As
filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 7, 2023.
Registration
No. 333-272865
UNITED
STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Post-Effective
Amendment No. 1
to
FORM F-1
REGISTRATION
STATEMENT
UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933
Lifezone
Metals Limited
(Exact
name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Isle
of Man |
|
1000 |
|
Not
applicable |
(State or other jurisdiction
of
incorporation or organization) |
|
(Primary Standard Industrial
Classification Code Number) |
|
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification Number) |
Commerce
House, 1 Bowring Road, Ramsey, Isle of Man, IM8 2LQ
Telephone:
+44 (0)1624 811 603
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive
offices)
LJ
Fiduciary
Commerce
House, 1 Bowring Road, Ramsey, Isle of Man, IM8 2LQ
Telephone:
+44 (0)1624 811 611
(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)
Copies
of all correspondence to:
Mark
Mandel
Carol
Stubblefield
Baker & McKenzie LLP
452
5th Ave
New
York, NY 10018
(212)
626-4100
Approximate
date of commencement of proposed sale of the securities to the public: As soon as practicable after the effective date of this registration
statement.
If
any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the
Securities Act of 1933 (as amended, the “Securities Act”), check the following box. ☒
If
this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check
the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same
offering. ☐
If
this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and
list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐
If
this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the
Securities Act registration number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☒ Registration No. 333-272865
Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933.
Emerging
growth company ☒
If
an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant
has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided
pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐
| † | The
term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board
to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012. |
This
Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 shall become effective upon filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission in accordance with Rule
462(d) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
EXPLANATORY
NOTE
This
Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to Form F-1 amends the Registration Statement on Form F-1 of Lifezone Metals Limited (Registration
No. 333-272865), as amended prior to the date hereto (the “Registration Statement”), which was declared effective by
the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 29, 2023. This Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 is being filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) of
the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, for the sole purpose of filing a revised Exhibit 96.1 to the Registration Statement. The
Registration Statement is hereby amended to reflect the replacement of such exhibit.
Item 8.
Exhibits
Exhibit
Number |
|
Description |
2.1† | |
Business Combination Agreement, dated December 13, 2022, by and among GoGreen, GoGreen Sponsor 1 LP, Lifezone Metals, Merger Sub, LHL and Keith Liddell, solely in his capacity as the Company Shareholders Representative, and those shareholders of the LHL set forth on the signature pages thereto (incorporated by reference to Annex A to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-271300) filed with the SEC on June 2, 2023). |
2.2**† |
|
Plan of Merger, dated July 5, 2023, by and among GoGreen, Merger Sub and Lifezone Metals. |
3.1** |
|
Amended and Restated Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association of Lifezone Metals. |
4.1 |
|
Specimen warrant certificate (included as Exhibit A to Exhibit 4.2). |
4.2 |
|
Warrant Agreement, between GoGreen and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company dated October 20, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to GoGreen’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-40941) filed with the SEC on October 26, 2021). |
4.3** |
|
Assignment, Assumption and Amendment Agreement, dated July 5, 2023, by and among GoGreen, Lifezone Metals and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company. |
5.1** |
|
Opinion of Appleby LLC. |
5.2** |
|
Opinion of Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP. |
10.1 |
|
Sponsor Support Agreement, dated December 13, 2022, by and among LHL, GoGreen and GoGreen Sponsor 1 LP (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to GoGreen’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-40941) filed with the SEC on December 13, 2022). |
10.2**† |
|
Registration Rights Agreement, dated July 6, 2023, by and among Lifezone Metals, GoGreen Sponsor 1 LP, certain equityholders of LHL and GoGreen. |
10.3 |
|
Form of Lock-Up Agreement, by and among Lifezone Metals and certain LHL Shareholders (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to GoGreen’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-40941) filed with the SEC on December 13, 2022). |
10.4 |
|
Form of Lock-Up Agreement, by and among Lifezone Metals and GoGreen Sponsor 1 LP (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to GoGreen’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-40941) filed with the SEC on December 13, 2022). |
10.5 |
|
Form of Subscription Agreement, entered into among GoGreen, Lifezone Metals and certain institutional subscribers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to GoGreen’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-40941) filed with the SEC on December 13, 2022). |
10.6 |
|
Form of Subscription Agreement, entered into among GoGreen, Lifezone Metals and certain individual subscribers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to GoGreen’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-40941) filed with the SEC on December 13, 2022). |
10.7##† |
|
Subscription Agreement, dated December 24, 2021, between BHP and Lifezone Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-271300) filed with the SEC on June 2, 2023). |
10.8##† |
|
Loan Agreement, dated December 24, 2021, between KNL and BHP (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-271300) filed with the SEC on June 2, 2023). |
10.9##† |
|
Deed of Cooperation, dated December 24, 2021, as amended, between KNL and BHP (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-271300) filed with the SEC on June 2, 2023). |
10.10##† |
|
Subscription Agreement, dated October 14, 2022, between KNL and BHP (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-271300) filed with the SEC on June 2, 2023). |
10.11##† |
|
Investment Option Agreement, dated October 14, 2022, as amended, among KNL, Lifezone Limited and BHP (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-271300) filed with the SEC on June 2, 2023). |
10.12##† |
|
Form of Shareholders’ Agreement, among KNL, Lifezone Limited and BHP (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-271300) filed with the SEC on June 2, 2023). |
10.13† |
|
Framework Agreement, dated January 19, 2021, between KNL and the Government of Tanzania (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-271300) filed with the SEC on June 2, 2023). |
10.14##† |
|
Kelltech License Agreement, dated April 16, 2014, as amended, between Lifezone Limited, Keith Liddell and Kelltech Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-271300) filed with the SEC on June 2, 2023). |
10.15## |
|
KTSA License Agreement, dated April 16 2014, as amended, between Kelltech Limited and Kelltechnology South Africa (RF) Proprietary Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-271300) filed with the SEC on June 2, 2023). |
10.16## |
|
Kellplant License Agreement, dated February 12, 2016, as amended, between Kelltechnology South Africa (RF) Proprietary Limited and Kellplant Proprietary Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-271300) filed with the SEC on June 2, 2023). |
10.17##† |
|
Development, Licensing and Services Agreement, dated October 14, 2022, between Lifezone Limited and KNL (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-271300) filed with the SEC on June 2, 2023). |
10.18##† |
|
Lifezone Technical Services Agreement, dated June 10, 2020, as amended, between Lifezone Limited and Kelltechnology South Africa (RF) Proprietary Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-271300) filed with the SEC on June 2, 2023). |
10.19##† |
|
Lifezone Technical Services Agreement, dated October 24, 2021, between Lifezone Limited and Kellplant Proprietary Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-271300) filed with the SEC on June 2, 2023). |
10.20##† |
|
PPM Services Agreement, dated November 4, 2021, between Pilanesberg Platinum Mines Proprietary Limited and Kelltechnology South Africa (RF) Proprietary Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-271300) filed with the SEC on June 2, 2023). |
10.21##† |
|
PPM Support Services Agreement, dated January 20, 2022, between Pilanesberg Platinum Mines Proprietary Limited and Kellplant Proprietary Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-271300) filed with the SEC on June 2, 2023). |
10.22## |
|
Loan Agreement, dated November 9, 2021, between Pilanesberg Platinum Mines Proprietary Limited and Kellplant Proprietary Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.22 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-271300) filed with the SEC on June 2, 2023). |
10.23 |
|
Loan Agreement, dated March 31, 2022, between the Industrial Development Corporation of South Africa Limited and Kellplant Proprietary Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-271300) filed with the SEC on June 2, 2023). |
10.24 |
|
Shareholder’s Loan Agreement, dated March 31, 2022, between the Industrial Development Corporation of South Africa Limited and Kelltechnology South Africa (RF) Proprietary Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-271300) filed with the SEC on June 2, 2023). |
10.25##† |
|
Shareholders Agreement, dated June 24, 2022, by and among certain shareholders of LHL and LHL (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-271300) filed with the SEC on June 2, 2023). |
10.26##† |
|
Kelltech Shareholders Agreement, dated April 16, 2014, as amended, between Lifezone Limited, Orkid S.a.r.l., Sedibelo Resources Limited (formerly Sedibelo Platinum Mines Limited), Kelltech Limited and Keith Stuart Liddell (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-271300) filed with the SEC on June 2, 2023). |
10.27##† |
|
Kelltech SA Subscription and Shareholders Agreement, dated February 12, 2016, as amended, between Lifezone Limited, Orkid S.a.r.l, the Industrial Development Corporation of South Africa, Kelltech Limited and KTSA (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-271300) filed with the SEC on June 2, 2023). |
10.28† |
|
Securities Exchange Agreement relating to Kabanga Nickel Limited, dated June 23, 2022, between Lifezone Limited and various sellers of and optionholders over KNL shares (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-271300) filed with the SEC on June 2, 2023). |
10.29† |
|
Securities Exchange Agreement relating to Kabanga Nickel Limited, dated June 24, 2022, between LHL and various sellers of KNL shares (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-271300) filed with the SEC on June 2, 2023). |
10.30† |
|
Securities Exchange Agreement relating to Lifezone Limited, dated June 24, 2022, between LHL and various sellers of and optionholders over Lifezone Limited shares (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-271300) filed with the SEC on June 2, 2023). |
10.31 |
|
Securities Exchange Agreement relating to Lifezone Limited, dated June 24, 2022, between LHL and BHP (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 to Amendment No. 2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-271300) filed with the SEC on June 2, 2023). |
10.32† |
|
Share Sale Agreement, dated July 3, 2023, between Metprotech Pacific Pty Ltd, the persons set out in Schedule 1 thereto as vendors, Simon Walsh, as management vendors representative, The Simulus Group Pty Ltd and Lifezone Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Report of Foreign Private Issuer on Form 6-K (File No. 333-271300) filed with the SEC on July 3, 2023). |
10.33**†† |
|
Lifezone Metals Limited 2023 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan. |
10.34**†† |
|
Form of Award Agreement under the 2023 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan. |
10.35**†† |
|
Form of Award Agreement under the 2023 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan. |
21.1** |
|
List of subsidiaries. |
23.1** |
|
Consent of Grant Thornton. |
23.2** |
|
Consent of Citrin Cooperman & Company, LLP. |
23.3** |
|
Consent of the Qualified Person for Kabanga 2023 Mineral Resource Technical Report Summary. |
23.4** |
|
Consent of Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP (included in Exhibit 5.2). |
23.5** |
|
Consent of Appleby LLC (included in Exhibit 5.1). |
23.6** |
|
Consent of Wood Mackenzie Limited. |
23.7** |
|
Letter in lieu of Consent for Review Report. |
23.8* |
|
Consent of Sharron Sylvester for Kabanga 2023 Mineral Resource Update Technical Report Summary. |
23.9* |
|
Consent of Bernard Peters for Kabanga 2023 Mineral Resource Update Technical Report Summary. |
96.1* |
|
Kabanga 2023 Mineral Resource Update Technical Report Summary, effective at November 30, 2023, prepared by Sharron Sylvester and Bernard Peters. |
107** |
|
Filing Fee Table. |
| * | Filed
herewith. |
| ** | Previously
filed. |
| ## | Portions
of this exhibit have been omitted as the Registrant has determined that (i) the omitted information is not material and (ii) the
omitted information is of the type that the Registrant customarily and actually treats as private or confidential. |
| † | Schedules
to this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Registration S-K. The Registrant hereby agrees to furnish
a copy of any omitted schedules to the Commission upon request. |
| †† | Indicates
a management contract or compensatory plan. |
SIGNATURES
Pursuant
to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this registration statement to
be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Erie, State of Pennsylvania on December 7, 2023.
LIFEZONE
METALS LIMITED |
|
|
|
By: |
/s/ Chris Showalter |
|
Name: |
Chris Showalter |
|
Title: |
Chief Executive Officer |
|
Pursuant
to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this registration statement has been signed below by the following
persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
NAME |
|
POSITION |
|
DATE |
|
|
|
|
|
/s/ Chris Showalter |
|
Chief Executive Officer,
Director |
|
December 7, 2023 |
Chris Showalter |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/ Ingo Hofmaier |
|
Chief Financial Officer |
|
December 7, 2023 |
Ingo Hofmaier |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/ Keith Liddell |
|
Director |
|
December 7, 2023 |
Keith Liddell |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/ Govind Friedland |
|
Director |
|
December 7, 2023 |
Govind Friedland |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/ John Dowd |
|
Director |
|
December 7, 2023 |
John Dowd |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* |
|
Director |
|
December 7, 2023 |
Robert Edwards |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/ Jennifer
Houghton |
|
Director |
|
December 7, 2023 |
Jennifer Houghton |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/ Mwanaidi
Maajar |
|
Director |
|
December 7, 2023 |
Mwanaidi Maajar |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/ Beatriz
Orrantia |
|
Director |
|
December 7, 2023 |
Beatriz Orrantia |
|
|
|
|
| * | Pursuant
to power of attorney |
By: |
/s/ Chris Showalter |
|
|
Chris Showalter |
|
|
Attorney-in-fact |
|
AUTHORIZED
REPRESENTATIVE
Pursuant
to the requirement of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the undersigned, the duly authorized representative in the United States
of Lifezone Metals Limited, has signed this registration statement in the United States on December7 , 2023.
/s/ Chris Showalter |
|
Name: | Chris
Showalter |
|
Exhibit 23.8
CONSENT OF EXPERT
I, Sharron Sylvester, BSc
(Geol), RPGeo AIG (10125), employed by OreWin Pty Ltd as Technical Director – Geology, in connection with the Technical Report
Summary titled “Kabanga 2023 Mineral Resource Update Technical Report Summary” effective November 30, 2023 (the
“Technical Report Summary”) and filed as Exhibit 96.1 to Lifezone Metals
Limited’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (as amended in a post-effective amendment to the Form F-1 dated December 7, 2023)
the “Form F-1”) pursuant to Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K promulgated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
(“Regulation S-K 1300”), consent to:
| ● | the public filing and use of the Technical Report Summary as an exhibit to the Form F-1; |
| ● | the use of and reference to my name, including my status as “Qualified Person” (as defined
in Regulation S- K 1300), in connection with the Form F-1 and the Technical Report Summary; and |
| ● | the use of the Technical Report Summary, to the extent it was prepared by the undersigned and approved
by the undersigned, that is incorporated by reference in the Form F-1. |
I am responsible for authoring, and
this consent pertains to, Sections 1-3, 6-9; 11 and 22-25 of the Technical Report Summary. I certify that I have read the post-effective
amendment to the Form F-1 dated December 7, 2023, and that it lists as an Exhibit the Technical Report Summary for which I am responsible.
Dated this 7th day of December,
2023.
Sharron Sylvester, Technical Director – Geology, OreWin Pty Ltd,
BSc (Geol), RPGeo AIG (10125)
Exhibit 23.9
CONSENT OF EXPERT
I, Bernard Peters, BEng
(Mining), FAusIMM (201743), employed by OreWin Pty Ltd as Technical Director – Mining, in connection with the Technical Report
Summary titled “Kabanga 2023 Mineral Resource Update Technical Report Summary” effective November 30, 2023 (the
“Technical Report Summary”) and filed as Exhibit 96.1 to Lifezone Metals Limited’s Registration Statement
on Form F-1 (as amended in a post-effective amendment to the Form F-1 dated December 7, 2023) the “Form F-1”) pursuant
to Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K promulgated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“Regulation S-K
1300”), consent to:
| ● | the public filing and use of the Technical Report Summary as an exhibit to the Form F-1; |
| ● | the use of and reference to my name, including my status as “Qualified Person” (as defined
in Regulation S- K 1300), in connection with the Form F-1 and the Technical Report Summary; and |
| ● | the use of the Technical Report Summary, to the extent it was prepared by the undersigned and approved
by the undersigned, that is incorporated by reference in the Form F-1. |
I am responsible for authoring, and
this consent pertains to, Sections 1-5, 10, 11.7 and 12-25 of the Technical Report Summary. I certify that I have read the post-effective
amendment to the Form F-1 dated December 7, 2023, and that it lists as an Exhibit the Technical Report Summary for which I am responsible.
Dated this 7th day of December,
2023.
