-100 Shares are listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market (“Nasdaq”).
Inflation-Indexed Securities
.
The Fund may invest in U.S. Treasury securities the principal value of which is adjusted daily in accordance with changes to the Consumer Price Index. Such securities are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government. Interest is calculated on the basis of the current adjusted principal value. The principal value of inflation-indexed securities declines in periods of deflation, but holders at maturity receive no less than par. If inflation is lower than expected during the period the Fund holds the security, the Fund may earn less on it than on a conventional bond.
Because the coupon rate on inflation-indexed securities is lower than fixed-rate U.S. Treasury securities, the Consumer Price Index would have to rise at least to the amount of the
difference between the coupon rate of the fixed-rate U.S. Treasury issues and the coupon rate of the inflation-indexed securities, assuming all other factors are equal, in order for such securities to match the performance of the fixed-rate U.S. Treasury
securities. Inflation-indexed securities are expected to react primarily to changes in the “real” interest rate (
i.e.
, the nominal (or stated) rate less the rate of inflation), while a typical bond reacts to changes in the nominal interest rate. Accordingly, inflation-indexed securities have characteristics of fixed-rate U.S. Treasury securities having a shorter duration. Changes in market interest rates from causes other than inflation will likely affect the market prices of inflation-indexed securities in the same manner as conventional bonds.
Any increase in the principal value of an inflation-indexed security is taxable in the year the increase occurs, even though its holders do not receive cash representing the increase until the security matures. Because the Fund must distribute substantially all of its net income (including non-cash income attributable to those principal value increases) to its shareholders each taxable year to avoid payment of federal income and excise taxes, the Fund may have to dispose of other investments under disadvantageous circumstances to generate cash, or may be required to borrow, to satisfy its distribution requirements.
Investments by Funds of Funds or Other Large Shareholders.
The Fund may experience large redemptions or investments due to transactions in Fund shares by funds of funds, other large shareholders, or similarly managed accounts. While it is impossible to predict the overall effect of these transactions over time, there could be an adverse impact on the Fund’s performance. In the event of such redemptions or investments, the Fund could be required to sell securities or to invest cash at a time when it may not otherwise desire to do so. Such transactions may increase the Fund’s brokerage and/or other transaction costs and affect the liquidity of the Fund’s portfolio. In addition, when funds of funds or other investors own a substantial portion of the Fund’s shares, a large redemption by such an investor could cause actual expenses to increase, or could result in the Fund’s current expenses being allocated over a smaller asset base, leading to an increase in the Fund’s expense ratio. Redemptions of Fund shares could also accelerate the realization of taxable capital gains in the Fund if sales of securities result in capital gains. The impact of these transactions is likely to be greater when a fund of funds or other
significant investor purchases, redeems, or owns a substantial portion of the Fund’s shares. A high volume of redemption requests can impact the Fund the same way as the transactions of a single shareholder with substantial investments.
Leverage
.
The Fund may engage in transactions that have the effect of leverage. Although leverage creates an opportunity for increased total return it also can create special risk considerations. For example, leverage from borrowing may amplify changes in the Fund’s NAV. Although the principal of such borrowings will be fixed, the Fund’s assets may change in value during the time the borrowing is outstanding. Leverage from borrowing creates interest expenses for the Fund. To the extent the income derived from securities purchased with borrowed funds is sufficient to cover the cost of leveraging, the net income of the Fund will be greater than it would be if leverage were not used. Conversely, to the extent the income derived from securities purchased with borrowed funds is not sufficient to cover the cost of leveraging, the net income of the Fund will be less than it would be if leverage were not used and, therefore, the amount (if any) available for distribution to the Fund’s shareholders as dividends will be reduced. Reverse repurchase agreements, securities lending transactions, when-issued and
delayed-delivery transactions, certain Financial Instruments (as defined above), and short sales, among others, may create leverage.
Policies and Limitations
.
The Fund may borrow money from banks for temporary or emergency purposes and enter into reverse repurchase agreements for any purpose, as long as
such borrowings do not exceed 33-1/3% of the value of its total assets (including the amount borrowed) less liabilities (other than borrowings).
However, as a non-fundamental policy, the Fund may not purchase securities if outstanding borrowings of money, including any reverse repurchase agreements, exceed 5% of its total assets.
Lower-Rated Debt Securities
.
Lower-rated debt securities or “junk bonds” are those rated below the fourth highest category (including those securities rated as low as D by S&P) or unrated securities of comparable quality. Securities rated below investment grade are often considered to be speculative. These securities have poor protection with respect to the issuer’s capacity to pay interest and repay principal. Lower-rated debt securities generally offer a higher current yield than that available for investment grade issues with similar maturities, but they may involve significant risk under adverse conditions. In particular, adverse changes in general economic conditions and in the industries in which the issuers are engaged and changes in the financial condition of the issuers are more likely to cause price volatility and weaken the capacity of the issuer to make principal and interest payments than is the case for higher-grade debt securities. These securities are susceptible to default or decline in market value due to real or perceived adverse economic and business developments relating to the issuer, market interest rates and market liquidity. In addition, to the extent that the Fund invests in lower-quality securities may incur additional expenses to the extent recovery is sought on defaulted securities. Because of the many risks involved in investing in lower-rated debt securities, the success of such investments is dependent on the credit analysis of the Manager.
During periods of economic downturn or rising interest rates, highly leveraged issuers may experience financial stress which could adversely affect their ability to make payments of
interest and principal and increase the possibility of default. In addition, such issuers may not have more traditional methods of financing available to them and may be unable to repay debt at maturity by refinancing. The risk of loss due to default by such issuers is significantly greater because such securities frequently are unsecured and subordinated to the prior payment of senior indebtedness.
At certain times in the past, the market for lower-rated debt securities has expanded rapidly, and its growth generally paralleled a long economic expansion. In the past, the prices of many lower-rated debt securities declined substantially, reflecting an expectation that many issuers of such securities might experience financial difficulties. As a result, the yields on lower-rated debt securities rose dramatically. However, such higher yields did not reflect the value of the income stream that holders of such securities expected, but rather the risk that holders of such securities could lose a substantial portion of their value as a result of the issuers’ financial restructuring or defaults. There can be no assurance that such declines will not recur.
The market for lower-rated debt issues generally is thinner or less active than that for higher quality securities, which may limit the Fund’s ability to sell such securities at fair value in
response to changes in the economy or financial markets. Judgment may play a greater role in pricing such securities than it does for more liquid securities. Adverse publicity and investor perceptions, whether or not based on fundamental analysis, may also decrease the values and liquidity of lower rated debt securities, especially in a thinly traded market.
Issuers of securities in default may fail to resume principal or interest payments, in which case the Fund may lose its entire investment.
See Appendix A for further information about the ratings of debt securities assigned by S&P, Fitch, Inc., and Moody’s.
Policies and Limitations
.
The Fund has no limitations on the amount of its assets that it can invest in lower-rated debt securities.
Mortgage-Backed Securities
.
Mortgage-backed securities represent direct or indirect participations in, or are secured by and payable from, pools of mortgage loans. Those securities may be guaranteed by a U.S. Government agency or instrumentality (such as Ginnie Mae); issued and guaranteed by a government-sponsored stockholder-owned corporation, though not backed by the full faith and credit of the United States (such as by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac (collectively, the “GSEs”), and described in greater detail below); or issued by fully private issuers. Private issuers are generally originators of and investors in mortgage loans and include savings associations, mortgage bankers, commercial banks, investment bankers, and special purpose entities. Private mortgage-backed securities may be backed by U.S. Government agency supported mortgage loans or some form of non-governmental credit enhancement.
Government-related guarantors (
i.e.
, not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government) include Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Fannie Mae is a government-sponsored corporation owned by stockholders. It is subject to general regulation by the Federal Housing Finance Authority (“FHFA”). Fannie Mae purchases residential mortgages from a list of approved seller/servicers that include state and federally chartered savings and loan associations,
mutual savings banks, commercial banks, credit unions and mortgage bankers. Fannie Mae guarantees the timely payment of principal and interest on pass-through securities that it issues, but those securities are not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government.
Freddie Mac is a government-sponsored corporation formerly owned by the twelve Federal Home Loan Banks and now owned by stockholders. Freddie Mac issues Participation Certificates (“PCs”), which represent interests in mortgages from Freddie Mac’s national portfolio. Freddie Mac guarantees the timely payment of interest and ultimate collection of principal on the PCs it issues, but those PCs are not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government.
The U.S. Treasury has historically had the authority to purchase obligations of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. However, in 2008, due to capitalization concerns, Congress provided the U.S. Treasury with additional authority to lend the GSEs emergency funds and to purchase their stock. In September 2008, those capital concerns led the U.S. Treasury and the FHFA to announce that the GSEs had been placed in conservatorship.
Since that time, the GSEs have received significant capital support through U.S. Treasury preferred stock purchases as well as U.S. Treasury and Federal Reserve purchases of their mortgage backed securities (“MBS”). While the MBS purchase programs ended in 2010, the U.S. Treasury announced in December 2009 that it would continue its support for the entities’ capital as necessary to prevent a negative net worth through at least 2012. From the end of 2007
through the third quarter of 2012, the GSEs required U.S. Treasury support of approximately $187.5 billion through draws under the preferred stock purchase agreements. However, they have repaid approximately $46 billion in dividends. Both GSEs ended the third quarter of 2012 with positive net worth and, as a result, neither required a draw from the U.S. Treasury. While the U.S. Treasury is committed to offset negative equity at the GSEs through its preferred stock purchases through 2012, FHFA has made projections for those purchases through 2015, predicting that cumulative U.S. Treasury draws (including dividends) at the end of 2015 could range from $191 billion to $209 billion. Nonetheless, no assurance can be given that the Federal Reserve, U.S. Treasury, or FHFA initiatives will ensure that the GSEs will remain successful in meeting their obligations with respect to the debt and MBS they issue beyond that date.
In addition, the future of the GSEs is in serious question as the U.S. Government reportedly is considering multiple options, ranging on a spectrum from nationalization, privatization, consolidation, or abolishment of the entities. The problems faced by the GSEs that resulted in their being placed into federal conservatorship and receiving significant U.S. Government support have sparked serious debate among federal policy makers regarding the continued role of the U.S. Government in providing liquidity for mortgage loans. The Obama Administration produced a report to Congress on February 11, 2011, outlining a proposal to wind down the GSEs by increasing their guarantee fees, reducing their conforming loan limits (the maximum amount of each loan they are authorized to purchase), and continuing progressive limits on the size of their investment portfolio. Congress is currently considering several pieces of legislation that would reform the GSEs and possibly wind down their existence, addressing portfolio limits and guarantee fees, among other issues.
The FHFA and the U.S. Treasury (through its agreement to purchase GSE preferred stock) have imposed strict limits on the size of GSEs’ mortgage portfolios. In August 2012, the U.S. Treasury amended its preferred stock purchase agreements to provide that the GSEs’ portfolios will be wound down at an annual rate of 15 percent (up from the previously agreed annual rate of 10 percent), requiring the GSEs to reach the $250 billion target four years earlier than previously planned.
Mortgage-backed securities may have either fixed or adjustable interest rates. Tax or regulatory changes may adversely affect the mortgage securities market. In addition, changes in the market’s perception of the issuer may affect the value of mortgage-backed securities. The rate of return on mortgage-backed securities may be affected by prepayments of principal on the underlying loans, which generally increase as market interest rates decline; as a result, when interest rates decline, holders of these securities normally do not benefit from appreciation in market value to the same extent as holders of other non-callable debt securities.
Because many mortgages are repaid early, the actual maturity and duration of mortgage-backed securities are typically shorter than their stated final maturity and their duration
calculated solely on the basis of the stated life and payment schedule. In calculating its dollar-weighted average maturity and duration, the Fund may apply certain industry conventions regarding the maturity and duration of mortgage-backed instruments. Different analysts use different models and assumptions in making these determinations. The Fund uses an approach that the Manager believes is reasonable in light of all relevant circumstances. If this
determination is not borne out in practice, it could positively or negatively affect the value of the Fund when market interest rates change. Increasing market interest rates generally extend the effective maturities of mortgage-backed securities, increasing their sensitivity to interest rate changes.
Mortgage-backed securities may be issued in the form of collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMOs”) or collateralized mortgage-backed bonds (“CBOs”). CMOs are obligations that are fully collateralized, directly or indirectly, by a pool of mortgages; payments of principal and interest on the mortgages are passed through to the holders of the CMOs, although not necessarily on a
pro rata
basis, on the same schedule as they are received. CBOs are general obligations of the issuer that are fully collateralized, directly or indirectly, by a pool of mortgages. The mortgages serve as collateral for the issuer’s payment obligations on the bonds, but interest and principal payments on the mortgages are not passed through either directly (as with mortgage-backed “pass-through” securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. Government agencies or instrumentalities) or on a modified basis (as with CMOs). Accordingly, a change in the rate of prepayments on the pool of mortgages could change the effective maturity or the duration of a CMO but not that of a CBO (although, like many bonds, CBOs may be callable by the issuer prior to maturity). To the extent that rising interest rates cause prepayments to occur at a slower than expected rate, a CMO could be converted into a longer-term security that is subject to greater risk of price volatility.
Governmental, government-related, and private entities (such as commercial banks, savings institutions, private mortgage insurance companies, mortgage bankers, and other secondary market issuers, including securities broker-dealers and special purpose entities that generally are affiliates of the foregoing established to issue such securities) may create mortgage
loan pools to back CMOs and CBOs. Such issuers may be the originators and/or servicers of the underlying mortgage loans, as well as the guarantors of the mortgage-backed securities. Pools created by non-governmental issuers generally offer a higher rate of interest than governmental and government-related pools because of the absence of direct or indirect government or agency guarantees. Various forms of insurance or guarantees, including individual loan, title, pool, and hazard insurance and letters of credit, may support timely payment of interest and principal of non-governmental pools. Governmental entities, private insurers, and mortgage poolers issue these forms of insurance and guarantees. The Manager considers such insurance and guarantees, as well as the creditworthiness of the issuers thereof, in determining whether a mortgage-backed security meets the Fund’s investment quality standards. There can be no assurance that private insurers or guarantors can meet their obligations under insurance policies or guarantee arrangements. The Fund may buy mortgage-backed securities without insurance or guarantees, if the Manager determines that the securities meet the Fund’s quality standards. The Manager will, consistent with the Fund’s investment objective, policies and limitations and quality standards, consider making investments in new types of mortgage-backed securities as such securities are developed and offered to investors.
Policies and Limitations.
The Fund may not purchase mortgage-backed securities that, in the Manager’s opinion, are illiquid if, as a result, more than 15% of the Fund’s net assets would be invested in illiquid securities.
Freddie Mac Collateralized Mortgage Obligations.
Freddie Mac CMOs are debt obligations of Freddie Mac issued in multiple tranches having different maturity dates that are secured by the pledge of a pool of conventional mortgage loans purchased by Freddie Mac. Unlike Freddie Mac PCs, payments of principal and interest on the CMOs are made semiannually, as opposed to monthly. The amount of principal payable on each semiannual payment date is determined in accordance with Freddie Mac’s mandatory sinking fund schedule, which, in turn, is equal to approximately 100% of FHA prepayment experience applied to the mortgage collateral pool. All sinking fund payments in the CMOs are allocated to the retirement of the individual tranches of bonds in the order of their stated maturities. Payment of principal on the mortgage loans in the collateral pool in excess of the amount of Freddie Mac’s minimum sinking fund obligation for any payment date are paid to the holders of the CMOs as additional sinking fund payments. This “pass-through” of prepayments has the effect of retiring most CMO tranches prior to their stated final maturity.
If collection of principal (including prepayments) on the mortgage loans during any semiannual payment period is not sufficient to meet Freddie Mac’s minimum sinking fund obligation on the next sinking fund payment date, Freddie Mac agrees to make up the deficiency from its general funds.
Criteria for the mortgage loans in the pool backing the Freddie Mac CMOs are identical to those of Freddie Mac PCs. Freddie Mac has the right to substitute collateral in the event of delinquencies and/or defaults.
Other Mortgage-Related Securities.
Other mortgage-related securities include securities other than those described above that directly or indirectly represent a participation in, or are secured by and payable from, mortgage loans on real property, including stripped mortgage
-backed securities. Other mortgage-related securities may be equity or debt securities issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. Government or by private originators of, or investors in, mortgage loans, including savings and loan associations, homebuilders, mortgage banks, commercial banks, investment banks, partnerships, trusts and special purpose entities of the foregoing.
Natural Disasters and Adverse Weather Conditions.
Certain areas of the world historically have been prone to major natural disasters, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, typhoons, flooding, tidal waves, tsunamis, erupting volcanoes, wildfires or droughts, and have been economically sensitive to environmental events. Such disasters, and the resulting damage, could have a severe and negative impact on the Fund’s investment portfolio and, in the longer term, could impair the ability of issuers in which the Fund invests to conduct their businesses in the manner normally conducted. Adverse weather conditions may also have a particularly significant negative effect on issuers in the agricultural sector and on insurance companies that insure against the impact of natural disasters.
Preferred Stock
.
Unlike interest payments on debt securities, dividends on preferred stock are generally payable at the discretion of the issuer’s board of directors. Preferred
shareholders may have certain rights if dividends are not paid but generally have no legal recourse against the issuer. Shareholders may suffer a loss of value if dividends are not paid. The
market prices of preferred stocks are generally more sensitive to changes in the issuer’s creditworthiness than are the prices of debt securities.
Policies and Limitations.
The
Fund normally will not invest more than 10% of its total assets in convertible securities and preferred securities.
Real Estate-Related Instruments
.
Real estate-related instruments include securities of real estate investment trusts (also known as “REITs”), commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities and real estate financings. Such instruments are sensitive to factors such as real estate values and property taxes, interest rates, cash flow of underlying real estate assets, overbuilding, and the management skill and creditworthiness of the issuer. Real estate-related instruments may also be affected by tax and regulatory requirements, such as those relating to the environment.
REITs are sometimes informally characterized as equity REITs, mortgage REITs and hybrid REITs. An equity REIT invests primarily in the fee ownership or leasehold ownership of land and buildings, and derives its income primarily from rental income. An equity REIT may also realize capital gains (or losses) by selling real estate properties in its portfolio that have appreciated (or depreciated) in value. A mortgage REIT invests primarily in mortgages on real estate, which may secure construction, development or long-term loans, and derives its income primarily from interest payments on the credit it has extended. A hybrid REIT combines the characteristics of equity REITs and mortgage REITs, generally by holding both ownership interests and mortgage interests in real estate.
REITs are dependent upon management skill, are not diversified, and are subject to heavy cash flow dependency, defaults by borrowers, self-liquidation, and the possibility of
failing to qualify for conduit income tax treatment under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (“Code”), and failing to maintain exemption from the 1940 Act.
REITs (especially mortgage REITs) are subject to interest rate risk. Rising interest rates may cause REIT investors to demand a higher annual yield, which may, in turn, cause a decline in the market price of the equity securities issued by a REIT. Rising interest rates also generally increase the costs of obtaining financing, which could cause the value of the Fund’s REIT investments to decline. During periods when interest rates are declining, mortgages are often refinanced. Refinancing may reduce the yield on investments in mortgage REITs. In addition, because mortgage REITs depend on payment under their mortgage loans and leases to generate cash to make distributions to their shareholders, investments in such REITs may be adversely affected by defaults on such mortgage loans or leases.
REITs are subject to management fees and other expenses. Therefore, investments in REITs will cause the Fund to bear its proportionate share of the costs of the REITs’ operations. At the same time, the Fund will continue to pay its own management fees and expenses with respect to all of its assets, including any portion invested in REITs. The Fund does not intend to invest in REITs unless, in the judgment of the Manager, the potential benefits of such investment justify the payment of any applicable fees.
Policies and Limitations.
The Fund may invest up to 20% of its net assets in real estate related instruments, preferred stock, warrants, common stock or equity securities.
Recent Market Conditions
. The financial crisis in the U.S. and many foreign economies over the past several years, including the European sovereign debt and banking crises, has resulted, and may continue to result, in an unusually high degree of volatility in the financial markets and the economy at large. Both domestic and international equity and fixed income markets have been experiencing heightened volatility and turmoil, and issuers that have exposure to the real estate, mortgage and credit markets, and the sovereign debt of certain nations or their political subdivisions have been particularly affected. It is uncertain how long these conditions will continue.
These market conditions have resulted in fixed income instruments experiencing unusual liquidity issues, increased price volatility and, in some cases, credit downgrades and increased likelihood of default. These events have reduced the willingness and ability of some lenders to extend credit, and have made it more difficult for borrowers to obtain financing on attractive terms, if at all. The values of many types of securities, including, but not limited to, mortgage-backed, asset-backed and corporate debt securities, have been reduced. During times of market turmoil, investors tend to look to the safety of securities issued or backed by the U.S. Treasury, causing the prices of these securities to rise and the yield to decline.
The reduced liquidity in fixed income and credit markets may negatively affect many issuers worldwide. Illiquidity in these markets may mean there is less money available to purchase raw materials and goods and services, which may, in turn, bring down the prices of these economic staples. The values of some sovereign debt and of securities of issuers that hold that sovereign debt have fallen. These events and the potential for continuing market turbulence may have an adverse effect on the Fund. In addition, global economies and financial markets are becoming
increasingly interconnected, which increases the possibilities that conditions in one country or region might adversely impact issuers in a different country or region.
Mortgage-backed securities have been especially affected by these market events. Beginning in 2008, the market for mortgage-related securities experienced substantially, often dramatically, lower valuations and greatly reduced liquidity. Markets for other asset-backed securities have also been affected. In the mortgage sector, there have been rising delinquency rates. These defaults have caused an unexpected degree of losses for holders. Some financial institutions and other enterprises may have large exposure to certain types of securities, such as mortgage-backed securities, which could have a negative effect on the broader economy. Questions have been raised about whether the quality of the underlying mortgages was misrepresented, and suits have been filed against some lenders and “bundlers” of mortgages. Traditional market participants have been less willing to make a market in some types of debt instruments, which has affected the liquidity of those instruments. Illiquid investments may be harder to value, especially in changing markets.
Some financial institutions and other enterprises may have large exposure to certain types of securities, such as mortgage-backed securities, which could have a negative effect on the broader economy. Events in the financial markets and the broader economy are continuing to erode the tax bases of many state and local governments, as well as their access to the credit
markets. This has put downward pressure on the value of many municipal securities. Some traditional insurers of municipal securities have also experienced financial stress.
The U.S. federal government and certain foreign central banks have acted to calm credit markets and increase confidence in the U.S. and world economies. Certain of these entities have injected liquidity into the markets and taken other steps in an effort to stabilize the markets and grow the economy. Others have opted for austerity, which may limit growth, at least in the short to medium term. The ultimate effect of these efforts is only beginning to reveal itself. Changes in government policies may exacerbate the market’s difficulties and withdrawal of this support, or other policy changes by governments or central banks, could adversely impact the value and liquidity of certain securities.
The situation in the financial markets has resulted in calls for increased regulation, and the need of many financial institutions for government help has given lawmakers and regulators new leverage. The Dodd-Frank Act has initiated a dramatic revision of the U.S. financial regulatory framework that will continue to unfold over several years. The Dodd-Frank Act covers a broad range of topics, including (among many others) a reorganization of federal financial regulators; a process intended to improve financial systemic stability and the resolution of potentially insolvent financial firms; new rules for derivatives trading; the creation of a consumer financial protection watchdog; the registration and additional regulation of hedge and private equity fund managers; and new federal requirements for residential mortgage loans. Instruments in which the Fund may invest, or the issuers of such instruments, may be affected by the new legislation and regulation in ways that are unforeseeable. Many of the implementing regulations have not yet been finalized. Accordingly, the ultimate impact of the Dodd-Frank Act, including on the derivative instruments in which the Fund may invest, is not yet certain.
The statutory provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act significantly change in several respects the ways in which investment products are marketed, sold, settled or terminated. In particular, the Dodd-Frank Act mandates the elimination of references to credit ratings in numerous securities laws, including the 1940 Act. Certain swap derivatives have been and other derivatives may be mandated for central clearing under the Dodd-Frank Act, which likely will require technological and other changes to the operations of funds governed by the 1940 Act and the market in which they will trade. Central clearing will also entail the use of assets of a 1940 Act fund to satisfy margin calls and this may have an effect on the performance of such a fund. The regulators have not yet issued final regulations implementing all of the Dodd-Frank Act’s margin requirements and clearing mandates.
The regulators that have been charged with the responsibility for implementing the Dodd-Frank Act (i.e., the SEC and the CFTC) have been active in proposing and adopting regulations and guidance on the use of derivatives by 1940 Act funds. The CFTC recently adopted a revision to one of its rules that will either restrict the use of derivatives by a 1940 Act fund (see “Regulatory Limitations on Using Futures, Options on Futures, and Swaps”) or require the fund’s adviser to register as a commodity pool operator. The SEC is reviewing its current guidance on the use of derivatives by 1940 Act funds and may issue new guidance. It is not clear whether or when such new guidance will be published or what the content of such guidance may be.
Because the situation in the markets is widespread and largely unprecedented, it may be unusually difficult to identify both risks and opportunities using past models of the interplay of market forces, or to predict the duration of these market conditions.
Repurchase Agreements
.
In a repurchase agreement, the Fund purchases securities from a bank that is a member of the Federal Reserve System or also from a foreign bank or from a U.S. branch or agency of a foreign bank or from a securities dealer that agrees to repurchase the securities from the Fund at a higher price on a designated future date. Repurchase agreements generally are for a short period of time, usually less than a week. Costs, delays, or losses could result if the selling party to a repurchase agreement becomes bankrupt or otherwise defaults. The Manager monitors the creditworthiness of sellers. If the Fund enters into a repurchase agreement subject to foreign law and the counter-party defaults, the Fund may not enjoy protections comparable to those provided to certain repurchase agreements under U.S. bankruptcy law and may suffer delays and losses in disposing of the collateral as a result.
