Depletion, Depreciation and Accretion (“DD&A”)
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Three months ended June 30, | | Six months ended June 30, |
($ millions, except per BOE amounts) | | 2021 | | 2020 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
DD&A expense | | $ | 93.9 | | $ | 79.9 | | $ | 140.4 | | $ | 175.1 |
Per BOE | | $ | 8.95 | | $ | 10.05 | | $ | 7.49 | | $ | 10.37 |
DD&A related to PP&E is recognized using the unit-of-production method based on proved reserves. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, we recorded DD&A expense of $93.9 million and $140.4 million, respectively, compared to $79.9 million and $175.1 million, respectively, for the same periods in 2020. DD&A expense on a per BOE basis decreased compared to the same periods in 2020 mainly due to the impact of previous PP&E impairments.
Impairment
PP&E
Under U.S. GAAP, the full cost ceiling test is performed on a country-by-country basis using estimated after-tax future net cash flows discounted at a prescribed 10 percent rate based on proved reserves using SEC constant prices ("Standardized Measure"). SEC prices are calculated as the unweighted average of the trailing twelve first-day-of-the-month commodity prices. The Standardized Measure is not related to Enerplus' investment criteria and is not a fair value based measurement, but rather a prescribed accounting calculation. Impairments are non-cash and are not reversed in future periods under U.S. GAAP. See Note 7(a) to the Interim Financial Statements for trailing twelve month prices.
Trailing twelve month average crude oil and natural gas prices declined throughout 2020 and have improved throughout 2021. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, we recorded a non-cash PP&E impairment of nil and $4.3 million, respectively, related to our Canadian assets. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, we recorded a non-cash PP&E impairment of $426.8 million (Canadian cost centre: $77.5 million, U.S. cost centre: $349.3 million).
We requested and received a temporary exemption from the SEC to exclude the properties acquired in the Bruin Acquisition in the U.S. full cost ceiling test, for each quarter of 2021. See Note 7(b) to the Interim Financial Statements for further details.
Many factors influence the allowed ceiling value versus our net capitalized cost base, making it difficult to predict with reasonable certainty the value of impairment losses from future ceiling tests. For the remainder of 2021, the primary factors include future first-day-of-the-month commodity prices, reserves revisions, capital expenditure levels and timing, acquisition and divestment activity, as well as production levels, which affect DD&A expense. See "Risk Factors and Risk Management - Risk of Impairment of Oil and Gas Properties and Deferred Tax Assets" in the Annual MD&A.
Goodwill
During the second quarter of 2020, we recorded a non-cash goodwill impairment of $202.8 million related to our U.S. reporting unit. The impairment was a result of the ongoing deterioration in macroeconomic conditions and low commodity prices due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which resulted in a reduction in the fair value of the U.S. reporting unit and a full write-off of our U.S. goodwill asset. At June 30, 2021, there was no goodwill remaining on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Asset Retirement Obligation (“ARO”)
In connection with our operations, we incur abandonment, reclamation and remediation costs related to assets, such as surface leases, wells, facilities and pipelines. Total ARO included on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet is based on management’s estimate of our net ownership interest, costs to abandon, reclaim and remediate and the timing of the costs to be incurred in future periods. We have estimated the net present value of our asset retirement obligation, using a weighted average credit-adjusted risk-free rate of 5.05%, to be $160.2 million at June 30, 2021, compared to $130.2 million at December 31, 2020, using a weighted average credit-adjusted risk-free rate of 5.35%. The increase in the net present value of our asset retirement obligation to June 30, 2021 is largely due to $35.0 million of additional liability assumed in connection with the Bruin and Dunn County acquisitions. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, asset retirement obligation settlements were $1.4 million and $8.4 million, respectively, compared to $0.3 million and $11.1 million, respectively, during the same periods in 2020.
In 2021, Enerplus benefited from provincial government assistance to support the cleanup of inactive or abandoned crude oil and natural gas wells in Canada. These programs provide funding directly to oil field service contractors engaged by Enerplus to perform abandonment, remediation, and reclamation work. The funding received by the contractor is reflected as a reduction to ARO. For the six months ended June 30, 2021, Enerplus benefitted from $2.4 million in government assistance. See Note 3 and 10 to the Interim Financial Statements for further details.