Bernard Peters, Technical Director
– Mining, OreWin Pty Ltd, BEng (Mining), FAusIMM (201743)
Exhibit 96.1
Title
Page
Project
Name: |
Kabanga |
|
|
Title: |
Kabanga 2023
Mineral Resource Update
Technical Report Summary |
|
|
Location: |
Ngara District, Tanzania |
|
|
Effective Date of Technical Report: |
30 November 2023 |
|
|
Effective Date of Mineral Resources: |
30 November 2023 |
|
|
Effective Date of Drilling Database: |
17 September 2023 |
Qualified
Persons:
● | Sharron
Sylvester, BSc (Geol), RPGeo AIG (10125), employed by OreWin Pty Ltd as Technical Director
– Geology, was responsible for the preparation of the Mineral Resources, Sections 1
to 3; Sections 6 to 9; Section 11; and Sections 22 to 25. |
● | Bernard
Peters, BEng (Mining), FAusIMM (201743), employed by OreWin Pty Ltd as Technical Director
– Mining, was responsible for the preparation of the 2023 Mineral Resource Technical
Report Summary Sections 1 to 5; Section 10; Section 11.7, and Sections 12 to 25. |
OreWin Pty Ltd ACN 165 722 574
140 South Terrace Adelaide 5000
P +61 8 8210 5600 E
orewin@orewin.com W orewin.com
Signature
Page
Project
Name: |
Kabanga |
|
|
Title: |
Kabanga
2023
Mineral Resource Update
Technical Report Summary |
|
|
Location: |
Ngara
District, Tanzania |
|
|
Date
of Signing: |
30
November 2023 |
|
|
Effective
Date of Technical Report: |
30
November 2023 |
Sharron
Sylvester, Technical Director – Geology, OreWin Pty Ltd, BSc (Geol), RPGeo AIG (10125)
Bernard
Peters, Technical Director – Mining, OreWin Pty Ltd, BEng (Mining), FAusIMM (201743)
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
1 |
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1 |
|
|
|
1.1 |
Introduction |
1 |
|
|
|
1.2 |
Accessibility, Climate, Local Resources, Infrastructure, and Physiography |
1 |
|
|
|
1.3 |
Land Tenure and Ownership |
3 |
|
|
|
1.3.1 |
Ownership |
3 |
|
|
|
1.3.2 |
Tanzanian Legislation |
4 |
|
|
|
1.3.3 |
Kabanga Framework Agreement Summary |
5 |
|
|
|
1.3.4 |
Special Mining Licence |
7 |
|
|
|
1.3.5 |
BHPB Investment in Kabanga Nickel Limited |
9 |
|
|
|
1.4 |
Geology and Mineralisation |
10 |
|
|
|
1.4.1 |
Regional Geology |
10 |
|
|
|
1.4.2 |
Property Geology |
11 |
|
|
|
1.4.3 |
Lithologies and Stratigraphy |
12 |
|
|
|
1.4.4 |
Structural Setting |
13 |
|
|
|
1.4.5 |
Deposit Description |
13 |
|
|
|
1.4.6 |
Mineralisation Style |
13 |
|
|
|
1.4.7 |
Alteration and Weathering |
14 |
|
|
|
1.5 |
Exploration |
14 |
|
|
|
1.6 |
Mineral Processing and Metallurgical Testing |
16 |
|
|
|
1.7 |
Mineral Resources |
16 |
|
|
|
1.7.1 |
Mineral Resource Modelling |
17 |
|
|
|
1.7.2 |
Classification |
17 |
|
|
|
1.7.3 |
Cut-off Grade |
18 |
|
|
|
1.7.4 |
Reasonable Prospects for Eventual Economic Extraction (Initial Assessment) |
18 |
|
|
|
1.7.5 |
November 2023 Mineral Resources Estimates |
19 |
|
|
|
1.7.6 |
Comparison to Previous Mineral Resource Estimates – All Mineralisation Types |
24 |
|
|
|
1.7.7 |
Comparison to Previous Mineral Resource Estimates – Massive Sulfide Only |
25 |
|
|
|
1.8 |
Mineral Reserves |
26 |
|
|
|
1.9 |
Market Studies |
27 |
|
|
|
1.10 |
Environmental, Social and Governance |
27 |
|
|
|
1.10.1 |
Environmental and Social Management |
28 |
|
|
|
1.10.2 |
Resettlement |
29 |
1.10.3 |
Community Investment |
30 |
|
|
|
1.10.4 |
Local Employment, Procurement, and Training |
30 |
|
|
|
1.11 |
Interpretation and Conclusions |
30 |
|
|
|
1.12 |
Recommendations |
31 |
|
|
|
2 |
INTRODUCTION |
32 |
|
|
|
2.1 |
Ownership History |
32 |
|
|
|
2.2 |
Terms of Reference |
33 |
|
|
|
2.3 |
Qualified Persons |
34 |
|
|
|
2.4 |
Qualified Persons Property Inspection |
34 |
|
|
|
2.5 |
Units and Currency |
34 |
|
|
|
2.6 |
Effective Dates |
34 |
|
|
|
3 |
PROPERTY DESCRIPTION |
35 |
|
|
|
3.1 |
Location |
35 |
|
|
|
3.2 |
Ownership |
36 |
|
|
|
3.3 |
Tanzanian Mining Sector Legislation |
37 |
|
|
|
3.3.1 |
Introduction |
37 |
|
|
|
3.3.2 |
Primary Mining Sector Legislation |
38 |
|
|
|
3.3.3 |
Environmental and Social Legislation and Land Legislation |
39 |
|
|
|
3.4 |
Framework Agreement Summary |
41 |
|
|
|
3.5 |
Special Mining Licence |
43 |
|
|
|
3.6 |
BHPB Investment in Kabanga Nickel Limited |
47 |
|
|
|
3.6.1 |
T1A Agreement |
47 |
|
|
|
3.6.2 |
T1B Agreement |
47 |
|
|
|
3.6.3 |
T2 Agreement |
47 |
|
|
|
3.7 |
Mineral Rights, Surface Rights, and Environmental Rights |
48 |
|
|
|
3.8 |
Simulus Group |
49 |
|
|
|
3.9 |
Other Significant Factors and Risks |
49 |
|
|
|
4 |
ACCESSIBILITY, CLIMATE, LOCAL RESOURCES, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND PHYSIOGRAPHY |
50 |
|
|
|
4.1 |
Topography, Elevation, and Vegetation |
50 |
|
|
|
4.2 |
Access |
51 |
|
|
|
4.3 |
Climate |
51 |
|
|
|
4.4 |
Infrastructure / Services |
51 |
|
|
|
4.5 |
Local Resources |
52 |
|
|
|
5 |
HISTORY |
53 |
6 |
GEOLOGICAL SETTING, MINERALISATION, AND DEPOSIT |
56 |
|
|
|
6.1 |
Regional Geological Setting |
56 |
|
|
|
6.2 |
Property Geology |
57 |
|
|
|
6.3 |
Lithologies and Stratigraphy |
58 |
|
|
|
6.4 |
Structural Setting |
60 |
|
|
|
6.5 |
Deposit Description |
62 |
|
|
|
6.6 |
Mineralisation Style |
62 |
|
|
|
6.7 |
Alteration and Weathering |
63 |
|
|
|
7 |
EXPLORATION |
69 |
|
|
|
7.1 |
Exploration Timeline |
69 |
|
|
|
7.1.1 |
Early Regional Exploration |
69 |
|
|
|
7.1.2 |
Sutton Era Exploration |
70 |
|
|
|
7.1.3 |
Barrick Era Exploration |
70 |
|
|
|
7.1.4 |
KNL Exploration |
74 |
|
|
|
7.2 |
Exploration and Drillhole Database |
74 |
|
|
|
7.3 |
Drilling, Core Logging, Down-hole Survey, and Sampling |
74 |
|
|
|
7.3.1 |
Drilling |
74 |
|
|
|
7.3.2 |
Core Recovery |
75 |
|
|
|
7.3.3 |
Core Logging |
75 |
|
|
|
7.3.4 |
Core Sampling |
75 |
|
|
|
7.3.5 |
Collar Survey |
76 |
|
|
|
7.3.6 |
Down-hole Survey |
76 |
|
|
|
7.3.7 |
Borehole Electromagnetic Data |
78 |
|
|
|
7.3.8 |
Drillhole Database |
79 |
|
|
|
7.4 |
Density Measurements |
79 |
|
|
|
7.5 |
Planned Drilling Campaigns (2023) |
82 |
|
|
|
8 |
SAMPLE PREPARATION, ANALYSES, AND SECURITY |
83 |
|
|
|
8.1 |
Introduction |
83 |
|
|
|
8.2 |
Sample Preparation |
83 |
|
|
|
8.3 |
Assaying |
84 |
|
|
|
8.4 |
QA/QC |
85 |
|
|
|
8.4.1 |
QA/QC Sample Frequency |
85 |
|
|
|
8.4.2 |
Sample Preparation QA/QC – Screen Test |
86 |
|
|
|
8.4.3 |
Duplicates and Check Assays – ALS-Chemex Coarse Reject Duplicates |
87 |
|
|
|
8.4.4 |
Genalysis Pulp Check Assays |
89 |
|
|
|
8.4.5 |
SGS Lakefield Pulp Check Assays |
93 |
8.4.6 |
Quarter Core Replicates |
93 |
|
|
|
8.4.7 |
Certified Reference Material Standards |
95 |
|
|
|
8.4.8 |
Blanks |
103 |
|
|
|
8.5 |
QP Opinion |
103 |
|
|
|
9 |
DATA VERIFICATION |
104 |
|
|
|
9.1 |
Verifications by the QP |
104 |
|
|
|
9.1.1 |
Site Visit |
104 |
|
|
|
9.1.2 |
Discussion |
104 |
|
|
|
9.2 |
QP Comments |
104 |
|
|
|
10 |
MINERAL PROCESSING AND METALLURGICAL TESTING |
105 |
|
|
|
10.1 |
Concentrate Testwork Prior to 2012 |
105 |
|
|
|
10.2 |
2023 Testwork Programmes |
108 |
|
|
|
10.2.1 |
Concentrator Metallurgical Testwork |
110 |
|
|
|
10.2.2 |
Refinery Metallurgical Testwork |
110 |
|
|
|
10.2.3 |
2023 Refinery Assumptions |
110 |
|
|
|
10.3 |
Discussion |
111 |
|
|
|
10.4 |
QP Comments |
111 |
|
|
|
11 |
MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATES |
113 |
|
|
|
11.1 |
Mineral Resource Modelling |
113 |
|
|
|
11.2 |
2023 Mineral Resource Drillhole Database |
113 |
|
|
|
11.3 |
Mineral Resource Domain Interpretations |
113 |
|
|
|
11.3.1 |
Grade and Lithology |
116 |
|
|
|
11.3.2 |
Drillhole Compositing |
122 |
|
|
|
11.3.3 |
Top-Cutting |
124 |
|
|
|
11.3.4 |
Boundary Treatment |
124 |
|
|
|
11.3.5 |
Variography |
126 |
|
|
|
11.3.6 |
Search Parameters |
126 |
|
|
|
11.3.7 |
Grade Estimation |
129 |
|
|
|
11.3.8 |
Model Validation |
129 |
|
|
|
11.3.9 |
Classification |
134 |
|
|
|
11.4 |
Mineral Resource Cut-off Grade |
134 |
|
|
|
11.4.1 |
2023 Cut-off Grade |
135 |
|
|
|
11.5 |
Reasonable Prospects for Economic Extraction |
138 |
|
|
|
11.6 |
Kabanga 2023 Mineral Resource Statement |
138 |
|
|
|
11.6.1 |
Comparison to Previous Mineral Resource Estimates – All Mineralisation Types |
142 |
11.6.2 |
Comparison to Previous Mineral Resource Estimates – Massive Sulfide Only |
145 |
|
|
|
11.7 |
Risks and Opportunities |
146 |
|
|
|
11.7.1 |
Risks |
146 |
|
|
|
11.7.2 |
Opportunities |
146 |
|
|
|
11.8 |
QP Opinion |
146 |
|
|
|
12 |
MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATES |
147 |
|
|
|
13 |
MINING METHODS |
148 |
|
|
|
14 |
PROCESSING AND RECOVERY METHODS |
149 |
|
|
|
15 |
INFRASTRUCTURE |
150 |
|
|
|
16 |
MARKET STUDIES |
151 |
|
|
|
16.1 |
Marketing and Metal Prices |
151 |
|
|
|
16.2 |
QP Opinion |
151 |
|
|
|
17 |
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, PERMITTING, AND PLANS, NEGOTIATIONS, OR AGREEMENTS WITH
LOCAL INDIVIDUALS OR GROUPS |
152 |
|
|
|
17.1 |
Environmental, Social, and Governance |
152 |
|
|
|
17.1.1 |
Key Features of the Environmental and Social Setting |
152 |
|
|
|
17.1.2 |
Environmental and Social Management |
155 |
|
|
|
17.1.3 |
Stakeholder Engagement and Grievance Management |
155 |
|
|
|
17.2 |
Resettlement |
156 |
|
|
|
17.3 |
Community Investment |
157 |
|
|
|
17.4 |
Local Employment, Procurement, and Training |
157 |
|
|
|
17.5 |
Water Management |
158 |
|
|
|
17.5.1 |
Mine Dewatering |
158 |
|
|
|
17.5.2 |
Site Water Balance |
159 |
|
|
|
17.5.3 |
Surface Water Management |
159 |
|
|
|
17.5.4 |
Water Stewardship |
160 |
|
|
|
17.6 |
Closure |
161 |
|
|
|
17.7 |
Salient ESG Issues |
161 |
|
|
|
17.7.1 |
ESIA Baseline |
161 |
|
|
|
17.7.2 |
Environmental Certificate |
161 |
|
|
|
17.7.3 |
Stakeholder Expectations |
161 |
|
|
|
17.7.4 |
Resettlement |
162 |
|
|
|
17.7.5 |
In-migration |
162 |
|
|
|
17.7.6 |
Carbon Footprint |
162 |
|
|
|
17.7.7 |
Water and Geochemistry |
163 |
18 |
CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS |
164 |
|
|
|
19 |
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS |
165 |
|
|
|
20 |
ADJACENT PROPERTIES |
166 |
|
|
|
21 |
OTHER RELEVANT DATA AND INFORMATION |
167 |
|
|
|
22 |
INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS |
168 |
|
|
|
23 |
RECOMMENDATIONS |
169 |
|
|
|
23.1 |
Environment, Social, and Governance |
170 |
|
|
|
23.1.1 |
Stakeholder Expectations and Resettlement |
170 |
|
|
|
23.1.2 |
In-migration |
171 |
|
|
|
23.1.3 |
Water and Geochemistry |
171 |
|
|
|
23.2 |
KNL Work Plan |
171 |
|
|
|
23.2.1 |
Work Plan Cost Estimate |
171 |
|
|
|
23.3 |
QP Comments |
172 |
|
|
|
24 |
REFERENCES |
173 |
|
|
|
25 |
RELIANCE ON INFORMATION PROVIDED BY THE REGISTRANT |
174 |
TABLES
Table 1.1 |
Exploration Drilling Summary (to 17 September 2023) |
14 |
|
|
|
Table 1.2 |
Kabanga Mineral Resource Estimates1 as at 30 November 2023 – Based on $9.50/lb Nickel Price, $4.00/lb Copper Price, and $26.00/lb Cobalt Price |
20 |
|
|
|
Table 1.3 |
Kabanga Mineral Resource Estimates – Massive Sulfide1 (subset of Table 1.2) as at 30 November 2023 – Based on $9.50/lb Nickel Price, $4.00/lb Copper Price, and $26.00/lb Cobalt Price |
21 |
|
|
|
Table 1.4 |
Kabanga Mineral Resource Estimates – Ultramafic1 (subset of Table 1.2) as at 30 November 2023 – Based on $9.50/lb Nickel Price, $4.00/lb Copper Price, and $26.00/lb Cobalt Price |
22 |
|
|
|
Table 1.5 |
Kabanga Mineral Resource Estimates1 – Showing Contained Metals as at 30 November 2023 – Based on $9.50/lb Nickel Price, $4.00/lb Copper Price, and $26.00/lb Cobalt Price |
23 |
|
|
|
Table 1.6 |
Kabanga Mineral Resource Estimates1 Comparison – Tonnes and Grades |
24 |
|
|
|
Table 1.7 |
Kabanga Mineral Resource Estimates1 Comparison – Contained Metals |
25 |
|
|
|
Table 1.8 |
Kabanga Massive Sulfide1 Mineral Resource Estimates Comparison – Tonnes and
Grades |
26 |
|
|
|
Table 3.1 |
Special Mining Licence SML 651 / 2021 Corner Coordinates |
46 |
|
|
|
Table 7.1 |
Exploration Drilling Summary |
69 |
Table 7.2 |
Down-hole Survey Statistics |
76 |
|
|
|
Table 7.3 |
Down-hole Survey Statistics for North and Tembo |
77 |
|
|
|
Table 8.1 |
Summary of Analytical Techniques for Mineral Resource Drilling |
85 |
|
|
|
Table 8.2 |
Frequency of QA/QC Samples 2005–2009 |
86 |
|
|
|
Table 8.3 |
Kabanga MSSX and UMAF CRMs – Accepted Grades |
95 |
|
|
|
Table 8.4 |
Kabanga MSSX and UMAF CRMs – Tracking of Ni% Results 2005–2009 |
98 |
|
|
|
Table 8.5 |
Kabanga MSSX CRM – Tracking of Ni% Results by Era |
98 |
|
|
|
Table 8.6 |
Kabanga CRMs – Summary Statistics 2005–2009 |
99 |
|
|
|
Table 8.7 |
ALS-Chemex Internal Reference Material Standards – Tracking of Ni% Results
2005–2009 |
100 |
|
|
|
Table 8.8 |
ALS-Chemex Internal Forrest B Standard – Summary Statistics 2005–2009 |
100 |
|
|
|
Table 10.1 |
Metallurgical Testwork Summary |
105 |
|
|
|
Table 10.2 |
2023 Concentrator, Refinery and Supporting Testwork |
109 |
|
|
|
Table 11.1 |
Grade Estimation Search Parameters |
127 |
|
|
|
Table 11.2 |
NiEq23 Input Parameters |
135 |
|
|
|
Table 11.3 |
2023 Cut-off Grade Assumptions |
137 |
|
|
|
Table 11.4 |
Kabanga Mineral Resource Estimates1 as at 30 November 2023 –
Based on $9.50/lb Nickel Price, $4.00/lb Copper Price, and $26.00/lb Cobalt Price |
139 |
|
|
|
Table 11.5 |
Kabanga Mineral Resource Estimates – Massive Sulfide1 (subset of Table 11.4) as at 30 November 2023 – Based on $9.50/lb Nickel Price, $4.00/lb Copper Price, and $26.00/lb Cobalt Price |
140 |
|
|
|
Table 11.6 |
Kabanga Mineral Resource Estimates – Ultramafic1 (subset of Table 11.4) as at 30 November 2023 – Based on $9.50/lb Nickel Price, $4.00/lb Copper Price, and $26.00/lb Cobalt Price |
141 |
|
|
|
Table 11.7 |
Kabanga Mineral Resource Estimates1 – Showing Contained Metals as at 30 November 2023
– Based on $9.50/lb Nickel Price, $4.00/lb Copper Price, and $26.00/lb Cobalt Price |
142 |
|
|
|
Table 11.8 |
Kabanga Mineral Resource Estimates1 Comparison – Tonnes and Grades |
143 |
|
|
|
Table 11.9 |
Kabanga Mineral Resource Estimates1 Comparison – Contained Metals |
144 |
|
|
|
Table 11.10 |
Kabanga Massive Sulfide1 Mineral Resource Estimates Comparison – Tonnes and Grades |
145 |
|
|
|
Table 16.1 |
Metal Prices |
151 |
|
|
|
Table 23.1 |
Work Programme Cost Estimate |
172 |
FIGURES
Figure 1.1 |
Kabanga Project Location |
2 |
|
|
|
Figure 1.2 |
Local Area Plan |
3 |
|
|
|
Figure 1.3 |
Lifezone and Kabanga Nickel Group Structure |
4 |
|
|
|
Figure 1.4 |
Location of the Project showing Detail of SML 651 / 2021 |
8 |
|
|
|
Figure 1.5 |
Plan View Schematic of Geology of the Kabanga Area |
12 |
|
|
|
Figure 1.6 |
Projected Long-section Schematic of Kabanga Mineralised Zones |
13 |
|
|
|
Figure 3.1 |
Kabanga Project Location |
35 |
|
|
|
Figure 3.2 |
Local Area Plan |
36 |
|
|
|
Figure 3.3 |
Lifezone and Kabanga Nickel Group Structure |
37 |
|
|
|
Figure 3.4 |
Location of the Project showing SML 651 / 2021 |
45 |
|
|
|
Figure 4.1 |
Aerial Photo Showing KNL Camp (2023) |
52 |
|
|
|
Figure 6.1 |
Stratigraphic Column for the Kagera Supergroup |
57 |
|
|
|
Figure 6.2 |
Plan View Schematic of Geology of the Kabanga Area |
59 |
|
|
|
Figure 6.3 |
Typical Stratigraphy Cross-Section Schematics for North and Tembo |
60 |
|
|
|
Figure 6.4 |
Major Structures – Kabanga Sulfide Zones |
61 |
|
|
|
Figure 6.5 |
Comparative Interpretation of 3D and 2D VTEM Data |
62 |
|
|
|
Figure 6.6 |
Projected Longitudinal Section Schematic of Kabanga Mineralised Zones |
64 |
|
|
|
Figure 6.7 |
Example Cross-section* of Mineralisation Geometry at Main Zone |
65 |
|
|
|
Figure 6.8 |
Example Cross-section* of Mineralisation Geometry at MNB Zone |
66 |
|
|
|
Figure 6.9 |
Example Cross-section* of Mineralisation Geometry at North Zone (with Kima) |
67 |
|
|
|
Figure 6.10 |
Example Cross-section* of Mineralisation Geometry at Tembo Zone |
68 |
|
|
|
Figure 7.1 |
Kabanga Drillhole Locations Proximal to Mineral Resources (Local Grid) |
78 |
|
|
|
Figure 7.2 |
Comparison of Water Immersion vs. Pycnometry Density for Massive Sulfide |
80 |
|
|
|
Figure 7.3 |
Pycnometer Density Measurements for North and Tembo Massive Sulfide |
81 |
|
|
|
Figure 7.4 |
Pycnometer Density Measurements for North and Tembo UMAF_1a |
81 |
|
|
|
Figure 8.1 |
Percent Reject Passing – 2 mm Screen – 2005–2009 |
87 |
|
|
|
Figure 8.2 |
ALS-Chemex – Percent Relative Difference for Ni Duplicates – 2005–2009 |
88 |
|
|
|
Figure 8.3 |
ALS-Chemex – Percent Relative Difference for Cu Duplicates – 2005–2009 |
88 |
|
|
|
Figure 8.4 |
ALS-Chemex – Percent Relative Difference for Co Duplicates – 2005–2009 |
89 |
|
|
|
Figure 8.5 |
Genalysis vs. ALS-Chemex Pulp Check Assays Percent Relative Difference for Ni Grades 2005–2009 – Sequential Analysis for MSSX Ni>2% |
90 |
|
|
|
Figure 8.6 |
Impact of Oxidation of Pulps on Assay Results – 2005 ALS-Chemex Test – Relative Percentage Decrease in Ni Grade vs. Number of Days between Pulverisation and Analysis (pulps allowed to oxidise) |
91 |
Figure 8.7 |
Genalysis vs. ALS-Chemex Pulp Check Assays Percent Relative Difference for Ni Grades 2005–2009 |
91 |
|
|
|
Figure 8.8 |
Genalysis vs. ALS-Chemex Pulp Check Assays Percent Relative Difference for Cu Grades 2005–2009 |
92 |
|
|
|
Figure 8.9 |
Genalysis vs. ALS-Chemex Pulp Check Assays Percent Relative Difference for Co Grades 2005–2009 |
92 |
|
|
|
Figure 8.10 |
SGS Lakefield vs. ALS-Chemex Pulp Check Assays Percent Relative Difference for Ni Grades |
93 |
|
|
|
Figure 8.11 |
ALS-Chemex – Percent Relative Difference for Ni Grades for Quarter Core Replicates – 2005–2007 |
94 |
|
|
|
Figure 8.12 |
ALS-Chemex – Percent Relative Difference for Cu Grades for Quarter Core Replicates – 2005–2007 |
94 |
|
|
|
Figure 8.13 |
ALS-Chemex – Percent Relative Difference for Co Grades for Quarter Core Replicates – 2005–2007 |
95 |
|
|
|
Figure 8.14 |
Kabanga MSSX CRM Ni Values 2005–2009 |
97 |
|
|
|
Figure 8.15 |
Kabanga UMAF CRM Ni Values 2005–2009 |
97 |
|
|
|
Figure 8.16 |
Kabanga MSSX CRM Ni% Values by Genalysis 2005–2009 |
98 |
|
|
|
Figure 8.17 |
ALS-Chemex Internal Forrest B Standard – Results from 2005–2009 |
99 |
|
|
|
Figure 8.18 |
Kabanga MSSX CRM Cu Values 2005–2009 |
101 |
|
|
|
Figure 8.19 |
Kabanga MSSX CRM Co Values 2005–2009 |
101 |
|
|
|
Figure 8.20 |
Kabanga UMAF CRM Cu Values 2005–2009 |
102 |
|
|
|
Figure 8.21 |
Kabanga UMAF CRM Co Values 2005–2009 |
102 |
|
|
|
Figure 8.22 |
Blanks – Ni Results 2005–2009 |
103 |
|
|
|
Figure 10.1 |
Conceptual Flowsheet for the Proposed Refinery Process |
112 |
|
|
|
Figure 11.1 |
Schematic Projected Long-section of the Kabanga Mineralised Zone Wireframes (looking north-west) |
115 |
|
|
|
Figure 11.2 |
Ni Box Plot for all Assayed Lithologies – All Zones |
116 |
|
|
|
Figure 11.3 |
Pie Chart of Assayed Lithologies – North Zone |
117 |
|
|
|
Figure 11.4 |
Box Plots for a Suite of Elements for the Mineralisation Types – North Zone |
118 |
|
|
|
Figure 11.5 |
Pie Chart of Assayed Lithologies – Tembo Zone |
119 |
|
|
|
Figure 11.6 |
Box Plots for a Suite of Elements for the Mineralisation Types – Tembo Zone |
120 |
|
|
|
Figure 11.7 |
Box Plot of Grades (Co, Cu, Ni, and S) by Mineralisation Type |
121 |
|
|
|
Figure 11.8 |
Histograms of Sample Lengths – North Zone (where assayed) |
123 |
|
|
|
Figure 11.9 |
Histograms of Sample Lengths – Tembo Zone (where assayed) |
123 |
|
|
|
Figure 11.10 |
Contact Plots for Ni% Across INTR:UMIN Boundary |
125 |
|
|
|
Figure 11.11 |
Contact Plots for Ni% Across UMIN:MSSX Boundary |
125 |
|
|
|
Figure 11.12 |
Example Cross-section* of Ni% Grade Estimates at North Zone (with Kima) |
130 |
|
|
|
Figure 11.13 |
Example Cross-section* of Ni% Grade Estimates at Tembo Zone |
131 |
Figure 11.14 |
Example Swath Plots – Ni% Along Strike for North Zone |
132 |
|
|
|
Figure 11.15 |
Example Swath Plots – Ni% Along Strike for Tembo Zone |
133 |
|
|
|
Figure 17.1 |
Project Location and Protected Areas |
153 |
|
|
|
Figure 17.2 |
Local Area Plan |
154 |
The
Kabanga 2023 Mineral Resource Update Technical Report Summary (2023MRU) has been prepared in accordance with the U.S. Securities and
Exchange Commission (US SEC) Regulation S-K subpart 1300 rules for Property Disclosures for Mining Registrants (S-K 1300) for Lifezone
Metals Ltd (LML) on the Kabanga nickel project (the Project). The 2023MRU is a preliminary technical and economic study of the economic
potential of the Project mineralisation to support the disclosure of Mineral Resources. The Mineral Resource estimates are current as
at 30 November 2023.