Policies and Limitations.
Repurchase agreements with a maturity or demand of more than seven days are considered to be illiquid securities. The Fund may not enter into a repurchase agreement with a maturity or demand of more than seven days if, as a result, more than 15% of the value of its net assets would then be invested in such repurchase agreements and other illiquid securities. The Fund may enter into a repurchase agreement only if (1) the underlying securities are of a type (excluding maturity and duration limitations, if any) that the Fund’s investment policies and limitations would allow it to purchase directly, (2) the market value of the underlying securities, including accrued interest, at all times equals or exceeds the repurchase price, and (3) payment for the underlying securities is made only upon satisfactory evidence that the securities are being held for the Fund’s account by its custodian or a bank acting as the Fund’s agent.
Restricted Securities and Rule 144A Securities
.
The Fund may invest in “restricted securities,” which generally are securities that may be resold to the public only pursuant to an effective registration statement under the 1933 Act or an exemption from registration. Regulation S under the 1933 Act is an exemption from registration that permits, under certain circumstances, the resale of restricted securities in offshore transactions, subject to certain conditions, and Rule 144A under the 1933 Act is an exemption that permits the resale of certain restricted securities to qualified institutional buyers.
Since its adoption by the SEC in 1990, Rule 144A has facilitated trading of restricted securities among qualified institutional investors. To the extent restricted securities held by the Fund qualify under Rule 144A and an institutional market develops for those securities, the Fund expects that it will be able to dispose of the securities without registering the resale of such securities under the 1933 Act. However, to the extent that a robust market for such 144A securities does not develop, or a market develops but experiences periods of illiquidity, investments in Rule 144A securities could increase the level of the Fund’s illiquidity. The Manager, acting under guidelines established by the Fund Trustees, will determine whether investments in Rule 144A securities are liquid or illiquid.
Where an exemption from registration under the 1933 Act is unavailable, or where an institutional market is limited, the Fund may, in certain circumstances, be permitted to require the issuer of restricted securities held by the Fund to file a registration statement to register the
resale of such securities under the 1933 Act. In such case, the Fund will typically be obligated to pay all or part of the registration expenses, and a considerable period may elapse between the decision to sell and the time the Fund may be permitted to resell a security under an effective registration statement. If, during such a period, adverse market conditions were to develop, or the value of the security were to decline, the Fund might obtain a less favorable price than prevailed when it decided to sell. Restricted securities for which no market exists are priced by a method that the Fund Trustees believe accurately reflects fair value.
Policies and Limitations
.
To the extent restricted securities, including Rule 144A securities, are deemed illiquid, purchases thereof will be subject to the Fund’s 15% limitation on investments in illiquid securities.
Reverse Repurchase Agreements
.
In a reverse repurchase agreement, the Fund sells portfolio securities subject to its agreement to repurchase the securities at a later date for a fixed price reflecting a market rate of interest. Reverse repurchase agreements may increase fluctuations in the Fund’s NAV and may be viewed as a form of leverage. There is a risk that the counter-party to a reverse repurchase agreement will be unable or unwilling to complete the transaction as scheduled, which may result in losses to the Fund. The Manager monitors the creditworthiness of counterparties to reverse repurchase agreements.
Policies and Limitations.
Reverse repurchase agreements are considered borrowings for purposes of the Fund’s investment policies and limitations concerning borrowings. While a reverse repurchase agreement is outstanding, the Fund will deposit in a segregated account with its custodian, or designate on its records as segregated, cash or appropriate liquid securities, marked to market daily, in an amount at least equal to the Fund’s obligations under the agreement.
The Fund may not purchase securities if outstanding borrowings of money, including any reverse repurchase agreements, exceed 5% of its total assets.
Risks of Reliance on Computer Programs or Codes.
Many processes used in fund management, including security selection, rely, in whole or in part, on the use of computer programs or codes, some of which are created or maintained by the Manager or its affiliates and some of which are created or maintained by third parties. Errors in these programs or codes may go undetected, possibly for quite some time, which could adversely affect the Fund’s operations or performance. Computer programs or codes are susceptible to human error when they are first created and as they are developed and maintained. Some funds may be subject to heightened risk in this area because the funds’ advisers rely to a greater extent on computer programs or codes in managing the funds’ assets.
While efforts are made to guard against problems associated with computer programs or codes, there can be no assurance that such efforts will always be successful. The Fund has limited insight into the computer programs and processes of some service providers, and may have to rely on contractual assurances or business relationships to protect against some errors in the service providers’ systems.
Securities of Exchange-Traded Funds and Other Exchange-Traded Investment Vehicles.
The Fund may invest in the securities of exchange-traded funds ("ETFs") and other
pooled investment vehicles that are traded on an exchange and that hold a portfolio of securities or other financial instruments (collectively, “exchange-traded investment vehicles”). When investing in the securities of exchange-traded investment vehicles, the Fund will be indirectly exposed to all the risks of the portfolio securities or other financial instruments they hold. The performance of an exchange-traded investment vehicle will be reduced by transaction and other expenses, including fees paid by the exchange-traded investment vehicle to service providers. ETFs are investment companies that are registered as open-end management companies or unit investment trusts. The limits that apply to the Fund’s investment in securities of other investment companies generally apply also to the Fund’s investment in securities of ETFs. See “Securities of Other Investment Companies.”
Shares of exchange-traded investment vehicles are listed and traded in the secondary market. Many exchange-traded investment vehicles are passively managed and seek to provide returns that track the price and yield performance of a particular index or otherwise provide exposure to an asset class (e.g., currencies or commodities). Although such exchange-traded investment vehicles may invest in other instruments, they largely hold the securities (e.g., common stocks) of the relevant index or financial instruments that provide exposure to the relevant asset class. The share price of an exchange-traded investment vehicle may not track its specified market index, if any, and may trade below its NAV. An active secondary market in the shares of an exchange-traded investment vehicle may not develop or be maintained and may be halted or interrupted due to actions by its listing exchange, unusual market conditions, or other reasons. There can be no assurance that the shares of an exchange-traded investment vehicle will continue to be listed on an active exchange.
Securities of Other Investment Companies.
The Fund may invest in the securities of other investment companies, including open-end and closed-end management companies and
unit investment trusts, that are consistent with its investment objectives and policies. Such an investment may be the most practical or only manner in which the Fund can invest in certain asset classes or participate in certain markets, such as foreign markets, because of the expenses involved or because other vehicles for investing in those markets may not be available at the time the Fund is ready to make an investment. When investing in the securities of other investment companies, the Fund will be indirectly exposed to all the risks of such investment companies' portfolio securities. In addition, as a shareholder in an investment company, the Fund would indirectly bear its pro rata share of that investment company’s expenses. An investment in the securities of other investment companies may involve the payment of substantial premiums above, while the sale of such securities may be made at substantial discounts from, the value of such issuers' portfolio securities. The Fund does not intend to invest in the securities of other investment companies unless, in the judgment of the Manager, the potential benefits of such investment justify the payment of any applicable premium or sales charge.
Although money market funds that operate in accordance with Rule 2a-7 under the 1940 Act seek to preserve a $1.00 share price, it is possible for the Fund to lose money by investing in money market funds.
Policies and Limitations.
For cash management purposes, the Fund may invest an unlimited amount of its uninvested cash and cash collateral received in connection with securities lending in shares of money market funds and unregistered funds that operate in
compliance with Rule 2a-7 under the 1940 Act, whether or not advised by the Manager or an affiliate, under specified conditions. See “Cash Management and Temporary Defensive Positions.”
Otherwise, the Fund’s investment in securities of other investment companies is generally limited to (i) 3% of the total voting stock of any one investment company, (ii) 5% of the Fund’s total assets with respect to any one investment company and (iii) 10% of the Fund’s total assets in all investment companies in the aggregate. However, the Fund may exceed these limits when investing in shares of an ETF, subject to the terms and conditions of an exemptive order from the SEC obtained by the ETF that permits an investing fund, such as the Fund, to invest in the ETF in excess of the limits described above.
The Fund is also able to invest up to 100% of its total assets in a master portfolio with the same investment objectives, policies and limitations as the Fund.
Securities Loans
.
The Fund may lend portfolio securities to banks, brokerage firms, and other institutional investors, provided that cash or equivalent collateral, initially equal to at least 102% (105% in the case of foreign securities) of the market value of the loaned securities, is maintained by the borrower with the Fund or with the Fund’s lending agent, who holds the collateral on the Fund’s behalf. Thereafter, cash or equivalent collateral, equal to at least 100% of the market value of the loaned securities, is to be continuously maintained by the borrower with the Fund. The Fund may invest the cash collateral and earn income, or it may receive an agreed upon amount of interest income from a borrower that has delivered equivalent collateral. During the time securities are on loan, the borrower will pay the Fund an amount equivalent to any dividends or interest paid on such securities. These loans are subject to termination at the option of the Fund or the borrower. The Fund may pay reasonable administrative and custodial fees in connection with a
loan and may pay a negotiated portion of the interest earned on the cash or equivalent collateral to the borrower. The Fund does not have the right to vote on securities while they are on loan. However, it is the Fund’s policy to attempt to terminate loans in time to vote those proxies that the Fund has determined are material to the interests of the Fund. The Manager believes the risk of loss on these transactions is slight because if a borrower were to default for any reason, the collateral should satisfy the obligation. However, as with other extensions of secured credit, loans of portfolio securities involve some risk of loss of rights in the collateral should the borrower fail financially. Subject to compliance with the conditions of an SEC exemptive order, the Fund may loan securities through a separate operating unit of Neuberger Berman LLC (“Neuberger Berman”) or an affiliate of Neuberger Berman, acting as agent. The Fund also may loan securities to Neuberger Berman and its affiliates (other than NB Management), subject to the conditions of the SEC order. The Fund may also loan securities through other third parties not affiliated with Neuberger Berman, which would act as agent to lend securities to principal borrowers. The Fund may also borrow a security for purposes of effecting a short sale of such security. (See “Short Sales” for additional information on the Fund’s activities related to borrowing securities.)
Policies and Limitations.
The Fund may lend portfolio securities with a value not exceeding 33-1/3% of its total assets (taken at current value) to banks, brokerage firms, or other institutional investors. Borrowers are required continuously to secure their obligations to return securities on loan from the Fund by depositing collateral in a form determined to be satisfactory by the Fund Trustees. The collateral, which must be marked to market daily, must be initially
equal to at least 102% (105% in the case of foreign securities) of the market value of the loaned securities, which will also be marked to market daily. Thereafter, the collateral must be equal to at least 100% of the market value of the loaned securities. See “Cash Management and Temporary Defensive Positions” for information on how the cash collateral may be invested. The Fund does not count the collateral for purposes of any investment policy or limitation that requires the Fund to invest specific percentages of its assets in accordance with its principal investment program.
Short Sales
.
The Fund may attempt to limit exposure to a possible decline in the market value of portfolio securities through short sales of securities that the Manager believes possess volatility characteristics similar to those being hedged. The Fund may also use short sales in an attempt to realize gain. To effect a short sale, the Fund borrows a security from or through a brokerage firm to make delivery to the buyer. The Fund is then obliged to replace the borrowed security by purchasing it at the market price at the time of replacement. Until the security is replaced, the Fund is required to pay the lender any dividends on the borrowed security and may be required to pay loan fees or interest.
The Fund may realize a gain if the security declines in price between the date of the short sale and the date on which the Fund replaces the borrowed security. The Fund will incur a loss if the price of the security increases between those dates. The amount of any gain will be decreased, and the amount of any loss increased, by the amount of any premium or interest the Fund is required to pay in connection with the short sale. A short position may be adversely affected by imperfect correlation between movements in the price of the securities sold short and the securities being hedged.
The Fund may also make short sales against-the-box, in which it sells short securities only if it owns or has the right to obtain without payment of additional consideration an equal amount of the same type of securities sold.
The effect of short selling is similar to the effect of leverage. Short selling may amplify changes in the Fund’s NAV. Short selling may also produce higher than normal portfolio turnover, which may result in increased transaction costs to the Fund.
When the Fund is selling stocks short, it must maintain a segregated account of cash or high-grade securities that, together with any collateral (exclusive of short sale proceeds) that it is required to deposit with the securities lender or the executing broker, is at least equal to the value of the shorted securities, marked to market daily. As a result, the Fund may need to maintain high levels of cash or liquid assets (such as U.S. Treasury bills, money market accounts, repurchase agreements, certificates of deposit, high quality commercial paper and long equity positions).
Policies and Limitations
. The Fund’s ability to engage in short sales may be impaired by any temporary prohibitions on short selling imposed by domestic and certain foreign government regulators.
Stripped Mortgage Backed Securities (SMBS).
SMBS are derivative multi-class mortgage securities. SMBS may be issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. Government, or by private originators of, or investors in, mortgage loans, including savings and
l
oan associations, mortgage banks, commercial banks, investment banks and special purpose entities of the foregoing.
SMBS are usually structured with two classes that receive different proportions of the interest and principal distributions on a pool of mortgage assets. A common type of SMBS will have one class receiving some of the interest and most of the principal from the mortgage assets, while the other class will receive most of the interest and the remainder of the principal. In the most extreme case, one class will receive all of the interest (the interest-only or “IO” class), while the other class will receive all of the principal (the principal-only or “PO” class). The yield to maturity on an IO class is extremely sensitive to the rate of principal payments (including prepayments) on the related underlying mortgage assets, and a rapid rate of principal payments may have a material adverse effect on the Fund’s yield to maturity from these securities. If the underlying mortgage assets experience greater than anticipated prepayments of principal, the Fund may fail to recoup some or all of its initial investment in these securities even if the security is in one of the highest rating categories.
Although SMBS are purchased and sold by institutional investors through several investment banking firms acting as brokers or dealers, these securities were only recently developed. As a result, established trading markets have not yet developed and, accordingly, these securities may be deemed “illiquid” and subject to the Fund’s limitations on investments in illiquid securities.
Stripped Securities.
Stripped securities are the separate income or principal components of a debt security. The risks associated with stripped securities are similar to those of other debt securities, although stripped securities may be more volatile, and the value of certain types of
stripped securities may move in the same direction as interest rates. U.S. Treasury securities that have been stripped by a Federal Reserve Bank are obligations issued by the U.S. Treasury.
Privately stripped government securities are created when a dealer deposits a U.S. Treasury security or other U.S. Government security with a custodian for safekeeping. The custodian issues separate receipts for the coupon payments and the principal payment, which the dealer then sells. These coupons are not obligations of the U.S. Treasury.
Structured Notes.
The Fund may invest in structured notes, such as participatory notes, issued by banks or broker-dealers that are designed to replicate the performance of an underlying indicator. Underlying indicators may include a security or other financial instrument, asset, currency, interest rate, credit rating, commodity, volatility measure or index. Generally, investments in such notes are used as a substitute for positions in underlying indicators. Structured notes are a type of equity-linked derivative which generally are traded over-the-counter (“OTC”). The performance results of structured notes will not replicate exactly the performance of the underlying indicator that the notes seek to replicate due to transaction costs and other expenses.
Investments in structured notes involve the same risks associated with a direct investment in the underlying indicator the notes seek to replicate. The return on a structured note that is linked to a particular underlying indicator generally is increased to the extent of any dividends paid in connection with the underlying indicator. However, the holder of a structured note
t
ypically does not receive voting rights and other rights as it would if it directly owned the underlying indicator. In addition, structured notes are subject to counterparty risk, which is the risk that the broker-dealer or bank that issues the notes will not fulfill its contractual obligation to complete the transaction with the Fund. Structured notes constitute general unsecured contractual obligations of the banks or broker-dealers that issue them, and the Fund is relying on the creditworthiness of such banks or broker-dealers and has no rights under a structured note against the issuer of an underlying indicator. Structured notes involve transaction costs. Structured notes may be considered illiquid and, therefore, structured notes considered illiquid will be subject to the Fund’s percentage limitation on investments in illiquid securities.
Sukuk.
Sukuk are financial certificates which are structured to comply with Shariah law and its investment principles, which prohibit the charging or payment of interest. Sukuk represent undivided shares in the ownership of tangible assets relating to a specific investment activity. The sukuk issuer, often a special purpose vehicle established to issue the sukuk, holds title to an asset or pool of assets. The sukuk represent an interest in that asset, so the income to the investor comes from a share in revenues generated from the asset, not from interest on the investor’s money. The sukuk investor's investment in the sukuk does not represent a debt by the issuer of the underlying asset to the entity that issued the sukuk. The issuer of the sukuk agrees in advance to repurchase the sukuk from the investor on a certain date at a certain price.
As unsecured investments, sukuk are backed only by the credit of the issuing entity, which may be a special purpose vehicle that holds no other assets. They are thus subject to the risk that the issuer may not be able to repurchase the instrument at the agreed upon date for the agreed upon price, if at all. Furthermore, since the purchasers of sukuk are investors in the
underlying asset, they are subject to the risk that the asset may not perform as expected, and the flow of income from the investments may be slower than expected or may cease altogether. In the event of default the process may take longer to resolve than conventional bonds. Evolving interpretations of Islamic law by courts or prominent scholars may affect the free transferability of sukuk in ways that cannot now be foreseen. In that event, the Fund may be required to hold its sukuk for longer than intended, even if their condition is deteriorating.
While the sukuk market has grown significantly in recent years, there may be times when the market is illiquid and it is difficult for the Fund to make an investment in or dispose of sukuk. Furthermore, the global sukuk market is significantly smaller than the conventional bond markets and restrictions imposed by the Shariah board of the issuing entity may limit the investable universe of the Fund. Although the Fund may invest in sukuk, other investments by the Fund, and the Fund as a whole, will not conform to Shariah law.
Terrorism Risks
.
Some of the U.S. securities markets were closed for a four-day period as a result of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon on September 11, 2001. These terrorist attacks, the war with Iraq and its aftermath, occupation of Iraq and Afghanistan by coalition forces, and related events have led to increased short-term market volatility and may have long-term effects on U.S. and world economies and markets. Those events could also have an acute effect on individual issuers, related groups of issuers, or issuers concentrated in a single geographic area. A similar disruption of the financial markets or other
terrorist attacks could adversely impact interest rates, auctions, secondary trading, ratings, credit
risk, inflation and other factors relating to portfolio securities and adversely affect Fund service providers and the Fund’s operations.
U.S. Government and Agency Securities
.
“U.S. Government Securities” are obligations of the U.S. Treasury backed by the full faith and credit of the United States. Due to recent market turbulence, some investors have turned to the safety of securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Treasury, causing the prices of these securities to rise and their yields to decline. As a result of this and other market influences, yields of short-term U.S. Treasury debt instruments are currently near historical lows.
“U.S. Government Agency Securities” are issued or guaranteed by U.S. Government agencies or by instrumentalities of the U.S. Government, such as Ginnie Mae (also known as the Government National Mortgage Association), Fannie Mae (also known as the Federal National Mortgage Association), Freddie Mac (also known as the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation), SLM Corporation (formerly, the Student Loan Marketing Association) (commonly known as “Sallie Mae”), Federal Home Loan Banks (“FHLB”), and the Tennessee Valley Authority. Some U.S. Government Agency Securities are supported by the full faith and credit of the United States, while others may be supported by the issuer’s ability to borrow from the U.S. Treasury, subject to the U.S. Treasury’s discretion in certain cases, or only by the credit of the issuer. Accordingly, there is at least a possibility of default. U.S. Government Agency Securities include U.S. Government agency mortgage-backed securities. (See “Mortgage-Backed Securities” above.) The market prices of U.S. Government Agency Securities are not guaranteed by the U.S. Government and generally fluctuate inversely with changing interest rates.
U.S. Government Agency Securities are deemed to include (i) securities for which the payment of principal and interest is backed by an irrevocable letter of credit issued by the U.S. Government, its agencies, authorities or instrumentalities and (ii) participations in loans made to foreign governments or their agencies that are so guaranteed. The secondary market for certain of these participations is extremely limited. In the absence of a suitable secondary market, such participations may therefore be regarded as illiquid.
The Fund may invest in separately traded principal and interest components of securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Treasury. The principal and interest components of selected securities are traded independently under the Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities (“STRIPS”) program. Under the STRIPS program, the principal and interest components are individually numbered and separately issued by the U.S. Treasury at the request of depository financial institutions, which then trade the component parts independently. The market prices of STRIPS generally are more volatile than that of U.S. Treasury bills with comparable maturities.
Policies and Limitations
.
The Fund has no specific limits or requirements relating to the amount of assets invested in U.S. Government and Agency Securities; however, the Fund must invest according to its investment objective and policies.
Variable or Floating Rate Securities; Demand and Put Features
.
Variable rate and floating rate securities provide for automatic adjustment of the interest rate at fixed intervals
(e.g., daily, weekly, monthly, or semi-annually) or automatic adjustment of the interest rate whenever a specified interest rate or index changes. The interest rate on variable and floating rate securities (collectively, “Adjustable Rate Securities”) ordinarily is determined by reference to a particular bank’s prime rate, the 90-day U.S. Treasury Bill rate, the rate of return on commercial paper or bank CDs, an index of short-term tax-exempt rates or some other objective measure.
Adjustable Rate Securities frequently permit the holder to demand payment of the obligations’ principal and accrued interest at any time or at specified intervals not exceeding one year. The demand feature usually is backed by a credit instrument (e.g., a bank letter of credit) from a creditworthy issuer and sometimes by insurance from a creditworthy insurer. Accordingly, in purchasing these securities, the Fund relies primarily on the creditworthiness of the credit instrument issuer or the insurer. The Fund can also buy fixed rate securities accompanied by a demand feature or by a put option, which permits the Fund to sell the security to the issuer or third party at a specified price. The Fund may rely on the creditworthiness of issuers of the credit enhancements in purchasing these securities.
Policies and Limitations.
The Fund may not invest more than 5% of its total assets in securities backed by credit instruments from any one issuer or by insurance from any one insurer. For purposes of this limitation, the Fund excludes securities that do not rely on the credit instrument or insurance for their ratings,
i.e.
, stand on their own credit.
Warrants
and Rights
.
Warrants and rights may be acquired by the Fund in connection with other securities or separately. Warrants are securities permitting, but not obligating, their holder to subscribe for other securities and provide the Fund with the right to purchase at a later date other securities of the issuer. Rights are similar to warrants but typically are issued by a
company to existing holders of its stock and provide those holders the right to purchase additional shares of stock at a later date. Rights also normally have a shorter duration than warrants. Warrants and rights do not carry with them the right to dividends or voting rights with respect to the securities that they entitle their holder to purchase, and they do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuer. As a result, warrants and rights may be considered more speculative than certain other types of investments. In addition, the value of a warrant or right does not necessarily change with the value of the underlying securities. The purchase of warrants or rights involves the risk that the Fund could lose the purchase value of a warrant or right if the right to subscribe to additional shares is not exercised prior to the warrants’ and rights’ expiration date since warrants and rights cease to have value if they are not exercised prior to their expiration date. Also, the purchase of warrants and rights involves the risk that the effective price paid for the warrants or rights added to the subscription price of the related security may exceed the value of the subscribed security’s market price such as when there is no movement in the price of the underlying security. The market for warrants or rights may be very limited and it may be difficult to sell them promptly at an acceptable price.
Policies and Limitations.
The
Fund may invest up to 20% of its net assets in real estate-related instruments, preferred stock, warrants, common stock or other equity securities.
When-Issued and Delayed-Delivery Securities and Forward Commitments
. The Fund may purchase securities on a when-issued or delayed-delivery basis and may purchase or sell securities on a forward commitment basis. These transactions involve a commitment by the
Fund to purchase or sell securities at a future date (ordinarily within two months, although the Fund may agree to a longer settlement period). These transactions may involve mortgage-backed securities such as GNMA, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac certificates. The price of the underlying securities (usually expressed in terms of yield) and the date when the securities will be delivered and paid for (the settlement date) are fixed at the time the transaction is negotiated. When-issued and delayed-delivery purchases and forward commitment transactions are negotiated directly with the other party, and such commitments are not traded on exchanges.
When-issued and delayed-delivery purchases and forward commitment transactions enable the Fund to “lock in” what the Manager believes to be an attractive price or yield on a particular security for a period of time, regardless of future changes in interest rates. For instance, in periods of rising interest rates and falling prices, the Fund might sell securities it owns on a forward commitment basis to limit its exposure to falling prices. In periods of falling interest rates and rising prices, the Fund might purchase a security on a when-issued, delayed-delivery or forward commitment basis and sell a similar security to settle such purchase, thereby obtaining the benefit of currently higher yields. When-issued, delayed-delivery and forward commitment transactions are subject to the risk that a counterparty may fail to complete the purchase or sale of the security. If this occurs, the Fund may lose the opportunity to purchase or sell the security at the agreed upon price. To reduce this risk, the Fund will enter into transactions with established counterparties and the Manager will monitor the creditworthiness of such counterparties.
The value of securities purchased on a when-issued, delayed-delivery or forward commitment basis and any subsequent fluctuations in their value are reflected in the computation of the Fund’s NAV starting on the date of the agreement to purchase the securities. Because the Fund has not yet paid for the securities, this produces an effect similar to leverage. The Fund does not earn interest on securities it has committed to purchase until the securities are paid for and delivered on the settlement date. Because the
Fund is committed to buying them at a certain price, any change in the value of these securities, even prior to their issuance, affects the value of the Fund’s interests. The purchase of securities on a when-issued or delayed-delivery basis also involves a risk of loss if the value of the security to be purchased declines before the settlement date. When the Fund makes a forward commitment to sell securities it owns, the proceeds to be received upon settlement are included in the Fund’s assets. Fluctuations in the market value of the underlying securities are not reflected in the Fund’s NAV as long as the commitment to sell remains in effect.
When-issued, delayed-delivery and forward commitment transactions may cause the Fund to liquidate positions when it may not be advantageous to do so in order to satisfy its purchase or sale obligations.
Policies and Limitations
.
The Fund will purchase securities on a when-issued or delayed-delivery basis or purchase or sell securities on a forward commitment basis only with the intention of completing the transaction and actually purchasing or selling the securities. If
deemed advisable as a matter of investment strategy, however, the Fund may dispose of or renegotiate a commitment after it has been entered into. The Fund also may sell securities it has
committed to purchase before those securities are delivered to the Fund on the settlement date. The Fund may realize capital gains or losses in connection with these transactions.
When the Fund purchases securities on a when-issued, delayed-delivery or forward commitment basis, the Fund will deposit in a segregated account with its custodian, or designate on its records as segregated, until payment is made, appropriate liquid securities having a value (determined daily) at least equal to the amount of the Fund’s purchase commitments. In the case of a forward commitment to sell portfolio securities, the portfolio securities will be held in a segregated account, or the portfolio securities will be designated on the Fund’s records as segregated, while the commitment is outstanding. These procedures are designed to ensure that the Fund maintains sufficient assets at all times to cover its obligations under when-issued purchases and forward commitment transactions.
Zero Coupon Securities, Step Coupon Securities, Discount Obligations and Pay-in-Kind Securities
.
The Fund may invest in zero coupon securities, step coupon securities, and pay-in-kind securities. These securities are debt obligations that do not entitle the holder to any periodic payment of interest prior to maturity or that specify a future date when the securities begin to pay current interest. The Fund may also acquire certain debt securities at a discount. These discount obligations involve special risk considerations. Zero coupon and step coupon securities are issued and traded at a discount from their face amount or par value (known as “original issue discount” or “OID”). OID varies depending on prevailing interest rates, the time remaining until cash payments begin, the liquidity of the security, and the perceived credit quality of the issuer.
Zero coupon and step coupon securities are redeemed at face value when they mature. OID must be included in the Fund’s gross income ratably prior to the receipt of any actual payments. Pay-in-kind securities pay interest through the issuance of additional securities.
Because the Fund must distribute substantially all of its net investment income (including non-cash income attributable to zero coupon, step coupon and pay-in-kind securities) to its shareholders each taxable year to continue to qualify for treatment as a RIC and to minimize or avoid payment of federal income and excise taxes, the Fund may have to dispose of portfolio securities under disadvantageous circumstances to generate cash, or may be required to borrow, to satisfy the distribution requirements. See “Additional Tax Information – Taxation of the Fund.”
The market prices of zero coupon, step coupon, pay-in-kind securities and discount obligations generally are more volatile than the prices of securities that pay cash interest periodically. Zero coupon securities and discount obligations are likely to respond to changes in interest rates to a greater degree than other types of debt securities having a similar maturity and credit quality.
PERFORMANCE INFORMATION
The Fund’s performance figures will be based on historical results and are not intended to indicate future performance. The yield and total return of the Fund will vary. The share price
of the Fund will vary, and an investment in the Fund, when redeemed, may be worth more or less than an investor’s original cost.
TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS
The following tables set forth information concerning the Fund Trustees and officers of the Trust. All persons named as Fund Trustees and officers also serve in similar capacities for other funds administered or managed by NB Management and NBFI.
A Fund Trustee who is not an “interested person” of NB Management (including its affiliates) or the Trust is deemed to be an independent fund Trustee (“Independent Fund Trustee”).
Information about the Board of Trustees
Name, (Year of Birth), and Address
(1)
|
Position(s) and Length of Time Served
(2)
|
Principal Occupation(s)
(3)
|
Number of Funds in Fund Complex Overseen by Fund Trustee
|
Other Directorships Held Outside Fund Complex by Fund Trustee
(3)
|
Independent Fund Trustees
|
Faith Colish (1935)
|
Trustee since 2000
|
Counsel, Carter Ledyard & Milburn LLP (law firm) since October 2002; formerly, Attorney-at-Law and President, Faith Colish, A Professional Corporation, 1980 to 2002.
|
54
|
Formerly, Director, 1997 to 2003, and Advisory Director, 2003 to 2006, ABA Retirement Funds (formerly, American Bar Retirement Association) (not-for-profit membership corporation).
|
Martha C. Goss (1949)
|
Trustee since 2007
|
President, Woodhill Enterprises Inc./Chase Hollow Associates LLC (personal investment vehicle), since 2006; Chief Operating and Financial Officer, Hopewell Holdings LLC/ Amwell Holdings, LLC (a holding company for investments in the healthcare sector), since 2003; formerly, Consultant, Resources Connection (temporary staffing), 2002 to 2006.
|
54
|
Director, American Water (water utility), since 2003; Director, Channel Reinsurance (financial guaranty reinsurance), 2006 to 2010; Director, Allianz Life of New York (insurance), since 2005; Director, Financial Women’s Association of New York (not-for-profit association), since 2003; Trustee Emerita, Brown University, since 1998; formerly, Director, Ocwen Financial Corporation (mortgage servicing), 2005 to 2010; formerly, Advisory Board Member, Attensity (software developer), 2005 to 2007; formerly, Director, Bank Leumi (commercial bank), 2005 to 2007; formerly, Director, Claire’s Stores, Inc. (retailer), 2005 to 2007.
|
Michael M. Knetter (1960)
|
Trustee since 2007
|
President and Chief Executive Officer, University of Wisconsin Foundation, since October 2010; formerly, Dean, School of Business, University of Wisconsin - Madison; formerly, Professor of International Economics and Associate Dean, Amos Tuck School of Business - Dartmouth College, 1998 to 2002.
|
54
|
Director, American Family Insurance (a mutual company, not publicly traded), since March 2009; formerly, Trustee, Northwestern Mutual Series Fund, Inc., 2007 to 2010; formerly, Director, Wausau Paper, 2005 to 2011; formerly, Director, Great Wolf Resorts, 2004 to 2009.
|
Howard A. Mileaf (1937)
|
Trustee since 2000
|
Retired; formerly, Vice President and General Counsel, WHX Corporation (holding company), 1993 to 2001.
|
54
|
Formerly, Director, Webfinancial Corporation (holding company), 2002 to 2008; formerly, Director, WHX Corporation (holding company), 2002 to 2005; formerly, Director, State Theatre of New Jersey (not-for-profit theatre), 2000 to 2005.
|
George W. Morriss (1947)
|
Trustee since 2007
|
Adjunct Faculty Member, Columbia University School of International and Policy Affairs, since October 2012; formerly, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, People’s Bank, Connecticut (a financial services company), 1991 to 2001.
|
54
|
Trustee, Steben Select Multi-Strategy Fund,
since 2013; Trustee,
Steben Select Multi-
Strategy Master Fund, since 2013; Formerly, Manager, Larch Lane Multi-Strategy Fund complex (which consisted of three funds), 2006 to 2011; formerly, Member, NASDAQ Issuers’ Affairs Committee, 1995 to 2003.
|
Tom D. Seip (1950)
|
Trustee since 2000; Chairman of the Board since 2008; Lead Independent Trustee from 2006 to 2008
|
General Partner, Ridgefield Farm LLC (a private investment vehicle); formerly, President and CEO, Westaff, Inc. (temporary staffing), May 2001 to January 2002; formerly, Senior Executive, The Charles Schwab Corporation, 1983 to 1998, including Chief Executive Officer, Charles Schwab Investment Management, Inc.; Trustee, Schwab Family of Funds and Schwab Investments, 1997 to 1998; and Executive Vice President-Retail Brokerage, Charles Schwab & Co., Inc., 1994 to 1997.
|
54
|
Director, H&R Block, Inc. (financial services company), since May 2001; Chairman, Governance and Nominating Committee, H&R Block, Inc., since 2011; formerly, Chairman, Compensation Committee, H&R Block, Inc., 2006 to 2010; formerly, Director, Forward Management, Inc. (asset management company), 1999 to 2006.
|
Candace L. Straight (1947)
|
Trustee since 1993
|
Private investor and consultant specializing in the insurance industry; formerly, Advisory Director, Securitas Capital LLC (a global private equity investment firm dedicated to making investments in the insurance sector), 1998 to December 2003.
|
54
|
Public Member, Board of Governors and Board of Trustees, Rutgers University, since 2011; Director, Montpelier Re Holdings Ltd. (reinsurance company), since 2006; formerly, Director, National Atlantic Holdings Corporation (property and casualty insurance company), 2004 to 2008; formerly, Director, The Proformance Insurance Company (property and casualty insurance company), 2004 to 2008; formerly, Director, Providence Washington Insurance Company (property and casualty insurance company), 1998 to 2006; formerly, Director, Summit Global Partners (insurance brokerage firm), 2000 to 2005.
|
Peter P. Trapp (1944)
|
Trustee since 2000
|
Retired; formerly, Regional Manager for Mid-Southern Region, Ford Motor Credit Company, September 1997 to 2007; formerly, President, Ford Life Insurance Company, April 1995 to August 1997.
|
54
|
None.
|
Fund Trustees who are “Interested Persons”
|
Joseph V. Amato*
(1962)
|
Trustee since 2009
|
President and Director, Neuberger Berman Group LLC, since 2009; President and Chief Executive Officer, Neuberger Berman and Neuberger Berman Holdings LLC (including its predecessor, Neuberger Berman Inc.), since 2007; Chief Investment Officer, Neuberger Berman, since 2009; Chief Investment Officer (Equities) and Managing Director, NB Management, since 2009; Managing Director, NBFI, since 2007; Board member of NBFI since 2006; formerly, Global Head of Asset Management of Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc.’s (“LBHI”) Investment Management Division, 2006 to 2009; formerly, member of LBHI’s Investment Management Division's Executive Management Committee, 2006 to 2009; formerly, Managing Director, Lehman Brothers Inc. (“LBI”), 2006 to 2008; formerly, Chief Recruiting and Development Officer, LBI, 2005 to 2006; formerly, Global Head of LBI's Equity Sales and a Member of its Equities Division Executive Committee, 2003 to 2005.
|
54
|
Member of Board of Advisors, McDonough School of Business, Georgetown University, since 2001; Member of New York City Board of Advisors, Teach for America, since 2005; Trustee, Montclair Kimberley Academy (private school), since 2007.
|
|
Robert Conti* (1956)
|
Chief Executive Officer, President and Trustee since 2008; prior thereto, Executive Vice President in 2008 and Vice President from 2000 to 2008
|
Managing Director, Neuberger Berman, since 2007; formerly, Senior Vice President, Neuberger Berman, 2003 to 2006; formerly, Vice President, Neuberger Berman, 1999 to 2003; President and Chief Executive Officer, NB Management, since 2008; formerly, Senior Vice President, NB Management, 2000 to 2008; Managing Director, NBFI, since 2009.
|
54
|
Director, Staten Island Mental Health Society, since 1994; formerly, Chairman of the Board, Staten Island Mental Health Society, 2008 to 2011.
|
Jack L. Rivkin* (1940)
|
Trustee since 2002; President from 2002 to 2008
|
Formerly, Executive Vice President and Chief Investment Officer, Neuberger Berman Holdings LLC (holding company), 2002 to August 2008 and 2003 to August 2008, respectively; formerly, Managing Director and Chief Investment Officer, Neuberger Berman, December 2005 to August 2008 and 2003 to August 2008, respectively; formerly, Executive Vice President, Neuberger Berman, December 2002 to 2005; formerly, Director and Chairman, NB Management, December 2002 to August 2008; formerly, Executive Vice President, Citigroup Investments, Inc., September 1995 to February 2002; formerly, Executive Vice President, Citigroup Inc., September 1995 to February 2002.
|
54
|
Director, CRT Capital LLC (financial services firm), since 2012; Director, Idealab (private company), since 2009; Director, Energy Cache (private company), since 2011; Director, World Haus (private company), since 2011; Director, Distributed World Power (private company), since 2009; Director, Dale Carnegie and Associates, Inc. (private company), since 1999; Director, Operative Media, Inc. (private company), since 2010; Chairman and Director, Essential Brands (consumer products) since 2008; formerly, Director, Solbright, Inc. (private company), 1998 to 2010; formerly, Director, New York Society of Security Analysts, 2006 to 2008.
|
(1)
|
The business address of each listed person is 605 Third Avenue, New York, New York 10158.
|
(2)
|
Pursuant to the Trust’s Trust Instrument, each of these Fund Trustees shall hold office for life or until his or her successor is elected or the Trust terminates; except that (a) any Fund Trustee may resign by delivering a written resignation; (b) any Fund Trustee may be removed with or without cause at any time by a written instrument signed by at least two-thirds of the other Fund Trustees; (c) any Fund Trustee who requests to be retired, or who has become unable to serve, may be retired by a written instrument signed by a majority of the other Fund Trustees; and (d) any Fund Trustee may be removed at any shareholder meeting by a vote of at least two-thirds of the outstanding shares.
|
(3)
|
Except as otherwise indicated, each individual has held the positions shown for at least the last five years.
|
|
*
|
Indicates a Fund Trustee who is an “interested person” within the meaning of the 1940 Act. Mr. Amato and Mr. Conti are interested persons of the Trust by virtue of the fact that each is an officer of NB Management and/or its affiliates. Jack L. Rivkin is an interested person of the Trust by virtue of the fact that he is a director of CRT Capital LLC, which, from time to time, serves as a broker or dealer to the Funds and other funds or accounts for which NB Management serves as investment manager.
|
Information about the Officers of the Trust
Name, (Year of Birth), and Address
(1)
|
Position(s) and Length of
Time Served
(2)
|
Principal Occupation(s)
(3)
|
Andrew B. Allard (1961)
|
Chief Legal Officer since 2013 (only for purposes of sections 307 and 406 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002) and Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer since 2002
|
General Counsel and Senior Vice President, NB Management since 2013; Senior Vice President, Neuberger Berman, since 2006 and Employee since 1999; Deputy General Counsel, Neuberger Berman, since 2004; formerly, Vice President, Neuberger Berman, 2000 to 2005; formerly, Employee, NB Management, 1994 to 1999; Chief Legal Officer since 2013 (only for purposes of sections 307 and 406 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002) ten registered investment companies for which NB Management acts as investment manager and administrator (ten since 2013); Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer, ten registered investment companies for which NB Management acts as investment manager and administrator (six since 2002, one since 2003, one since 2005, one since 2006 and one since 2013).
|
Claudia A. Brandon (1956)
|
Executive Vice President since 2008 and Secretary since 1985
|
Senior Vice President, Neuberger Berman, since 2007 and Employee since 1999; Senior Vice President, NB Management, since 2008 and Assistant Secretary since 2004; formerly, Vice President, Neuberger Berman, 2002 to 2006; formerly, Vice President-Mutual Fund Board Relations, NB Management, 2000 to 2008; formerly, Vice President, NB Management, 1986 to 1999 and Employee 1984 to 1999; Executive Vice President, ten registered investment companies for which NB Management acts as investment manager and administrator (nine since 2008 and one since 2013); Secretary, ten registered investment companies for which NB Management acts as investment manager and administrator (three since 1985, three since 2002, one since 2003, one since 2005, one since 2006 and one since 2013).
|
Anthony DiBernardo (1979)
|
Assistant Treasurer since 2011
|
Vice President, Neuberger Berman, since 2009; Employee, NB Management, since 2003; Assistant Treasurer, ten registered investment companies for which NB Management acts as investment manager and administrator (nine since 2011 and one since 2013).
|
Sheila R. James (1965)
|
Assistant Secretary since 2002
|
Vice President, Neuberger Berman, since 2008 and Employee since 1999; formerly, Assistant Vice President, Neuberger Berman, 2007; formerly, Employee, NB Management, 1991 to 1999; Assistant Secretary, ten registered investment companies for which NB Management acts as investment manager and administrator (six since 2002, one since 2003, one since 2005, one since 2006 and one since 2013).
|
Brian Kerrane (1969)
|
Vice President since 2008
|
Senior Vice President, Neuberger Berman, since 2006; formerly, Vice President, Neuberger Berman, 2002 to 2006; Vice President, NB Management, since 2008 and Employee since 1991; Vice President, ten registered investment companies for which NB Management acts as investment manager and administrator (nine since 2008 and one since 2013).
|
Kevin Lyons (1955)
|
Assistant Secretary since 2003
|
Assistant Vice President, Neuberger Berman, since 2008 and Employee since 1999; formerly, Employee, NB Management, 1993 to 1999; Assistant Secretary, ten registered investment companies for which NB Management acts as investment manager and administrator (seven since 2003, one since 2005, one since 2006 and one since 2013).
|
Owen F. McEntee, Jr. (1961)
|
Vice President since 2008
|
Vice President, Neuberger Berman, since 2006; Employee, NB Management, since 1992; Vice President, ten registered investment companies for which NB Management acts as investment manager and administrator (nine since 2008 and one since 2013).
|
John M. McGovern (1970)
|
Treasurer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer since 2005
|
Senior Vice President, Neuberger Berman, since 2007; formerly, Vice President, Neuberger Berman, 2004 to 2006; Employee, NB Management, since 1993; Treasurer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer, ten registered investment companies for which NB Management acts as investment manager and administrator (eight since 2005, one since 2006 and one since 2013); formerly, Assistant Treasurer, eight registered investment companies for which NB Management acts as investment manager and administrator, 2002 to 2005.
|
Frank Rosato (1971)
|
Assistant Treasurer since 2005
|
Vice President, Neuberger Berman, since 2006; Employee, NB Management, since 1995; Assistant Treasurer, ten registered investment companies for which NB Management acts as investment manager and administrator (eight since 2005, one since 2006 and one since 2013).
|
Neil S. Siegel (1967)
|
Vice President since 2008
|
Managing Director, NB Management, since 2008; Managing Director, Neuberger Berman, since 2006; formerly, Senior Vice President, Neuberger Berman, 2004 to 2006; Vice President, ten registered investment companies for which NB Management acts as investment manager and administrator (nine since 2008 and one since 2013).
|
Chamaine Williams (1971)
|
Chief Compliance Officer since 2005
|
Senior Vice President, Neuberger Berman, since 2007; Chief Compliance Officer, NB Management, since 2006; Chief Compliance Officer, ten registered investment companies for which NB Management acts as investment manager and administrator (eight since 2005, one since 2006 and one since 2013); formerly, Senior Vice President, LBI, 2007 to 2008; formerly, Vice President, LBI, 2003 to 2006; formerly, Chief Compliance Officer, Lehman Brothers Asset Management Inc., 2003 to 2007; formerly, Chief Compliance Officer, Lehman Brothers Alternative Investment Management LLC, 2003 to 2007.
|
(1)
|
The business address of each listed person is 605 Third Avenue, New York, New York 10158.
|
(2)
|
Pursuant to the By-Laws of the Trust, each officer elected by the Fund Trustees shall hold office until his or her successor shall have been elected and qualified or until his or her earlier death, inability to serve, or resignation. Officers serve at the pleasure of the Fund Trustees and may be removed at any time with or without cause.
|
(3)
|
Except as otherwise indicated, each individual has held the positions shown for at least the last five years.
|
The Board of Trustees
The Board of Trustees (“Board”) is responsible for managing the business and affairs of the Trust. Among other things, the Board generally oversees the portfolio management of the Fund and reviews and approves the Fund’s investment advisory and sub-advisory contracts and other principal contracts.
The Board has appointed an Independent Fund Trustee to serve in the role of Chairman of the Board. The Chair’s primary responsibilities are (i) to participate in the preparation of the agenda for meetings of the Board and in the identification of information to be presented to the
Board; (ii) to preside at all meetings of the Board; (iii) to act as the Board’s liaison with management between meetings of the Board; and (iv) to act as the primary contact for board communications. The Chair may perform such other functions as may be requested by the Board from time to time. Except for any duties specified herein or pursuant to the Trust’s Declaration of Trust or By-laws, the designation as Chair does not impose on such Independent Fund Trustee any duties, obligations or liability that is greater than the duties, obligations or liability imposed on such person as a member of the Board, generally.
As described below, the Board has an established committee structure through which the Board considers and addresses important matters involving the Fund, including those identified as presenting conflicts or potential conflicts of interest for management. The Independent Fund Trustees also regularly meet outside the presence of management and are advised by experienced independent legal counsel knowledgeable in matters of investment company regulation. The Board periodically evaluates its structure and composition as well as various aspects of its operations. The Board believes that its leadership structure, including its Independent Chair and its committee structure, is appropriate in light of, among other factors, the asset size of the fund complex overseen by the Board, the nature and number of funds overseen by the Board, the number of Fund Trustees, the range of experience represented on the Board, and the Board’s responsibilities.
Additional Information About Trustees
In choosing each Trustee to serve, the Board was generally aware of each Fund Trustee’s skills, experience, judgment, analytical ability, intelligence, common sense, previous profit and not-for-profit board membership and, for each Independent Fund Trustee, their demonstrated willingness to take an independent and questioning stance toward management. Each Fund Trustee also now has considerable familiarity with the Trust and each fund of the Trust, their investment manager, sub-advisers, administrator and distributor, and their operations, as well as the special regulatory requirements governing regulated investment companies and the special responsibilities of investment company directors as a result of his or her substantial prior service as a trustee of the Trust. No particular qualification, experience or background establishes the basis for any Fund Trustee’s position on the Board and the Governance and Nominating Committee and individual Board members may have attributed different weights to the various factors.
In addition to the information set forth in the table above and other relevant qualifications, experience, attributes or skills applicable to a particular Fund Trustee, the following provides further information about the qualifications and experience of each Fund Trustee.
Independent Fund Trustees
Faith Colish
:
Ms. Colish has experience as an attorney practicing securities law with the SEC and in private practice, with a focus on broker-dealer and investment management matters and matters of regulatory compliance under the securities laws. She has also served as in-house counsel to an investment advisory firm that managed mutual funds and a Fund industry trade organization. She has served as a member of the board of a not-for-profit membership corporation involving oversight of a substantial investment program. She has served as a Fund Trustee for multiple years.
Martha C. Goss
:
Ms. Goss has experience as chief operating and financial officer of an insurance holding company. She has experience as an investment professional and head of an investment unit for a major insurance company and experience as the Chief Financial Officer of two consulting firms. She has experience managing a personal investment vehicle. She has served as a member of the boards of various profit and not-for-profit organizations and a university. She has served as a Fund Trustee for multiple years.
Michael M. Knetter
: Dr. Knetter has organizational management experience as a dean of a major university business school and as President and CEO of a university supporting foundation. He also has responsibility for overseeing management of the university’s endowment. He has academic experience as a professor of international economics. He has served as a member of the boards of various public companies and another mutual fund. He has served as a Fund Trustee for multiple years.
Howard A. Mileaf
: Mr. Mileaf is a CPA and an attorney with experience in senior management and as general counsel of an industrial corporation and an industrial holding company. He has accounting and management experience at a major accounting firm. He has served as a member of the boards of various profit and not-for-profit organizations. He has served as a Fund Trustee for multiple years.
George W. Morriss
: Mr. Morriss has experience in senior management and as chief financial officer of a financial services company. He has investment management experience as a portfolio manager managing personal and institutional funds. He has served as a member of a committee of representatives from companies listed on NASDAQ. He has served as a member of the board of funds of hedge funds. He has an advanced degree in finance. He has served as a Fund Trustee for multiple years.
Tom D. Seip
: Mr. Seip has experience in senior management and as chief executive officer and director of a financial services company overseeing other mutual funds and brokerage. He has experience as director of an asset management company. He has experience in management of a private investment partnership. He has served as a Fund Trustee for multiple years and as Independent Chair and/or Lead Independent Trustee of the Board.
Candace L. Straight
: Ms. Straight has experience as a private investor and consultant in the insurance industry. She has experience in senior management of a global private equity investment firm. She has served as a member of the boards of a public university and various profit companies. She has served as a Fund Trustee for multiple years.
Peter P. Trapp
: Mr. Trapp has experience in senior management of a credit company and several insurance companies. He has served as a member of the board of other mutual funds. He has served as a Fund Trustee for multiple years.
Fund Trustees who are “Interested Persons”
Joseph V. Amato
: Mr. Amato has investment management experience as an executive with Neuberger Berman and another financial services firm. He serves as Neuberger Berman’s Chief Investment Officer for equity investments. He has experience in leadership roles within Neuberger
Berman and its affiliated entities. He has served as a member of the board of a major university business school. He has served as a Fund Trustee since 2009.
Robert Conti
: Mr. Conti has investment management experience as an executive with Neuberger Berman. He has experience in leadership roles within Neuberger Berman and its affiliated entities. He has served as a member of the board of a not-for-profit organization. He has served as a Fund Trustee since 2008.
Jack L. Rivkin
: Mr. Rivkin has extensive investment research and investment management experience as a former chief investment officer and executive with Neuberger Berman and other financial service companies. He has experience in leadership roles within Neuberger Berman and its affiliated entities. He has served on the board of various private companies. He serves on the board of a not-for-profit educational forum for the investment community. He has served as a Fund Trustee for multiple years. He previously served as Chief Investment Officer of Neuberger Berman.
Information About Committees
The Board has established several standing committees to oversee particular aspects of the Fund’s management. The standing committees of the Board are described below.
Audit Committee.
The Audit Committee’s purposes are: (a) in accordance with exchange requirements and Rule 32a-4 under the 1940 Act, to oversee the accounting and financial reporting processes of the Fund and, as the Committee deems appropriate, to inquire into the internal control over financial reporting of service providers; (b) in accordance with exchange requirements and Rule 32a-4 under the 1940 Act, to oversee the quality and integrity of the Fund’s financial statements and the independent audit thereof; (c) in accordance with exchange requirements and Rule 32a-4 under the 1940 Act, to oversee, or, as appropriate, assist Board oversight of, the Fund’s compliance with legal and regulatory requirements that relate to the Fund’s accounting and financial reporting, internal control over financial reporting and independent audits; (d) to approve prior to appointment the engagement of the Fund’s independent registered public accounting firm and, in connection therewith, to review and evaluate the qualifications, independence and performance of the Fund’s independent registered public accounting firm; (e) to act as a liaison between the Fund’s independent registered public accounting firm and the full Board; (f) to monitor the operation of policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure that each portfolio holding is valued in an appropriate and timely manner, reflecting information known to management about the issuer, current market conditions, and other material factors (“Pricing Procedures”); (g) to consider and evaluate, and recommend to the Board when the Committee deems it appropriate, amendments to the Pricing Procedures proposed by management, counsel, the auditors and others; and (h) from time to time, as required or permitted by the Pricing Procedures, to establish or ratify a method of determining the fair value of portfolio securities for which market prices are not readily available. Its members are Martha C. Goss (Vice Chair), Howard A. Mileaf, George W. Morriss (Chair), Candace L. Straight, and Peter P. Trapp. All members are Independent Fund Trustees. During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2012, the Committee met four times.