The
Mineral Resource estimates in the 2023MRU are reported in accordance with subpart 1300 of US Regulation S-K Mining Property Disclosure
Rules (S-K 1300).
The
majority owner of the Project, Kabanga Nickel Ltd (KNL), is the primary source of technical data and information discussed within this
Technical Report Summary (TRS).
The
Mineral Resource estimates in the 2023MRU were prepared by the Qualified Persons (QPs) and the QPs have reviewed the supplied data and
information, the QPs accept this information for use in the 2023MRU on the basis that it is accurate. Information and data supplied by
LML that were relied upon when forming the findings and conclusions of this report but were outside the areas of expertise of the QP
are detailed in Section 25. Any individual or entity referenced within the 2023MRU as having completed work, but not identified therein
as being a QP, does not constitute a QP.
The
2023MRU should be construed in light of the methods, procedures, and techniques used in its preparation. Sections or parts of the 2023
MRU should not be read in isolation from or removed from their original context.
| 1.2 | Accessibility,
Climate, Local Resources, Infrastructure, and Physiography |
The
Kabanga nickel project is located in the Ngara district in north-west Tanzania, 44 km south of the town of Ngara, south-east of
the nearest town of Bugarama, and close to the border with Burundi. Figure 1.1 shows the Project location in Tanzania. Figure 1.2
shows the Project site, nearby villages, and the Burundi border. The exploration camp is located at 02°53.161’S and 30°33.626’E.
The
Ngara district is one of the eight districts of the Kagera region of Tanzania. It is bordered to the north by Karagwe district, to the
east by Biharamulo district, to the south by the Kigoma region, to the north-east by Muleba district, and to the west by the countries
of Rwanda and Burundi. Lake Victoria is approximately 130 km north-east of the Project area.
The
proposed mine site is accessible by road connecting to the National Route B3 at Muzani. Three potential access routes have been
identified: northern, central, and southern, with the southern route currently preferred due to its shorter distance (approximately 80 km
to Muzani) and being considered to have the lowest environmental and social impact. The southern route is presently a dirt road, prone,
in at least two places, to rutting in the rainy season and occasional flooding.
There
is a railway from Dar es Salaam to Isaka that is currently being upgraded. Isaka is approximately 350 km south-east of
the Project (approximately 90 km south–south-east of Bulyanhulu).
Figure 1.1
Kabanga Project Location
Within
the Project area, domestic water supplies are typically obtained from the small tributary streams, from springs on the Project ridge,
and from shallow dug wells in the valley bottom lands. The rivers are not used for domestic water supply. The Project area is located
in the moist sub-humid climate zone of east central Africa, which is dominated by monsoonal weather patterns. The long-term average annual
rainfall in the Project area is 1,013 mm.
Infrastructure
in the Ngara district is limited in terms of national grid power and reticulated potable water supplies. A transmission line and sub-station
from a new hydroelectric project to the north-west of Tanzania is within 70 km of the Project site and an extension of the 200 kV
line to the project is planned within the development time of the Project.
Despite
resource shortfalls, the local government system is functional, and all of the 15 villages adjacent to the Project have at least one
primary school, all wards have secondary schools, and most villages and wards have health facilities.
Figure 1.2
Local Area Plan
| 1.3 | Land
Tenure and Ownership |
LML
was incorporated on 8 December 2022 for the purpose of effectuating a Business Combination. On 6 July 2023, LML consummated
a Business Combination pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement dated 13 December 2022 between (amongst others) GoGreen
Investments Corporation and LML. On 6 July 2023, in accordance with the terms of the Business Combination Agreement, the LHL shareholders
transferred all of the outstanding ordinary shares of LHL to LML in exchange for the issuance of new Lifezone Metals Ordinary Shares
issued by LML. LML ordinary shares trade on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the ticker symbols LZM. LML raised approximately
$86.6 million from the listing on the NYSE, including approximately $70.2 million from PIPE investors.
The
relationship between Lifezone Holdings Ltd (LHL) and the operating entities that will manage the Project are shown in Figure 1.3.
The Project is 84% owned and operated by Kabanga Nickel Limited (KNL), with the remaining 16% held by the Government of Tanzania under
the terms of a framework agreement. KNL is jointly owned by LML (83%) through its 100% owned subsidiary, Lifezone Limited, with the remaining
17% directly owned by BHP Billiton (UK) DDS Limited (BHPB). For Mineral Resource reporting, the LML direct ownership share is 69.713%
of the in situ mineralisation after excluding the shares of the Government and the direct BHPB ownership.
Figure 1.3
Lifezone and Kabanga Nickel Group Structure
| 1.3.2 | Tanzanian
Legislation |
In
Tanzania, mineral rights are held in the form of prospecting licences, special mining licences, mining licences and primary mining licences.
There are several types of prospecting licences and mining licences, depending on the nature of the minerals being mined and the size
of the mine. A Special Mining Licence (SML) is the type of licence required for large scale mining operations (‘large-scale’
being defined as those projects requiring a capital investment not less than $100 million), therefore this is the type of licence
required for the Kabanga project.
Associated
with each SML is an Investor–State Framework Agreement (Framework Agreement) between the holder of the SML and the Government.
This Framework Agreement includes clauses on the conduct of mining operations, the grant of the Government free carried interest and
State participation in mining, and the financing of any mining operations.
Mining
legislation requires observance of environmental legislation. Mining licences cannot be granted without an environmental approval certificate
being in place. After mining licences are approved, several secondary permits are required for activities that could impact on people
and the environment.
Under
modern Tanzanian legislation, mineral rights do not confer surface rights. Surface rights were strengthened with the passing of the Land
Act 1999, and the Village Act 1999, and application of these Acts to the mining sector was enhanced by The Mining Act [Cap 123 R.E. 2019].
| 1.3.3 | Kabanga
Framework Agreement Summary |
The
following summary and description of the Kabanga Framework Agreement, signed on 19 January 2021 between the holder of the SML and the
Government of Tanzania, has been prepared by LML.
The
Kabanga Framework Agreement is focussed on equitable economic benefit sharing according to the principles included in Article 3 of that
agreement. It recognises the formation of a Joint Venture Company (JVC) that is called Tembo Nickel Corporation Limited (TNCL), which
has two subsidiaries – Tembo Nickel Mining Company Limited, and Tembo Nickel Refining Company Limited. TNCL is referred to as both
‘JVC’ and ‘Tembo Nickel Corporation Limited’ in the Framework Agreement and in the SML. The Key Principles of
the Framework Agreement are intended to underline and guide the development of the Project for the mutual benefit of the Parties. The
Key Principles include:
| ● | the
application of the Economic Benefits Sharing Principle (EBSP) on the life of mine plans of
the Project and the Multipurpose Mineral Processing Facility (MMPF); |
| ● | having
a Joint Financial Model (JFM) to guide the management and operations of the JVC and the JVC
subsidiaries; |
| ● | jointly
managing the JVC pursuant to the Shareholders’ Agreement; |
| ● | agreeing
on the fiscal assumptions underlying the EBSP; |
| ● | establishing
minerals beneficiation facilities at Kahama township in Shinyanga Region in Tanzania. |
The
Parties agree equitably to share the economic benefits derived from the Project in accordance with the JFM. The Agreement provides that
KNL shall receive its 84 percent share of the economic benefits through payment of dividends and proportionate returns of capital to
shareholders of the JVC and the JVC subsidiaries. The Agreement provides that the Government of Tanzania will receive its share of the
economic benefits through the payment by the JVC and the JVC subsidiaries of taxes, royalties, fees and other fiscal levies through the
Government’s 16 percent Free Carried Interest in the JVC. The Kabanga Framework Agreement is governed by the laws of Tanzania and
any dispute may be referred to conciliation in accordance with the UNCITRAL Conciliation Rules and, failing which, arbitration in accordance
with the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules.
As
is required under the Miscellaneous Amendments Act 2017, which amends The Mining Act [Cap 123 R.E. 2019], the Framework
Agreement:
| ● | Provides
for the Government to have a 16% non-dilutable, free-carried share interest in the capital
of TNCL (with the remaining interest being held by KNL), |
| ● | Includes
royalties on the gross value of minerals to be paid at a rate of 6%, where ‘gross value’
means the market value of minerals determined through valuation as defined in the Miscellaneous
Amendments Act 2017. The Government can reject the valuation if it is low due to market volatility,
and can buy the minerals at the low value ascertained, |
| ● | Requires
beneficiation of mineral products of operations in country, and |
| ● | Includes
requirements to procure goods and services locally. |
In
addition to royalties, the Framework Agreement elaborates on other taxes, fiscal levies, and funding mechanisms that will apply, notably:
| ● | A
service levy of 0.3% of gross revenue, |
| ● | Non-deductibility
of royalty for the calculation of corporate income tax, |
| ● | Corporate
income tax of 30%, |
| ● | Indefinite
carry-forward of losses but with the ability to offset against taxable income in any given
tax year subject to a cap of 70% of the taxable income in a given tax year, |
| ● | Application
of straight-line pooled asset depreciation at a rate of 20% per annum, and |
| ● | The
ability for KNL to lend funding to TNCL through shareholder loans. |
The
beneficiation facility in the Framework Agreement is referred to in that agreement as a ‘Multi-purpose Mineral Processing Facility’
(MMPF, or multi-metal mineral processing facility), and its purpose is stated as ‘processing, smelting and refining of nickel and
other mineral concentrates’, albeit that it should be noted that no smelting is envisaged in this project as all metal extraction
will utilise a hydrometallurgical process. TNCL will manage the operations of the mine and the MMPF through subsidiaries, while the Government
will assist TNCL in acquiring suitable land for the construction of the MMPF within the vicinity of Kahama township. KNL is required
to oversee the construction of the MMPF at Kahama, and to prepare the requisite reports on Kabanga, including feasibility studies for
the mine and the MMPF, and the corresponding EIAs required by law.
The
Framework Agreement states that upon granting of the SML, TNCL (or any relevant subsidiary) will begin the process of identifying a physical
location for the MMPF with the Kahama region being the initial priority location to assess given the beneficial infrastructure advantages.
Upon confirmation of site identification, JVC (or any relevant subsidiary) may submit an application for a Refining Licence for the MMPF.
The
Framework Agreement requires that the management of JVC’s operations is carried out in Tanzania, with a focus on engaging local
talent to maximise employment of Tanzanians, including: preference for Tanzanian nationals to be appointed to management positions within
the JVC, and implementing a local procurement plan that emphasises spending in Tanzania, except where goods or supplies are not available
in Tanzania (or on commercially viable or competitive terms in Tanzania) or supplies are permitted to be procured from sources outside
Tanzania as provided for under relevant laws.
The
Framework Agreement contains a number of schedules. These schedules provide a process for the establishment of the various legal entities,
shareholder agreements, and importantly a series of timebound undertakings to facilitate the development of the Project.
| 1.3.4 | Special
Mining Licence |
Following
the signing of the Framework Agreement, the Government, on 25 October 2021, granted a Special Mining Licence (SML) No. SML 651 / 2021
to Tembo Nickel Corporation Limited (JVC) for the Project. The SML is currently in force as of the date of this report.
The
SML confers to JVC the exclusive right to search for, mine, dig, mill, process, refine, transport, use, and/or market nickel or other
minerals found to occur in association with that mineral, in and vertically under the SML area, and execute such other works as are necessary
for that purpose.
The
SML shall remain valid for a period of the esteemed life of the ore body indicated in the feasibility study report or such period as
the applicant may request unless it is cancelled, suspended, or surrendered in accordance with the law.
The
SML requires JVC to strictly observe the mining laws, in particular but not limited to, the recognition that all mineral data and exploration
information over the licence area is the property of the United Republic of Tanzania and must be submitted to the Geological Survey of
Tanzania in accordance with the Mining Act.
Conditions
of the SML include:
| ● | Submission
of a Feasibility Study to the Mining Commission. |
| ● | An
update of the proposed plan for compensation, relocation and resettlement and submission
to the Mining Commission. |
| ● | Take
all the measures necessary to avert occurrence of accidents whether accidental or premeditated
and to observe and satisfy safety conditions stipulated under the Occupational safety and
Health Act. |
| ● | Ensure
that management of production, transportation, storage, treatment and disposal of waste arising
out of mining operations is carried out in accordance with safeguards prescribed by the Environmental
Management Act. |
| ● | Ensure
regular environmental audit, monitoring and evaluation are carried out to avert environmental
spoil, degradation and hazardous substances which may be harmful to human being and or environment. |
| ● | Develop
and adopt Mine Closure and Rehabilitation plans of the area where mining operations are carried
out. |
| ● | An
update of the environmental management plan and submission to the Mining Commission. |
| ● | Preparation
of an annual social responsibility plan agreed by the relevant government authorities. |
| ● | The
commencement of mining activities within 18 months from 25 October 2021, or such further
period as determined by the Mining Commission on the basis of plans, general designs for
the mine, and related facilities as well as other ancillary operations consistent with the
approved mining plan. |
| ● | An
undertaking by the JVC to beneficiate in-country. |
| ● | The
JVC complying with Tanzanian regulations relating to mining operations, financing arrangements
and local content. |
| ● | The
JVC complying with the Statement of Integrity Pledge in accordance with Part VIII of
the Mining Act and the Mining (Integrity Pledge) Regulations, 2018. |
With
the grant of the SML, JVC agreed to become a strategic partner to the Government, which shall have not less than 16% of the capital of
the entity established, to carry out mining activities over the licence area in the form of non-dilutable free-carried interest in accordance
with the Mining Act, and subject to the provisions of the Mining Act and of the regulations made thereunder now in force, or which may
come into force during the continuance of this licence, or any renewal thereof. A map of the property showing SML 651 / 2021
is provided in Figure 1.4.
Figure 1.4
Location of the Project showing Detail of SML 651 / 2021
| 1.3.5 | BHPB
Investment in Kabanga Nickel Limited |
The
following summary of the commercial arrangement between LML and BHP Billiton DDS Limited (BHPB) has been prepared by LML.
LML
and BHPB have three agreements: T1A, T1B, and T2.
KNL
entered into a loan agreement with BHPB dated 24 December 2021, pursuant to which KNL received investment of $40 million
from BHPB by way of a convertible loan. Following receipt of approval from the Tanzanian Fair Competition Commission, and the fulfilment
of the other conditions, such convertible loan was converted into an 8.9% equity interest in KNL on 1 July 2022.
KNL
entered into an equity subscription agreement with BHPB dated 14 October 2022 (the T1B Agreement). All the conditions
precedent of the T1B Agreement were satisfied or waived on, or before, 8 February 2023, and in accordance with the T1B Agreement,
BHPB subscribed $50 million for an additional 8.9% equity interest in KNL on 15 February 2023, giving BHPB a total equity
interest in KNL of 17% (the T1B Investment).
The
T1B Investment proceeds will be used for the ongoing funding requirements of the Project in accordance with a budget agreed between KNL
and BHPB.
KNL
and Lifezone Limited entered into an option agreement with BHPB dated 14 October 2022 pursuant to which KNL will (at BHPB’s
option) receive investment from BHPB by way of an equity subscription. The option grants BHPB the right, subject to certain conditions,
to subscribe for the required number of new KNL shares that, in aggregate with its existing KNL shareholding, would result in BHPB indirectly
owning 51% of the total voting and economic equity rights in TNCL on a fully diluted basis as at closing at a price to be determined
through an independent expert valuation. If exercised as at the date of the agreement, the option would result in BHPB owning 60.71%
of the total voting and economic equity rights in KNL on a fully diluted basis.
BHPB
may (at its sole option) deliver a maximum of one valuation notice to KNL and Lifezone Limited requiring the commencement of a valuation
process in respect of KNL during the period which shall:
| ● | Commence
on the later of the date on which: |
| – | (i)
the feasibility study relating to the Kabanga project is agreed (or finally determined) between
BHPB and KNL (the Feasibility Study Agreement Date); and |
| – | (ii)
the Joint Financial Model in respect of the Kabanga Project is agreed between BHPB and KNL,
or such earlier date as the parties may agree in writing, and |
| ● | End
on the date falling 30 calendar days after the later of: |
| – | (i)
the Feasibility Study Agreement Date; and |
| – | (ii)
the date on which the Joint Financial Model is agreed between BHPB, KNL, and the Government
of Tanzania. |
The
investment is subject to certain conditions, including the receipt of approval from the Tanzanian Fair Competition Commission (FCC).
The
proceeds of the investment shall be used for the ongoing funding requirements of the Kabanga project.
| 1.4 | Geology
and Mineralisation |
The
Kabanga deposit is located within the East African Nickel Belt (EANB), which extends approximately 1,500 km along a north-east trend
that extends from Zambia in the south-west, though the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda in the
north-east, and straddles the western boundary of the Tanzania Craton to the east, and the eastern boundary of the Congo Kasai Craton
to the west.
In
the northern and central sections of the EANB, a thick package of Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks, known as
the Karagwe–Ankole Belt (KAB), overlies this boundary, within which occurs a suite of broadly coeval, bimodal intrusions, (Evans et al,
2016). These igneous rocks correspond to the Mesoproterozoic Kibaran tectonothermal event between 1,350 to 1,400 Ma, (Kokonyangi et al,
2006; Tack et al, 2010).
The
KAB has been divided into several broad domains, (Tack et al, 1994), as follows:
| ● | An
Eastern Domain (ED) that is characterised by lower degrees of metamorphism and tectonism,
and the absence of Kibaran-aged granite magmatism, |
| ● | A
Western Domain (WD) characterised by higher degrees of metamorphism and polyphase deformation,
and the voluminous Kibaran granite intrusion, and |
| ● | A
Transitional Domain (TD) between the other two domains, which is marked by a north-east trending
line of mafic–ultramafic intrusions known as the Kabanga–Musongati Alignment
(Tack et al, 1994). |
The
sedimentary rocks of the ED and WD form uncorrelated and distinct sub-basins, both comprising alternating arenaceous and pelitic rocks
including quartzites, schists, greywackes, and conglomerates, developed in long-lived, shallow-water intracratonic and pericontinental
basins, (Fernandez Alonso et al, 2012).
The
Kibaran igneous rocks comprise mafic–ultramafic intrusions, including well-differentiated lopolithic layered intrusions, and small,
narrow, tube-like sills, often concentrically zoned, called chonoliths. The nickel mineralisation zones discovered to date at the Project
have exclusively been found associated with the mafic–ultramafic intrusions, in particular, along the Kabanga–Musongati Alignment,
(Deblond and Tack, 1999; Evans et al, 2000). Felsic intrusions occur coeval with the mafic–ultramafic intrusions. Recent
ages (U-Pb zircon SHRIMP) from Kabanga date the marginal mafic rocks of the North intrusion at 1,403 ± 14 Ma, (Maier et al,
2007).
The
intrusions that host the known potentially economic nickel-bearing massive sulfide zones in the Project area (Figure 1.5), namely
Main, MNB, Kima, North, and Tembo, are found within steeply-dipping overturned metasediments (dipping to the west (70° to 80°)
with a north–north-east strike orientation (025°) from Main to North zone, changing to a north-east strike orientation
(055°) from North to Tembo.
The
mineralised zones are located within, and at the bottom margin of, the mafic–ultramafic chonoliths. The chonoliths are concentrically
zoned with a gabbronorite margin and an ultramafic cumulate core zone that ranges in composition from sulfidic dunite, plagioclase-peridotite,
orthopyroxenite, to olivine melanorite, (Evans et al, 2000).
The
metasediments comprise approximately 90% metapelites and metasandstones, with the remainder comprising clean arenitic metasandstones
or quartzites, (Evans et al, 2016). Lenses and bands of iron sulfides (up to 5% modal of pyrrhotite) and graphite are common
in the more-pelitic rocks, and it has been demonstrated that the sulfur within the different mineralised zones has similar isotopic signatures,
indicating significant assimilation of external sulfur from the KAB sediments, (Maier et al, 2010).
Figure 1.5
Plan View Schematic of Geology of the Kabanga Area
| 1.4.3 | Lithologies
and Stratigraphy |
Three
lithological groups are present at Kabanga:
| ● | Remobilised
massive sulfide (>80% sulfide) (MSSX), which carries 90% of the sulfide occurrence,
and massive sulfide with xenoliths of metasedimentary, or gabbro / ultramafic rock
(≥50% to 80% sulfides) (MSXI). |
| ● | Ultramafic–mafic
intrusive complex rocks, which display a wide range of metamorphism / metasomatism.
These lithologies can also carry significant sulfide mineralisation, such as in the ultramafic
unit named UMAF_1a (≥30% sulfides, located adjacent to the MSSX, present at Tembo and
North). |
| ● | Metasediments
comprising a series of pelitic units, schists, and quartzites, forming the hanging wall and
footwall of the massive sulfide lenses. |
The
massive sulfide comprises principally pyrrhotite, with up to 15% pentlandite. The pentlandite shows distinct globular recrystallisation
textures and crystals may reach up to 5 cm in size. Accessory sulfides include chalcopyrite, and traces of pyrite, galena, arsenopyrite,
cubanite, niccolite, cobaltite, and mackinawite.
The
Kabanga sulfide lenses are thought to have been remobilised within a large shear zone, initially conforming to early-phase folding geometries,
and subsequently modified and partitioned by low-angle thrusting and cross-faulting. The Project area has been found to be structurally
complex, with five fault sets identified to date.
Structural
modelling has been undertaken (2008–2009) to support the current structural interpretation of the Project area.
The
Project comprises six distinct mineralised zones, namely (from south-west to north-east) Main, MNB, Kima, North, Tembo, and Safari, which
occur over a strike length exceeding 7.5 km. The five mineralised zones that contribute to the Mineral Resource estimates (Main,
MNB, Kima, Tembo, and North), extend over a total strike length of 6 km, and for up to 1.3 km below surface. Figure 1.6
is a projected long-section schematic showing all the mineralised zones identified to date at Kabanga.
Figure 1.6
Projected Long-section Schematic of Kabanga Mineralised Zones
| 1.4.6 | Mineralisation
Style |
Kabanga
sulfide mineralisation occurs both as:
| ● | Disseminated
to net textured interstitial sulfides within the cumulate core zone of the Kabanga chonoliths,
as well as externally, and |
| ● | Massive
and semi-massive bodies along the lower or side margins of the chonolith, that being the
contact with the stratigraphic base, (Evans et al, 1999). |
| 1.4.7 | Alteration
and Weathering |
At
the surface, the ultramafic bodies are completely weathered to saprolite. The depth of the saprolite profile ranges from 40–100 m
in the Project area. At the North zone, massive sulfides are weathered to depths of 80–100 m. The massive sulfide horizon
at the Tembo zone is more than 98% within fresh material, with minor oxidation present in the upper southern and northern parts of the
mineralisation. In general, nickel laterite formation over the associated ultramafic rock is only weakly developed with minor nickel-bearing
serpentine and rare garnierite.
Exploration
at Kabanga has been undertaken in a number of different phases spanning over 45 years, with more than 622 km of drilling having
been completed in total, 26.8 km of which was on regional targets.
The
Project drilling history is summarised in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1
Exploration Drilling Summary (to 17 September 2023)
Years |
Companies |
Metres
Drilled |
Discovery
(purpose) |
1976–1979 |
UNDP
Regional Exploration |
20,068 |
Main
zone |
1991–1992 |
Sutton
Resources |
12,974 |
|
1993–1995 |
Sutton–BHP
JV |
37,947 |
North
zone |
1997–1999 |
Sutton–Anglo
American JV |
56,227 |
|
2000–2004 |
Barrick
Gold Corporation |
39,931 |
MNB
zone |
2005–2008 |
Glencore–Barrick
Gold JV |
64,957
81,256
242,347 |
North
Deep zone (scoping study 1)
Tembo Zone (scoping study 2)
Safari / Kima zones (pre-feasibility study) |
2008–2009
2011–2012
2014 |
Glencore–Barrick
Gold JV |
21,368
5,303
3,320 |
(Feasibility
study) |
2021–2023 |
KNL |
23,748
768
5,221
4,416
2,633 |
Tembo
(infill and extension)
Safari
North (infill)
Tembo and North (metallurgical)
Tembo and North (geotechnical) |
Total |
|
622,484 |
|
The
first drilling on the deposit was undertaken between 1976 and 1979 by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), and by the start
of the year 2000, a total of 127 km of drilling had been carried out on the Project by various parties.
In
2003, a scoping study was completed by Barrick on the Project, and in 2005, Barrick issued a press release announcing a signed JV partnership
with Falconbridge Limited, along with an Inferred Mineral Resource estimate of 26.4 Mt grading 2.6% Ni, representing the sum
of the Main and North zone models from 2003.
A
combined total of 146,213 m in 257 drillholes was completed for the scoping studies. Borehole electromagnetic (BHEM) surveys with
physical properties were completed, SQUID and fixed loop TEM surface geophysical surveys, as well as an airborne helicopter VTEM survey
were conducted to characterise the mineralised zones and explore the surrounding area.
A
total of 5,508 kg of sample across the two scoping study phases was shipped for metallurgical testing.
Five
geotechnical holes were drilled at proposed infrastructure sites.
A
further 242,347 m in 555 drillholes was completed for the pre-feasibility study phase. This exploration programme was designed to
continue to improve the confidence of the North and Tembo resources and discover additional resources to improve the project’s
economics within 15 km trucking distance of planned mine infrastructure. Further metallurgical samples were also required for two
pilot plant test runs.
Mineral
Resource estimates were reported for the June 2008 models in the 2008 Xstrata Nickel annual report.
From
December 2008 through August 2009, a total of 21,368 m of drilling was completed. The drilling programme was successful
in transferring an estimated 2.8 Mt in the North Mid area from Inferred to Indicated status. An independent consultancy performed
a QA/QC audit, and a Mineral Resource audit.
From
2010 to 2014, extensive geological / geophysical interpretation was carried out over the Kabanga licence area, coupled with
assaying of non-sampled historical BHP / Anglo American Corporation (Anglo) holes in the Main zone area, and led to the development
of several high-tenor nickel targets in the southern part of the Project area. Regional exploration work in this era was confined to
geological mapping over regional licences and establishing access routes for planned 2011 programmes. Subsequent drilling in 2014 was
limited to four holes, which were drilled testing two new target areas, and an additional two holes were drilled into the north end of
the Tembo zone.
In
December 2021, KNL recommenced activities after the granting of SML 651 / 2021. Three diamond drilling campaigns
have been conducted over SML 651 / 2021 by KNL to date, as follows:
| ● | December 2021
to May 2022: 4,163 m of drilling in 14 holes to provide 2,727 kg of metallurgical
sample (in three bulk samples) from the North and Tembo zones for hydrometallurgical testwork
in Perth, Australia. |
| ● | May 2022
to 31 December 2022: 7,186 m of infill drilling in 19 holes at Tembo North
to increase confidence in this zone over a 700 m strike length, and to provide an additional
bulk sample (464 kg) for hydrometallurgical testwork in Perth, Australia. An additional
768 m in one drillhole was completed at the Safari prospect. |
| ● | January 2023
to 17 September 2023 (ongoing): 9,274 m of infill drilling in five holes at
North to increase confidence over a 500 m strike length, 16,727 m of infill drilling
in 23 holes at Tembo to increase confidence along the entire strike length of the deposit
and 3,555 m in six holes at Tembo for geotechnical purposes. |
The
KNL drilling up to 17 September 2023 has been incorporated into the Mineral Resource database with the exception of holes yet
to be surveyed or with outstanding assay results.
| 1.6 | Mineral
Processing and Metallurgical Testing |
Metallurgical
testwork prior to ownership of the project by LML was carried out from 1999 to 2012 and assumed that the product was to be a nickel sulfide
concentrate. This testwork included mineralogy, comminution, flotation, dewatering and variability assessments.
Kabanga
nickel concentrate is now proposed to be processed by use of the LML hydrometallurgical technology for recovery of nickel, cobalt, and
copper. KNL has testwork programmes that are in progress to test and develop the study assumptions for the concentrator and refinery
scenario and to support materials handling, geochemical and backfill assumptions. This testwork includes:
| ● | Feed
and concentrate oxidation assessments |
| ● | Grindmill
comminution testwork |
| ● | Concentrator
settling/thickening, rheology and filtration testwork |
| ● | Refinery
hydrometallurgical testwork |
| ● | Refinery
settling/thickening, rheology and filtration testwork |
| ● | Tailings
geotechnical testing |
| ● | Tailings
and residue geochemical testing |
The
2023 Mineral Resource estimates for the Project are based on industry best practices and conform to the requirements of S-K 1300
and are suitable for reporting as current estimates of mineral resources.
The
Mineral Resource estimates discussed in this section are those produced by OreWin in 2023 and prepared for KNL. The approach to the resource
modelling and the estimates was similar to the previous resource modelling for the deposits.
| 1.7.1 | Mineral
Resource Modelling |
The
2023 Mineral Resource estimate was completed by OreWin using Datamine software, with macros developed to estimate the full suite of component
elements and density for each zone. All zones were estimated using the ordinary kriging (OK) method, with domain- specific search and
estimation parameters determined by statistical and geostatistical analyses.
Three
distinct mineralisation units were interpreted for the Main, MNB, Kima, North, and Tembo zones:
| ● | and
an intrusive (INTRU) unit which is generally poorly mineralised but occurs in close association
with the mineralised units. |
Within
these three units, additional sub-domains were created based on spatial continuity, intersecting geological structures, and geochemical
variability.
Solid
wireframes were constructed for the intrusive bodies at each zone which predominantly represented the logged UMAF_KAB lithology, but
also served as an ‘umbrella’ unit for any intervals logged as MAF, GAB_KAB, UMAF_1a, MSSX, and MSXI. The stratigraphic contacts
between the banded pelite unit (BNPU) and the lower pelite unit (LRPU) were also used to interpret folding structures and unconformities
to help orient the sulfide mineralisation interpretations.
A
multivariate statistical analysis was completed for all domains within each zone. It was based on the assay data limited to the samples
that have the complete suite of elements assayed.
Some
individual domains were combined where they were found to be statistically similar and could be plausibly related in a geological and
spatial sense.
The
classification criteria and zoning used for the 2023 Mineral Resource estimates were based on a two-stage approach that considered objective
criteria and visual observation.
The
criteria referenced for the assignment of Inferred and Indicated mineralisation globally included the distance from the cell centroid
to the drillhole samples and the search pass in which the estimate was achieved. This global classification was then reviewed visually
with specific focus on geological factors including the geometry of the mineralised zones, spatial and geochemical continuity of the
mineralisation, and the success rate when intersecting the mineralisation at predicted locations and thicknesses with the new drilling.
Manually defined wireframe solids were then developed to enclose those areas that warrant upgrading to Indicated or Measured.
As the Kabanga North and Tembo zones contain multi-element mineralisation,
a nickel-equivalent (NiEq) formula, updated for current metal prices, costs, and other modifying factors, has been used for reporting
from the Mineral Resource.
The 2023 nickel-equivalent (NiEq23) formula is as follows:
| ● | NiEq23 (%) = Ni% + Cu% x 0.411 + Co% x 2.765 |
The 2023 NiEq cut-off grade is 0.58% NiEq.
Metal price assumptions used for cut-off grade determination were $9.50/lb
for nickel, $4.00/lb for copper, and $26.00/lb for cobalt. Other input parameters and assumptions used for the NiEq23% formula and determining
the cut-off grade are discussed in Section 11.4.
| 1.7.4 | Reasonable Prospects for Eventual Economic Extraction (Initial Assessment) |
The 2023MRU describes the Mineral Resource estimates for the Kabanga
project.
The Initial Assessment assumes an underground mining rate of 2.2 Mtpa.
The mining method is assumed to be underground stoping with backfill, and the extracted mineralised material will feed into an on-site
concentrator. Concentrate is assumed to be transported to an off-site hydrometallurgical processing facility to produce final nickel,
copper, and cobalt metal, with transport of the final metal to Dar es Salaam, and subsequent export to markets for sale.
A cash flow analysis was not performed for the Project. The Initial
Assessment has been prepared to demonstrate reasonable prospects of economic extraction, not the economic viability of the Mineral Resource
estimates. The Initial Assessment is preliminary in nature, it includes Inferred Mineral Resources that are considered too speculative
geologically to have modifying factors applied to them that would enable them to be categorised as Mineral Reserves, and there is no certainty
that this economic assessment will be realised.
Macroeconomic trends, taxes, royalties, data, and assumptions, interest
rates, marketing information and plans, legal matters such as statutory and regulatory interpretations affecting the mine plan and environmental
matters are outside the expertise of the QP and are within the control of the registrant (see Section 25).
As significant environmental and social analysis has been conducted
for the Project over an extended period, and LML employs professionals with responsibility in these areas, and these personnel have the
best understanding of these areas, and following a review of the current supplied information, the opinion of the QP is that it is reasonable
to rely on the information supplied by LML.
The QP has concluded that the Mineral Resource estimates meet reasonable
prospects for eventual economic extraction.
| 1.7.5 | November 2023 Mineral Resources Estimates |
The updated Kabanga 2023 Mineral Resource estimates are based resource
modelling completed by OreWin.
After a review of the grade-equivalent formula and the cut-off grade
assumptions reported in the Kabanga Technical Report Summary filed in February 2023, it was determined that those assumptions remain
current, and they have therefore not been changed for this Initial Assessment.
The overall Mineral Resource estimates (LML-attributable) are shown
in Table 1.2. The subset of the Mineral Resource estimates that relates to the massive sulfide (MSSX) mineralisation is shown in Table 1.3.
The subset of the Mineral Resource estimates that relates to the ultramafic (UMAF) mineralisation is shown in Table 1.4. Reporting
of contained nickel-equivalent metal is shown in Table 1.5. Only the portion of the total mineralisation that is attributable to
LML’s interest in the property is shown in Table 1.2 through Table 1.5
The Mineral Resource estimates have an effective date of 30 November 2023.
Mineral Resource estimates have been reported in accordance with the US SEC Regulation S-K subpart 1300 rules for Property Disclosures
for Mining Registrants (S-K 1300).
Table 1.2 |
Kabanga Mineral Resource Estimates1
as at 30 November 2023 – Based on $9.50/lb Nickel Price,
$4.00/lb Copper Price, and $26.00/lb Cobalt Price |
Mineral Resource Classification |
LML Tonnage3 (Mt) |
Grades |
Recovery |
NiEq23
(%) |
Ni
(%) |
Cu
(%) |
Co
(%) |
Nickel
(%) |
Copper
(%) |
Cobalt
(%) |
MAIN – Massive Sulfide plus Ultramafic |
Measured |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Indicated |
9.3 |
1.60 |
1.22 |
0.20 |
0.10 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Measured + Indicated |
9.3 |
1.60 |
1.22 |
0.20 |
0.10 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Inferred |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
MNB – Massive Sulfide plus Ultramafic |
Measured |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Indicated |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Measured + Indicated |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Inferred |
1.9 |
1.47 |
1.14 |
0.17 |
0.09 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
KIMA – Massive Sulfide plus Ultramafic |
Measured |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Indicated |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Measured + Indicated |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Inferred |
3.4 |
1.95 |
1.53 |
0.25 |
0.11 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
NORTH – Massive Sulfide plus Ultramafic |
Measured |
6.1 |
2.99 |
2.34 |
0.32 |
0.19 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Indicated |
14.5 |
3.26 |
2.61 |
0.35 |
0.18 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Measured + Indicated |
20.6 |
3.18 |
2.53 |
0.34 |
0.18 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Inferred |
12.2 |
3.24 |
2.60 |
0.35 |
0.18 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
TEMBO – Massive Sulfide plus Ultramafic |
Measured |
8.0 |
2.33 |
1.80 |
0.25 |
0.16 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Indicated |
5.8 |
2.30 |
1.79 |
0.24 |
0.15 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Measured + Indicated |
13.8 |
2.32 |
1.80 |
0.25 |
0.15 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Inferred |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
MINERAL RESOURCE ALL ZONES – Massive Sulfide plus Ultramafic |
Measured |
14.1 |
2.61 |
2.03 |
0.28 |
0.17 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Indicated |
29.5 |
2.55 |
2.02 |
0.28 |
0.15 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Measured + Indicated |
43.6 |
2.57 |
2.02 |
0.28 |
0.16 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Inferred |
17.5 |
2.79 |
2.23 |
0.31 |
0.16 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
| 1. | This table reports the Mineral Resources for the combined massive sulfide and ultramafic mineralisation types. |
| 2. | Mineral Resources are reported exclusive of Mineral Reserves. There are no Mineral Reserves to report. |
| 3. | Mineral Resources are reported showing only the LML-attributable tonnage portion, which is 69.713% of the total. |
| 4. | Cut-off uses the NiEq23 using a nickel price of $9.50/lb, copper price of $4.00/lb, and cobalt price of $26.00/lb with allowances for recoveries, payability, deductions, transport, and royalties.