Contract Review Committee.
The Contract Review Committee is responsible for overseeing and guiding the process by which the Independent Fund Trustees annually consider
whether to renew the Trust’s principal contractual arrangements and Rule 12b-1 plans. The Committee also generally oversees the program by which the manager seeks to monitor and improve the quality of execution for portfolio transactions. Its members are Faith Colish, Martha C. Goss (Vice Chair), and Candace L. Straight (Chair). All members are Independent Fund Trustees. During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2012, the Committee met six times.
Ethics and Compliance Committee.
The Ethics and Compliance Committee generally oversees: (a) the Trust’s program for compliance with Rule 38a-1 and the Trust’s implementation and enforcement of its compliance policies and procedures; (b) the compliance with the Trust’s Code of Ethics, which restricts the personal securities transactions, including transactions in Fund shares, of employees, officers, and trustees; (c) the activities of the Trust’s Chief Compliance Officer (“CCO”); (d) the activities of management personnel responsible for identifying, prioritizing, and managing operational risk; and (e) the adequacy and fairness of the arrangements for securities lending, if any, in a manner consistent with applicable regulatory requirements, with special emphasis on any arrangements in which the Fund deals with the manager or any affiliate of the manager as principal or agent. The Committee shall not assume oversight duties to the extent that such duties have been assigned by the Board expressly to another Committee of the Board (such as oversight of internal controls over financial reporting, which has been assigned to the Audit Committee.). The Committee’s primary function is oversight. Each investment adviser, subadviser, principal underwriter, administrator and transfer agent (collectively, “Service Providers”) is responsible for its own compliance with the federal securities laws and for devising, implementing, maintaining and updating appropriate policies, procedures and codes of ethics to ensure compliance with applicable laws and regulations. The CCO is responsible for administering the Fund’s Compliance Program, including devising and implementing appropriate methods of testing compliance by the Fund and its Service Providers. Its members are Faith Colish (Chair), Michael M. Knetter, Jack L. Rivkin, and Tom D. Seip. All members, except for Mr. Rivkin, are Independent Fund Trustees. During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2012, the Committee met seven times. The entire Board will receive at least annually a report on the compliance programs of the Trust and service providers and the required annual reports on the administration of the Code of Ethics and the required annual certifications from the Trust, NB Management and NBFI.
Executive Committee.
The Executive Committee is responsible for acting in an emergency when a quorum of the Board of Trustees is not available; the Committee has all the powers of the Board of Trustees when the Board is not in session to the extent permitted by Delaware law. Its members are Faith Colish, Robert Conti (Vice Chair), Michael M. Knetter, George W. Morriss, Jack L. Rivkin, Tom D. Seip (Chair), Candace L. Straight, and Peter P. Trapp. All members except for Mr. Conti and Mr. Rivkin are Independent Fund Trustees. During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2012, the Committee did not meet.
Governance and Nominating Committee.
The Governance and Nominating Committee is responsible for: (a) considering and evaluating the structure, composition and operation of the Board of Trustees and each committee thereof, including the operation of the annual self-evaluation by the Board; (b) evaluating and nominating individuals to serve as Fund Trustees including as Independent Fund Trustees, as members of committees, as Chair of the Board and as officers of the Trust; and (c) considering and making recommendations relating to the compensation of Independent Fund Trustees and of those officers (except the CCO) as to whom
the Board is charged with approving compensation. Its members are Michael M. Knetter (Chair), Howard A. Mileaf (Vice Chair), and Tom D. Seip. All members are Independent Fund Trustees. The selection and nomination of candidates to serve as independent trustees is committed to the discretion of the current Independent Fund Trustees. The Committee will consider nominees recommended by shareholders; shareholders may send resumes of recommended persons to the attention of Claudia A. Brandon, Secretary, Neuberger Berman Income Funds, 605 Third Avenue, 2
nd
Floor, New York, NY, 10158-0180. During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2012, the Committee met four times.
Investment Performance Committee.
The Investment Performance Committee is responsible for overseeing and guiding the process by which the Board reviews Fund performance and interfacing with management personnel responsible for investment risk management. Each Fund Trustee is a member of the Committee. Jack L. Rivkin and Peter P. Trapp are the Chair and Vice Chair, respectively, of the Committee. All members except for Mr. Amato, Mr. Conti and Mr. Rivkin are Independent Fund Trustees. During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2012, the Committee met four times.
The Portfolio Transactions and Pricing Committee was eliminated in February 2013 and its functions were divided among the Audit Committee, the Contract Review Committee, and the Ethics and Compliance Committee. During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2012, the Committee met five times.
Risk Management Oversight
As an integral part of its responsibility for oversight of the Fund in the interests of shareholders, the Board oversees risk management of the Fund’s administration and operations. The Board views risk management as an important responsibility of management.
The Fund faces a number of risks, such as investment risk, counterparty risk, valuation risk, reputational risk, risk of operational failure or lack of business continuity, and legal, compliance and regulatory risk. Risk management seeks to identify and address risks, i.e., events or circumstances that could have material adverse effects on the business, operations, shareholder services, investment performance or reputation of the Fund. Under the overall supervision of the Board, the Fund, the Fund’s investment manager, the Fund’s affiliated sub-adviser, and the affiliates of the investment manager and sub-adviser, or other service providers to the Fund, employ a variety of processes, procedures and controls to identify various of those possible events or circumstances, to lessen the probability of their occurrence and/or to mitigate the effects of such events or circumstances if they do occur. Different processes, procedures and controls are employed with respect to different types of risks.
The Board exercises oversight of the investment manager’s risk management processes primarily through the Board’s committee structure. The various committees, as appropriate, and, at times, the Board, meet periodically with the investment manager’s head of investment risk, head of operational risk, the Chief Compliance Officer, the Treasurer, the Chief Investment Officers for equity and for fixed income, the heads of Internal Audit, and the Fund’s independent auditor. The committees review with these individuals, among other things, the design and
implementation of risk management strategies in their respective areas, and events and circumstances that have arisen and responses thereto.
The Board recognizes that not all risks that may affect the Fund can be identified, that it may not be practical or cost-effective to eliminate or mitigate certain risks, that it may be necessary to bear certain risks (such as investment-related risks) to achieve the Fund’s goals, and that the processes, procedures and controls employed to address certain risks may be limited in their effectiveness. Moreover, reports received by the Fund Trustees as to risk management matters are typically summaries of the relevant information. Furthermore, it is in the very nature of certain risks that they can be evaluated only as probabilities, and not as certainties. As a result of the foregoing and other factors, the Board’s risk management oversight is subject to substantial limitations, and no risk management program can predict the likelihood or seriousness of, or mitigate the effects of, all potential risks.
Compensation and Indemnification
The Trust’s Trust Instrument provides that the Trust will indemnify its Fund Trustees and officers against liabilities and expenses reasonably incurred in connection with litigation in which they may be involved because of their offices with the Trust, unless it is adjudicated that they (a) engaged in bad faith, willful misfeasance, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of their offices, or (b) did not act in good faith in the reasonable belief that their action was in the best interest of the Trust. In the case of settlement, such indemnification will not be provided unless it has been determined (by a court or other body approving the settlement or other disposition, by a majority of disinterested trustees based upon a review of readily available facts, or in a written opinion of independent counsel) that such officers or Fund Trustees have not engaged in willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of their duties.
Officers and Fund Trustees who are interested persons of the Trust, as defined in the 1940 Act, receive no salary or fees from the Trust.
For serving as a trustee of the
Neuberger Berman Funds, each Independent Fund Trustee and each
Fund Trustee who is an interested person of the Trust
who is not an employee of NB Management or its affiliates receives an annual retainer of $125,000, paid quarterly, and a fee of $12,500 for each of the four regularly scheduled meetings he or she attends in-person or by telephone. For any additional special in-person or telephonic meeting of the Board, the Governance and Nominating Committee will determine whether a fee is warranted. To compensate for the additional time commitment, the Chair of each Committee receives $12,500 per year. No additional compensation is provided for service on a Board committee. The Chair who is also an Independent Fund Trustee receives an additional $45,000 per year.
The Neuberger Berman Funds reimburse Independent Fund Trustees for their travel and other out-of-pocket expenses related to attendance at Board meetings. The Independent Fund Trustee compensation is allocated to each fund in the fund family based on a method the Board of Trustees finds reasonable.
An Independent Fund Trustee who retired before July 1, 2012 was eligible to elect Trustee Emeritus status upon his or her retirement if he or she had served for a minimum of 15 years or reached the age of 70 years at his or her last birthday. This policy provides a means to retain access to the valuable experience and substantial institutional knowledge of, and certain ongoing services from, Independent Fund Trustees who have retired from the Board. A Trustee Emeritus receives a payment for a period of three years according to the following schedule: for the first year, an amount equal to three-fourths of the annual retainer and regular meeting fees in effect at the time of his or her retirement (“Compensation at Retirement”) assuming six regular meetings; for the second year, an amount equal to one-half of the Compensation at Retirement; and for the third year, an amount equal to one-fourth of the Compensation at Retirement. A Trustee Emeritus may attend Board or Committee meetings and will be reimbursed for out-of-pocket expenses related to such attendance. The Trustee Emeritus compensation is allocated to each fund in the fund family based on a method the Board of Trustees finds reasonable. To continue serving as a Trustee Emeritus, an individual must continue to qualify as “independent” for purposes of the 1940 Act, and shall continue to be subject to the restrictions of the Code of Ethics and requirements under the Board governance policies to pre-clear any trades in shares of a closed end fund in the fund family (or derivatives relating to the shares). A Trustee Emeritus does not have the power to vote but may be consulted regarding matters involving the Fund.
The following table sets forth information concerning the compensation of the Fund Trustees. The Trust does not have any retirement plan for the Fund Trustees.
TABLE OF COMPENSATION
FOR FISCAL YEAR ENDED 10/31/2012
Name and Position with the Trust
|
Aggregate Compensation
from the Trust
|
Total Compensation from Investment Companies in the Neuberger Berman
Fund Complex Paid to
Fund Trustees
|
Independent Fund Trustees
|
|
|
John Cannon*
Trustee
|
$18,561
|
$135,978
|
Faith Colish
Trustee
|
$21,794
|
$160,000
|
Martha C. Goss
Trustee
|
$20,430
|
$150,000
|
C. Anne Harvey**
Trustee
|
$20,430
|
$150,000
|
Robert A. Kavesh*
Trustee
|
$18,512
|
$135,625
|
Michael M. Knetter
Trustee
|
$21,794
|
$160,000
|
Howard A. Mileaf
Trustee
|
$21,745
|
$159,647
|
Name and Position with the Trust
|
Aggregate Compensation
from the Trust
|
Total Compensation from Investment Companies in the Neuberger Berman
Fund Complex Paid to
Fund Trustees
|
George W. Morriss
Trustee
|
$21,794
|
$160,000
|
Edward I. O’Brien*
Trustee
|
$18,512
|
$135,625
|
Cornelius T. Ryan*
Trustee
|
$18,512
|
$135,625
|
Tom D. Seip
Chairman of the Board and Trustee
|
$25,204
|
$185,000
|
Candace L. Straight
Trustee
|
$21,794
|
$160,000
|
Peter P. Trapp
Trustee
|
$23,158
|
$170,000
|
Fund Trustees who are “Interested Persons”
|
Joseph V. Amato
Trustee
|
$0
|
$0
|
Robert Conti
President, Chief Executive Officer and Trustee
|
$0
|
$0
|
Jack L. Rivkin
Trustee
|
$21,794
|
$160,000
|
* Retired as of June 30, 2012 and elected Trustee Emeritus status as of that date.
** Retired as of December 13, 2012.
As the Fund was not operational prior to the date of this SAI, the Fund Trustees and officers of the Trust, as a group, owned beneficially or of record less than 1% of the outstanding shares of each Class of the Fund.
Ownership of Equity Securities by the Fund Trustees
The following table sets forth the aggregate dollar range of securities owned by each Fund Trustee in the funds in the fund family overseen by the Fund Trustee as of December 31, 2012.
Name of Fund Trustee
|
Aggregate Dollar Range of Equity Securities Held in all Registered Investment Companies Overseen by Fund Trustee in Family of Investment Companies*
|
Independent Fund Trustees
|
Faith Colish
|
E
|
Martha C. Goss
|
E
|
Michael M. Knetter
|
E
|
Howard A. Mileaf
|
E
|
George W. Morriss
|
E
|
Tom D. Seip
|
E
|
Candace L. Straight
|
E
|
Peter P. Trapp
|
E
|
Fund Trustees who are “Interested Persons”
|
Joseph V. Amato
|
E
|
Robert Conti
|
E
|
Jack L. Rivkin
|
E
|
* Valuation as of December 31, 2012.
A = None B = $1-$10,000 C = $10,001 - $50,000 D = $50,001-$100,000 E = over $100,000
Independent Fund Trustees Ownership of Securities
No Independent Fund Trustee (including his/her immediate family members) owns any securities (not including shares of registered investment companies) in any Neuberger Berman entity.
INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION SERVICES
Investment Manager and Administrator
NB Management serves as the investment manager to the Fund pursuant to a management agreement with the Trust, dated May 4, 2009 (“Management Agreement”).
The Management Agreement provides, in substance, that NB Management will make and implement investment decisions for the Fund in its discretion and will continuously develop an investment program for the Fund’s assets. The Management Agreement permits NB Management to effect securities transactions on behalf of the Fund through associated persons of NB Management. The Management Agreement also specifically permits NB Management to compensate, through higher commissions, brokers and dealers who provide investment research and analysis to the Fund.
NB Management provides to the Fund, without separate cost, office space, equipment, and facilities and the personnel necessary to perform executive, administrative, and clerical functions. NB Management pays all salaries, expenses, and fees of the officers, trustees and employees of the Trust who are officers, directors, or employees of NB Management. Two directors of NB Management, who also serve as officers of NB Management, presently serve as Fund Trustees and/or officers of the Trust. See “Trustees and Officers.” The Fund pays NB Management a management fee based on the Fund’s average daily net assets, as described below.
NB Management has sub-contracted certain of its responsibilities under the Management Agreement to NBFI, which is responsible for the day-to-day investment management of the Fund; NB Management is responsible for overseeing the investment activities of NBFI with respect to its management of the Fund. NB Management also engages NBFI as sub-adviser to the Fund to choose its investments and handle its day-to-day investment business. See “Sub-Adviser” below.
NB Management provides facilities, services, and personnel as well as accounting, record keeping and other services to the Fund pursuant to three administration agreements with the Trust, one for the Institutional Class dated May 4, 2009, one for Class A dated May 4, 2009, and one for Class C dated May 4, 2009 (each an “Administration Agreement” and collectively, the “Administration Agreements”). For such administrative services, each Class of the Fund pays NB Management a fee based on the Class’s average daily net assets, as described below.
Under each Administration Agreement, NB Management also provides to each Class and its shareholders certain shareholder, shareholder-related, and other services that are not furnished by the Fund’s shareholder servicing agent or third party investment providers. NB Management provides the direct shareholder services specified in the Administration Agreements and assists the shareholder servicing agent or third party investment providers in the development and implementation of specified programs and systems to enhance overall shareholder servicing capabilities. NB Management or the third party investment provider solicits and gathers shareholder proxies, performs services connected with the qualification of the Fund’s shares for sale in various states, and furnishes other services the parties agree from time to time should be provided under the Administration Agreements.
The Management Agreement continues until October 31, 2014. The Management Agreement is renewable thereafter from year to year with respect to the Fund, so long as its continuance is approved at least annually (1) by the vote of a majority of the Independent Fund Trustees, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval, and (2) by the vote of a majority of the Fund Trustees or by a 1940 Act majority vote of the outstanding shares of the Fund. Each Administration Agreement continues until October 31, 2014. Each Administration Agreement is renewable thereafter from year to year with respect to the Fund, so long as its continuance is approved at least annually (1) by the vote of a majority of the Independent Fund Trustees and (2) by the vote of a majority of the Fund Trustees or by a 1940 Act majority vote of the outstanding shares of the Fund.
The Management Agreement is terminable, without penalty, with respect to the Fund on 60 days’ written notice either by the Trust or by NB Management. Each Administration
Agreement is terminable, without penalty, with respect to the Fund on 60 days’ written notice either by the Trust or by NB Management. Each Agreement terminates automatically if it is assigned.
From time to time, NB Management or the Fund may enter into arrangements with registered broker-dealers or other third parties pursuant to which it pays the broker-dealer or third party a per account fee or a fee based on a percentage of the aggregate NAV of Fund shares purchased by the broker-dealer or third party on behalf of its customers, in payment for administrative and other services rendered to such customers.
Third parties may be subject to federal or state laws that limit their ability to provide certain administrative or distribution related services. NB Management and the Fund intend to contract with third parties for only those services they may legally provide. If, due to a change in laws governing those third parties or in the interpretation of any such law, a third party is prohibited from performing some or all of the above-described services, NB Management or the Fund may be required to find alternative means of providing those services. Any such change is not expected to impact the Fund or its shareholders adversely.
Management and Administration Fees
For investment management services, the Fund pays NB Management a fee at the annual rate of 0.55% of average daily net assets.
Institutional Class.
For administrative services, the Institutional Class of the Fund pays NB Management a fee at the annual rate of 0.15% of the Class’s average daily net assets, plus certain out-of-pocket expenses for technology used for shareholder servicing and shareholder communications subject to the prior approval of an annual budget by the Fund Trustees, including a majority of the Independent Fund Trustees, and periodic reports to the Fund Trustees on actual expenses. With the Fund’s consent, NB Management may subcontract to third parties, including investment providers, some of its responsibilities to the Fund under the Administration Agreement and may compensate each such third party that provides such services. In addition, the Fund may compensate third parties, including investment providers, for recordkeeping, accounting and other services.
Class A and Class C.
For administrative services, Class A and Class C of the Fund each pays NB Management a fee at the annual rate of 0.27% of that Class’s average daily net assets, plus certain out-of-pocket expenses for technology used for shareholder servicing and shareholder communications, subject to the prior approval of an annual budget by the Fund Trustees, including a majority of the Independent Fund Trustees, and periodic reports to the Fund Trustees on actual expenses. With the Fund’s consent, NB Management may subcontract to third parties, including investment providers, some of its responsibilities to the Fund under the Administration Agreement, and may compensate each such third party that provides such services. (A portion of this compensation may be derived from the Rule 12b-1 fee paid to NB Management by Class A and Class C of the Fund; see “Distribution Arrangements,” below).
Contractual Expense Limitations
NB Management has contractually undertaken, during the respective period noted below, to waive current payment of fees and/or reimburse annual operating expenses of each Class of the Fund listed below so that its total operating expenses (excluding interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, dividend and interest expenses relating to short sales, acquired fund fees and expenses, and extraordinary expenses, if any) (“Operating Expenses”) do not exceed the rate per annum noted below (“Expense Limitation”).
The Fund has agreed to repay NB Management out of assets attributable to its respective Class noted below for any fees waived by NB Management under the Expense Limitation or any Operating Expenses NB Management reimburses in excess of the Expense Limitation, provided the repayments do not cause that Class’ Operating Expenses to exceed the respective annual rate of average daily net assets as noted below and the repayments are made within three years after the year in which NB Management incurred the expense.
The appropriateness of these undertakings is determined on a Class-by-Class basis.
Fund
|
Class
|
Limitation
Period
|
Expense
Limitation
|
|
|
|
|
Neuberger Berman
Emerging Markets Income
Fund
|
Class A
|
10/31/2016
|
1.27%
|
|
Class C
|
10/31/2016
|
2.02%
|
|
Institutional
|
10/31/2016
|
0.90%
|
Sub-Adviser
NB Management retains NBFI, 190 South LaSalle Street, 24th Floor, Chicago, IL 60603, as sub-adviser with respect to the Fund pursuant to a sub-advisory agreement dated May 4, 2009 (“Sub-Advisory Agreement”).
Pursuant to the Sub-Advisory Agreement, NB Management has delegated responsibility for the Fund’s
day-to-day management to NBFI. The Sub-Advisory Agreement provides in substance that NBFI will make and implement investment decisions for the Fund in its discretion and will continuously develop an investment program for the Fund’s assets. The Sub-Advisory Agreement permits NBFI to effect securities transactions on behalf of the Fund through associated persons of NBFI. The Sub-Advisory Agreement also specifically permits NBFI to compensate, through higher commissions, brokers and dealers who provide investment research and analysis to the Fund, although NBFI has no current plans to pay a material amount of such compensation.
The Sub-Advisory Agreement continues until October 31, 2014, and is renewable from year to year thereafter, subject to approval of its continuance in the same manner as the Management Agreement. The Sub-Advisory Agreement is subject to termination, without penalty, with respect to the Fund by the Fund Trustees, or by a 1940 Act majority vote of the outstanding shares of the Fund, by NB Management, or by NBFI on not less than 30 nor more than 60 days’ prior written notice to the Fund. The Sub-Advisory agreement also terminates
automatically with respect to the Fund if it is assigned or if the Management Agreement terminates with respect to the Fund.
Portfolio Manager Information
The table below lists the Portfolio Managers of the Fund.
Portfolio Manager
|
Fund Managed
|
Rob Drijkoningen
|
Neuberger Berman Emerging Markets Income Fund
|
Gorky Urquieta
|
Neuberger Berman Emerging Markets Income Fund
|
Bart Van der Made
|
Neuberger Berman Emerging Markets Income Fund
|
Raoul Luttik
|
Neuberger Berman Emerging Markets Income Fund
|
Jennifer Gorgoll
|
Neuberger Berman Emerging Markets Income Fund
|
Nish Popat
|
Neuberger Berman Emerging Markets Income Fund
|
Vera Kartseva
|
Neuberger Berman Emerging Markets Income Fund
|
Accounts Managed
The table below describes the accounts for which each Portfolio Manager has day-to-day management responsibility as of June 30, 2013.
Type of Account
|
Number of Accounts Managed
|
Total Assets Managed
($ millions)
|
Number of Accounts Managed for which Advisory Fee is Performance-Based
|
Assets Managed for which Advisory Fee is Performance-Based
($ millions)
|
Rob Drijkoningen
***
|
|
|
|
|
Registered Investment Companies*
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles
|
3
|
50
|
-
|
-
|
Other Accounts**
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Gorky Urquieta
***
|
|
|
|
|
Registered Investment Companies*
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles
|
3
|
50
|
-
|
-
|
Other Accounts**
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Bart Van der Made
***
|
|
|
|
|
Type of Account
|
Number of Accounts Managed
|
Total Assets Managed
($ millions)
|
Number of Accounts Managed for which Advisory Fee is Performance-Based
|
Assets Managed for which Advisory Fee is Performance-Based
($ millions)
|
Registered Investment Companies*
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles
|
1
|
10
|
-
|
-
|
Other Accounts**
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Raoul Luttik
***
|
|
|
|
|
Registered Investment Companies*
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles
|
1
|
20
|
-
|
-
|
Other Accounts**
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Jennifer Gorgoll
***
|
|
|
|
|
Registered Investment Companies*
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles
|
1
|
20
|
-
|
-
|
Other Accounts**
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Nish Popat
***
|
|
|
|
|
Registered Investment Companies*
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles
|
1
|
20
|
-
|
-
|
Other Accounts**
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Vera Kartseva
***
|
|
|
|
|
Registered Investment Companies*
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Other Accounts**
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
* Registered Investment Companies include all mutual funds managed by the Portfolio Manager, including the Fund.
** Other Accounts include: Institutional Separate Accounts, Sub-Advised funds, and Managed Accounts (WRAP).
*** A portion of certain accounts may be managed by other Portfolio Managers; however, the total assets of such accounts are included above even though the Portfolio Manager listed is not involved in the day-to-day management of the entire account.
Conflicts of Interest
Actual or apparent conflicts of interest may arise when a Portfolio Manager has day-to-day management responsibilities with respect to more than one fund or other account. The management of multiple funds and accounts (including proprietary accounts) may give rise to actual or potential conflicts of interest if the funds and accounts have different or similar objectives, benchmarks, time horizons, and fees, as the Portfolio Manager must allocate his time and investment ideas across multiple funds and accounts. The Portfolio Manager may execute transactions for another fund or account that may adversely impact the value of securities held by the Fund, and which may include transactions that are directly contrary to the positions taken by the Fund. For example, a Portfolio Manager may engage in short sales of securities for another account that are the same type of securities in which the Fund it manages also invests. In such a case, the Portfolio Manager could be seen as harming the performance of the Fund for the benefit of the account engaging in short sales if the short sales cause the market value of the securities to fall. Additionally, if a Portfolio Manager identifies a limited investment opportunity that may be suitable for more than one fund or other account, the Fund may not be able to take full advantage of that opportunity. If one account were to buy or sell portfolio securities shortly before another account bought or sold the same securities, it could affect the price paid or received by the second account. Securities selected for funds or accounts other than the Fund may outperform the securities selected for the Fund. Finally, a conflict of interest may arise if NB Management and a Portfolio Manager have a financial incentive to favor one account over another, such as a performance-based management fee that applies to one account but not all funds or accounts for which the Portfolio Manager is responsible.
NB Management, NBFI and the Fund have adopted certain compliance procedures which are designed to address these types of conflicts. However, there is no guarantee that such procedures will detect each and every situation in which a conflict arises.
Compensation of Portfolio Managers by NB Management and NBFI
Our compensation philosophy is one that focuses on rewarding performance and incentivizing our employees. We are also focused on creating a compensation process that we believe is fair, transparent, and competitive with the market.
Compensation for Portfolio Managers consists of fixed and variable compensation but is more heavily weighted on the variable portion of total compensation and reflects individual performance, overall contribution to the team, collaboration with colleagues across Neuberger Berman Group LLC (“NBG,” and together with its consolidated subsidiaries “NB Group”) and, most importantly, overall investment performance. In particular, the bonus for a Portfolio Manager is determined by using a formula and may or may not contain a discretionary component. If applicable, the discretionary component is determined on the basis of a variety of criteria, including investment performance (including the pre-tax
three-year track record in order to emphasize long-term performance and in certain instances the one-year and five-year track records), utilization of central resources (including research, sales and operations/support), business building to further the longer term sustainable success of the investment team, effective team/people management, and overall contribution to the success of NB Group. In addition,
compensation of portfolio managers at other comparable firms is considered, with an eye toward remaining competitive with the market.
The terms of our long-term retention incentives are as follows:
Employee-Owned Equity.
An integral part of the Acquisition (the management buyout of Neuberger Berman in 2009) was implementing an equity ownership structure which embodies the importance of incentivizing and retaining key investment professionals.
Most of the senior Portfolio Managers on the mutual fund teams are key shareholders in the equity ownership structure. Currently, on a yearly basis, the equity ownership allocations will be re-evaluated and re-allocated based on performance and other key metrics. Employee equity and preferred stock is subject to vesting and other terms and conditions.
Contingent Compensation Plan.
We have also established the Neuberger Berman Group Contingent Compensation Plan (“Contingent Compensation Plan”) pursuant to which a certain percentage of a Portfolio Manager’s compensation is deemed contingent and vests over a three-year period. Under the plan, participating Portfolio Managers and other participating employees who are members of mutual fund investment teams will receive a cash return on their contingent compensation with a portion of such return being determined based on the team’s investment performance, as well as the performance of a portfolio of other investment funds managed by NB Group investment professionals.
Restrictive Covenants.
Portfolio Managers who have received equity interests have agreed to certain restrictive covenants, which impose obligations and restrictions on the use of confidential information and the solicitation of Neuberger Berman employees and clients over a specified period of time if the Portfolio Manager leaves the firm.
Other Accounts.
Certain Portfolio Managers may manage products other than mutual funds, such as high net worth separate accounts. For the management of these accounts, a Portfolio Manager may generally receive a percentage of pre-tax revenue determined on a monthly basis less certain deductions (e.g., a “finder’s fee” or “referral fee” paid to a third party). The percentage of revenue a Portfolio Manager receives will vary based on certain revenue thresholds.
Ownership of Securities
As of the date of this SAI, the Fund was new and had not yet issued any shares.
Other Investment Companies or Accounts Managed
The investment decisions concerning the Fund and the other registered investment companies managed by NB Management and/or NBFI (collectively, “Other NB Funds”) have been and will continue to be made independently of one another. In terms of their investment objectives, most of the Other NB Funds differ from the Fund. Even where the investment objectives are similar, however, the methods used by the Other NB Funds and the Fund to achieve their objectives may differ. The investment results achieved by all of the registered
investment companies managed by NB Management and NBFI have varied from one another in the past and are likely to vary in the future. In addition, NB Management or its affiliates may
manage one or more Other NB Funds or other accounts with similar investment objectives and strategies as the Fund that may have risks that are greater or less than the Fund.
There may be occasions when the Fund and one or more of the Other NB Funds or other accounts managed by NB Management or NBFI are contemporaneously engaged in purchasing or selling the same securities from or to third parties. When this occurs, the transactions may be aggregated to obtain favorable execution to the extent permitted by applicable law and regulations. The transactions will be allocated according to one or more methods designed to ensure that the allocation is equitable to the Fund and accounts involved. Although in some cases this arrangement may have a detrimental effect on the price or volume of the securities as to the Fund, in other cases it is believed that the Fund’s ability to participate in volume transactions may produce better executions for it. In any case, it is the judgment of the Fund Trustees that the desirability of the Fund having its advisory arrangements with NB Management or NBFI outweighs any disadvantages that may result from contemporaneous transactions.
The Fund is subject to certain limitations imposed on all advisory clients of NB Management or NBFI (including the Fund, the Other NB Funds, and other managed accounts) and personnel of NB Management or NBFI and their affiliates. These include, for example, limits that may be imposed in certain industries or by certain companies, and policies of NB Management or NBFI that limit the aggregate purchases, by all accounts under management, of the outstanding shares of public companies.
Codes of Ethics
The Fund, NB Management and NBFI have personal securities trading policies that restrict the personal securities transactions of employees, officers, and Fund Trustees. Their primary purpose is to ensure that personal trading by these individuals does not disadvantage any fund managed by NB Management. The Fund’s Portfolio Managers and other investment personnel who comply with the policies’ preclearance and disclosure procedures may be permitted to purchase, sell or hold certain types of securities which also may be or are held in the Fund they advise, but are restricted from trading in close conjunction with the Fund or taking personal advantage of investment opportunities that may belong to the Fund. Text-only versions of the Codes of Ethics can be viewed online or downloaded from the EDGAR Database on the SEC’s internet web site at www.sec.gov. You may also review and copy those documents by visiting the SEC’s Public Reference Room in Washington, DC. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room may be obtained by calling the SEC at 202-942-8090. In addition, copies of the Codes of Ethics may be obtained, after mailing the appropriate duplicating fee, by writing to the SEC’s Public Reference Section, 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, DC 20549-0102 or by e-mail request at publicinfo@sec.gov.
Management and Control of NB Management and NBFI
NB Management and NBFI are indirect subsidiaries of NBG. The officers and/or employees of NB Management who are deemed “control persons,” all of whom have offices at the same address as NB Management, are: Joseph Amato and Robert Conti. Mr. Amato is a
Trustee of the Trust and Mr. Conti is both a Trustee and an officer of the Trust. The directors,
officers and/or employees of NBFI who are deemed “control persons,” all of whom have offices at the same address as NBFI, are: Joseph Amato and Bradley C. Tank.
The majority of NBG’s voting equity is owned by NBSH Acquisition, LLC (“NBSH”), which was formed to facilitate the May 4, 2009 management buyout of certain of the investment management businesses conducted by Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. (“LBHI”). NBSH, which is owned by portfolio managers, members of the NB Group management team and certain of NB Group’s key employees and senior professionals, owns approximately 74% of NBG’s common units, and LBHI and certain of its subsidiaries own the remaining 26% of such common units.
DISTRIBUTION ARRANGEMENTS
The Fund offers three classes of shares, known as Institutional Class, Class A and Class C shares.
Distributor
NB Management serves as the distributor (“Distributor”) in connection with the continuous offering of the Fund’s shares. Institutional Class shares are offered on a no-load basis. As described in the Fund’s Prospectus, certain classes are available only through investment providers (“Institutions”) that have made arrangements with NB Management for shareholder servicing and administration and/or entered into selling agreements with NB Management.
In connection with the sale of its shares, the Fund has authorized the Distributor to give only the information, and to make only the statements and representations, contained in the Prospectus and this SAI or that properly may be included in sales literature and advertisements in accordance with the 1933 Act, the 1940 Act, and applicable rules of self-regulatory organizations. Sales may be made only by the Prospectus, which may be delivered personally, through the mails, or by electronic means. The Distributor is the Fund’s “principal underwriter” within the meaning of the 1940 Act. It acts as agent in arranging for the sale of the Fund’s Institutional Class shares without sales commission or other compensation and bears all advertising and promotion expenses incurred in the sale of those shares. The Distributor also acts as agent in arranging for the sale of the Fund’s Class A and Class C shares to Institutions and bears all advertising and promotion expenses incurred in the sale of those shares. For Class A shares, the Distributor receives commission revenue consisting of the portion of the Class A sales charge remaining after the allowances by the Distributor to Institutions. For Class C shares, the Distributor receives any contingent deferred sales charges that apply during the first year after purchase. The Fund pays the Distributor for advancing the immediate service fees and commissions paid to qualified Institutions in connection with Class C shares.
For each Class that is sold directly to investors , the Distributor or one of its affiliates may, from time to time, deem it desirable to offer to shareholders of the Fund, through use of its shareholder list, the shares of other mutual funds for which the Distributor acts as distributor or other products or services. Any such use of the Fund’s shareholder lists, however, will be made subject to terms and conditions, if any, approved by a majority of the Independent Fund Trustees.
These lists will not be used to offer the Fund’s shareholders any investment products or services other than those managed or distributed by NB Management, Neuberger Berman or NBFI.
From time to time, NB Management may enter into arrangements pursuant to which it compensates a registered broker-dealer or other third party for services in connection with the distribution of Fund shares.
The Trust, on behalf of the Fund, and the Distributor are parties to a Distribution Agreement with respect to the Fund’s Institutional Class, and Distribution and Shareholder Services Agreements with respect to Class A and Class C of the Fund (“Distribution Agreements”). The Distribution Agreements continue until October 31, 2014. The Distribution Agreements may be renewed annually if specifically approved by (1) the vote of a majority of the Fund Trustees or a 1940 Act majority vote of the Fund’s outstanding shares and (2) the vote of a majority of the Independent Fund Trustees, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Distribution Agreements may be terminated by either party and will terminate automatically on their assignment, in the same manner as the Management Agreement.
Revenue Sharing
NB Management and/or its affiliates may pay additional compensation and/or provide incentives (out of their own resources and not as an expense of the Fund) to certain brokers, dealers, or other financial intermediaries (“Financial Intermediaries”) in connection with the sale, distribution, retention and/or servicing of Fund shares (“revenue sharing payments”).
Such payments are intended to provide additional compensation to Financial Intermediaries for various services, including without limitation, participating in joint advertising with a Financial Intermediary, granting NB Management personnel reasonable access to a Financial Intermediary’s financial advisers and consultants, and allowing NB Management personnel to attend conferences. NB Management and its affiliates may make other payments or allow other promotional incentives to Financial Intermediaries to the extent permitted by SEC and FINRA rules and by other applicable laws and regulations.
In addition, NB Management may pay for: placing the Fund on the Financial Intermediary’s sales system, preferred or recommended fund list, providing periodic and ongoing education and training of Financial Intermediary personnel regarding the Fund; disseminating to Financial Intermediary personnel information and product marketing materials regarding the Fund; explaining to clients the features and characteristics of the Fund; conducting due diligence regarding the Fund; providing reasonable access to sales meetings, sales representatives and management representatives of a Financial Intermediary; and furnishing marketing support and other services. Additional compensation also may include non-cash compensation, financial assistance to Financial Intermediaries in connection with conferences, seminars for the public and advertising campaigns, technical and systems support and reimbursement of ticket charges (fees that a Financial Intermediary charges its representatives for effecting transactions in Fund shares) and other similar charges.
The level of revenue sharing payments made to Financial Intermediaries may be a fixed fee or based upon one or more of the following factors: reputation in the industry, ability to
attract and retain assets, target markets, customer relationships, quality of service, gross sales, current assets and/or number of accounts of the Fund attributable to the Financial Intermediary, the particular Fund or fund type or other measures as agreed to by NB Management and/or their affiliates and the Financial Intermediaries or any combination thereof. The amount of these payments is determined at the discretion of NB Management and/or its affiliates from time to time, may be substantial, and may be different for different Financial Intermediaries based on, for example, the nature of the services provided by the Financial Intermediary.
Receipt of, or the prospect of receiving, this additional compensation, may influence a Financial Intermediary’s recommendation of the Fund or of any particular share class of the Fund. These payment arrangements, however, will not change the price that an investor pays for Fund shares or the amount that the Fund receives to invest on behalf of an investor and will not increase Fund expenses. You should review your Financial Intermediary’s compensation disclosure and/or talk to your Financial Intermediary to obtain more information on how this compensation may have influenced your Financial Intermediary’s recommendation of the Fund.
In addition to the compensation described above, the Fund and/or NB Management may pay fees to Financial Intermediaries and their affiliated persons for maintaining Fund share balances and/or for subaccounting, administrative or transaction processing services related to the maintenance of accounts for retirement and benefit plans and other omnibus accounts (“subaccounting fees”). Such subaccounting fees paid by the Fund may differ depending on the Fund and are designed to be equal to or less than the fees the Fund would pay to its transfer agent for similar services. Because some subaccounting fees are directly related to the number of accounts and assets for which a Financial Intermediary provides services, these fees will increase with the success of the Financial Intermediary’s sales activities.
NB Management and its affiliates are motivated to make the payments described above since they promote the sale of Fund shares and the retention of those investments by clients of Financial Intermediaries. To the extent Financial Intermediaries sell more shares of the Fund or retain shares of the Fund in their clients’ accounts, NB Management and/or its affiliates benefit from the incremental management and other fees paid to NB Management and/or its affiliates by the Fund with respect to those assets.
Distribution
Plan (Class A Only)
The Trust, on behalf of the Fund, has adopted a Distribution Plan pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act (“Plan”) with respect to Class A of the Fund. The Plan provides that Class A of the Fund will compensate NB Management for administrative and other services provided to Class A of the Fund, its activities and expenses related to the sale and distribution of Class A shares, and ongoing services to investors in Class A of the Fund. Under the Plan, NB Management receives from Class A of the Fund a fee at the annual rate of 0.25% of that Class’s average daily net assets. NB Management may pay up to the full amount of this fee to Institutions that make available Class A shares and/or provide services to Class A and its shareholders. The fee paid to an Institution is based on the level of such services provided. Institutions may use the payments for, among other purposes, compensating employees engaged in sales and/or shareholder servicing. The amount of fees paid by Class A of the Fund during any year may be more or less than the cost of distribution and other services provided to that class of
the Fund and its investors. FINRA rules limit the amount of annual distribution and service fees that may be paid by a mutual fund and impose a ceiling on the cumulative distribution fees paid. Class A’s Plan complies with these rules.
Distribution Plan (Class C Only)
The Trust, on behalf of the Fund, has also adopted a Plan with respect to Class C of the Fund. The Plan provides that Class C of the Fund will compensate NB Management for administrative and other services provided to Class C of the Fund, its activities and expenses related to the sale and distribution of Class C shares, and ongoing services to investors in Class C of the Fund. Under the Plan, NB Management receives from Class C of the Fund a fee at the annual rate of 1.00% of that Class’s average daily net assets, of which 0.75% is a distribution fee and 0.25% is a service fee. NB Management may pay up to the full amount of this fee to Institutions that make available Class C shares and/or provide services to Class C and its shareholders. The fee paid to an Institution is based on the level of such services provided. Institutions may use the payments for, among other purposes, compensating employees engaged in sales and/or shareholder servicing. The amount of fees paid by Class C of the Fund during any year may be more or less than the cost of distribution and other services provided to that class of the Fund and its investors. FINRA rules limit the amount of annual distribution and service fees that may be paid by a mutual fund and impose a ceiling on the cumulative distribution fees paid. Class C’s Plan complies with these rules.
Distribution Plan
(Class A and Class C)
Each Plan requires that NB Management provide the Fund Trustees for their review a quarterly written report identifying the amounts expended by each Class and the purposes for which such expenditures were made.
Prior to approving the Plans, the Fund Trustees considered various factors relating to the implementation of each Plan and determined that there is a reasonable likelihood that the Plans will benefit the applicable Classes of the Fund and their shareholders. To the extent the Plans allow the Fund to penetrate markets to which they would not otherwise have access, the Plans may result in additional sales of Fund shares; this, in turn, may enable the Fund to achieve economies of scale that could reduce expenses. In addition, certain on-going shareholder services may be provided more effectively by Institutions with which shareholders have an existing relationship.
Each Plan is renewable from year to year with respect to a Class of the Fund, so long as its continuance is approved at least annually (1) by the vote of a majority of the Fund Trustees and (2) by a vote of the majority of those Independent Fund Trustees who have no direct or indirect financial interest in the Distribution Agreement or the Plans pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act (“Rule 12b-1 Trustees”), cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Plans may not be amended to increase materially the amount of fees paid by any Class of the Fund thereunder unless such amendment is approved by a 1940 Act majority vote of the outstanding shares of the Class and by the Fund Trustees in the manner described above. A Plan is terminable with respect to a Class of the Fund at any time by a vote of
a majority of the Rule 12b-1 Trustees or by a 1940 Act majority vote of the outstanding shares in the Class.
From time to time, the Fund may be closed to new investors. Because the Plans for Class A and Class C shares of the Fund pay for ongoing shareholder and account services, the Board may determine that it is appropriate for the Fund to continue paying a 12b-1 fee, even though the Fund is closed to new investors.
ADDITIONAL PURCHASE INFORMATION
Share Prices and Net Asset Value
The Fund’s shares are bought or sold at the offering price or at a price that is the Fund’s NAV per share. The NAV for each Class of the Fund is calculated by subtracting total liabilities of that Class from total assets attributable to that Class (the market value of the securities the Fund holds plus cash and other assets). The Fund’s per share NAV is calculated by dividing its NAV by the number of Fund shares outstanding attributable to that Class and rounding the result to the nearest full cent.
The Fund calculates its NAV as of the close of regular trading on the NYSE, usually 4 p.m. Eastern time, on each day the NYSE is open. Because the value of the Fund’s portfolio securities changes every business day, its share price usually changes as well.
The Fund uses one or more independent pricing services approved by the Board of Trustees to value its debt portfolio securities and other instruments. Valuations of debt securities and other instruments (other than short-term securities) provided by an independent pricing service are based on readily available bid quotations or, if quotations are not readily available, by methods that include considerations such as: yields or prices of securities of comparable quality, coupon, maturity and type; indications as to values from dealers; and general market conditions. Short-term securities with remaining maturities of less than 60 days may be valued at cost, which, when combined with interest earned, approximates market value.
The Fund uses one or more independent pricing services approved by the Board of Trustees to value its equity portfolio securities (including options and securities issued by ETFs). The independent pricing service values equity portfolio securities (including options and securities issued by ETFs) listed on the NYSE, the NYSE MKT LLC or other national securities exchanges, and other securities or instruments for which market quotations are readily available, at the last reported sale price on the day the securities are being valued. Securities traded primarily on the NASDAQ Stock Market are normally valued by the independent pricing service at the NASDAQ Official Closing Price (“NOCP”) provided by NASDAQ each business day. The NOCP is the most recently reported price as of 4:00:02 p.m., Eastern time, unless that price is outside the range of the “inside” bid and asked prices (i.e., the bid and asked prices that dealers quote to each other when trading for their own accounts); in that case, NASDAQ will adjust the price to equal the inside bid or asked price, whichever is closer. Because of delays in reporting trades, the NOCP may not be based on the price of the last trade to occur before the market
closes. If there is no reported sale of a security or other instrument on a particular day, the independent pricing service may value the security or other instrument based on market quotations.
NB Management has developed a process to periodically review information provided by independent pricing services for all types of securities.
If a valuation for a security is not available from an independent pricing service or if NB Management believes in good faith that the valuation does not reflect the amount the Fund would receive on a current sale of that security, the Fund seeks to obtain quotations from principal market makers. If such quotations are not readily available, the Fund may use a fair value estimate made according to methods approved by the Board of Trustees. The Fund may also use these methods to value certain types of illiquid securities and instruments for which broker quotes are rarely, if ever, available, such as options that are out of the money or for which no trading activity exists. Fair value pricing generally will be used if the market in which a portfolio security trades closes early or if trading in a particular security was halted during the day and did not resume prior to the Fund’s net asset value calculation. Numerous factors may be considered when determining the fair value of a security or other instrument, including available analyst, media or other reports, trading in futures or ADRs, and whether the issuer of the security or other instrument being fair valued has other securities or other instruments outstanding.
The value of the Fund's investments in foreign securities is generally determined using the same valuation methods used for other Fund investments, as discussed above. Foreign security prices expressed in local currency values are translated from the local currency into U.S. dollars using the exchange rates as of 4:00 p.m., Eastern time.
If, after the close of the principal market on which a security is traded and before the time the Fund's securities are priced that day, an event occurs that NB Management deems likely to cause a material change in the value of that security, the Fund Trustees have authorized NB Management, subject to the Board’s review, to ascertain a fair value for such security. Such events may include circumstances in which the value of the U.S. markets changes by a percentage deemed significant.
The Board has approved the use of Interactive Data Pricing and Reference Data, Inc. (“Interactive”) to assist in determining the fair value of foreign equity securities when changes in the value of a certain index suggest that the closing prices on the foreign exchanges may no longer represent the amount that the Fund could expect to receive for those securities. In this event, Interactive will provide adjusted prices for certain foreign equity securities using a statistical analysis of historical correlations of multiple factors. In the absence of precise information about the market values of these foreign securities as of the close of the NYSE, the Board has determined on the basis of available data that prices adjusted in this way are likely to be closer to the prices the Fund could realize on a current sale than are the prices of those securities established at the close of the foreign markets in which the securities primarily trade. Foreign securities are traded in foreign markets that may be open on days when the NYSE is closed. As a result, the NAV of the Fund may be significantly affected on days when shareholders do not have access to the Fund.
Under the 1940 Act, the Fund is required to act in good faith in determining the fair value of portfolio securities. The SEC has recognized that a security’s valuation may differ depending on the method used for determining value. The fair value ascertained for a security is an estimate and there is no assurance, given the limited information available at the time of fair valuation, that a security’s fair value will be the same as or close to the subsequent opening market price for that security.
Subscriptions in Kind
The Fund may from time to time accept securities in exchange for Fund shares.
Financial Intermediaries
The
Fund has authorized one or more Financial Intermediaries to receive purchase and redemption orders on its behalf. Such Financial Intermediaries are authorized to designate other administrative intermediaries to receive purchase and redemption orders on the Fund’s behalf. The Fund will be deemed to have received a purchase and redemption order when a Financial Intermediary or its designee receives the order. Purchase and redemption orders will be priced at the next share price or offering price to be calculated after the order has been “accepted” as defined in the Prospectus.
Automatic Investing and Dollar Cost Averaging
For each Class that is sold directly to investors, shareholders in that Class (“Direct Shareholders”) may arrange to have a fixed amount automatically invested in Fund shares of that Class each month. To do so, a Direct Shareholder must complete an application, available from the Distributor, electing to have automatic investments funded either through (1) redemptions from his or her account in an eligible money market fund outside the Neuberger Berman fund family or (2) withdrawals from the shareholder’s checking account. In either case, the minimum monthly investment is $100. A Direct Shareholder who elects to participate in automatic investing through his or her checking account must include a voided check with the completed application. A completed application should be sent to Neuberger Berman Funds, Boston Service Center, P.O. Box 8403, Boston, MA 02266-8403.
Automatic investing enables a Direct Shareholder to take advantage of “dollar cost averaging.” As a result of dollar cost averaging, a Direct Shareholder’s average cost of Fund shares generally would be lower than if the shareholder purchased a fixed number of shares at the same pre-set intervals. Additional information on dollar cost averaging may be obtained from the Distributor.
Sales Charges
Class A Purchases
Purchases by certain 403(b) plans.
Individual 403(b) plans may be treated similarly to employer-sponsored plans for Class A sales charge purposes (i.e., individual participant accounts are eligible to be aggregated together) if: (a) the Neuberger Berman Funds are principal investment options; (b) the employer facilitates the enrollment process by, for example, allowing
for onsite group enrollment meetings held during working hours; and (c) there is only one dealer firm assigned to the plans.
Other Purchases.
Pursuant to a determination of eligibility by NB Management, Class A shares of the Fund may be sold at net asset value to:
1.
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current or retired directors, trustees, and officers of the Neuberger Berman Funds, current or retired employees and partners of NB Management or Neuberger Berman and its affiliated companies, certain family members and employees of the above persons, and trusts or plans primarily for such persons;
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2.
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currently registered representatives and assistants directly employed by such representatives, retired registered representatives with respect to accounts established while active, or full-time employees (collectively, “Eligible Persons”) (and their (a) spouses or equivalents if recognized under local law, (b) parents and children, including parents and children in step and adoptive relationships, sons-in- law and daughters-in-law, and (c) parents-in-law, if the Eligible Persons or the spouses, children or parents of the Eligible Persons are listed in the account registration with the parents-in-law) of dealers who have sales agreements with the Distributor (or who clear transactions through such dealers), plans for the dealers, and plans that include as participants only the Eligible Persons, their spouses, parents and/or children;
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3.
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currently registered investment advisers (“RIAs”) and assistants directly employed by such RIAs, retired RIAs with respect to accounts established while active, or full-time employees (collectively, “Eligible Persons”) (and their (a) spouses or equivalents if recognized under local law, (b) parents and children, including parents and children in step and adoptive relationships, sons-in-law and daughters-in-law and (c) parents-in-law, if the Eligible Persons or the spouses, children or parents of the Eligible Persons are listed in the account registration with the parents-in-law) of RIA firms that are authorized to sell shares of the Fund, plans for the RIA firms, and plans that include as participants only the Eligible Persons, their spouses, parents and/or children;
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4.
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companies exchanging securities with the Fund through a merger, acquisition or exchange offer;
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5.
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insurance company separate accounts;
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accounts managed by NB Management or Neuberger Berman and its affiliated companies;
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NB Management or Neuberger Berman and its affiliated companies;
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8.
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an individual or entity with a substantial business relationship with NB Management or Neuberger Berman and its affiliated companies, or an individual or entity related or relating to such individual or entity that holds its shares directly with the Fund;
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9.
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wholesalers and full-time employees directly supporting wholesalers involved in the distribution of insurance company separate accounts of insurance companies that have a participation agreement with NB Management and whose underlying investments are managed by NB Management or Neuberger Berman and its affiliated companies and that hold their shares directly with the Fund;
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directors, officers and employees of institutions that have a selling agreement with the Distributor;
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11.