NiEq23% = Ni% + Cu% x 0.411 + Co% x 2.765. |
| 5. | The point of reference for Mineral Resources is the point of feed into a processing facility. |
| 6. | All Mineral Resources in the 2023MRU were assessed for reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction by reporting only material
above a cut-off grade of 0.58% NiEq23. |
| 7. | Totals may vary due to rounding. |
Table 1.3 |
Kabanga Mineral Resource Estimates – Massive Sulfide1 (subset of Table 1.2)
as at 30 November 2023 – Based on $9.50/lb Nickel Price,
$4.00/lb Copper Price, and $26.00/lb Cobalt Price |
Mineral Resource Classification |
LML Tonnage3 (Mt) |
Grades |
Recovery |
NiEq23
(%) |
Ni
(%) |
Cu
(%) |
Co
(%) |
Nickel
(%) |
Copper
(%) |
Cobalt
(%) |
MAIN – Massive Sulfide Only |
Measured |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Indicated |
3.2 |
2.38 |
1.86 |
0.28 |
0.15 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Measured + Indicated |
3.2 |
2.38 |
1.86 |
0.28 |
0.15 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Inferred |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
MNB – Massive Sulfide Only |
Measured |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Indicated |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Measured + Indicated |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Inferred |
1.2 |
1.68 |
1.30 |
0.19 |
0.11 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
KIMA – Massive Sulfide Only |
Measured |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Indicated |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Measured + Indicated |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Inferred |
2.6 |
2.27 |
1.78 |
0.29 |
0.13 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
NORTH – Massive Sulfide Only |
Measured |
5.1 |
3.35 |
2.62 |
0.36 |
0.21 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Indicated |
11.6 |
3.76 |
3.02 |
0.40 |
0.21 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Measured + Indicated |
16.7 |
3.64 |
2.90 |
0.39 |
0.21 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Inferred |
9.8 |
3.76 |
3.02 |
0.41 |
0.21 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
TEMBO – Massive Sulfide Only |
Measured |
4.9 |
2.97 |
2.30 |
0.31 |
0.20 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Indicated |
3.5 |
2.85 |
2.23 |
0.29 |
0.18 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Measured + Indicated |
8.4 |
2.92 |
2.27 |
0.30 |
0.19 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Inferred |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
MINERAL RESOURCE ALL ZONES – Massive Sulfide Only |
Measured |
10.0 |
3.16 |
2.46 |
0.34 |
0.20 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Indicated |
18.3 |
3.35 |
2.67 |
0.36 |
0.19 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Measured + Indicated |
28.3 |
3.28 |
2.59 |
0.35 |
0.20 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Inferred |
13.6 |
3.29 |
2.63 |
0.37 |
0.18 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
| 1. | This table reports the Mineral Resources for the massive sulfide mineralisation only. |
| 2. | Mineral Resources are reported exclusive of Mineral Reserves. There are no Mineral Reserves to report. |
| 3. | Mineral Resources are reported showing only the LML-attributable tonnage portion, which is 69.713% of the total. |
| 4. | Cut-off uses the NiEq23 using a nickel price of $9.50/lb, copper price of $4.00/lb, and cobalt price of $26.00/lb with allowances for recoveries, payability, deductions, transport, and royalties.
NiEq23% = Ni% + Cu% x 0.411 + Co% x 2.765. |
| 5. | The point of reference for Mineral Resources is the point of feed into a processing facility. |
| 6. | All Mineral Resources in the 2023MRU were assessed for reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction by reporting only material
above a cut-off grade of 0.58% NiEq23. |
| 7. | Totals may vary due to rounding. |
| Table 1.4 | Kabanga Mineral Resource Estimates – Ultramafic1
(subset of Table 1.2)
as at 30 November 2023 – Based on $9.50/lb Nickel Price,
$4.00/lb Copper Price, and $26.00/lb Cobalt Price |
Mineral Resource Classification |
LML Tonnage3 (Mt) |
Grades |
Recovery |
NiEq23
(%) |
Ni
(%) |
Cu
(%) |
Co
(%) |
Nickel
(%) |
Copper
(%) |
Cobalt
(%) |
MAIN – Ultramafic Only |
Measured |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Indicated |
6.1 |
1.19 |
0.89 |
0.16 |
0.08 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Measured + Indicated |
6.1 |
1.19 |
0.89 |
0.16 |
0.08 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Inferred |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
MNB – Ultramafic Only |
Measured |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Indicated |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Measured + Indicated |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Inferred |
0.7 |
1.14 |
0.90 |
0.14 |
0.07 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
KIMA – Ultramafic Only |
Measured |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Indicated |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Measured + Indicated |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Inferred |
0.8 |
0.96 |
0.76 |
0.10 |
0.06 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
NORTH – Ultramafic Only |
Measured |
1.0 |
1.14 |
0.88 |
0.12 |
0.07 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Indicated |
2.9 |
1.24 |
0.99 |
0.12 |
0.07 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Measured + Indicated |
3.8 |
1.21 |
0.96 |
0.12 |
0.07 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Inferred |
2.4 |
1.08 |
0.87 |
0.11 |
0.06 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
TEMBO – Ultramafic Only |
Measured |
3.1 |
1.31 |
1.00 |
0.15 |
0.09 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Indicated |
2.2 |
1.42 |
1.10 |
0.17 |
0.09 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Measured + Indicated |
5.3 |
1.36 |
1.04 |
0.16 |
0.09 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Inferred |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
MINERAL RESOURCE ALL ZONES – Ultramafic Only |
Measured |
4.1 |
1.27 |
0.97 |
0.14 |
0.09 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Indicated |
11.2 |
1.25 |
0.96 |
0.15 |
0.08 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Measured + Indicated |
15.3 |
1.25 |
0.96 |
0.15 |
0.08 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Inferred |
3.9 |
1.07 |
0.85 |
0.12 |
0.06 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
| 1. | This table reports the Mineral Resources for the ultramafic mineralisation only. |
| 2. | Mineral Resources are reported exclusive of Mineral Reserves. There are no Mineral Reserves to report. |
| 3. | Mineral Resources are reported showing only the LML-attributable tonnage portion, which is 69.713% of the total. |
| 4. | Cut-off uses the NiEq23 using a nickel price of $9.50/lb, copper price of $4.00/lb, and cobalt price of $26.00/lb with allowances for recoveries, payability, deductions, transport, and royalties.
NiEq23% = Ni% + Cu% x 0.411 + Co% x 2.765. |
| 5. | The point of reference for Mineral Resources is the point of feed into a processing facility. |
| 6. | All Mineral Resources in the 2023MRU were assessed for reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction by reporting only material
above a cut-off grade of 0.58% NiEq23. |
| 7. | Totals may vary due to rounding. |
| Table 1.5 | Kabanga Mineral Resource Estimates1 –
Showing Contained Metals
as at 30 November 2023 – Based on $9.50/lb Nickel Price,
$4.00/lb Copper Price, and $26.00/lb Cobalt Price |
Mineral Resource Classification |
LML Tonnage3 (Mt) |
Grades |
Contained Metals |
NiEq23
(%) |
Ni
(%) |
Cu
(%) |
Co
(%) |
Nickel-
Equiv.
(kt) |
Nickel
(kt) |
Copper
(kt) |
Cobalt
(kt) |
Massive Sulfide Mineral Resource |
Measured |
10.0 |
3.16 |
2.46 |
0.34 |
0.20 |
316 |
247 |
34 |
20 |
Indicated |
18.3 |
3.35 |
2.67 |
0.36 |
0.19 |
613 |
488 |
66 |
35 |
Measured + Indicated |
28.3 |
3.28 |
2.59 |
0.35 |
0.20 |
929 |
734 |
99 |
56 |
Inferred |
13.6 |
3.29 |
2.63 |
0.37 |
0.18 |
447 |
357 |
50 |
25 |
Ultramafic Mineral Resource |
Measured |
4.1 |
1.27 |
0.97 |
0.14 |
0.09 |
52 |
40 |
6 |
4 |
Indicated |
11.2 |
1.25 |
0.96 |
0.15 |
0.08 |
140 |
108 |
17 |
9 |
Measured + Indicated |
15.3 |
1.25 |
0.96 |
0.15 |
0.08 |
192 |
147 |
23 |
13 |
Inferred |
3.9 |
1.07 |
0.85 |
0.12 |
0.06 |
42 |
33 |
5 |
2 |
Massive Sulfide plus Ultramafic Mineral Resource |
Measured |
14.1 |
2.61 |
2.03 |
0.28 |
0.17 |
368 |
286 |
39 |
24 |
Indicated |
29.5 |
2.55 |
2.02 |
0.28 |
0.15 |
753 |
595 |
83 |
45 |
Measured + Indicated |
43.6 |
2.57 |
2.02 |
0.28 |
0.16 |
1,121 |
881 |
122 |
69 |
Inferred |
17.5 |
2.79 |
2.23 |
0.31 |
0.16 |
489 |
391 |
54 |
27 |
| 1. | Mineral Resources are reported exclusive of Mineral Reserves. There are no Mineral Reserves to report. |
| | |
| 2. | Mineral Resources are reported showing only the LML-attributable tonnage portion, which is 69.713% of the total. |
| | |
| 3. | Cut-off uses the NiEq23 using a nickel price of $9.50/lb, copper price of $4.00/lb, and cobalt price of $26.00/lb with allowances for recoveries, payability, deductions, transport, and royalties.
NiEq23% = Ni% + Cu% x 0.411 + Co% x 2.765. |
| | |
| 4. | The Mineral Resource metallurgical recovery assumptions are: nickel 87.2%, copper 85.1%, and cobalt 88.1%. |
| | |
| 5. | The point of reference for Mineral Resources is the point of feed into a processing facility. |
| | |
| 6. | All Mineral Resources in the 2023MRU were assessed for reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction by reporting only material
above a cut-off grade of 0.58% NiEq23. |
| | |
| 7. | Totals may vary due to rounding. |
| 1.7.6 | Comparison to Previous Mineral Resource Estimates – All Mineralisation Types |
Comparison of the previous Mineral Resource estimates (effective as
at 15 February 2023) with the updated November 2023 Mineral Resource estimates (detailed in Table 1.2) shows an increase of 17.8 Mt
(+68%) in Measured + Indicated and 2.9 Mt (+20%) Inferred, (Table 1.6). While the additional tonnage is associated with a reduction
in grade (NiEq23 –20% relative), the additional tonnage delivers significantly more metal (NiEq23) (Table 1.8).
Upgrade of classification is evident, with an overall total (LML-attributable)
of 43.6 Mt of Measured + Indicated reported in November 2023, versus 25.8 Mt Measured + Indicated in the previous estimates
(69% tonnage increase). While the additional tonnage is associated with a reduction in grade (NiEq23 –23% relative),
the additional tonnage delivers 30% more metal (NiEq23).
A significant proportion of the additional tonnage in the November
2023 estimates is derived from the inclusion of additional ultramafic mineralisation that was previously omitted from the interpreted
ultramafic boundaries at North and Tembo based on notional cut-off grades. The change in the processing flowsheet improves the prospects
of economic extraction of the ultramafic material and the ultramafic mineralisation interpretation is no longer constrained by cut-off
penalties (a cut-off still applies at the reporting stage).
| Table 1.6 | Kabanga Mineral Resource Estimates1 Comparison
– Tonnes and Grades |
Mineral Resource Classification |
LML Tonnage2 (Mt) |
Grades |
NiEq23
(%) |
Ni
(%) |
Cu
(%) |
Co
(%) |
November 2023 – Massive Sulfide plus Ultramafic |
Measured |
14.1 |
2.61 |
2.03 |
0.28 |
0.17 |
Indicated |
29.5 |
2.55 |
2.02 |
0.28 |
0.15 |
Measured + Indicated |
43.6 |
2.57 |
2.02 |
0.28 |
0.16 |
Inferred |
17.5 |
2.79 |
2.23 |
0.31 |
0.16 |
February 2023 – Massive Sulfide plus Ultramafic |
Measured |
9.6 |
3.20 |
2.49 |
0.34 |
0.21 |
Indicated |
16.3 |
3.40 |
2.71 |
0.36 |
0.19 |
Measured + Indicated |
25.8 |
3.33 |
2.63 |
0.35 |
0.20 |
Inferred |
14.6 |
3.21 |
2.57 |
0.34 |
0.18 |
ABSOLUTE DIFFERENCE (November minus February) |
Measured |
4.5 |
–0.58 |
–0.46 |
–0.05 |
–0.03 |
Indicated |
13.2 |
–0.85 |
–0.71 |
–0.09 |
–0.04 |
Measured + Indicated |
17.8 |
–0.75 |
–0.61 |
–0.08 |
–0.04 |
Inferred |
2.9 |
–0.42 |
–0.33 |
–0.03 |
–0.02 |
| 1. | This table reports the Mineral Resources for the combined massive sulfide and ultramafic
mineralisation types. |
| | |
| 2. | Mineral Resources are reported showing only the LML-attributable tonnage portion, which is 69.713%
of the total. |
| | |
| 3. | Totals may vary due to rounding. |
| Table 1.7 | Kabanga Mineral Resource Estimates1 Comparison
– Contained Metals |
Mineral Resource Classification |
LML Tonnage2 (Mt) |
Contained Metals |
Nickel-
Equiv.
(kt) |
Nickel
(kt) |
Copper
(kt) |
Cobalt
(kt) |
November 2023 – Massive Sulfide plus Ultramafic |
Measured |
14.1 |
368 |
286 |
39 |
24 |
Indicated |
29.5 |
753 |
595 |
83 |
45 |
Measured + Indicated |
43.6 |
1,121 |
881 |
122 |
69 |
Inferred |
17.5 |
489 |
391 |
54 |
27 |
February 2023 – Massive Sulfide plus Ultramafic |
Measured |
9.6 |
307 |
239 |
33 |
20 |
Indicated |
16.3 |
554 |
442 |
59 |
31 |
Measured + Indicated |
25.8 |
861 |
681 |
91 |
51 |
Inferred |
14.6 |
469 |
375 |
50 |
26 |
ABSOLUTE DIFFERENCE (November minus February) |
Measured |
4.5 |
61 |
47 |
7 |
4 |
Indicated |
13.2 |
198 |
153 |
24 |
14 |
Measured + Indicated |
17.8 |
259 |
200 |
31 |
17 |
Inferred |
2.9 |
20 |
15 |
5 |
1 |
PERCENTAGE DIFFERENCE (November minus February / February) |
Measured |
+47% |
+20% |
+20% |
+20% |
+18% |
Indicated |
+81% |
+36% |
+35% |
+41% |
+44% |
Measured + Indicated |
+68% |
+30% |
+29% |
+34% |
+34% |
Inferred |
+20% |
+4% |
+4% |
+9% |
+4% |
| 1. | This table reports the Mineral Resources for the combined massive sulfide and ultramafic
mineralisation types. |
| | |
| 2. | Mineral Resources are reported showing only the LML-attributable tonnage portion, which is 69.713% of the total. |
| | |
| 3. | Totals may vary due to rounding. |
The key difference between the previous and updated Mineral Resource
estimates is the increase in Measured and Indicated tonnages. This increase in tonnages is associated with a reduction in grade. Both
observations are attributable to the inclusion of the lower grade ultramafic (UMAF) mineralisation, which was not included in the previous
estimates.
| 1.7.7 | Comparison to Previous Mineral Resource Estimates – Massive Sulfide Only |
The February 2023 Mineral Resource estimates were mostly associated
with the massive sulfide style of mineralisation; therefore, it is most meaningful to compare these previous massive sulfide estimates
to the massive sulfide portion of the November 2023 updated Mineral Resource estimates.
Comparison of the previous massive sulfide Mineral Resource estimates
with the updated November 2023 massive sulfide Mineral Resource estimates (detailed in Table 1.3) shows an increase of 6.3 Mt
(Table 1.8 – Measured + Indicated + Inferred). This represents a tonnage increase of 18%. While the additional tonnage
is associated with a reduction in grade (NiEq23 –7% relative), the additional tonnage delivers 10% more metal (NiEq23).
Upgrade of classification is evident, with an overall total (LML-attributable)
of 28.3 Mt of Measured + Indicated reported in November 2023, versus 24.5 Mt Measured + Indicated in the previous estimates
(15% tonnage increase). While the additional tonnage is associated with a reduction in grade (NiEq23 –4% relative),
the additional tonnage delivers 11% more metal (NiEq23).
| Table 1.8 | Kabanga Massive Sulfide1 Mineral Resource Estimates
Comparison – Tonnes and Grades |
Mineral Resource Classification |
LML Tonnage2 (Mt) |
Grades |
NiEq23
(%) |
Ni
(%) |
Cu
(%) |
Co
(%) |
MASSIVE SULFIDE1 – November 2023 |
Measured |
10.0 |
3.16 |
2.46 |
0.34 |
0.20 |
Indicated |
18.3 |
3.35 |
2.67 |
0.36 |
0.19 |
Measured + Indicated |
28.3 |
3.28 |
2.59 |
0.35 |
0.20 |
Inferred |
13.6 |
3.29 |
2.63 |
0.37 |
0.18 |
MASSIVE SULFIDE1 – February 2023 |
Measured |
9.6 |
3.20 |
2.49 |
0.34 |
0.21 |
Indicated |
15.0 |
3.54 |
2.83 |
0.38 |
0.20 |
Measured + Indicated |
24.5 |
3.41 |
2.70 |
0.36 |
0.20 |
Inferred |
11.0 |
3.77 |
3.02 |
0.40 |
0.21 |
ABSOLUTE DIFFERENCE (November minus February) |
Measured |
0.4 |
–0.03 |
–0.03 |
0.00 |
–0.003 |
Indicated |
3.3 |
–0.19 |
–0.17 |
–0.02 |
–0.01 |
Measured + Indicated |
3.8 |
–0.12 |
–0.11 |
–0.01 |
–0.01 |
Inferred |
2.5 |
–0.47 |
–0.39 |
–0.04 |
–0.03 |
| 1. | This table reports the Mineral Resources for the massive sulfide mineralisation only. |
| | |
| 2. | Mineral Resources are reported showing only the LML-attributable tonnage portion, which is 69.713% of the total. |
| | |
| 3. | Totals may vary due to rounding. |
The November 2023 Mineral Resource estimates have been reported from
entirely new mineralisation interpretations and new models, and the parameters used to complete grade estimation were derived new from
first principles. The similarity of the new Massive Sulfide Mineral Resource estimates to the previous estimates supports the increased
confidence in those estimates.
Mineral Reserves were not estimated for the 2023MRU.
The metal prices used in the 2023MRU are based on an internal assessment
of recent market prices, long-term forward curve prices, and consensus among analysts regarding price estimates. The prices selected are
at the upper range of long-term consensus price forecasts over the last 10 years. This is an optimistic view of prices for use in the
Mineral Resource cut-off grade analysis to ensure that the Mineral Resource does not exclude material that can be included in further
studies for defining Mineral Reserves. Metal price assumptions used for cut-off grade determination were $9.50/lb for nickel, $4.00/lb
for copper, and $26.00/lb for cobalt.
A nickel concentrate is assumed to be produced on-site, and then transported
to the hydrometallurgical plant to produce final nickel, copper, and cobalt metal, with transport of final nickel, copper, and cobalt
metal to Dar es Salaam, and export to markets for sale.
Markets for nickel, copper and cobalt are well established and global
energy transition away from fossil fuel energy sources towards renewables and electric storage indicates that they will add to demand
of these metals. The demand for these metals is expected to be robust in the long-term. No contracts or detailed marketing studies have
been prepared by LML at this time.
| 1.10 | Environmental, Social and Governance |
This area of Tanzania is largely devoid of large mammals. The most
numerous types of fauna identified during the environmental impact assessment (EIA) and update of the environmental management plan (EMP)
included reptiles, birds, and small rodents. All plant communities identified during the EIA and updated EMP have already been affected
to some degree by human activity.
There are no protected areas within the immediate vicinity of the Project
site. The nearest protected area within Tanzania is a small Forest Reserve several kilometres to the north-east.
To the south-west, in Burundi, there is a National Park that shares
a border with Tanzania. The national border, and the park border, are marked by the Ruvubu river that drains north-west before turning
east flowing into the Kagera River that in turn empty into the Lake Victoria.
The Project area is situated mainly within Bugarama ward, and also
Bukiriro and Muganza wards. Five villages are located within the Project area, and one village is just outside the Project area. There
are an additional nine villages along the north and south access roads. The 15 villages were included in the Environmental Impact
Statement (EIS) (2012) and updated EMP (2023) and cover a broad area with small clusters of houses making the settlements dispersed. According
to the 2014 draft feasibility study, the total population of the 15 villages is 52,000, predominantly belonging to the Shubi ethnic
group, and largely practicing Christianity. The populations of these 15 villages are young, with median ages of approximately 15 years.
Females generally outnumber males, particularly in the young adult age group of 20–39 years. The total working-age population
is approximately 25,000.
Within the Project area, sources of domestic water include springs,
tributary streams, and traditional shallow dug wells in valley bottom lands. The rivers are not used for domestic water supply.
The local economy is based on subsistence agriculture and, to a lesser
extent, on animal husbandry (cattle and goats). The primary natural resource use in the area is the collection of fuel wood, building
materials, and medicinal plants, beekeeping, and livestock grazing. Local markets serve the villages, providing locally grown products
with some imported products. Most businesses within the 15 villages are small, and include those that process and sell agricultural
products, small wholesale / retail shops, and food vendors. There is limited access to workforce skills, markets, credit, and agricultural
extension services that would allow the small businesses to grow in scope and diversity.
As identified in the EIS (2012) and updated EMP (2023), due to the
proximity to Burundi, cross-border trade contributes significantly to the local economy, particularly for those villages along the south
access road to Nyakahura, and in Mumiramira and Bugarama villages. Most people travel by foot or bicycle, and some villages are not serviced
by roads. Anecdotal information indicates that it is common for Burundians to walk across the international boundary to visit local markets
and seek day-labour opportunities during the agricultural planting and harvesting seasons.
The only professional wage employment in the Project area is with various
government agencies (health care, education, administration, and the army). According to the EIS (2012), there are 32 schools and 13 health
facilities in the Project area.
Although all 15 villages in the Project area have at least one primary
school, and all wards have secondary schools, only 60% of the working-age population completed primary school, and 10% completed secondary
education. A significant barrier to wage employment is the lack of basic education and employment skills and/or experience.
One of the legacies of Tanzania’s post-colonial socialist heritage
is a highly organised system of administration, which extends down to the village level. Villages are governed by elected Village Government
Councils (VGCs) that have between 15 and 25 members. The villages of Bugarama, Rwinyana, Nyabihanga, Muganza, and Mukubu, have administrative
control over land inside the Project area boundary.
| 1.10.1 | Environmental and Social Management |
The EIS produced for the project in 2012 contains a series of social
and environmental commitments to which the Project will be required to adhere. Following the submission of the EIS to the Government Authorities,
an Environmental Certificate was issued to Kabanga Nickel Mining Company in 2013. This certificate was transferred to TNCL in June 2021,
and all the commitments within the EIS are therefore transferred to the new Company.
The environmental management plan (EMP) was developed in 2012 as part
of the EIA to comply with The Mining Act [Cap 123 R.E. 2019]. The EMP has supporting management plans to mitigate the negative
impacts, and enhance the positive impacts, including the biophysical management plan, the Social Management Plan, the 2013 relocation–resettlement
action plan (RRAP), the local stakeholder engagement plan (LSEP), plus various operational management plans. This EMP was updated in 2023
in accordance with the requirements of the Environmental Management Act (EMA), 2004 and the EIA and Audit Regulations 2005 & Amendment
in 2018. The EMP was then submitted to the National Environmental Management Council (NEMC) for review and was approved in June 2023.
The EIS states the Company’s commitment to the goal of sustainable
development through its sustainable development policy and framework. The framework provides the organisational arrangements for implementing,
reviewing, and continually improving the organisation’s management of sustainability, and guided the development of the EMP and
the supporting management plans. The sustainable development framework is supported by a detailed set of 17 sustainable developments standards,
and is also aligned with international guidelines, such as the UN Global Compact, and ICMM’s sustainable development framework.
KNL has also made public commitments via its group website (Lifezone
metals) to adhere to industry leading practices for the production of nickel metal and is in the process of adding to the existing ESG
management team, including the successful recruitment of community relations personnel to re-engage with the local project stakeholders.
The project has a detailed closure plan prepared during the 2012 EIA
process. The plan is comprehensive and has been incorporated in the project execution as part of the 2014 draft feasibility study programme.
A detail cost breakdown has also been prepared that includes severance payments and other social costs linked to social transitioning
post-closure, though this will require updating to reflect the Project as now envisaged. This closure plan was updated as part of the
EMP update in 2023.
The relocation–resettlement action plan (RRAP), prepared in 2013,
describes the baseline conditions and anticipated impacts of land acquisition and resettlement on affected persons. The 2013 RRAP also
serves as the foundational resettlement policy framework (RPF) to guide the overall resettlement process for the Project.
The 2013 RRAP details the consultation process that took place through
the resettlement planning process between KNL, displaced households, and other stakeholders. It includes the negotiations with regards
to entitlements, compensation, and mitigation measures. In compliance with Tanzanian legislation, the 2013 RRAP was submitted as part
of the application for the SML.
A resettlement execution plan was also prepared in 2013 detailing the
structure and process for undertaking the resettlement activities. This plan covers all work elements including the engineering, procurement,
construction and handover of the resettlement houses, community buildings, and associated infrastructure.
Five potential host sites had been identified in 2013, and signed agreements
had been obtained. Since then, site selection has been reviewed and seven host resettlement sites have been identified. The resettlement
sites will remain under the authority of the local Village Councils, with resettled households acquiring customary rights of occupancy
from the relevant Village Council, with KNL providing necessary support to ensure early grant and registration of rights of occupancy.
The resettlement programme as part of the 2023 RRAP has been costed
with costs allocated between resettlement planning, and resettlement implementation. The former is associated with land acquisitions,
compensation, livelihood restoration, and the latter associated largely with the replacement of physical infrastructure.
KNL engaged independent consultants to undertake a new RRAP in 2022
and in 2023 a resettlement action plan and report to Tanzanian regulatory standards has been submitted to the Tanzanian Mining Commission.
Further surveys are ongoing including livelihood assessment and planning, as the RRAP is supplemented to meet international standards
and as it moves to the next stage and then implementation.
| 1.10.3 | Community Investment |
KNL has committed to being an active participant in the sustainable
development of the local community, in partnership with affected people, the government and other development partners. Previous community
development initiatives have been implemented in response to participatory engagements with the local communities and local government
authorities.
| 1.10.4 | Local Employment, Procurement, and Training |
To ensure compliance with Tanzanian legislation and regulations, the
Project will provide local employment, procurement, and training opportunities. A local procurement plan has been prepared to maximise
opportunities for farmers and local businesses and in alignment with the Community Development strategy.
| 1.11 | Interpretation and Conclusions |
The Mineral Resource estimates are based on resource modelling completed
by OreWin in 2023. The 2023MRU QP has prepared the updated modelling and reviewed supplied data and considers the estimates to be acceptable.
Mineral Resource estimates in the 2023MRU are reported in accordance
with subpart 1300 of US Regulation S-K subpart 1300 rules for Property Disclosures for Mining Registrants (S-K 1300).
The 2023MRU Mineral Resource estimates were shown to meet reasonable
prospects for eventual economic extraction through an Initial Assessment analysis. A cash flow analysis was not performed for the Project.
The Initial Assessment has been prepared to demonstrate reasonable prospects of economic extraction, not the economic viability of the
Mineral Resource estimates. The Initial Assessment is preliminary in nature, it includes Inferred Mineral Resources that are considered
too speculative geologically to have modifying factors applied to them that would enable them to be categorised as Mineral Reserves, and
there is no certainty that this economic assessment will be realised.
Key recommendations from the 2023MRU are:
| ● | Continue targeted exploration and resource definition drilling to improve confidence in areas of Inferred Mineral Resource and to
infill between areas of identified mineralisation. |
| ● | Complete a full geological model with entire stratigraphic representation to provide a model of the expected lithologies in which
underground infrastructure will be located and to assist with waste characterisation. |
| ● | Complete the ongoing geotechnical and hydrological studies. |
| ● | Continue to review further opportunities for resource extension and update and evaluate the Mineral Resources as additional information
becomes available. |
| ● | Ensure any Project design changes being considered are taken into account with regards to environmental and social management. |
| ● | Continue to collect and update the social and environmental baseline data. |
| ● | Continue engagement with the local communities and other local stakeholders and retaining the key members of the previous community
relations team. |
| ● | Continue with the relocation action and resettlement plans. |
| ● | Further study of the 2023MRU Initial Assessment scenario and advance to next stage of study: |
| - | Update geological model and Mineral Resources |
| - | EIA and permitting updates |
The Kabanga 2023 Mineral Resource Update Technical Report Summary (2023MRU)
has been prepared in accordance with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (US SEC) Regulation S-K subpart 1300 rules for Property
Disclosures for Mining Registrants (S-K 1300) for Lifezone Metals Ltd (LML) on the Kabanga nickel project (the Project) located in
the Ngara district of north-west Tanzania. The majority owner of the Project, Kabanga Nickel Ltd (KNL), is the primary source of information
contained within this Technical Report Summary (TRS).
KNL has advised that the total cost of the gross mineral properties,
plant, and equipment as of 30 June 2023 was US$36.9 million.
The Project has undergone several phases of exploration and assessment
since the 1970s.
The first drilling programme was undertaken by the United Nations Development
Program (UNDP) between 1976 and 1979. This programme targeted ultramafic bodies throughout the region (Burundi and Tanzania) and comprised
some 20,068 m of drilling in 61 drillholes.
After the UNDP programme, there was a 10-year hiatus in which a government
policy did not allow exploration by foreign companies.
In 1988, Sutton Resources Ltd (Sutton) entered into negotiations with
the Government and in 1990 Kabanga Nickel Company Limited (KNCL), and Kagera Mining Company Limited (Kagera Mining) were formed, with
exploration resuming later that same year.
Sutton, in joint venture (JV) with BHP Billiton PLC (BHP), explored
the property between 1991 and 1995. BHP subsequently withdrew from the JV in 1995, and in July 1997, Anglo signed a JV agreement
with Sutton. Between 1997 and 1999, a pre-feasibility study was completed.
In 1999, Barrick Gold Corporation (Barrick) purchased Sutton thereby
acquiring Kabanga Nickel Company Limited and Kagera Mining, and becoming, through two wholly owned subsidiaries, a JV partner with Anglo.
After the withdrawal of Anglo from the Project in 2000, Barrick went
on to complete the first scoping study on the Project in 2003, and then entered a JV agreement with Glencore, which produced an updated
scoping study in November 2006. This updated scoping study was followed by a pre-feasibility study in 2008, and an unpublished draft
feasibility study in 2014.
After 2015 the project was put on care and maintenance, and Barrick
prepared a number of studies of the Project in the intervening period.
KNL acquired the site in 2019 and has re-initiated drilling at the
Project.
The 2023MRU is a Technical Report Summary (TRS) on the updated Mineral
Resource estimates for the Project, prepared for LML by the 2023MRU Qualified Persons (QP) as part of the Project development strategy.
The TRS is based on resource modelling work completed by OreWin as well as any information and data supplied to the QP by LML and KNL
and other parties, where necessary. Any individual or entity referenced as having completed work relevant to the 2023MRU, but not identified
therein as a QP, does not constitute a QP. The 2023MRU QP’s have reviewed the supplied data and information and consider it to be
reasonable and suitable for use in the 2023MRU.
Information and data supplied by LML and KNL that were outside the
areas of expertise of the QP and was relied upon when forming the findings, and conclusions of this report are detailed in Section 25.
The QPs have used their experience and industry expertise to produce
the estimates and approximations in the 2023MRU. It should be noted that all estimates and approximations contained in the 2023MRU will
be prone to fluctuations with time and changing industry circumstances.
The purpose of the 2023MRU is to report updated Mineral Resource estimates
for the Project. This 2023MRU report provides details on the development of the updated Mineral Resource estimates as well as a preliminary
technical and economic study of the economic potential of the Kabanga mineralisation to support the disclosure of Mineral Resource estimates
that represents forward-looking information. The forward-looking information includes metal price assumptions, cash flow forecasts, projected
capital and operating costs, metal recoveries, mine life and production rates, and other assumptions used in the 2023MRU. Readers are
cautioned that actual results may vary from those presented. The factors and assumptions used to develop the forward-looking information,
and the risks that could cause the actual results to differ materially are presented in the body of this report under each relevant section.
The conclusions and estimates stated in the 2023MRU are to the accuracy
stated in the 2023MRU only and rely on assumptions stated in the 2023MRU. The results of further work may indicate that the conclusions,
estimates, and assumptions in the 2023MRU need to be revised or reviewed.
The 2023MRU should be construed in light of the methods, procedures,
and techniques used to prepare the 2023MRU. Sections or parts of the 2023MRU should not be read in isolation from or removed from their
original context.
The 2023MRU is intended to be used by LML. The QP consents to the filing
of the 2023MRU with US SEC. Except for the purposes legislated, any other use of this report by any third party is at that party’s sole
risk.
The following persons served as the QPs as defined in subpart 1300
of US Regulation S-K Mining Property Disclosure Rules (S-K 1300):
| ● | Sharron Sylvester, BSc (Geol), RPGeo AIG (10125), employed by OreWin Pty Ltd as Technical Director – Geology, was responsible
for the preparation of the Mineral Resources, Sections 1 to 3; Sections 6 to 9; Section 11; and Sections 22 to 25. |
| ● | Bernard Peters, BEng (Mining), FAusIMM (201743), employed by OreWin Pty Ltd as Technical Director – Mining, was responsible
for the preparation of the 2023 Mineral Resource Technical Report Summary Sections 1 to 5; Section 10; Section 11.7, and Sections 12 to
25. |
| 2.4 | Qualified Persons Property Inspection |
The QPs, Sharron Sylvester and Bernard Peters, visited the Project
on 20–21 October 2022 and again on 27–30 October 2023. Sharron also visited site between 21–30 March
2023. The site visits included briefings from KNL exploration and corporate personnel, and site inspections of the drill rigs, proposed
mine, and plant and infrastructure locations at the Project.
Sharron Sylvester visited the SGS assay laboratories at Mwanza in Tanzania
and had discussions with the SGS management and inspected the facilities.
All aspects that could materially impact the integrity of the data
informing the Mineral Resource estimates (core logging, sampling, analytical results, and database management) were reviewed with LML
staff. The QPs met with KNL staff to ascertain exploration and production procedures and protocols. The QPs observed core from diamond
drillholes and confirmed that the logging information accurately reflects actual core. The lithology contacts checked by the QPs matched
the information reported in the core logs.
This TRS uses metric measurements except where otherwise noted.
The currency used in this TRS is US dollars (US$), unless otherwise
stated.
The report has several effective dates, as follows:
| ● | Effective Date of Technical Report: |
30 November 2023 |
| ● | Effective Date of Mineral Resources: |
30 November 2023 |
| ● | Effective Date of Drilling Database: |
17 September 2023 |
The Kabanga nickel project is located in the Ngara District, 44 km
south of the town of Ngara, south-east of the nearest town of Bugarama, and close to the border with Burundi. Figure 3.1 shows the
Project location in Tanzania. Figure 3.2 shows the Project site, nearby villages, and the Burundi border. The exploration camp is
located at 02°53.161’S and 30°33.626’E.
The Ngara District is one of the eight districts of the Kagera Region
of Tanzania. It is bordered to the north by Karagwe District, to the east by Biharamulo District, to the south by the Kigoma Region, to
the north-east by Muleba District, and to the west by the countries of Rwanda and Burundi. Lake Victoria is approximately 130 km
north-east of the Project area.
| Figure 3.1 | Kabanga Project Location |
KNL envisages that the Project will comprise an underground mine, processing
facilities, and supporting infrastructure; all of which will be within the Special Mining Licence (SML).
| Figure 3.2 | Local Area Plan |
Lifezone Metals Ltd (LML) was incorporated on 8 December 2022
for the purpose of effectuating a Business Combination. On 6 July 2023, LML consummated a Business Combination pursuant to the
Business Combination Agreement dated 13 December 2022 between (amongst others) GoGreen Investments Corporation and LML. On 6 July
2023, in accordance with the terms of the Business Combination Agreement, the LHL shareholders transferred all of the outstanding ordinary
shares of LHL to LML in exchange for the issuance of new Lifezone Metals Ordinary Shares issued by LML. LML ordinary shares trade on the
New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the ticker symbols LZM. LML raised approximately $86.6 million from the listing on the NYSE,
including approximately $70.2 million from PIPE investors.
The relationship between LML, Lifezone Holdings Limited (LHL) and the
operating entities that will manage the Project are shown in Figure 3.3. The Project is 84% owned and operated by Kabanga Nickel
Limited (KNL), with the remaining 16% held by the Government of Tanzania under the terms of a framework agreement. KNL is jointly owned
by LML (83%) through its 100% owned subsidiary, Lifezone Limited, with the remaining 17% directly owned by BHP Billiton (UK) DDS Limited
(BHPB). For Mineral Resource reporting, the LML direct ownership share is 69.713% of the in–situ mineralisation after excluding
the shares of the Government and the direct BHPB ownership.
| Figure 3.3 | Lifezone and Kabanga Nickel Group Structure |
| 3.3 | Tanzanian Mining Sector Legislation |
In Tanzania, mineral rights are held in the form of prospecting licences,
special mining licences, mining licences and primary mining licences. There are several types of prospecting licences and mining licences,
depending on the nature of the minerals being mined and the size of the mine. A Special Mining Licence (SML) is the type of licence required
for large scale mining operations (‘large-scale’ being defined as those projects requiring a capital investment not less than
$100 million), therefore this is the type of licence required for the Kabanga project.
Associated with each SML is an Investor–State Framework Agreement
(Framework Agreement) between the holder of the SML and the Government. This Framework Agreement includes clauses on the conduct of mining
operations, the grant of the Government free carried interest and State participation in mining, and the financing of any mining operations.
Mining legislation requires observance of environmental legislation.
Mining licences cannot be granted without an environmental approval certificate being in place. After mining licences are approved, several
secondary permits are required for activities that could impact on people and the environment.
Under modern Tanzanian legislation, mineral rights do not confer surface
rights. Surface rights were strengthened with the passing of the Land Act 1999, and the Village Act 1999, and application of these Acts
to the mining sector was enhanced by The Mining Act [Cap 123 R.E. 2019].
| 3.3.2 | Primary Mining Sector Legislation |
Mining legislation in Tanzania has changed considerably in recent times.
A period of nationalisation initiated in the 1960s was followed by a period of liberalisation in the 1990s. In the last two decades, there
has been ongoing strengthening of the role of State actors in governing investments in the mining sector. Recent changes to legislation
provide for State partnerships with investors and measures to maximise the socio-economic benefits of mining for Tanzania, (Pederson et al,
2016, and Jacob et al, 2016). The Framework Agreement described above is a product of these more recent changes.
The Mining Act [Cap 123 R.E. 2019] introduced provisions
to meet the following objectives:
| ● | Increased integration of the mining sector with other sectors of the economy, |
| ● | Increased contribution of the mining sector to the gross domestic product, |
| ● | Increased revenue paid to the Government by the mining companies, and |
| ● | Increased Government capacity to effectively administer and regulate the sector. |
Further changes to the legal regime governing the mining sector have
been made recently to facilitate achievement of these objectives through the enactment of the following laws:
| ● | The Tanzania Extractive Industries (Transparency and Accountability) Act 2015 (TEITA Act), |
| ● | The Natural Wealth and Resources (Permanent Sovereignty) Act 2017 (Permanent Sovereignty Act), |
| ● | The Natural Wealth and Resources Contracts (Review and Re-negotiation of Unconscionable Terms) Act 2017 (Unconscionable Terms Act), |
| ● | The Written Laws (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act 2017 (Miscellaneous Amendments Act), |
| ● | Mining Act [Cap 123 R.E. 2019]. |
| ● | Mining (State Participation) Regulations, 2022, and |
| ● | The Mining (Corporate Social Responsibility) Regulations 2023 |
New regulations were created under the amended Mining Act 2010 in 2018
and 2019. Changes introduced by the abovementioned Acts and the new regulations are discussed in the following section of this TRS.
| 3.3.3 | Environmental and Social Legislation and Land Legislation |
| 3.3.3.1 | Requirements in The Mining Act [Cap 123 R.E. 2019] and Subordinate Legislation |
The Act requires that applications for mining licences are accompanied
by:
| ● | A statement of the period for which the licence is sought, |
| ● | A comprehensive statement by the applicant, so far as he knows, of the mineral deposits in the proposed area and details of all known
minerals proved, estimated or inferred, ore reserve and mining conditions, |
| ● | The proposed programme for mining operations, including a forecast of capital investment, the estimated recovery rate of ore and mineral
products and the proposed treatment and disposal of ore and minerals recovered, |
| ● | An approval certificate issued in terms of the Environment Management Act, |
| ● | A proposed plan for resettlement and compensation of people within the mining areas in accordance with the Land Act, |
| ● | Details of expected infrastructure requirements, |
| ● | A statement of integrity pledge in a prescribed form, |
| ● | A plan for procurement plan of goods and services in Tanzania, and |
| ● | A plan for employment and training of citizens of Tanzania, coupled with a succession plan for expatriate employees. |
An environmental impact assessment (EIA) process must be followed to
obtain the environmental certificate as outlined in the following section on environmental management legislation.
Surface rights and resettlement are covered in Sections 95 to 97 of
the Mining Act [Cap 123 R.E. 2019]. From these sections of the Act, mineral rights clearly do not confer surface rights.
Restrictions applicable to both mineral rights and surface rights holders are explained as follows:
| ● | Holders of mineral rights (mining licence holders) must get permission from landowners, and land users to undertake activities on
surface. Consultation with the relevant local government authority, including the village council is required, and thereafter, the written
consent of the lawful occupier, must be obtained. |
| ● | In a mining licence area, lawful occupiers of land must get consent to erect structures in the area from the mining licence holder.
The consent cannot be withheld unreasonably. |
| ● | Where mining development necessitates displacement of occupiers of land, a resettlement and compensation plan must be developed and
implemented. The plan must observe procedures defined under the Land Act and Village Act, including procedures for determining fair and
reasonable compensation. |
The Mining Act [Cap 123 R.E. 2019] requires that each
mine has an environmental management plan (EMP), and a closure plan, and that mineral wastes are managed as provided for in the EMP and
relevant regulations. It also requires that the abovementioned plans and licence conditions are implemented. Furthermore, it provides
for posting of a rehabilitation bond to finance the costs of rehabilitating and making safe the mining area on termination of mining operations
if the holder of the SML fails to meet obligations.