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banks, broker-dealers and other financial institutions (including registered investment advisors and financial planners) that have entered into an agreement with the Distributor or one of its affiliates, purchasing shares on behalf of clients participating in a fund supermarket or in a wrap program, asset allocation program or other program in which the clients pay an asset-based fee;
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12.
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clients of authorized dealers purchasing shares in fixed or flat fee brokerage accounts;
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13.
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Employer-sponsored defined contribution – type plans, including 401(k) plans, 457 plans, employer sponsored 403(b) plans, profit-sharing and money purchase pension plans, defined benefit plans and non-qualified deferred compensation plans, and individual retirement account (“IRA”) rollovers involving retirement plan assets invested in the Fund and transferred in-kind to an IRA held at a financial intermediary that has an agreement with the Distributor to service such accounts;
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14.
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Employee benefit and retirement plans for NB Management and its affiliates; and
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15.
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Certain IRAs that are part of an IRA platform sponsored by a financial intermediary that has an agreement with the Distributor, which specifically provides that the Fund’s shares are offered at NAV on such IRA platform.
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Shares are offered at net asset value to these persons and organizations due to anticipated economies in sales effort and expense. Once an account is established under this net asset value privilege, additional investments can be made at net asset value for the life of the account.
Moving between accounts.
Investments in certain account types may be moved to other account types without incurring additional Class A sales charges. These transactions include, for example:
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redemption proceeds from a non-retirement account (for example, a joint tenant account) used to purchase Fund shares in an IRA or other individual-type retirement account;
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required minimum distributions from an IRA or other individual-type retirement account used to purchase Fund shares in a non-retirement account; and
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death distributions paid to a beneficiary’s account that are used by the beneficiary to purchase Fund shares in a different account.
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Loan repayments.
Repayments on loans taken from a retirement plan or an IRA or other individual-type retirement account are not subject to sales charges if NB Management is notified of the repayment.
Dealer commissions and compensation.
Commissions (up to 1.00%) are paid to dealers who initiate and are responsible for certain Class A share purchases not subject to sales charges. These purchases consist of aggregate purchases of $1 million or more, purchases by employer-sponsored defined contribution-type retirement plans investing $1 million or more or with 100 or more eligible employees, and purchases made at net asset value by certain retirement plans, endowments and foundations with assets of $50 million or more. Commissions on such investments (other than IRA rollover assets that roll over at no sales charge under the Fund’s IRA rollover policy as described in the Prospectus) are paid to dealers at the following rates: 1.00% on amounts from $1 million to $1,999,999, 0.75% on amounts from $2 million to $2,999,999, 0.50% on amounts from $3 million to $4,999,999 and 0.25% on amounts from $5 million and above. Commissions are based on cumulative investments and are reset annually.
A dealer concession of up to 1% may be paid by the Fund under its Class A plan of distribution to reimburse the Distributor in connection with dealer and wholesaler compensation paid by it with respect to investments made with no initial sales charge.
See Appendix B to this SAI for information regarding sales charge reductions and waivers.
ADDITIONAL EXCHANGE INFORMATION
As more fully set forth in the respective fund’s prospectus, if shareholders purchased Institutional Class, Investor Class, Trust Class or Class R6 shares of a fund in the fund family directly, they may redeem at least $1,000 worth of the fund’s shares and invest the proceeds in shares of the corresponding class of one or more of the other funds in the fund family, provided that the minimum investment and other eligibility requirements of the other fund(s) are met. Investor Class shares of a fund in the fund family may also be exchanged for Trust Class shares where NB Management is the Institution acting as the record owner on behalf of the shareholder making the exchange. Class R6 shares of a fund in the fund family may also be exchanged for Institutional shares where (1) NB Management is the Institution acting as the record owner on behalf of the shareholder making the exchange, and (2) Class R6 shares of the other fund in the fund family are not available (otherwise, Class R6 shares would be exchanged for Class R6 shares of the other fund in the fund family).
In addition, Grandfathered Investors (as defined in the Class A and Class C shares Prospectuses) may exchange their shares (either Investor Class or Trust Class) for Class A shares
where Investor Class or Trust Class shares of the other fund in the fund family are not available; otherwise, they will exchange their shares into the corresponding class of the other fund in the fund family. Class R6 shareholders may exchange their shares for Institutional shares where Class R6 shares of the other fund in the fund family are not available; otherwise, they will exchange their shares into Class R6 of the other fund in the fund family.
An Institution may exchange a fund’s Advisor Class, Investor Class, Trust Class, Institutional Class, Class A, Class C, Class R3, and Class R6 shares (if the shareholder did not purchase the fund’s shares directly) for shares of the corresponding class of one or more of the other funds in the fund family, if made available through that Institution. Most Institutions allow you to take advantage of the exchange program.
If shareholders purchased shares of a fund in the fund family directly, with the exception of Class R6, they may exchange those shares for shares of the following eligible money market funds (and classes): Investment Class shares of State Street Institutional U.S. Government Money Market Fund, Investment Class shares of State Street Institutional Liquid Reserves Fund, and Investment Class shares of State Street Institutional Treasury Plus Money Market Fund. An investor may exchange shares of an eligible money market fund for shares of a particular class of a fund in the Neuberger Berman fund family only if the investor holds, through NB Management, both shares of that eligible money market fund and shares of that particular class of that fund in the Neuberger Berman fund family.
Exchanges are generally not subject to any applicable sales charges. However, exchanges from eligible money market funds are subject to any applicable sales charges on the fund in the Neuberger Berman fund family being purchased, unless the eligible money market fund shares were acquired through an exchange from a fund in the Neuberger Berman fund family having a sales charge or by reinvestment or cross-reinvestment of dividends or capital gain distributions from a fund in the Neuberger Berman fund family having a sales charge.
Most investment providers allow you to take advantage of the exchange program. Please contact your investment provider or NB Management for further information on exchanging your shares.
Before effecting an exchange, fund shareholders must obtain and should review a currently effective prospectus of the fund into which the exchange is to be made. An exchange is treated as a sale and purchase for federal income tax purposes, and, depending on the circumstances, a capital gain or loss may be realized.
The fund may terminate or materially alter its exchange privilege without notice to shareholders.
ADDITIONAL REDEMPTION INFORMATION
Suspension of Redemptions
The right to redeem the Fund’s shares may be suspended or payment of the redemption price postponed (1) when the NYSE or the bond market is closed, (2) when trading on the NYSE is
restricted, (3) when an emergency exists as a result of which it is not reasonably practicable for the Fund to dispose of securities it owns or fairly to determine the value of its net assets, or (4) for such other period as the SEC may by order permit for the protection of the Fund’s shareholders. Applicable SEC rules and regulations shall govern whether the conditions prescribed in (2) or (3) exist.
If the right of redemption is suspended, shareholders may withdraw their offers of redemption, or they will receive payment at the NAV per share in effect at the close of business on the first day the NYSE is open (“Business Day”) after termination of the suspension.
Redemptions in Kind
The Fund reserves the right, under certain conditions, to honor any request for redemption by making payment in whole or in part in securities valued as described in “Share Prices and Net Asset Value” above. If payment is made in securities, a shareholder or Institution generally will incur brokerage expenses or other transaction costs in converting those securities into cash and will be subject to fluctuation in the market prices of those securities until they are sold. The Fund does not redeem in kind under normal circumstances, but would do so when the Fund Trustees determine that it is in the best interests of the Fund’s shareholders as a whole.
Abandoned Property
It is the responsibility of the investor to ensure that NB Management maintains a correct address for the investor’s account(s). An incorrect address may cause an investor’s account statements and other mailings to be returned to NB Management. If NB Management is unable to locate the investor, then it will determine whether the investor’s account has legally been abandoned. NB Management is legally obligated to escheat (or transfer) abandoned property to the appropriate state’s unclaimed property administrator in accordance with statutory requirements. The investor’s last known address of record determines which state has jurisdiction.
CONVERSION INFORMATION
If consistent with your investment provider’s program, Class A and Class C shares of the Fund that have been purchased by an investment provider on behalf of clients participating in (i) 401(k) plans, 457 plans, employer-sponsored 403(b) plans, profit-sharing and money purchase pension plans, defined benefit plans and non-qualified deferred compensation plans or (ii) investment programs in which the clients pay a fixed or asset-based fee, may be converted into Institutional Class shares of the same Fund if the investment provider satisfies any then-applicable eligibility requirements for investment in Institutional Class shares of the Fund. Any such conversion will be effected at net asset value without the imposition of any sales load, fee
or other charges by the Fund. Please contact your investment provider about any fees that it may charge.
DIVIDENDS AND OTHER DISTRIBUTIONS
The Fund distributes to its shareholders substantially all of the net investment income it earns by Class (after deducting expenses attributable to the Class) and any net capital gains (both
long-term and short-term) and net gains from foreign currency transactions it realizes. The Fund’s net investment income, for financial accounting purposes, consists of all income accrued on portfolio assets less accrued expenses but does not include capital and foreign currency gains and losses. Net investment income of the Fund and net gains and losses of the Fund are reflected in its NAV until they are distributed.
The Fund ordinarily declares income dividends daily. Dividends declared for each month are ordinarily paid on the last Business Day of the month.
Shares of the Fund begin earning income dividends on the Business Day after the proceeds of the purchase order for the shares have been converted to “federal funds” and continue to earn dividends through the Business Day they are redeemed. Distributions of net realized capital and foreign currency gains, if any, normally are paid once annually, in December.
The Fund’s dividends and other distributions are automatically reinvested in additional shares of the distributing Class of the Fund, unless the shareholder elects to receive them in cash (“cash election”). Direct Shareholders may make a cash election on the original account application or at a later date by writing to State Street Bank and Trust Company (“State Street”), c/o Boston Service Center, P.O. Box 8403, Boston, MA 02266-8403. Cash distributions can be paid by check or through an electronic transfer to a bank account or used to purchase shares of another fund in the fund family, designated in the shareholder’s original account application. To the extent dividends and other distributions are subject to federal, state, and/or local income taxation, they are taxable to the shareholders (or Institution) whether received in cash or reinvested in Fund shares.
A cash election with respect to the Fund remains in effect until the shareholder (or Institution) notifies State Street in writing to discontinue the election. If it is determined, however, that the U.S. Postal Service cannot properly deliver the Fund’s mailings to a shareholder for 180 days, the Fund will terminate the shareholder’s cash election and the shareholder’s dividends and other distributions thereafter will automatically be reinvested in additional Fund shares of the relevant Class until the shareholder (or Institution) requests in writing to State Street or the Fund that the cash election be reinstated.
Dividend or other distribution checks that are not cashed or deposited within 180 days from being issued will be reinvested in additional shares of the distributing Class of the Fund at its NAV per share on the day the check is reinvested. No interest will accrue on amounts represented by uncashed dividend or other distribution checks.
ADDITIONAL TAX INFORMATION
Taxation of the Fund
To qualify for treatment as a RIC under the Code, the Fund, which is treated as a separate corporation for federal tax purposes, must distribute to its shareholders for each taxable year at least 90% of the sum of its investment company taxable income – consisting generally of taxable net investment income, the excess of net short-term capital gain over net long-term capital loss (“short-term gain”), and net gains and losses from certain foreign currency transactions, all determined without regard to any deduction for dividends paid – plus its net interest income excludable from gross income under section 103(a) of the Code (“Distribution Requirement”)
and must meet several additional requirements. With respect to the Fund, these requirements include the following:
(1) the Fund must derive at least 90% of its gross income each taxable year from (a) dividends, interest, payments with respect to securities loans, and gains from the sale or other disposition of securities or foreign currencies, or other income (including gains from Financial Instruments) derived with respect to its business of investing in securities or currencies, and (b) net income from an interest in a “qualified publicly traded partnership” (“QPTP”) (“Income Requirement”); and
(2) at the close of each quarter of the Fund’s taxable year, (a) at least 50% of the value of its total assets must be represented by cash and cash items, Government securities, securities of other RICs, and other securities limited, in respect of any one issuer, to an amount that does not exceed 5% of the value of the Fund’s total assets and that does not represent more than 10% of the issuer’s outstanding voting securities (equity securities of QPTPs being considered voting securities for these purposes), and (b) not more than 25% of the value of its total assets may be invested in (i) securities (other than Government securities or securities of other RICs) of any one issuer, (ii) securities (other than securities of other RICs) of two or more issuers the Fund controls that are determined to be engaged in the same, similar, or related trades or businesses, or (iii) the securities of one or more QPTPs (collectively, “Diversification Requirements”).
By qualifying for treatment as a RIC, the Fund (but not its shareholders) will be relieved of federal income tax on the part of its investment company taxable income and net capital gain (
i.e.
, the excess of net long-term capital gain over net short-term capital loss) that it distributes to its shareholders. If the Fund failed to qualify for treatment as a RIC for any taxable year, it would be taxed on the full amount of its taxable income for that year without being able to deduct the distributions it makes to its shareholders and the shareholders would treat all those distributions, including distributions of net capital gain and amounts that otherwise would be “exempt-interest dividends” (described below), as taxable ordinary dividends to the extent of the Fund’s earnings and profits. All or part of those distributions might be eligible for the dividends-received deduction in the case of corporate shareholders that meet certain holding period and other requirements regarding their Fund shares or for treatment as “qualified dividend income” eligible for a reduced maximum rate for individuals, estates, and trusts that meet those requirements. In addition, the Fund could be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest, and make substantial distributions before requalifying for RIC treatment.
The Fund will be subject to a nondeductible 4% excise tax (“Excise Tax”) to the extent it fails to distribute by the end of any calendar year substantially all of its ordinary (taxable) income for that year and capital gain net income for the one-year period ended on October 31 of that year, plus certain other amounts. The Fund intends to make sufficient distributions each year to avoid liability for the Excise Tax.
The Fund may acquire zero coupon or other securities issued with OID and may also acquire pay-in-kind securities, which pay “interest” through the issuance of additional securities. As a holder of those securities, the Fund must include in gross income the OID that accrues on the securities during the taxable year, even if it receives no corresponding cash payment on them during
the year. Because the Fund annually must distribute substantially all of its investment company taxable income and net tax-exempt income, including any accrued taxable and tax-exempt OID, to satisfy the Distribution Requirement and avoid imposition of the Excise Tax, the Fund may be required in a particular year to distribute as a dividend an amount that is greater than the total amount of cash it actually receives. Those distributions will be made from the Fund’s cash assets or, if necessary, from the proceeds of sales of its securities. The Fund may realize capital gains or losses from those sales, which would increase or decrease its investment company taxable income and/or net capital gain.
Interest and dividends the Fund receives, and gains it realizes, on foreign securities,
may be subject to income, withholding, or other taxes imposed by foreign countries and U.S. possessions that would reduce the yield and/or total return on its investments. Tax treaties between certain countries and the United States may reduce or eliminate those taxes, however, and many foreign countries do not impose taxes on capital gains in respect of investments by foreign investors.
If more than 50% of the value of the Fund’s total assets at the close of its taxable year consists of securities of foreign corporations, the Fund will be eligible to, and may, file with the Internal Revenue Service (“Service”) an election that will enable its shareholders, in effect, to receive the benefit of the foreign tax credit with respect to any foreign taxes the Fund paid. Pursuant to that election, the Fund would treat those taxes as dividends paid to its shareholders and each shareholder would be required to (1) include in gross income, and treat as paid by the shareholder, his or her share of those taxes, (2) treat his or her share of those taxes and of any dividend the Fund paid that represents its income from foreign or U.S. possessions sources as his or her own income from those sources, and (3) either use the foregoing information in calculating the foreign tax credit against his or her federal income tax or, alternatively, deduct the taxes deemed paid by him or her in computing his or her taxable income. The Fund will report to its shareholders shortly after each taxable year their respective shares of the Fund’s foreign taxes and income from sources within foreign countries and U.S. possessions if it makes this election. Individual shareholders of the Fund who have no more than $300 ($600 for married persons filing jointly) of creditable foreign taxes included on Forms 1099 and all of whose foreign source income is “qualified passive income” may elect each year to be exempt from the extremely complicated foreign tax credit limitation and will be able to claim a foreign tax credit without having to file the detailed Form 1116 that otherwise is required.
The Fund’s use of hedging strategies, such as writing (selling) and purchasing Futures Contracts and options and entering into Forward Contracts, involves complex rules that will
determine for income tax purposes the amount, character, and timing of recognition of the gains and losses they realize in connection therewith. Gains from the disposition of foreign currencies (except certain gains that may be excluded by future regulations), and gains from Financial Instruments the Fund derives with respect to its business of investing in securities or foreign currencies, will be treated as qualifying income under the Income Requirement.
Some futures contracts, certain foreign currency contracts, and “nonequity” options (i.e., certain listed options, such as those on a “broad-based” securities index) -- except any “securities futures contract” that is not a “dealer securities futures contract” (both as defined in the Code) and certain swaps and similar agreements -- in which the Fund invests may be subject to Code
section 1256 (collectively, “Section 1256 contracts”). Any Section 1256 contracts the Fund holds at the end of its taxable year (and generally for purposes of the Excise Tax, on October 31 of each year) must be “marked to market” (that is, treated as having been sold at that time for their fair market value) for federal tax purposes, with the result that unrealized gains or losses will be treated as though they were realized. Sixty percent of any net gain or loss recognized as a result of these deemed sales, and 60% of any net realized gain or loss from any actual sales, of Section 1256 contracts are treated as long-term capital gain or loss; the remainder is treated as short-term capital gain or loss. These rules may operate to increase the amount that the Fund must distribute to satisfy the Distribution Requirement (
i.e.
, with respect to the portion treated as short-term capital gain), which will be taxable to its shareholders as ordinary income when distributed to them, and to increase the net capital gain it recognizes, without in either case increasing the cash available to it. Section 1256 contracts also may be marked-to-market for purposes of the Excise Tax. The Fund may elect to exclude certain transactions from the operation of these rules, although doing so may have the effect of increasing the relative proportion of short-term capital gain (taxable to its shareholders as ordinary income when distributed to them) and/or increasing the amount of dividends it must distribute to meet the Distribution Requirement and avoid imposition of the Excise Tax.
Under Code section 988, gains or losses (1) from the disposition of foreign currencies, including Forward Contracts, (2) except in certain circumstances, from Financial Instruments on foreign currencies (and on financial instruments involving foreign currencies) and from notional principal contracts (
e.g.
, swaps, caps, floors, and collars) involving payments denominated in foreign currencies, (3) on the disposition of each foreign-currency-denominated debt security that are attributable to fluctuations in the value of the foreign currency between the dates of acquisition and disposition of the security, and (4) that are attributable to exchange rate fluctuations between the time the Fund accrues interest, dividends, or other receivables or expenses or other liabilities denominated in a foreign currency and the time it actually collects the receivables or pays the liabilities generally will be treated as ordinary income or loss. These gains or losses will increase or decrease the amount of the Fund’s investment company taxable income to be distributed to its shareholders as ordinary income, rather than increasing or decreasing the amount of its net capital gain. If the Fund’s section 988 losses exceed other investment company taxable income for a taxable year, the Fund would not be able to distribute any dividends, and any distributions made during that year before the losses were realized would be recharacterized as a return of capital to shareholders, rather than as a dividend, thereby reducing each shareholder’s basis in his or her Fund shares. Although the Fund values its assets daily in terms of U.S. dollars, it does not intend to convert its holdings of foreign currencies into
U.S. dollars on a daily basis. The Fund will do so from time to time, incurring the costs of currency conversion.
When a covered call option written (sold) by the Fund expires, it realizes a short-term capital gain equal to the amount of the premium it received for writing the option. When the Fund terminates its obligations under such an option by entering into a closing transaction, it realizes a short-term capital gain (or loss), depending on whether the cost of the closing transaction is less (or more) than such amount. When a covered call option written by the Fund is exercised, it is treated as having sold the underlying security, producing long-term or short-term capital gain or loss, depending on the holding period of the underlying security and whether
the sum of the option price it receives on the exercise plus the premium it received when it wrote the option is more or less than its basis in the underlying security.
If the Fund has an “appreciated financial position” – generally, an interest (including an interest through an option, Futures or Forward Contract, or short sale) with respect to any stock, debt instrument (other than “straight debt”), or partnership interest the fair market value of which exceeds its adjusted basis – and enters into a “constructive sale” of the position, the Fund will be treated as having made an actual sale thereof, with the result that it will recognize gain at that time. A constructive sale generally consists of a short sale, an offsetting notional principal contract, or a Futures or Forward Contract the Fund or a related person enters into with respect to the same or substantially identical property. In addition, if the appreciated financial position is itself a short sale or such a contract, acquisition of the underlying property or substantially identical property will be deemed a constructive sale. The foregoing will not apply, however, to any transaction of the Fund during any taxable year that otherwise would be treated as a constructive sale if the transaction is closed within 30 days after the end of that year and the Fund holds the appreciated financial position unhedged for 60 days after that closing (
i.e.
, at no time during that 60-day period is the Fund’s risk of loss regarding that position reduced by reason of certain specified transactions with respect to substantially identical or related property, such as having an option to sell, being contractually obligated to sell, making a short sale of, or granting an option to buy substantially identical stock or securities).
The following federal income tax considerations regarding investments in “RE Partnerships” (as defined below) and REITs apply to the Fund. Income that the Fund derives from a company principally engaged in the real estate industry that is classified for federal tax purposes as a partnership (and not as a corporation or REIT) and is not a QPTP (“RE Partnership”) will be treated under the Code as qualifying income under the Income Requirement only to the extent the income is attributable to the RE Partnership’s income that would be qualifying income if realized directly by the Fund in the same manner as realized by the RE Partnership. The Service also has issued numerous private letter rulings (which may not be relied on by taxpayers other than the addressees thereof but nevertheless indicate the Service’s view of federal tax matters) holding that a RIC that invests in a partnership should be treated as owning a proportionate share of the partnership’s assets for purposes of the Diversification Requirements.
The
Fund may invest in REITs that (1) hold residual interests in real estate mortgage investment conduits (“REMICs”) or (2) engage in mortgage securitization transactions that cause the REIT to be a taxable mortgage pools (“TMP”) or have a qualified REIT subsidiary that is a TMP. A portion of the net income allocable to REMIC residual interest holders may be an “excess
inclusion.” The Code authorizes the issuance of regulations dealing with the taxation and reporting of excess inclusion income of REITs and RICs that hold residual REMIC interests and of REITs, or qualified REIT subsidiaries, that are TMPs. Although those regulations have not yet been issued, in 2006 the U.S. Treasury Department and the Service issued a notice (“Notice”) announcing that, pending the issuance of further guidance, the Service would apply the principles in the following paragraphs to all excess inclusion income, whether from REMIC residual interests or TMPs.
The Notice provides that a REIT must (1) determine whether it or its qualified REIT subsidiary (or a part of either) is a TMP and, if so, calculate the TMP’s excess inclusion income under a “reasonable method,” (2) allocate its excess inclusion income to its shareholders generally
in proportion to dividends paid, (3) inform shareholders that are not “disqualified organizations” (
i.e.
, governmental units and tax-exempt entities that are not subject to the unrelated business income tax) of the amount and character of the excess inclusion income allocated thereto, (4) pay tax (at the highest federal income tax rate imposed on corporations) on the excess inclusion income allocated to its disqualified organization shareholders, and (5) apply the withholding tax provisions with respect to the excess inclusion part of dividends paid to foreign persons without regard to any treaty exception or reduction in tax rate. Excess inclusion income allocated to certain tax-exempt entities (including qualified retirement plans, IRAs, and public charities) constitutes unrelated business taxable income to them.
A RIC with excess inclusion income is subject to rules identical to those in clauses (2) through (5) (substituting “that are nominees” for “that are not ‘disqualified organizations’” in clause (3) and inserting “record shareholders that are” after “its” in clause (4)). The Notice further provides that a RIC is not required to report the amount and character of the excess inclusion income allocated to its shareholders that are not nominees, except that (1) a RIC with excess inclusion income from all sources that exceeds 1% of its gross income must do so and (2) any other RIC must do so by taking into account only excess inclusion income allocated to the RIC from REITs the excess inclusion income of which exceeded 3% of its dividends. The
Fund will not invest directly in REMIC residual interests and does not intend to invest in REITs that, to its knowledge, invest in those interests or are TMPs or have a qualified REIT subsidiary that is a TMP.
Other
. The
Fund may invest in bonds that are purchased, generally not on their original issue, with “market discount” (that is, at a price less than the bond’s principal amount or, in the case of a bond that was issued with OID, a price less than the amount of the issue price plus accrued OID) (“market discount bonds”). Market discount less than the product of (1) 0.25% of the redemption price at maturity times (2) the number of complete years to maturity after the Fund acquired the bond is disregarded. Market discount generally is accrued ratably, on a daily basis, over the period from the acquisition date to the date of maturity. Gain on the disposition of a market discount bond, other than a bond with a fixed maturity date within one year from its issuance, generally is treated as ordinary (taxable) income, rather than capital gain, to the extent of the bond’s accrued market discount at the time of disposition. In lieu of treating the disposition gain as described above, the Fund may elect to include market discount in its gross income currently, for each taxable year to which it is attributable.
Passive Foreign Investment Companies.
The Fund may invest in the stock of “passive foreign investment companies” (“PFICs”). A PFIC is any foreign corporation (with certain
exceptions) that, in general, meets either of the following tests: (1) at least 75% of its gross income for the taxable year is passive or (2) an average of at least 50% of its assets produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. Under certain circumstances, the Fund will be subject to federal income tax on a portion of any “excess distribution” it receives on the stock of a PFIC or of any gain on its disposition of that stock (collectively “PFIC income”), plus interest thereon, even if the Fund distributes the PFIC income as a dividend to its shareholders. The balance of the PFIC income will be included in the Fund’s investment company taxable income and, accordingly, will not be taxable to it to the extent it distributes that income to its shareholders. Fund distributions thereof will not be eligible for the reduced maximum federal income tax rate on individuals’ “qualified dividend income” described above.
If the Fund invests in a PFIC and elects to treat the PFIC as a “qualified electing fund” (“QEF”), then in lieu of the foregoing tax and interest obligation, the Fund would be required to include in income each taxable year its
pro rata
share of the QEF’s annual ordinary earnings and net capital gain -- which the Fund likely would have to distribute to satisfy the Distribution Requirement and avoid imposition of the Excise Tax -- even if the QEF did not distribute those earnings and gain to the Fund. In most instances it will be very difficult, if not impossible, to make this election because of certain requirements thereof.
The Fund may elect to “mark to market” any stock in a PFIC it owns at the end of its taxable year. “Marking-to-market,” in this context, means including in gross income each taxable year (and treating as ordinary income) the excess, if any, of the fair market value of the stock over the Fund’s adjusted basis therein (including mark-to-market gain for each prior year for which an election was in effect) as of the end of that year. Pursuant to the election, the Fund also would be allowed to deduct (as an ordinary, not a capital, loss) the excess, if any, of its adjusted basis in PFIC stock over the fair market value thereof as of the taxable year-end, but only to the extent of any net mark-to-market gains with respect to that stock the Fund included in income for prior taxable years under the election. The Fund’s adjusted basis in each PFIC’s stock subject to the election would be adjusted to reflect the amounts of income included and deductions taken thereunder.
Investors should be aware that the Fund may not be able, at the time it acquires a foreign corporation’s shares, to ascertain whether the corporation is a PFIC and that a foreign corporation may become a PFIC after the Fund acquires shares therein. While the Fund generally will seek to avoid investing in PFIC shares to avoid the tax consequences detailed above, there are no guarantees that it will be able to do so and it reserves the right to make such investments as a matter of its investment policy.
Taxation of the Fund’s Shareholders
If Fund shares are sold at a loss after being held for six months or less, the loss will be treated as long-term, instead of short-term, capital loss to the extent of any capital gain distributions received on those shares.
The Fund is required to withhold at the backup withholding rate and remit to the U.S. Treasury from all taxable dividends, capital gain distributions, and redemption proceeds (regardless of the extent to which gain or loss may be realized) otherwise payable to any
individuals and certain other non-corporate shareholders who do not provide the Fund with a correct taxpayer identification number. Withholding at that rate also is required from dividends and other distributions otherwise payable to those shareholders who are subject to backup withholding for any other reason.
Dividends the Fund pays to a foreign shareholder, other than (1) dividends paid to a foreign shareholder whose ownership of shares is effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business the shareholder carries on and (2) capital gain distributions paid to a nonresident alien individual who is physically present in the United States for no more than 182 days during the taxable year, generally will be subject to a federal withholding tax of 30% (or lower treaty rate). Two categories of dividends, however, “short-term capital gain dividends” and “interest-related
dividends,” will be exempt from that tax. “Short-term capital gain dividends” are dividends that are attributable to net short-term capital gain, computed with certain adjustments. “Interest-related dividends” are dividends that are attributable to “qualified net interest income” (“qualified interest income” less allocable deductions), which generally consists of certain OID, interest on obligations “in registered form,” and interest on deposits.
The exemption from withholding tax will apply only to interest-related dividends and short-term capital gain dividends the Fund pays to foreign investors, with certain exceptions, with respect to its taxable years beginning before January 1, 2014, unless legislation is enacted extending this exemption to later taxable years.
Under legislation known as “FATCA” (the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act), the Fund will be required to withhold 30% of the ordinary dividends it pays after June 30, 2014, and the gross proceeds of share redemptions and certain capital gain dividends it pays after December 31, 2016, to shareholders that fail to meet prescribed information reporting or certification requirements. In general, no such withholding will be required with respect to a U.S. person or foreign individual that timely provides the certifications required by the Fund or its agent on a valid IRS Form W-9 or W-8, respectively. Shareholders potentially subject to withholding include foreign financial institutions (“FFIs”), such as foreign investment funds, and non-financial foreign entities (“NFFEs”). To avoid withholding under FATCA, an FFI generally must enter into an information sharing agreement with the Service in which it agrees to report certain identifying information (including name, address, and taxpayer identification number) with respect to its U.S. account holders (which, in the case of an entity shareholder, may include its direct and indirect U.S. owners), and an NFFE generally must identify itself and may be required to provide other required information to the Fund or other withholding agent regarding its U.S. owners, if any. Such foreign shareholders also may fall into certain exempt, excepted or deemed compliant categories as established by regulations and other guidance. A non-U.S. entity that invests in the Fund will need to provide the Fund with documentation properly certifying the entity’s status under FATCA in order to avoid FATCA withholding. A foreign shareholder resident or doing business in a country that has entered into an intergovernmental agreement with the U.S. to implement FATCA will be exempt from FATCA withholding provided that the shareholder and the applicable foreign government comply with the terms of such agreement. Non-U.S. investors should consult their own tax advisers regarding the impact of these requirements on their investment in the Fund.
As described in “Maintaining Your Account” in the Prospectus, the Fund may close a shareholder’s account and redeem the remaining shares if the account balance falls below the
specified minimum and the shareholder fails to re-establish the minimum balance after being given the opportunity to do so. If an account that is closed pursuant to the foregoing was maintained for an IRA (including a Roth IRA) or a qualified retirement plan (including a simplified employee pension plan, savings incentive match plan for employees, Keogh plan, corporate profit-sharing and money purchase pension plan, Code section 401(k) plan, and Code section 403(b)(7) account), the Fund’s payment of the redemption proceeds may result in adverse tax consequences for the accountholder. Shareholders should consult their tax advisers regarding any such consequences.
A shareholder’s basis in Fund shares that he or she acquires after December 31, 2011 (“Covered Shares”), will be determined in accordance with the Fund’s default method, which is
average basis, unless the shareholder affirmatively elects in writing (which may be electronic) to use a different acceptable basis determination method, such as the specific identification method. The basis determination method a Fund shareholder elects (or the default method) may not be changed with respect to a redemption of Covered Shares after the settlement date of the redemption.
In addition to the previous requirement to report the gross proceeds from a redemption of shares, the Fund (or its administrative agent) must report to the Service and furnish to its shareholders the basis information for Covered Shares and indicate whether they had a short-term (one year or less) or long-term (more than one year) holding period. Fund shareholders should consult with their tax advisors to determine the best Service-accepted basis determination method for their tax situation and to obtain more information about how the basis reporting law applies to them.
After calendar year-end, REITs can and often do change the category (
e.g.
, ordinary income dividend, capital gain distribution, or return of capital) of the distributions they have made during that year, which would result at that time in the Fund also having to re-categorize some of the distributions it has made to its shareholders. Those changes would be reflected in your annual Form 1099, together with other tax information. Although those forms generally will be distributed to you in mid-February of each year, the Fund may request from the Service an extension of time to distribute those forms until late-February to enable it to receive the latest information it can from the REITs in which it invests and thereby accurately report that information to you on a single form (rather than having to send you an amended form).
FUND TRANSACTIONS
Purchases and sales of portfolio securities generally are transacted with issuers, underwriters, or dealers that serve as primary market-makers, who act as principals for the securities on a net basis. The Fund typically does not pay brokerage commissions for such purchases and sales. Instead, the price paid for newly issued securities usually includes a concession or discount paid by the issuer to the underwriter, and the prices quoted by market-makers reflect a spread between the bid and the asked prices from which the dealer derives a profit.
In purchasing and selling portfolio securities other than as described above (for example, in the secondary market), the Fund seeks to obtain best execution at the most favorable prices through responsible broker-dealers and, in the case of agency transactions, at competitive commission rates.
In selecting broker-dealers to execute transactions, the Manager considers such factors as the price of the security, the rate of commission, the size and difficulty of the order, and the reliability, integrity, financial condition, and general execution and operational capabilities of competing broker-dealers. The Fund will purchase loans in individually negotiated transactions with commercial banks, thrifts, insurance companies, finance companies and other financial institutions. In determining whether to purchase loans from these financial institutions, the Manager may consider, among other factors, the financial strength, professional ability, level of service and research capability of the institution. While financial institutions generally are not required to repurchase loans which they have sold, they may act as principal or on an agency basis in connection with the Fund’s disposition of loans.
To the Fund’s knowledge, no affiliate of the Fund receives give-ups or reciprocal business in connection with its portfolio transactions. The Fund does not effects transaction with or through broker-dealers in accordance with any formula or for selling shares of the Fund. However, broker-dealers who execute portfolio transactions may from time to time effect purchases of Fund shares for their customers. The 1940 Act generally prohibits Neuberger Berman from acting as principal in the purchase of portfolio securities from, or the sale of portfolio securities to, the Fund unless an appropriate exemption is available.
In effecting securities transactions, the Fund seeks to obtain the best price and execution of orders. Affiliates of NB Management are permitted to act as brokers for the Fund for the purchase and sale of its portfolio securities (other than certain securities traded on the OTC market) where such brokers are capable of providing best execution (“Affiliated Brokers”). For Fund transactions which involve securities traded on the OTC market, the Fund purchases and sells OTC securities in principal transactions with dealers who are the principal market makers for such securities.
The use of an Affiliated Broker for the Fund is subject to the requirements of Section 11(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Section 11(a) prohibits members of national securities exchanges from retaining compensation for executing exchange transactions for accounts which they or their affiliates manage, except where they have the authorization of the persons authorized to transact business for the account and comply with certain annual reporting requirements. Before an Affiliated Broker is used, the Trust and NB Management expressly authorize the Affiliated Broker to retain such compensation, and the Affiliate Broker would have to agree to comply with the reporting requirements of Section 11(a).
Under the 1940 Act, commissions paid by the Fund to an Affiliated Broker in connection with a purchase or sale of securities on a securities exchange may not exceed the usual and customary broker’s commission. Accordingly, with respect to the Fund the commissions paid an Affiliated Broker will be at least as favorable to the Fund as those that would be charged by other qualified brokers having comparable execution capability in NB Management’s judgment. The Fund does not deem it practicable and in its best interests to solicit competitive bids for commissions on each transaction effected by an Affiliated Broker. However, when an Affiliated Broker is executing portfolio transactions on behalf of the Fund, consideration regularly will be given to information concerning the prevailing level of commissions charged by other brokers on comparable transactions during comparable periods of time. The 1940 Act generally prohibits an
Affiliated Broker from acting as principal in the purchase of portfolio securities from, or the sale of portfolio securities to, the Fund unless an appropriate exemption is available.
A committee of Independent Fund Trustees from time to time will review, among other things, information relating to the commissions charged by an Affiliated Broker to the Fund and to its other customers and information concerning the prevailing level of commissions charged by other brokers having comparable execution capability.
To ensure that accounts of all investment clients, including the Fund, are treated fairly in the event that an Affiliated Broker receives transaction instructions regarding the same security for more than one investment account at or about the same time, the Affiliated Broker may combine orders placed on behalf of clients, including advisory accounts in which affiliated
persons have an investment interest, for the purpose of negotiating brokerage commissions or obtaining a more favorable price. Where appropriate, securities purchased or sold may be allocated, in terms of amount, to a client according to the proportion that the size of the order placed by that account bears to the aggregate size of orders contemporaneously placed by the other accounts, subject to de minimis exceptions. All participating accounts will pay or receive the same price when orders are combined.
Under policies adopted by the Board of Trustees, an Affiliated Broker may enter into agency cross-trades on behalf of the Fund. An agency cross-trade is a securities transaction in which the same broker acts as agent on both sides of the trade and the broker or an affiliate has discretion over one of the participating accounts. In this situation, the Affiliated Broker would receive brokerage commissions from both participants in the trade. The other account participating in an agency cross-trade with the Fund cannot be an account over which the Affiliated Broker exercises investment discretion. A member of the Board of Trustees who will not be affiliated with the Affiliated Broker will review information about each agency cross-trade that the Fund participates in.
In selecting a broker to execute Fund transactions, NB Management considers the quality and reliability of brokerage services, including execution capability, speed of execution, overall performance, and financial responsibility, and may consider, among other factors, research and other investment information provided by non-affiliated brokers.
A committee comprised of officers of NB Management and/or employees of NBFI who are Portfolio Managers of the Fund and Other NB Funds (collectively, “NB Funds”) and some of NBFI’s managed accounts (“Managed Accounts”) periodically evaluates throughout the year the nature and quality of the brokerage and research services provided by other brokers. Based on this evaluation, the committee establishes a list and projected rankings of preferred brokers for use in determining the relative amounts of commissions to be allocated to those brokers. Ordinarily, the brokers on the list effect a large portion of the brokerage transactions for the NB Funds and the Managed Accounts. However, in any semi-annual period, brokers not on the list may be used, and the relative amounts of brokerage commissions paid to the brokers on the list may vary substantially from the projected rankings. These variations reflect the following factors, among others: (1) brokers not on the list or ranking below other brokers on the list may be selected for particular transactions because they provide better price and/or execution, which is the primary consideration in allocating brokerage; (2) adjustments may be required because of
periodic changes in the execution capabilities of or research or other services provided by particular brokers or in the execution or research needs of the NB Funds and/or the Managed Accounts; and (3) the aggregate amount of brokerage commissions generated by transactions for the NB Funds and the Managed Accounts may change substantially from one semi-annual period to the next.
The commissions paid to a broker other than an Affiliated Broker may be higher than the amount another firm might charge if the Manager determines in good faith that the amount of those commissions is reasonable in relation to the value of the brokerage and research services provided by the broker. The Manager believes that those research services benefit the Fund by supplementing the information otherwise available to the Manager. That research may be used by the Manager in servicing Other NB Funds and, in some cases, by NBFI in servicing the
Managed Accounts. On the other hand, research received by the Manager from brokers effecting portfolio transactions on behalf of the Other NB Funds and by NBFI from brokers effecting portfolio transactions on behalf of the Managed Accounts may be used for the Fund’s benefit.
In certain instances, the Manager may specifically allocate brokerage for research services (including research reports on issuers and industries, as well as economic and financial data) which may otherwise be purchased for cash. While the receipt of such services has not reduced the Manager’s normal internal research activities, the Manager’s expenses could be materially increased if it were to generate such additional information internally. To the extent such research services are provided by others, the Manager is relieved of expenses it may otherwise incur. In some cases research services are generated by third parties but provided to the Manager by or through broker dealers. Research obtained in this manner may be used in servicing any or all clients of the Manager and may be used in connection with clients other than those clients whose brokerage commissions are used to acquire the research services described herein. With regard to allocation of brokerage to acquire research services described above, the Manager always considers its best execution obligation when deciding which broker to utilize.
The Fund may, from time to time, loan portfolio securities to broker-dealers affiliated with NB Management (“Affiliated Borrowers”) in accordance with the terms and conditions of an order issued by the SEC. The order exempts such transactions from the provisions of the 1940 Act that would otherwise prohibit these transactions, subject to certain conditions. In accordance with the order, securities loans made by the Fund to Affiliated Borrowers are fully secured by cash collateral. Each loan to an Affiliated Borrower by the Fund will be made on terms at least as favorable to the Fund as comparable loans to unaffiliated borrowers, and no loans will be made to an Affiliated Borrower unless the Affiliated Borrower represents that the terms are at least as favorable to the Fund as those it provides to unaffiliated lenders in comparable transactions. All transactions with Affiliated Borrowers will be reviewed periodically by officers of the Trust and reported to the Board of Trustees.
Portfolio Turnover
The Fund’s portfolio turnover rate is calculated by dividing (1) the lesser of the cost of the securities purchased or the proceeds from the securities sold by the Fund during the fiscal year (other than securities, including options, whose maturity or expiration date at the time of
acquisition was one year or less) by (2) the month-end average of the value of such securities owned by the Fund during the fiscal year.
Proxy Voting
The Board of Trustees has delegated to NB Management the responsibility to vote proxies related to the securities held in the Fund’s portfolio. Under this authority, NB Management is required by the Board of Trustees to vote proxies related to portfolio securities in the best interests of the Fund
and its shareholders. The Board of Trustees permits NB Management to contract with a third party to obtain proxy voting and related services, including research of current issues.
NB Management has implemented written Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures (“Proxy Voting Policy”) that are designed to reasonably ensure that NB Management votes proxies prudently and in the best interest of its advisory clients for whom NB Management has voting authority, including the Fund. The Proxy Voting Policy also describes how NB Management addresses any conflicts that may arise between its interests and those of its clients with respect to proxy voting.
NB Management’s Proxy Committee is responsible for developing, authorizing, implementing and updating the Proxy Voting Policy, overseeing the proxy voting process and engaging and overseeing any independent third-party vendors as voting delegate to review, monitor and/or vote proxies. In order to apply the Proxy Voting Policy noted above in a timely and consistent manner, NB Management utilizes Glass, Lewis & Co. (“Glass Lewis”) to vote proxies in accordance with NB Management’s voting guidelines.
NB Management’s guidelines adopt the voting recommendations of Glass Lewis. NB Management retains final authority and fiduciary responsibility for proxy voting. NB Management believes that this process is reasonably designed to address material conflicts of interest that may arise between NB Management and a client as to how proxies are voted.
In the event that an investment professional at NB Management believes that it is in the best interests of a client or clients to vote proxies in a manner inconsistent with NB Management’s proxy voting guidelines or in a manner inconsistent with Glass Lewis recommendations, the Proxy Committee will review information submitted by the investment professional to determine that there is no material conflict of interest between NB Management and the client with respect to the voting of the proxy in that manner.
If the Proxy Committee determines that the voting of a proxy as recommended by the investment professional presents a material conflict of interest between NB Management and the client or clients with respect to the voting of the proxy, the Proxy Committee shall: (i) take no further action, in which case Glass Lewis shall vote such proxy in accordance with the proxy voting guidelines or as Glass Lewis recommends; (ii) disclose such conflict to the client or clients and obtain written direction from the client as to how to vote the proxy; (iii) suggest that the client or clients engage another party to determine how to vote the proxy; or (iv) engage another independent third party to determine how to vote the proxy.
Information regarding how the Fund voted proxies relating to portfolio securities during the most recent 12-month period ended June 30 is available, without charge, by calling 1-800-877-9700 (toll-free) or visiting www.nb.com or the website of the SEC, www.sec.gov.
PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS DISCLOSURE
Portfolio Holdings Disclosure Policy
The Fund
prohibits the disclosure of information about its portfolio holdings, before such information is publicly disclosed, to any outside parties, including individual investors, institutional investors, intermediaries, third party service providers to NB Management or the Fund, rating and ranking organizations, and affiliated persons of the Fund or NB Management
(the “Potential Recipients”) unless such disclosure is consistent with the Fund’s legitimate business purposes and is in the best interests of its shareholders (the “Best Interests Standard”).
NB Management and the Fund have determined that the only categories of Potential Recipients that meet the Best Interests Standard are certain mutual fund rating and ranking organizations and third party service providers to NB Management or the Fund with a specific business reason to know the portfolio holdings of the Fund (e.g., securities lending agents) (the “Allowable Recipients”). As such, certain procedures must be adhered to before the Allowable Recipients may receive the portfolio holdings prior to their being made public. Allowable Recipients that get approved for receipt of the portfolio holdings are known as “Approved Recipients.” NB Management may determine to expand the categories of Allowable Recipients only if it is determined that the Best Interests Standard has been met and only with the written concurrence of NB Management’s legal and compliance department. These procedures are designed to address conflicts of interest between the shareholders, on the one hand, and NB Management or any affiliated person of either NB Management or the Fund, on the other, by creating a review and approval process of potential recipients of portfolio holdings, which seeks to ensure that disclosure of information about the Fund’s portfolio securities is in the best interests of the Fund and its shareholders.
Portfolio Holdings Disclosure Procedures
Disclosure of portfolio holdings may be requested by completing and submitting a holdings disclosure form to NB Management’s legal and compliance department or to the Chief Compliance Officer of NB Management for review, approval and processing.
Neither the Fund, NB Management nor any affiliate of either may receive any compensation or consideration for the disclosure of portfolio holdings, although usual and customary compensation may be paid in connection with a service delivered, such as securities lending. Each Allowable Recipient must sign a non-disclosure agreement before they may become an Approved Recipient. Pursuant to a duty of confidentiality set forth in the non-disclosure agreement, Allowable Recipients are (1) required to keep all portfolio holdings information confidential and (2) prohibited from trading based on such information. The Chief Compliance Officer shall report any material issues that may arise under these policies to the Board of Trustees.
Pursuant to a Code of Ethics adopted by the Fund, NB Management and NBFI (“NB Code”), Investment Personnel, Access Persons and employees of each are prohibited from revealing information relating to current or anticipated investment intentions, portfolio holdings, portfolio transactions or activities of the Fund except to persons whose responsibilities are determined to require knowledge of the information in accordance with procedures established by the Legal and Compliance Department in the best interests of the Fund’s shareholders. The NB Code also prohibits any person associated with the Fund, NB Management or NBFI, in connection with the purchase or sale, directly or indirectly, by such person of a security held or to be acquired by the Fund from engaging in any transaction in a security while in possession of material nonpublic information regarding the security or the issuer of the security.
Portfolio Holdings Approved Recipients
The Fund currently has ongoing arrangements to disclose portfolio holdings information prior to it being made public with the following Approved Recipients:
State Street Bank and Trust Company (“State Street”)
. The Fund has selected State Street as custodian for its securities and cash. Pursuant to a custodian contract, the Fund employs State Street as the custodian of its assets. As custodian, State Street creates and maintains all records relating to the Fund’s activities and supplies the Fund with a daily tabulation of the securities it owns and that are held by State Street. Pursuant to such contract, State Street agrees that all books, records, information and data pertaining to the business of the Fund which are exchanged or received pursuant to the contract shall remain confidential, shall not be voluntarily disclosed to any other person, except as may be required by law, and shall not be used by State Street for any purpose not directly related to the business of the Fund, except with the Fund’s written consent. State Street receives reasonable compensation for its services and expenses as custodian.
Securities Lending Agent.
The Fund may enter into a securities lending agreement under which the Fund loans securities to a counter party as a principal borrower or lending agent. Those principal borrowers or agents may receive the Fund’s portfolio holdings daily. Each such principal borrower that receives such information is or will be subject to an agreement that all financial, statistical, personal, technical and other data and information related to the Fund’s operations that is designated by the Fund as confidential will be protected from unauthorized use and disclosure by the principal borrower. The Fund may pay a fee for agency and/or administrative services related to its role as lending agent. The Fund also pays the principal borrowers a fee with respect to the cash collateral that it receives and retains the income earned on reinvestment of that cash collateral.
Other Third-Party Service Providers to the Fund
. The Fund may also disclose portfolio holdings information prior to it being made public to its independent registered public accounting firm, legal counsel, financial printers, proxy voting firms and other third-party service providers to the Fund who require access to this information to fulfill their duties to the Fund.
In addition, the Fund may disclose portfolio holdings information to third parties that calculate information derived from holdings for use by NB Management and/or NBFI. Currently,
the Fund provides its complete portfolio holdings to FactSet Research Systems Inc. (“FactSet”) each day for this purpose. FactSet receives reasonable compensation for its services.
The Fund may also, from time to time, disclose portfolio holdings information to a proxy solicitation service, Glass Lewis, or to a corporate action service provider, ISS, although they typically receive holdings information after that information is already public.
Further, the Fund that is authorized to invest in loans may disclose specific loan portfolio holdings to LendAmend LLC, a provider of administrative services in the syndicated bank loan market, when the loan agreement for a loan the Fund owns is up for amendment. At such time,
only the loan(s) held by the Fund that has an agreement up for amendment will be communicated to LendAmend LLC.
In all cases the third-party service provider receiving the information has agreed in writing (or is otherwise required by professional and/or written confidentiality requirements or fiduciary duty) to keep the information confidential, to use it only for the agreed-upon purpose(s) and not to trade securities on the basis of such information.
Rating, Ranking and Research Agencies
. The Fund sends its complete portfolio holdings information to the following rating, ranking and research agencies for the purpose of having such agency develop a rating, ranking or specific research product for the Fund. The Fund provides its complete portfolio holdings to: Vestek each day, Lipper, a Reuters company, on the sixth business day of each month, Bloomberg and Morningstar on the sixth business day of each month, with a one month delay (but if the Fund posts its holdings quarterly, it provides its holdings on a quarterly basis) and RiskMetrics on the sixth business day of each month (holdings that are sent are on a two-month delay). The Fund also provides its complete month-end portfolio holdings to Data Communiqué International (“DCI”), a company that provides automated data publishing, printing, and distribution technologies to financial services companies, on the first business day of each following month so that DCI can create a list of the Fund’s top 10 holdings. No compensation is received by the Fund, NB Management, NBFI, or any other person in connection with the disclosure of this information. NB Management either has or expects to enter shortly into a written confidentiality agreement, with each rating, ranking or research agency in which the agency agrees or will agree to keep the Fund’s portfolio holdings confidential and to use such information only in connection with developing a rating, ranking or research product for the Fund.
REPORTS TO SHAREHOLDERS
Shareholders of the Fund receive unaudited semi-annual financial statements, as well as year-end financial statements audited by the independent registered public accounting firm for the Fund. The Fund’s statements show the investments owned by it and the market values thereof and provide other information about the Fund and its operations.
ORGANIZATION, CAPITALIZATION AND OTHER MATTERS
The Fund is a separate ongoing series of the Trust, a Delaware statutory trust organized pursuant to an Amended and Restated Trust Instrument dated as of June 24, 2009. The Trust is
registered under the 1940 Act as a diversified, open-end management investment company, commonly known as a mutual fund. The Trust has nine separate operating series (including the Fund). The Fund Trustees may establish additional series or classes of shares without the approval of shareholders. The assets of each series belong only to that series, and the liabilities of each series are borne solely by that series and no other.