The Mining (Safety, Occupational Health, and Environmental Protection)
Regulations 2010 (Mining Regulations 2010) require mine closure plans to be submitted by applicants for a SML, and for posting of
adequate financial assurance for mine closure by holders of SML. Closure-related topics in the regulations include: land productivity
(Regulation 198), physical stability (Regulation 199), national heritage (Regulation 200), reclamation of mine facilities
(Regulations 201 and 204), monitoring (Regulation 205), mine closure plan (Regulation 206), and posting of a rehabilitation
bond (Regulation 207).
The closure plan must be updated regularly, and must also be reviewed,
deliberated, and approved by the National Mine Closure Committee. This committee is convened by the Ministry of Mines. It must include
representatives of ministries responsible for the management of the environment, land use and natural resources. It must also include
regional and district authorities.
Rehabilitation bonds can be in the form of an escrow account, capital
bond, insurance guarantee bond, or bank guarantee bond. The bond will be coupled with an agreement between the mining licence holder and
the Government.
| 3.3.3.2 | Legislation Relevant to Surface Rights and Resettlement |
Surface rights and resettlement are addressed in Sections 95 to 97
of The Mining Act [Cap 123 R.E. 2019].
The Mining Act [Cap 123 R.E. 2019] has two provisions
for compensation of surface land rights holders:
| ● | Entitlement to compensation for disturbance or damage during operations (Section 96), and |
| ● | If compulsory acquisition of land becomes necessary, mining companies are required to ensure smooth implementation of a plan on compensation,
relocation, and resettlement of the owners or occupiers of the land before commencement of any mining operations (Section 97). |
The Mining Act [Cap 123 R.E. 2019] is specific on compensation
for compulsory land acquisition and requires this to be settled under guidance from the Land Act, and the Village Land Act (Jacob et al,
2016).
| 3.3.3.3 | Environmental Management Legislation |
The regulatory authority responsible for environmental management in
Tanzania is the National Environment Management Council (NEMC), which falls under the jurisdiction of the Vice President’s Office.
The Environmental Management Act 2004 covers EIA requirements for new developments, environmental management, pollution prevention and
control, waste management, environmental quality standards, and public participation in environmental decision making.
The Environmental Management Act requires an applicant for mineral
rights to undertake an EIA to inform the decision on approval of their project. The supporting EIA and Audit Regulations 2005 elaborate
on EIA procedure to the followed, the form and content of EIA reports, the review process, decision making processes, and appeals. An
activity listed in the first schedule of the EIA and Audit Regulations 2005 cannot proceed without first obtaining the necessary licence
from the relevant licensing authority (line ministry, which is the Ministry of Minerals in the case of the mining industry). The licensing
authority cannot issue a licence without having first received an EIA certificate from the NEMC.
Safe decommissioning, site rehabilitation, and ecosystem restoration
before closure of an operation and environmental performance bonds are provided for in Section 102 of the Environmental Management Act
2004. In practice, NEMC does not require a separate bond to be posted under this provision if provision has been made under the Mining
Act.
| 3.4 | Framework Agreement Summary |
The Kabanga Framework Agreement is focussed on equitable economic benefit
sharing according to the principles included in Article 3 of that agreement. It recognises the formation of a Joint Venture Company (JVC)
that is called Tembo Nickel Corporation Limited (TNCL), which has two subsidiaries – Tembo Nickel Mining Company Limited, and Tembo
Nickel Refining Company Limited. TNCL is referred to as both ‘JVC’ and ‘Tembo Nickel Corporation Limited’ in the
Framework Agreement and in the SML. The Key Principles of the Framework Agreement are intended to underline and guide the development
of the Project for the mutual benefit of the Parties. The Key Principles include:
| ● | the application of the Economic Benefits Sharing Principle (EBSP) on the life of mine plans of the Project and the Multipurpose Mineral
Processing Facility (MMPF); |
| ● | having a Joint Financial Model (JFM) to guide the management and operations of the JVC and the JVC subsidiaries; |
| ● | jointly managing the JVC pursuant to the Shareholders’ Agreement; |
| ● | agreeing on the fiscal assumptions underlying the EBSP; |
| ● | establishing minerals beneficiation facilities at Kahama township in Shinyanga Region in Tanzania. |
The Parties agree equitably to share the economic benefits derived
from the Project in accordance with the JFM. The Agreement provides that KNL shall receive its 84 percent share of the economic benefits
through payment of dividends and proportionate returns of capital to shareholders of the JVC and the JVC subsidiaries. The Agreement provides
that the Government of Tanzania will receive its share of the economic benefits through the payment by the JVC and the JVC subsidiaries
of taxes, royalties, fees and other fiscal levies through the Government’s 16 percent Free Carried Interest in the JVC. The Kabanga
Framework Agreement is governed by the laws of Tanzania and any dispute may be referred to conciliation in accordance with the UNCITRAL
Conciliation Rules and, failing which, arbitration in accordance with the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules.
As is required under the Miscellaneous Amendments Act 2017, which amends
The Mining Act [Cap 123 R.E. 2019], the Framework Agreement:
| ● | Provides for the Government to have a 16% non-dilutable, free-carried share interest in the capital of TNCL (with the remaining interest
being held by KNL), |
| ● | Includes royalties on the gross value of minerals to be paid at a rate of 6%, where ‘gross value’ means the market value
of minerals determined through valuation as defined in the Miscellaneous Amendments Act 2017. The Government can reject the valuation
if it is low due to market volatility, and can buy the minerals at the low value ascertained, |
| ● | Requires beneficiation of mineral products of operations in country, and |
| ● | Includes requirements to procure goods and services locally. |
In addition to royalties, the Framework Agreement elaborates on other
taxes, fiscal levies, and funding mechanisms that will apply, notably:
| ● | A service levy of 0.3% of gross revenue, |
| ● | Non-deductibility of royalty for the calculation of corporate income tax, |
| ● | Corporate income tax of 30%, |
| ● | Indefinite carry-forward of losses but with the ability to offset against taxable income in any given tax year subject to a cap of
70% of the taxable income in a given tax year, |
| ● | Application of straight-line pooled asset depreciation at a rate of 20% per annum, and |
| ● | The ability for KNL to lend funding to TNCL through shareholder loans. |
The beneficiation facility in the Framework Agreement is referred to
in that agreement as a ‘Multi-purpose Mineral Processing Facility’ (MMPF, or multi-metal mineral processing facility), and
its purpose is stated as ‘processing, smelting and refining of nickel and other mineral concentrates’, albeit that it should
be noted that no smelting is envisaged in this project as all metal extraction will utilise a hydrometallurgical process. TNCL will manage
the operations of the mine and the MMPF through subsidiaries, while the Government will assist TNCL in acquiring suitable land for the
construction of the MMPF within the vicinity of Kahama township. KNL is required to oversee the construction of the MMPF at Kahama, and
to prepare the requisite reports on Kabanga, including feasibility studies for the mine and the MMPF, and the corresponding EIAs required
by law.
The Framework Agreement states that upon granting of the SML, TNCL
(or any relevant subsidiary) will begin the process of identifying a physical location for the MMPF with the Kahama region being the initial
priority location to assess given the beneficial infrastructure advantages. Upon confirmation of site identification, JVC (or any relevant
subsidiary) may submit an application for a Refining Licence for the MMPF.
The Framework Agreement requires that the management of JVC’s
operations is carried out in Tanzania, with a focus on engaging local talent to maximise employment of Tanzanians, including: preference
for Tanzanian nationals to be appointed to management positions within the JVC, and implementing a local procurement plan that emphasises
spending in Tanzania, except where goods or supplies are not available in Tanzania (or on commercially viable or competitive terms in
Tanzania) or supplies are permitted to be procured from sources outside Tanzania as provided for under relevant laws.
The Framework Agreement contains a number of schedules. These schedules
provide a process for the establishment of the various legal entities, shareholder agreements, and importantly a series of timebound undertakings
to facilitate the development of the Project.
| 3.5 | Special Mining Licence |
Following the signing of the Framework Agreement on 19 January 2021,
the Government, on 25 October 2021, granted a Special Mining Licence (SML) No. SML 651 / 2021 to Tembo Nickel
Corporation Limited (JVC) for the Project. The SML is currently in force as of the date of this report.
The SML confers to JVC the exclusive right to search for, mine, dig,
mill, process, refine, transport, use, and/or market nickel or other minerals found to occur in association with that mineral, in and
vertically under the SML area, and execute such other works as are necessary for that purpose.
The SML shall remain valid for a period of the esteemed life of the
ore body indicated in the feasibility study report or such period as the applicant may request unless it is cancelled, suspended, or surrendered
in accordance with the law.
The SML requires JVC to strictly observe the mining laws, in particular
but not limited to, the recognition that all mineral data and exploration information over the licence area is the property of the United
Republic of Tanzania and must be submitted to the Geological Survey of Tanzania in accordance with the Mining Act.
Conditions of the SML include:
| ● | Submission of a Feasibility Study to the Mining Commission. |
| ● | An update of the proposed plan for compensation, relocation and resettlement and submission to the Mining Commission. |
| ● | Take all the measures necessary to avert occurrence of accidents whether accidental or premeditated and to observe and satisfy safety
conditions stipulated under the Occupational safety and Health Act. |
| ● | Ensure that management of production, transportation, storage, treatment and disposal of waste arising out of mining operations is
carried out in accordance with safeguards prescribed by the Environmental Management Act. |
| ● | Ensure regular environmental audit, monitoring and evaluation are carried out to avert environmental spoil, degradation and hazardous
substances which may be harmful to human being and or environment. |
| ● | Develop and adopt Mine Closure and Rehabilitation plans of the area where mining operations are carried out. |
| ● | An update of the environmental management plan and submission to the Mining Commission. |
| ● | Preparation of an annual social responsibility plan agreed by the relevant government authorities. |
| ● | The commencement of mining activities within 18 months from 25 October 2021, or such further period as determined by the Mining Commission
on the basis of plans, general designs for the mine, and related facilities as well as other ancillary operations consistent with the
approved mining plan. |
| ● | An undertaking by the JVC to beneficiate in-country. |
| ● | The JVC complying with Tanzanian regulations relating to mining operations, financing arrangements and local content. |
| ● | The JVC complying with the Statement of Integrity Pledge in accordance with Part VIII of the Mining Act and the Mining (Integrity
Pledge) Regulations, 2018. |
With the grant of the SML, JVC agreed to become a strategic partner
to the Government, which shall have not less than 16% of the capital of the entity established, to carry out mining activities over the
licence area in the form of non-dilutable free-carried interest in accordance with the Mining Act, and subject to the provisions of the
Mining Act and of the regulations made thereunder now in force, or which may come into force during the continuance of this licence, or
any renewal thereof.
The SML at Kabanga is within the geographical district of Ngara in
the Kagera region (QDS 29/ 3, 29W/ 4), defined by the vertices coordinates shown in Table 3.1 with an approximate
area of 201.85 km2.
A map of the property showing SML 651 / 2021 is provided
in Figure 3.4.
| Figure 3.4 | Location of the Project showing SML 651 / 2021 |
| Table 3.1 | Special Mining Licence SML 651 / 2021 Corner Coordinates |
Corner |
Latitude |
Longitude |
1 |
02° 46’ 58.44” |
30° 35’ 59.10” |
2 |
02° 46’ 58.44” |
30° 37’ 54.17” |
3 |
02° 45’ 23.55” |
30° 39’ 23.13” |
4 |
02° 47’ 18.61” |
30° 38’ 01.28” |
5 |
02°, 48’ 38.08” |
30° 39’ 48.04” |
6 |
02° 49’ 21.97” |
30° 39’ 16.01” |
7 |
02° 52’ 31.76” |
30° 39’ 18.38” |
8 |
02° 52’ 31.76” |
30° 40’ 44.98” |
9 |
02° 55’ 32.06” |
30° 40’ 44.98” |
10 |
02° 55’ 32.06” |
30° 37’ 12.65” |
11 |
02° 55’ 14.27” |
30° 36’ 45.37” |
12 |
02° 55’ 02.41” |
30° 36’ 13.34” |
13 |
02° 55’ 04.78” |
30° 36’ 00.29” |
14 |
02° 54’ 55.29” |
30° 35’ 48.43” |
15 |
02° 54’ 42.24” |
30° 35’ 37.75” |
16 |
02° 54’ 42.24” |
30° 35’ 21.15” |
17 |
02° 54’ 36.31” |
30° 35’ 10.47” |
18 |
02° 54’ 12.59” |
30° 35’ 03.35” |
19 |
02° 54’ 03.10” |
30° 34’ 49.12” |
20 |
02° 53’ 58.35” |
30° 34’ 36.07” |
21 |
02° 53’ 46.49” |
30° 34’ 18.28” |
22 |
02° 53’ 33.44” |
30° 34’ 04.04” |
23 |
02° 53’ 33.44” |
30° 33’ 55.74” |
24 |
02° 53’ 46.49” |
30° 33’ 48.62” |
25 |
02° 53’ 55.98” |
30° 33’ 39.13” |
26 |
02° 54’ 07.84” |
30° 33’ 32.02” |
27 |
02° 54’ 16.14” |
30° 33’ 26.09” |
28 |
02° 54’ 25.63” |
30° 33’ 03.55” |
29 |
02° 54’ 41.06” |
30° 33’ 03.55” |
30 |
02° 55’ 02.41” |
30° 32’ 48.13” |
31 |
02° 55’ 19.01” |
30° 32’ 38.64” |
32 |
02° 55’ 48.67” |
30° 32’ 23.22” |
33 |
02°, 55’ 55.79” |
30° 32’ 17.29” |
34 |
02° 55’ 51.04” |
30° 32’ 04.24” |
35 |
02° 55’ 48.67” |
30° 31’ 52.38” |
36 |
02° 55’ 55.79” |
30° 31’ 44.07” |
37 |
02° 56’ 07.65” |
30° 31’ 33.40” |
38 |
02° 56’ 15.95” |
30° 31’ 23.91” |
39 |
02° 56’ 25.44” |
30° 31’ 15.60” |
40 |
02° 56’ 31.37” |
30° 30’ 55.44” |
41 |
02° 56’ 45.61” |
30° 30’ 41.21” |
42 |
02° 56’ 56.28” |
30° 30’ 25.78” |
43 |
02° 57’ 04.58” |
30° 30’ 13.92” |
44 |
02° 57’ 04.58” |
30° 30’ 04.43” |
45 |
02° 56’ 55.09” |
30° 29’ 50.20” |
46 |
02° 56’ 47.98” |
30° 29’ 37.15” |
47 |
02° 56’ 44.42” |
30° 29’ 19.36” |
48 |
02° 56’ 44.42” |
30° 29’ 09.87” |
49 |
02° 56’ 44.42” |
30° 29’ 03.94” |
50 |
02° 56’ 36.12” |
30° 28’ 56.82” |
51 |
02° 56’ 25.44” |
30° 28’ 50.89” |
52 |
02° 56’ 21.88” |
30° 28’ 48.52” |
| 3.6 | BHPB Investment in Kabanga Nickel Limited |
The following summary of the commercial arrangement between LML and
BHP Billiton DDS Limited (BHPB) has been prepared by LML.
LML and BHPB have three agreements: T1A, T1B, and T2.
KNL entered into a loan agreement with BHPB dated 24 December 2021,
pursuant to which KNL received investment of $40 million from BHPB by way of a convertible loan. Following receipt of approval from
the Tanzanian Fair Competition Commission, and the fulfilment of the other conditions, such convertible loan was converted into an 8.9%
equity interest in KNL on 1 July 2022.
KNL entered into an equity subscription agreement with BHPB dated 14 October 2022
(the T1B Agreement). All the conditions precedent of the T1B Agreement were satisfied or waived on, or before, 8 February 2023,
and in accordance with the T1B Agreement, BHPB subscribed $50 million for an additional 8.9% equity interest in KNL on 15 February 2023,
giving BHPB a total equity interest in KNL of 17% (the T1B Investment).
The T1B Investment proceeds will be used for the ongoing funding requirements
of the Project in accordance with a budget agreed between KNL and BHPB.
KNL and Lifezone Limited entered into an option agreement with BHPB
dated 14 October 2022 pursuant to which KNL will (at BHPB’s option) receive investment from BHPB by way of an equity subscription.
The option grants BHPB the right, subject to certain conditions, to subscribe for the required number of KNL shares that, in aggregate
with its existing KNL shareholding, would result in BHPB indirectly owning 51% of the total voting and economic equity rights in TNCL
on a fully diluted basis as at closing at a price to be determined through an independent expert valuation. If exercised as at the date
of the agreement, the option would result in BHPB owning 60.71% of the total voting and economic equity rights in KNL on a fully diluted
basis.
BHPB may (at its sole option) deliver a maximum of one valuation notice
to KNL and Lifezone Limited requiring the commencement of a valuation process in respect of KNL during the period which shall:
| ● | Commence on the later of the date on which: |
| - | (i) the feasibility study relating to the Kabanga project is agreed (or finally determined) between BHPB and KNL (the Feasibility
Study Agreement Date); and |
| | |
| - | (ii) the Joint Financial Model in respect of the Kabanga Project is agreed between BHPB and KNL, or such earlier date as the parties
may agree in writing, and |
|
● | End on the date falling 30 calendar days after the later of: |
| - | (i) the Feasibility Study Agreement Date; and |
| - | (ii) the date on which the Joint Financial Model is agreed between BHPB, KNL, and the Government of Tanzania. |
The investment is subject to certain conditions, including the receipt
of approval from the Tanzanian Fair Competition Commission (FCC).
The proceeds of the investment shall be used for the ongoing funding
requirements of the Kabanga project.
|
3.7 | Mineral Rights, Surface Rights, and Environmental Rights |
This section was prepared by LML.
Under the Framework Agreement described above, the Government is committed
to working with TNCL to facilitate the acquisition of the necessary mineral and surface rights and also the environmental approvals required
in Tanzania.
TNCL will need to acquire surface use rights for up to 4,300 ha
of land in order to develop the Project. The Project will trigger both physical and economic displacement of households across the different
villages that have administrative control over land within the Project area boundary. A relocation–resettlement action plan (RRAP)
was produced for the Project in 2013, which also serves as the foundational Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) to guide any further Project
components that might result in displacement. According to the RRAP, a Resettlement Working Group (RWG) was established in 2007, and consultations
were initiated with impacted households and local government authorities to collectively develop the resettlement strategy.
The RRAP was submitted to the Government as part of the application
for a SML and TNCL now needs to apply for Granted Rights of Occupancy to the area. Resettlement is discussed further in Section 17.7.4.
An EIA certificate (EC/EIS/824) for the mine was granted in 2013 based
on the EIA process, and report completed in 2013. The certificate, originally granted to KNCL, was transferred to TNCL on 16 June 2021.
The transfer certificate specifically states that the project’s
objective is ‘mining, processing and refining of class 1 nickel with cobalt and copper co-products’. In accordance with the
Conditions of the Special Mining Licence (SML 651/2021) specifically Article 6 – Environmental Management - Clause 6, TNCL
was required to update the EMP and submit to the Mining Commission.
TNCL engaged a registered consultant to undertake additional environmental
and social specialist studies to update the EMP for the Kabanga mine Project in accordance with the requirements of the Environmental
Management Act (EMA), 2004 and the Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations 2005 & Amendment in 2018. The EMP was then
submitted to the National Environmental Management Council (NEMC) for review and approval. NEMC completed the review of the EMP including
a site visit and issued approval of the EMP for the Project on 16 June 2023 (reference letter No. CB.142/259/01/B/27 dated
16/06/2023). The EIA certificate requires compliance with the environmental management plan (EMP), and the EMP was approved on 19 June 2023.
In July 2023 LML purchased the Simulus Group Pty Limited (Simulus Group).
The Simulus Group is a hydrometallurgy laboratory and engineering company based in Perth Australia and was undertaking metallurgical testwork
prior to the purchase. The Simulus Group continues to be used for testwork for the Kabanga project. Other laboratories are also undertaking
metallurgical testwork.
| 3.9 | Other Significant Factors and Risks |
KNL has advised that there are no other known significant risks that
may affect access, title or the right or ability to perform mining related work at the Project.
Legal matters such as statutory and regulatory interpretations affecting
the mine plan and environmental matters are outside the expertise of the QP (see Section 25). The 2023MRU QPs consider it reasonable to
rely on KNL because KNL employs professionals with responsibility in these areas, and these personnel have the best understanding of these
areas.