Prior to June 1, 2009, the name of the Trust was Lehman Brothers Income Funds. Prior to June 1, 2007, the name of the Trust was Neuberger Berman Income Funds.
Description of Shares
. The Fund is authorized to issue an unlimited number of shares of beneficial interest (par value $0.001 per share). Shares of the Fund represent equal proportionate
interests in the assets of the Fund only and have identical voting, dividend, redemption, liquidation, and other rights except that expenses allocated to a Class may be borne solely by such Class as determined by the Fund Trustees and a Class may have exclusive voting rights with respect to matters affecting only that Class. All shares issued are fully paid and non-assessable, and shareholders have no preemptive or other rights to subscribe to any additional shares.
Shareholder Meetings
. The Fund Trustees do not intend to hold annual meetings of shareholders of the Fund. The Fund Trustees will call special meetings of shareholders of the Fund or Class only if required under the 1940 Act or in their discretion or upon the written request of holders of 25% or more of the outstanding shares of the Fund or Class entitled to vote at the meeting.
Certain Provisions of Trust Instrument
. Under Delaware law, the shareholders of the Fund will not be personally liable for the obligations of the Fund; a shareholder is entitled to the same limitation of personal liability extended to shareholders of a Delaware corporation. To guard against the risk that Delaware law might not be applied in other states, the Trust Instrument requires that every written obligation of the Trust or the Fund contain a statement that such obligation may be enforced only against the assets of the Trust or Fund and provides for indemnification out of Trust or Fund property of any shareholder nevertheless held personally liable for Trust or Fund obligations, respectively, merely on the basis of being a shareholder.
Other
.
For Fund shares that can be bought, owned and sold through an account with an Institution, a client of an Institution may be unable to purchase additional shares and/or may be required to redeem shares (and possibly incur a tax liability) if the client no longer has a relationship with the Institution or if the Institution no longer has a contract with NB Management to perform services. Depending on the policies of the Institution involved, an investor may be able to transfer an account from one Institution to another.
CUSTODIAN AND TRANSFER AGENT
The Fund has selected State Street Bank and Trust Company (“State Street”), 2 Avenue de Lafayette, Boston, MA 02111, as custodian for its securities and cash. State Street also serves as the Fund’s transfer and shareholder servicing agent, administering purchases, redemptions, and transfers of Fund shares and the payment of dividends and other distributions through its Boston Service Center. All correspondence should be mailed to Neuberger Berman Funds, c/o Boston Service Center, P.O. Box 8403, Boston, MA 02266-8403.
INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
The Fund has selected Ernst & Young LLP, 200 Clarendon Street, Boston, MA 02116, as the independent registered public accounting firm that will audit its financial statements.
LEGAL COUNSEL
The Trust has selected K&L Gates LLP, 1601 K Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006-1600, as its legal counsel.
CONTROL PERSONS AND PRINCIPAL HOLDERS OF SECURITIES
The Fund has not yet commenced operations as of the date of this SAI and therefore had no beneficial and record owners of more than five percent of the Fund’s shares.
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
This SAI and the Prospectus do not contain all the information included in the Trust’s registration statement filed with the SEC under the 1933 Act with respect to the securities offered by the Prospectus. The registration statement, including the exhibits filed therewith, may be examined at the SEC’s offices in Washington, D.C. The SEC maintains a website (http://www.sec.gov) that contains this SAI, material incorporated by reference, and other information regarding the Fund.
Statements contained in this SAI and in the Prospectus as to the contents of any contract or other document referred to are not necessarily complete. In each instance where reference is made to a contract or other document a copy of which is filed as an exhibit to the registration statement, each such statement is qualified in all respects by such reference.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The Fund has not yet commenced operations as of the date of this SAI and therefore had no financial statements.
Appendix A
Long-Term and Short-Term Debt Securities Rating Descriptions
Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”) Corporate Long-Term Issue Ratings:
The following descriptions of S&P’s long-term issue ratings have been published by Standard & Poor’s Financial Service LLC.
AAA
– An obligation rated ‘AAA’ has the highest rating assigned by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is extremely strong.
AA
– An obligation rated ‘AA’ differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree.
The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is very strong.
A
– An obligation rated ‘A’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in
circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is still strong.
BBB
– An obligation rated ‘BBB’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity of the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
BB, B, CCC, CC, and C
– Obligations rated ‘BB’, ‘B’, ‘CCC’, ‘CC’, and ‘C’ are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. ‘BB’ indicates the least degree of speculation and ‘C’ the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposures to adverse conditions.
BB
– An obligation rated ‘BB’ is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues.
However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions which could lead to the obligor’s inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
B
– An obligation rated ‘B’ is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated ‘BB’, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor’s capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
CCC
– An obligation rated ‘CCC’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment, and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
CC
– An obligation rated ‘CC’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment.
C
– A ‘C’ rating is assigned to obligations that are currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, obligations that have payment arrearages allowed by the terms of the documents, or obligations of an issuer that is the subject of a bankruptcy petition or similar action which have not experienced a payment default. Among others, the ‘C’ rating may be assigned to subordinated debt, preferred stock or other obligations on which cash payments have been suspended in accordance with the instrument’s terms or when preferred stock is the subject of a distressed exchange offer, whereby some or all of the issue is either repurchased for an amount of cash or replaced by other instruments having a total value that is less than par.
D
– An obligation rated ‘D’ is in payment default. The ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within five business days, irrespective of any grace period. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action if payments on an obligation are jeopardized. An obligation's rating is lowered to ‘D’ upon completion of a distressed exchange offer, whereby some or all of the issue is either repurchased for an amount of cash or replaced by other instruments having a total value that is less than par.
Plus (+) or Minus (-)
– The ratings from ‘AA’ to ‘CCC’ may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the major rating categories.
NR
– This indicates that no rating has been requested, that there is insufficient information on which to base a rating, or that S&P does not rate a particular obligation as a matter of policy.
Moody’s Investors Service, Inc.’s (“Moody’s”) Long-Term
Obligation Ratings:
The following descriptions of Moody’s long-term obligation ratings have been published by Moody's Investors Service, Inc.
Aaa
– Obligations rated Aaa are judged to be of the highest quality and are subject to the lowest level of credit risk.
Aa
– Obligations rated Aa are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.
A
– Obligations rated A are judged to be upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.
Baa
– Obligations rated Baa are judged to be medium-grade and are subject to moderate credit risk, and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.
Ba
– Obligations rated Ba are judged to be speculative and are subject to substantial credit risk.
B
– Obligations rated B are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk.
Caa
– Obligations rated Caa are judged to be speculative, of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.
Ca
– Obligations rated Ca are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.
C
– Obligations rated C are the lowest rated and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.
Modifiers:
Moody’s appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category.
Fitch Ratings’ (“Fitch”) Corporate Finance Obligations – Long-Term Ratings
:
The following descriptions of Fitch’s long-term corporate finance obligation ratings have been published by Fitch, Inc. and Fitch Ratings Ltd. and its subsidiaries.
AAA
– Highest credit quality. ‘
AAA
’ ratings denote the lowest expectation of credit risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.
AA
– Very high credit quality. ‘
AA
’ ratings denote expectations of very low credit risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.
A
– High credit quality. ‘
A
’ ratings denote expectations of low credit risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.
BBB
– Good credit quality.
‘
BBB
’ ratings indicate that expectations of credit risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.
BB
– Speculative. ‘
BB
’ ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to credit risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time; however, business or financial alternatives may be available to allow financial commitments to be met.
B
– Highly speculative. ‘
B
’ ratings indicate that material credit risk is present. For performing obligations, default risk is commensurate with the issuer being rated with an Issuer Default Risk (“IDR”) in the ranges ‘BB’ to ‘C’. For issuers with an IDR below ‘B’, the overall credit risk of this obligation is moderated by the expected level of recoveries should a default occur. For issuers with an IDR above ‘B’, the overall credit risk of this obligation is exacerbated by the expected low level of recoveries should a default occur. For non-performing obligations, the obligation or issuer is in default, or has deferred payment, but the rated obligation is expected to
have extremely high recovery rates consistent with a Recovery Rating of ‘RR1’ (outstanding recovery prospects given default).
CCC
– Substantial credit risk. ‘
CCC
’ ratings indicate that substantial credit risk is present. For performing obligations, default risk is commensurate with an IDR in the ranges ‘B’ to ‘C’. For
issuers with an IDR below ‘CCC’, the overall credit risk of this obligation is moderated by the expected level of recoveries should a default occur. For issuers with an IDR above ‘CCC’, the overall credit risk of this obligation is exacerbated by the expected low level of recoveries should a default occur. For non-performing obligations, the obligation or issuer is in default, or has deferred payment, but the rated obligation is expected to have a superior recovery rate consistent with a Recovery Rating of ‘RR2’ (superior recovery prospects given default).
CC
– Very high levels of credit risk. ‘
CC
’ ratings indicate very high levels of credit risk. For performing obligations, default risk is commensurate with an IDR in the ranges ‘B’ to ‘C’. For issuers with an IDR below ‘CC’, the overall credit risk of this obligation is moderated by the expected level of recoveries should a default occur. For issuers with an IDR above ‘CC’, the overall credit risk of this obligation is exacerbated by the expected low level of recoveries should a default occur. For non-performing obligations, the obligation or issuer is in default, or has deferred payment, but the rated obligation is expected to have a good recovery rate consistent with a Recovery Rating of ‘RR3’ (good recovery prospects given default).
C
– Exceptionally high levels of credit risk. ‘
C
’ indicates exceptionally high levels of credit risk. For performing obligations, default risk is commensurate with an IDR in the ranges ‘B’ to ‘C’. The overall credit risk of this obligation is exacerbated by the expected low level of recoveries should a default occur. For non-performing obligations, the obligation or issuer is in default, or has deferred payment, and the rated obligation is expected to have an average, below-average or poor recovery rate consistent with a Recovery Rating of ‘RR4’ (average recovery prospects given default), ‘RR5’ (below average recovery prospects given default) or ‘RR6’ (poor recovery prospects given default).
Defaulted obligations typically are not assigned 'D' ratings, but are instead rated in the 'B' to 'C' rating categories, depending upon their recovery prospects and other relevant characteristics. This approach better aligns obligations that have comparable overall expected loss but varying vulnerability to default and loss.
Plus (+) or Minus (-)
The modifiers “+” or “-” may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to the ‘AAA’ obligation rating category, or to corporate finance obligation ratings in the categories below ‘CCC’.
emr
– The subscript 'emr' is appended to a rating to denote embedded market risk which is beyond the scope of the rating. The designation is intended to make clear that the rating solely addresses the counterparty risk of the issuing bank. It is not meant to indicate any limitation in the analysis of the counterparty risk, which in all other respects follows published Fitch criteria for analyzing the issuing financial institution. Fitch does not rate these instruments where the principal is to any degree subject to market risk.
.
Fitch’s Structured, Project & Public Finance Obligations -- Long-Term Ratings
:
The following descriptions of Fitch’s long-term municipal bond ratings have been published by Fitch, Inc., Fitch Ratings Ltd and its subsidiaries
AAA
– Highest credit quality. ‘
AAA
’ ratings denote the lowest expectation of default risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.
AA
– Very high credit quality. ‘
AA
’ ratings denote expectations of very low default risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.
A
– High credit quality. ‘
A
’ ratings denote expectations of low default risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.
BBB
– Good credit quality.
‘
BBB
’ ratings indicate that expectations of default risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.
BB
– Speculative. ‘
BB
’ ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to default risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time.
B
– Highly speculative. ‘
B
’ ratings indicate that material default risk is present, but a limited margin of safety remains. Financial commitments are currently being met; however, capacity for continued payment is vulnerable to deterioration in the business and economic environment.
CCC
– Substantial credit risk. ‘
CCC
’ ratings indicate that default is a real possibility.
CC
– Very high levels of credit risk. ‘
CC
’ ratings indicate default of some kind appears probable.
C
– Exceptionally high levels of credit risk. ‘
C
’ ratings indicate default appears imminent or inevitable.
D
– Default. ‘D’ ratings indicate a default. Default generally is defined as one of the following:
·
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failure to make payment of principal and/or interest under the contractual terms of the rated obligation;
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·
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the bankruptcy filings, administration, receivership, liquidation or other winding-up or cessation of the business of an issuer/obligor; or
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·
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the distressed exchange of an obligation, where creditors were offered securities with diminished structural or economic terms compared with the existing obligation to avoid a probable payment default.
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Structured Finance Defaults
– “Imminent” default, categorized under ‘C’, typically refers to the occasion where a payment default has been intimated by the issuer, and is all but inevitable. Alternatively where an issuer has formally announced a distressed debt exchange, but the date of the exchange still lies several days or weeks in the immediate future.
Additionally, in structured finance transactions, where analysis indicates that an instrument is irrevocably impaired such that it is not expected to pay interest and/or principal in full in accordance with the terms of the obligation’s documentation during the life of the transaction, but where no payment default in accordance with the terms of the documentation is imminent, the obligation will typically be rated in the ‘C’ category.
Structured Finance Writedowns
– Where an instrument has experienced an involuntary and, in the agency’s opinion, irreversible “write-down” of principal (i.e. other than through amortization, and resulting in a loss to the investor), a credit rating of ‘D’ will be assigned to the instrument. Where the agency believes the “write-down” may prove to be temporary (and the loss may be “written up” again in future if and when performance improves), then a credit rating of ‘C’ will typically be assigned. Should the “write-down” then later be reversed, the credit rating will be raised to an appropriate level for that instrument. Should the “write-down” later be deemed as irreversible, the credit rating will be lowered to ‘D’.
Notes: In the case of structured and project finance, while the ratings do not address the loss severity given default of the rated liability, loss severity assumptions on the underlying assets are nonetheless typically included as part of the analysis. Loss severity assumptions are used to derive pool cash flows available to service the rated liability. The suffix ‘sf’’ denotes an issue that is a structured finance transaction. For an explanation of how Fitch determines
structured finance ratings, please see the criteria available at www.Fitchratings.com.
In the case of public finance, the ratings do not address the loss given default of the rated liability, focusing instead on the vulnerability to default of the rated liability.
Plus (+) or Minus (-)
– The modifiers “+” or “-”may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to the ‘AAA’ Long-Term Rating category, or to Long-Term Rating categories below ‘B’.
S&P’s Municipal Short-Term Note Ratings
:
The following descriptions of S&P’s municipal short-term note ratings have been published by Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC.
SP-1
– Strong capacity to pay principal and interest. An issue determined to possess a very strong capacity to pay debt service is given a plus (+) designation.
SP-2
– Satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest, with some vulnerability to adverse financial and economic changes over the term of the notes.
SP-3
– Speculative capacity to pay principal and interest.
Moody’s US Municipal Short-Term Obligation Ratings
:
The following descriptions of Moody’s US Municipal Short-Term obligation ratings have been published by Moody's Investors Service, Inc.
MIG 1
– This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by established cash flows, highly reliable liquidity support, or demonstrated broad-based access to the market for refinancing.
MIG 2
– This designation denotes strong credit quality. Margins of protection are ample, although not as large as in the preceding group.
MIG 3
– This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Liquidity and cash-flow protection may be narrow, and market access for refinancing is likely to be less well-established.
SG
– This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Debt instruments in this category may lack sufficient margins of protection.
S&P’s Short-Term Issue Credit Ratings
:
The following descriptions of S&P’s short-term issue credit ratings have been published by Standard & Poor’s Financial Service LLC.
A-1
– A short-term obligation rated ‘A-1’ is rated in the highest category by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on these obligations is extremely strong.
A-2
- A short-term obligation rated ‘A-2’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is satisfactory.
A-3
- A short-term obligation rated ‘A-3’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity of the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
B
- A short-term obligation rated ‘B’ is regarded as vulnerable and has significant speculative characteristics. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties which could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments.
C
- A short-term obligation rated ‘C’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
D
- A short-term obligation rated ‘D’ is in payment default. The ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless Standard & Poor's believes that such payments will be made within any stated grace period. However, any stated grace period longer than five business days will be treated as five business days. The 'D' rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action if payments on an obligation are jeopardized.
Dual Ratings
–
S&P assigns “dual” ratings to all debt issues that have a put option or demand feature as part of their structure. The first rating addresses the likelihood of repayment of principal and interest as due, and the second rating addresses only the demand feature. The long-term rating symbols are used for bonds to denote the long-term maturity and the short-term rating symbols for the put option (for example, ‘AAA/A-1+’). With U.S. municipal short-term demand debt, note rating symbols are used with the short-term issue credit rating symbols (for example, ‘SP-1+/A-1+’).
Moody’s Short-Term Obligation Ratings
:
The following descriptions of Moody’s short-term obligation ratings have been published by Moody's Investors Service, Inc.
P-1
- Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-2
- Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-2 have a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-3
- Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-3 have an acceptable ability to repay short-term obligations.
NP
- Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.
Fitch’s Short-Term Obligation Ratings:
The following descriptions of Fitch’s short-term obligation ratings have been published by Fitch, Inc., Fitch Ratings Ltd and its subsidiaries.
F1
-
Highest short-term credit quality. Indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments; may have an added “+” to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature.
F2
-
Good short-term credit quality. Good intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments.
F3
-
Fair short-term credit quality. The intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate.
B
–
Speculative short-term credit quality. Minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus heightened vulnerability to near term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.
C
-
High short-term default risk. Default is a real possibility.
RD
–
Restricted default. Indicates an entity that has defaulted on one or more of its financial commitments, although it continues to meet other financial obligations. Applicable to entity ratings only.
D
–
Default. Indicates a broad-based default event for an entity, or the default of a short-term obligation.
Appendix B
Sales Charge Reductions and Waivers
Reducing your Class A sales charge.
As described in the Class A and Class C Prospectus, there are various ways to reduce your sales charge when purchasing Class A shares. Additional information about Class A sales charge reductions is provided below.
Letter of Intent.
By establishing a letter of intent (the “Letter”), you enter into a nonbinding commitment to purchase shares of funds in the fund family over a 13-month period and receive the same sales charge (expressed as a percentage of your purchases) as if all shares had been purchased at once.
The market value of your existing holdings eligible to be aggregated (see below) as of the day immediately before the start of the Letter period may be credited toward satisfying the Letter.
The Letter may be revised upward at any time during the Letter period, and such a revision will be treated as a new Letter, except that the Letter period during which the purchases must be made will remain unchanged. Purchases made from the date of revision will receive the reduced sales charge, if any, resulting from the revised Letter.
The Letter will be considered completed if the shareholder dies within the 13-month Letter period. Commissions to dealers will not be adjusted or paid on the difference between the Letter amount and the amount actually invested before the shareholder’s death.
When a shareholder elects to use a Letter, shares equal to 5% of the dollar amount specified in the Letter may be held in escrow in the shareholder’s account out of the initial purchase (or subsequent purchases, if necessary) by the Fund’s transfer agent. All dividends and capital gain distributions on shares held in escrow will be credited to the shareholder’s account in shares (or paid in cash, if requested). If the intended investment is not completed within the specified Letter period, the purchaser may be required to remit to the Distributor the difference between the sales charge actually paid and the sales charge which would have been paid if the total of such purchases had been made at a single time. Any dealers assigned to the shareholder’s account at the time a purchase was made during the Letter period will receive a corresponding commission adjustment if appropriate. If the difference is not paid by the close of the Letter period, the appropriate number of shares held in escrow will be redeemed to pay such difference. If the proceeds from this redemption are inadequate, the purchaser may be liable to the Distributor for the balance still outstanding.
Shareholders purchasing shares at a reduced sales charge under a Letter indicate their acceptance of these terms and those in the Class A and Class C Prospectus with their first purchase.
Aggregation.
Qualifying investments for aggregation include those made by you and your “immediate family” as defined in the Class A and Class C Prospectus, if all parties are purchasing shares for their own accounts and/or:
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individual-type employee benefit plans, such as an IRA, individual 403(b) plan (see exception in “Purchases by certain 403(b) plans” under “Sales Charges”) or single-participant Keogh-type plan;
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●
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business accounts solely controlled by you or your immediate family (for example, you own the entire business);
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●
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trust accounts established by you or your immediate family (for trusts with only one primary beneficiary, upon the trustor’s death the trust account may be aggregated with such beneficiary’s own accounts; for trusts with multiple primary beneficiaries, upon the trustor’s death the trustees of the trust may instruct the Fund’s transfer agent to establish separate trust accounts for each primary beneficiary; each primary beneficiary’s separate trust account may then be aggregated with such beneficiary’s own accounts);
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●
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endowments or foundations established and controlled by you or your immediate family; or
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529 accounts, which will be aggregated at the account owner level (Class 529-E accounts may only be aggregated with an eligible employer plan).
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Individual purchases by a trustee(s) or other fiduciary(ies) may also be aggregated if the investments are:
●
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for a single trust estate or fiduciary account, including employee benefit plans other than the individual-type employee benefit plans described above;
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●
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made for two or more employee benefit plans of a single employer or of affiliated employers as defined in the 1940 Act, excluding the individual-type employee benefit plans described above;
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●
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for a diversified common trust fund or other diversified pooled account not specifically formed for the purpose of accumulating Fund shares;
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●
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for nonprofit, charitable or educational organizations, or any endowments or foundations established and controlled by such organizations, or any employer-sponsored retirement plans established for the benefit of the employees of such organizations, their endowments, or their foundations; or
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●
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for individually established participant accounts of a 403(b) plan that is treated similarly to an employer-sponsored plan for sales charge purposes (see “Purchases by certain 403(b) plans” under “Sales Charges” above), or made for two or more such 403(b) plans that are treated similarly to employer-sponsored plans for sales charge
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purposes, in each case of a single employer or affiliated employers as defined in the 1940 Act.
Purchases made for nominee or street name accounts (securities held in the name of an investment dealer or another nominee such as a bank trust department instead of the customer) may not be aggregated with those made for other accounts and may not be aggregated with other nominee or street name accounts unless otherwise qualified as described above.
Concurrent purchases.
As described in the Class A and Class C Prospectus, you may reduce your Class A sales charge by combining purchases of all classes of shares in the funds in the fund family.
Rights of accumulation.
Subject to the limitations described in the aggregation policy, you may take into account your accumulated holdings in all share classes of the funds in the fund family to determine your sales charge on investments in accounts eligible to be aggregated. Subject to your investment dealer’s or recordkeeper’s capabilities, your accumulated holdings will be calculated as the higher of (a) the current value of your existing holdings (the “market value”) or (b) the amount you invested (including reinvested dividends and capital gain distributions, but excluding capital appreciation) less any withdrawals (the “cost value”). Depending on the entity on whose books your account is held, the value of your holdings in that account may not be eligible for calculation at cost value. For example, accounts held in nominee or street name may not be eligible for calculation at cost value and instead may be calculated at market value for purposes of rights of accumulation.
You must contact your financial adviser or NB Management if you have additional information that is relevant to the calculation of the value of your holdings.
You may not purchase Class C shares if such combined holdings cause you to be eligible to purchase Class A shares at the $1 million or more sales charge discount rate (
i.e.
at net asset value).
If you make a gift of Class A shares, upon your request, you may purchase the shares at the sales charge discount allowed under rights of accumulation of all of your funds in the fund family.
CDSC waivers for Class A and Class C shares.
As noted in the Class A and Class C Prospectus, a contingent deferred sales charge (“CDSC”) may be waived in the following cases:
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redemptions due to death or post-purchase disability of a shareholder (this generally excludes accounts registered in the names of trusts and other entities). In the case of joint tenant accounts, if one joint tenant dies, a surviving joint tenant, at the time he or she notifies the Fund’s transfer agent of the other joint tenant’s death and removes the decedent’s name from the account, may redeem shares from the account without incurring a CDSC. Redemptions made after the Fund’s transfer agent is notified of the death of a joint tenant will be subject to a CDSC;
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●
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tax-free returns of excess contributions to IRAs;
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●
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permitted exchanges of shares, except if shares acquired by exchange are then redeemed within the period during which a contingent deferred sales charge would apply to the initial shares purchased;
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●
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distributions from an IRA upon the shareholder’s attainment of age 59-1/2;
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●
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IRA rollover from the Fund in the fund family held in a employer sponsored retirement plan to Class A shares; and
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●
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redemptions due to the complete termination of a trust upon the death of the trustor/grantor or beneficiary, but only if such termination is specifically provided for in the trust document.
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In addition, a CDSC may be waived for the following types of transactions, if together they do not exceed 12% of the value of an “account” (defined below) annually (the “12% limit”):
●
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Required minimum distributions taken from retirement accounts upon the shareholder’s attainment of age 70-1/2 (required minimum distributions that continue to be taken by the beneficiary(ies) after the account owner is deceased also qualify for a waiver).
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●
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Redemptions through a systematic withdrawal plan (SWP). For each SWP payment, assets that are not subject to a CDSC, such as appreciation on shares and shares acquired through reinvestment of dividends and/or capital gain distributions, will be redeemed first and will count toward the 12% limit. If there is an insufficient amount of assets not subject to a CDSC to cover a particular SWP payment, shares subject to the lowest CDSC will be redeemed next until the 12% limit is reached. Any dividends and/or capital gain distributions taken in cash by a shareholder who receives payments through a SWP will also count toward the 12% limit. In the case of a SWP, the 12% limit is calculated at the time a systematic redemption is first made, and is recalculated at the time each additional systematic redemption is made. Shareholders who establish a SWP should be aware that the amount of a payment not subject to a CDSC may vary over time depending on fluctuations in the value of their accounts. This privilege may be revised or terminated at any time.
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●
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Purchases where the Distributor pays no commission or transaction fee to authorized dealers.
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For purposes of this paragraph, “account” means:
●
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in the case of Class A shares, your investment in Class A shares of all funds in the fund family; and
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●
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in the case of Class C shares, your investment in Class C shares of the particular fund from which you are making the redemption.
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CDSC waivers are allowed only in the cases listed here and in the Class A and Class C Prospectus.