Following a review of the current supplied information, the opinion
of the QPs is that the current plans appear adequate to address any known issues related to environmental compliance, permitting, and
local individuals or groups.
| 4 | ACCESSIBILITY, CLIMATE, LOCAL RESOURCES, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND PHYSIOGRAPHY |
| 4.1 | Topography, Elevation, and Vegetation |
The SML lies in the Ruvubu river sub-watershed of the Kagera river,
a major river that flows into Lake Victoria. The Ruvubu river, which originates in Burundi, and flows in a general northerly direction,
defines a portion of the international boundary between Tanzania and Burundi near the Project area. Thereafter, the Ruvubu river continues
northwards through Tanzania, and joins the Kagera river at the international boundary with Rwanda, and then flows north, and then east
to Lake Victoria.
The local terrain is dominated by a rocky ridge (the Rubona Ridge)
that trends in a north–north-east direction through the Project area at an elevation in excess of 1,640 metres above
sea level (masl). Adjacent landforms comprise sloping plateaux dissected by numerous streams, along with valley bottom lands associated
with the Nyamwongo and Muruhamba rivers and the lower reaches of their tributary streams. The adjacent valleys, of the Nyamwongo, and
Muruhamba rivers to the east, and the Mu Kinyangona and Muhongo rivers to the west, lie approximately 150–200 m below
the elevation of the Project ridge. These rivers discharge into the Ruvubu river.
There is a long history of subsistence agriculture in the area that
has contributed to a highly-modified landscape with few mature trees and limited wildlife. Although Tanzania is known internationally
for its large wild game reserves and parks, and diversity of wildlife, the area of Tanzania local to the Project is largely devoid of
large mammals. The most numerous types of fauna identified during the EIA included reptiles, birds, and small rodents. All plant communities
identified during the EIA have been affected to some degree by human activity.
Much of Rubona Ridge is too rocky and/or too steep to support sustained
agricultural use, but is used for grazing, collection of wood, fruit, and beekeeping. Grasslands with some wooded areas and sparse shrubs
cover the sloping plateau lands that support wet season cultivation of maize, cassava and bananas, and some grazing of cattle. The valley
bottom lands support more intensive dry season cultivation, primarily of beans and other vegetable crops. Extensive papyrus growth exists
on valley bottom lands that are too wet for cultivation. There is little soil erosion in the Project area reflecting the low-intensity
use of the land. The high concentration of total suspended solids in rivers and streams during the wet season is a result of cultivation
to the edge of the local rivers and streams.
Within the Project area, domestic water supplies are typically obtained
from the small tributary streams, from springs on the ridge and from shallow dug wells in the valley bottom lands. The rivers are not
used for domestic water supply.
The Project is located approximately 25 km (via unpaved road)
from Rulenge, which is a further 50 km away from the district capital of Ngara. Ngara is connected by a paved trunk road to Dar es Salaam,
(approximately 1,300 km to the south-east), and to Burundi (approximately 40 km to the south-west) (see Figure 3.2).
The proposed mine site is accessible by road connecting to the National
Route B3 at Muzani. Three potential access routes have been identified: northern, central, and southern, with the southern route currently
preferred due to the shorter distance (approximately 80 km to Muzani) and having the lowest environmental and social impact. This
is presently a dirt road prone to rutting in the rainy season and occasional flooding in at least two places, and a study is underway
to assess alternatives to upgrade and seal this road.
There is a railway from Dar es Salaam to Isaka, which is
currently being upgraded and rehabilitated. From Isaka to site is approximately a further 350 km.
The Project area is located in the moist sub-humid climate zone of
east central Africa, which is dominated by monsoonal weather patterns. The long-term average annual rainfall in the Project area is 1,013 mm
with most of this falling during the wet season between November and April.
The wettest months are March and April with average precipitation amounts
of 146 mm and 172 mm, respectively. The driest months are June and July when the monthly rainfall typically drops below 10 mm.
Much of the rain falls as high-intensity events. These events heavily influence stream flows, flood frequency, soil erosion rates, and
water infiltration rates. Evapotranspiration within the Project area is approximately 92% of the average annual rainfall.
The average annual air temperature within the Project area is 20°C,
with an average monthly variation of 2°C and a normal daytime temperature variation of approximately 8°C. The annual average relative
humidity is 66% with the lowest humidity occurring between June and October.
| 4.4 | Infrastructure / Services |
Infrastructure in the Ngara district is limited in terms of national
grid power and reticulated potable water supplies. A transmission line and sub-station from a new hydroelectric project to the north-west
of Tanzania is within 70 km of the Project site and an extension of the 200 kV line to the project is planned within the development
time of the Project.
The KNL camp, which was on care and maintenance from 2015 through 2020,
is in an overall good state of repair. It comprises buildings for administration and security, geology and technical services, community
relations, canteen, clinic, workshops, staff housing, and dedicated spaces for sample and core storage (located both within the confines
of the camp and one large overflow area to the north-west of the camp).
Power is supplied by diesel generators located on-site. Water is provided
by a borehole located 900 m to the north-west of the camp, near the summit of the hill.
| Figure 4.1 | Aerial Photo Showing KNL Camp (2023) |
One of the legacies of Tanzania’s post-colonial socialist heritage
is a highly organised system of administration which extends down to the village level. Tanzania has six formal levels of government,
from the national level via the district level and down to the village level. Much of the planning and administration for Ngara district
is handled at the district level.
Financial and human resources for district level facilities are limited,
and there are difficulties in attracting and retaining qualified and experienced staff in Ngara district. Despite resource shortfalls,
the local government system is functional, and all of the 15 villages adjacent to the Project have at least one primary school, all wards
have secondary schools, and most villages and wards have health facilities.
Exploration at Kabanga has been undertaken in a number of different
phases for over 45 years, with more than 622 km of drilling having been completed in total (to 17 September 2023).
The first drilling on the deposit was undertaken between 1976 and 1979
by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), as part of a regional targeting for ultramafic bodies to identify nickel sulfide and
nickel laterite mineralisation within the East Africa nickel belt (EANB) in Tanzania and Burundi. These holes intersected five separate
mafic–ultramafic bodies over a 7.5 km strike length and resulted in the delineation of an Indicated Mineral Resource for the
Main zone. The UNDP work delineated another 48 geochemical stream anomalies and 30 magnetic / radiometric anomalies.
Work on the Project was stopped in 1979, with the outbreak of hostilities
between Tanzania and Uganda. Following a 10-year government moratorium on further exploration, Sutton Resources Ltd (Sutton) negotiated
the mineral rights to the deposit and formed KNCL in 1990.
Initial work on the Main zone was expanded in 1992 to include the Kagera
licence to the north-west, with the formation of a JV with BHP. Drilling of the resource continued, and by the end of 1995, when BHP exited
the KNCL JV, the Main zone Indicated Mineral Resource, stood at 5.95 Mt at 1.16% Ni, and the North zone was reported to contain
an Indicated Mineral Resource of 4.18 Mt with a mean grade of 2.21% Ni.
After the withdrawal of BHP, Sutton and Anglo-American Corporation
(Anglo) signed a JV agreement on both properties in July 1997. Drilling commenced in October 1997 following refurbishment of
the Kabanga camp. The initial focus of this drilling campaign was to extend the North zone high-grade massive sulfide resource, which
appeared to be open at depth to the north.
In April 1998, after drilling a total of 53 holes, the North zone
resource was estimated at 14.3 Mt at 2.56% Ni.
In 1999, Barrick, through its purchase of Sutton Resources, gained
control of Bulyanhulu and other gold properties, thereby becoming ground holders at Kabanga and JV partners with Anglo.
Anglo withdrew from the project in 2000. Barrick recommenced exploration
of the down-dip extension of the North zone massive sulfide body. Drilling in January 2001 intersected mineralisation at depth, which
appeared to be separate from North zone, and similar in style to the Main zone mineralisation. This zone was named MNB.
Drilling through to 2002 focussed on the North zone, extending the
massive sulfide body to the north. Deep drilling below the North zone (1,500–1,700 m below surface) intersected massive sulfide
mineralisation that is now interpreted to be part of the Kima zone.
In 2003, Barrick completed a scoping study that was largely based on
its work with Anglo. The study used a model generated in 2002 based on drilling undertaken up to the end of 2001.
In 2005, Barrick issued a press release announcing a signed JV partnership
with Falconbridge Limited, in the press release Barrick also publicly released an Inferred Mineral Resource estimate for Kabanga
of 26.4 Mt grading 2.6% Ni, representing the sum of the Main and North zone models from 2003.
A total of 64,957 m in 127 drillholes was completed for the scoping
study Phase I between January 2005 and March 2006. Work focussed on verifying and infilling the resource models at Main, North,
and MNB zones.
Borehole electromagnetic (BHEM) surveys with physical properties were
completed, SQUID and Fixed Loop TEM surface geophysical surveys, as well as an airborne helicopter VTEM Survey were conducted to characterise
the zones and explore the surrounding area. Collection of metallurgical samples was undertaken between April 2005, and the end of
July 2005. A total of 2,908 kg of sample was shipped for metallurgical testing. Five geotechnical holes at proposed infrastructure
sites were drilled.
In 2006, a total of 81,256 m in 148 drillholes was completed.
This programme was designed to continue to improve the confidence of the resource and discover additional shallow, large tonnage mineralisation
required to improve the project’s economics. Further metallurgical sample was also required for preliminary grinding / flotation
testing at XPS in Canada. Work focussed on verifying and infilling the resource models in North and MNB zones. A total of 2,600 kg
of sample was shipped to the Falconbridge Technology Centre for metallurgical testing. Resource models were generated for each of Main,
MNB, North, and Tembo zones.
A total of 242,347 m in 555 drillholes was completed for the pre-feasibility
study between December 2006 and November 2008. This exploration programme was designed to continue to improve the confidence
of the North and Tembo resources and discover additional resources to improve the project’s economics within 15 km trucking
distance of planned mine infrastructure. Further metallurgical samples were also required for two pilot plant test runs. During 2007,
the Kima massive sulfide zone was discovered to underlie the lower portion of the North zone.
Regional exploration drilling tested seven high priority regional exploration
targets at Bonde, Nyoka, Jabali, Balima, Kilimanjaro, Safari, and Nyundo (Keza 3). In November 2007, massive sulfide mineralisation
was intersected at the Safari target with the discovery hole grading 1.88% Ni over 10.1 m drilled width.
Resource estimates were reported for the June 2008 models in the
2008 Xstrata Nickel annual report.
From December 2008 through August 2009 a total of 21,368 m
of drilling was completed. The drilling programme was successful in transferring an estimated 2.8 Mt in the North Mid area from Inferred
to Indicated status. An independent consultant performed both a QA/QC audit and a resource audit.
From 2010 through 2014, extensive geological / geophysical interpretation
was carried out over the Kabanga licence area, coupled with assaying of non-sampled historical BHP / Anglo holes in the Main zone
area, and led to the development of several high-tenor nickel targets in the southern part of the Project area. Regional exploration work
in the post-feasibility study period was confined to geological mapping over regional licences and establishing access routes for planned
2011 programmes. Subsequent drilling in 2014 was limited to four holes, which were drilled testing two new target areas, and an additional
two holes were drilled into the Tembo North mineralisation.
In February 2023 the Kabanga Mineral Resource 2023 Technical
Report Summary was filed by LML. The Mineral Resource estimates were based on Mineral Resources originally disclosed by the previous
owners of the Project as being current as at 31 December 2016.
| 6 | GEOLOGICAL SETTING, MINERALISATION, AND DEPOSIT |
| 6.1 | Regional Geological Setting |
Geologically, the Kabanga nickel deposit is located within the East
African Nickel Belt (EANB), which extends approximately 1,500 km along a north-east trend that extends from Zambia in the south-west,
though the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda in the north-east, and straddles the western boundary
of the Tanzania Craton to the east, and the eastern boundary of the Congo Kasai Craton to the west.
In the northern and central sections of the EANB, a thick package of
Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks, known as the Karagwe–Ankole Belt (KAB), overlies this boundary, within
which occurs a suite of broadly coeval, bimodal intrusions, (Evans et al, 2016). These igneous rocks correspond to the Mesoproterozoic
Kibaran tectonothermal event between 1,350 to 1,400 Ma, (Kokonyangi et al, 2006; Tack et al, 2010).
The KAB has been divided into several broad domains, (Tack et al,
1994):
| ● | An Eastern Domain (ED) that is characterised by lower degrees of metamorphism and tectonism, and the absence of Kibaran aged granite
magmatism, |
| ● | A Western Domain (WD) characterised by higher degrees of metamorphism and polyphase deformation, and the voluminous Kibaran granite
intrusion, and |
| ● | A Transitional Domain (TD) between the other two domains, which is marked by a north-east trending line of mafic–ultramafic
intrusions known as the Kabanga–Musongati Alignment (Tack et al, 1994). |
The sedimentary rocks of the ED and WD form uncorrelated and distinct
sub-basins, both comprising alternating arenaceous and pelitic rocks, including quartzites, schists, greywackes, and conglomerates developed
in long-lived, shallow-water intracratonic and pericontinental basins, (Fernandez Alonso et al, 2012).
The Kibaran igneous rocks comprise mafic–ultramafic intrusions,
including well-differentiated lopolithic layered intrusions and small, narrow, tube-like sills, often concentrically zoned, called chonoliths.
The nickel zones discovered to date have exclusively been found associated with the mafic–ultramafic intrusions, in particular,
along the Kabanga–Musongati Alignment, (Deblond and Tack, 1999; Evans et al, 2000). Felsic intrusions occur coeval with
the mafic–ultramafic intrusions. Recent ages (U-Pb zircon SHRIMP) from Kabanga date the marginal mafic rocks of the intrusion at
1,403 ± 14 Ma, (Maier et al, 2007).
Figure 6.1 shows a stratigraphic column of the regional geology
of the area.
| Figure 6.1 | Stratigraphic Column for the Kagera Supergroup |
KNL, 2023 (modified from Fernandez Alonso et al.
(2012), and Koegelenberg et al. (2015)).
The intrusions that host the known potentially economic nickel-bearing
massive sulfide zones in the Project area, namely Main, MNB, Kima, North, and Tembo, are found within steeply-dipping overturned metasediments
(dipping 70° to 80° to the west), with a north–north-east strike orientation (025°) from Main to North zone, changing
to a north-east strike orientation (055°) from North to Tembo. The zones are located within, and at the bottom margin of, the mafic–ultramafic
chonoliths. The chonoliths are concentrically zoned with a gabbronorite margin and an ultramafic cumulate core zone that ranges in composition
from sulfidic dunite, plagioclase-peridotite, orthopyroxenite, to olivine melanorite, (Evans et al, 2000).
The metasediments comprise approximately 90% metapelites and metasandstones,
with the remainder comprising clean arenitic metasandstones or quartzites, (Evans et al, 2016). Lenses and bands of iron sulfides
(up to 5% modal of pyrrhotite) and graphite are common in the more pelitic rocks, and it has been demonstrated that the sulfur within
the different zones has similar isotopic signatures indicating significant assimilation of external sulfur from the KAB sediments, (Maier et al,
2010).
| 6.3 | Lithologies and Stratigraphy |
Three lithological groups are present at Kabanga:
| ● | Remobilised massive sulfide (>80% sulfide) (MSSX), which carries 90% of the sulfide occurrence and massive sulfide with xenoliths
of metasedimentary or gabbro / ultramafic rock (≥50% to 80% sulfides) (MSXI). |
| ● | Ultramafic–mafic intrusive complex rocks, which display a wide range of metamorphism / metasomatism. These lithologies
can also carry significant sulfide mineralisation, such as in the ultramafic unit termed UMAF_1a (≥30% sulfides, located adjacent to
the MSSX, present at Tembo and North). |
| ● | Metasediments comprising a series of pelitic units, schists, and quartzites, forming the hanging wall and footwall of the massive
sulfide lenses. |
The massive sulfide comprises principally pyrrhotite, with up to 15%
pentlandite. Pentlandite shows distinct globular recrystallisation textures and crystals may reach up to 5 cm in size. Accessory
sulfides include chalcopyrite and traces of pyrite, galena, arsenopyrite, cubanite, niccolite, cobaltite, and mackinawite.
Typical Main and Tembo zone cross-sections displaying the local stratigraphy
are shown in Figure 6.3.
| Figure 6.2 | Plan View Schematic of Geology of the Kabanga Area |
| Figure 6.3 | Typical Stratigraphy Cross-Section Schematics for North
and Tembo |
The Kabanga sulfide lenses are thought to have been remobilised within
a large shear zone, initially conforming to early phase folding geometries, and subsequently modified and partitioned by low-angle thrusting
and cross-faulting. The Project area has been found to be structurally complex, with five fault sets identified to date. The complexity
of the structural setting is best illustrated by the interpreted satellite imagery, and a schematic 3D interpretation presented Figure 6.4
and Figure 6.5.
Of note is the existence of an RQD model completed by an independent
consultancy (2008–2009) to support the current structural interpretation of the Project area.
| Figure 6.4 | Major Structures – Kabanga Sulfide Zones |
Yellow=Set A; Blue=Sets B and D; Black=Set C; and Purple=Set E
| Figure 6.5 | Comparative Interpretation of 3D and 2D VTEM Data |
The Project comprises six distinct mineralised zones, namely (from
south-west to north-east) Main, MNB, Kima, North, Tembo, and Safari, which occur over a strike length exceeding 7.5 km. The five
mineralised zones that contribute to the Mineral Resource estimate (Main, MNB, Kima, North, and Tembo), extend over a total strike length
of 6 km, and for up to 1.7 km below surface.
Figure 6.6 is a projected long-section schematic showing all the
mineralised zones identified to date at Kabanga.
Kabanga sulfide mineralisation occurs both as:
| ● | Disseminated to net textured interstitial sulfides within the cumulate core zone of the Kabanga chonoliths, as well as externally,
and |
| ● | Massive and semi-massive bodies along the lower or side margins of the chonolith, that being the contact with the stratigraphic base,
(Evans et al, 1999). |
The massive sulfides, defined as having >80% modal sulfide, comprise
dominantly pyrrhotite, with trace-to-15% pentlandite, and these account for the vast majority of the Mineral Resource estimates reported
in this report. Pentlandite exhibits distinct recrystallisation textures expressed as globules up to 5 cm in diameter. Accessory
sulfides include chalcopyrite and trace pyrite, galena, arsenopyrite, cubanite, niccolite, cobaltite, and mackinawite. Remobilised, generally
pyrrhotite-rich, massive sulfides also occur as cross-cutting and conformable veins within the ultramafic units.
The tenor composition of the sulfides (as represented by the percentage
of nickel in 100% sulfide) ranges from 5% to 6% near the basal margins to 0.5% to 1% in the upper cumulates, (Evans et al, 1999;
Maier and Barnes, 2010). Tenor also varies between mineralised zones, generally the smaller intrusive bodies (by cross-sectional area)
that occur lower in the stratigraphy, such as North and Tembo, are more richly endowed.
The mineralisation geometry at each zone is shown on example cross-sections
in Figure 6.7 through Figure 6.10.
| 6.7 | Alteration and Weathering |
At surface, the ultramafic bodies are completely weathered to saprolite.
The depth of oxidation ranges from 40–100 m in the Project area. At North, massive sulfides are weathered to depths of 80–100 m.
The Tembo massive sulfide horizon is located 98% in fresh material. In general, nickel laterite formation over the associated ultramafic
is weakly developed with minor nickel-bearing serpentine and rare garnierite.
| Figure 6.6 | Projected Longitudinal Section Schematic of Kabanga Mineralised
Zones |
| Figure 6.7 | Example Cross-section* of Mineralisation Geometry at Main
Zone |
* Oblique cross-section looking 030°, +/- 15 m projection.
| Figure 6.8 | Example Cross-section* of Mineralisation Geometry at MNB
Zone |
* Oblique cross-section looking 030°, +/- 15 m projection.
| Figure 6.9 | Example Cross-section* of Mineralisation Geometry at North
Zone (with Kima) |
* Oblique cross-section looking 030°, +/- 15 m projection.
| Figure 6.10 | Example Cross-section* of Mineralisation Geometry at Tembo
Zone |
* Oblique cross-section looking 038°, +/- 15 m projection.
Exploration at Kabanga has been undertaken in a number of different
phases spanning over 45 years, with more than 622 km of drilling having been completed in total, 26.8 km of which was on regional
targets. This drilling is summarised in Table 7.1.
| Table 7.1 | Exploration Drilling Summary |
Years |
Companies |
Metres Drilled |
Discovery (purpose) |
1976–1979 |
UNDP Regional Exploration |
20,068 |
Main zone |
1991–1992 |
Sutton Resources |
12,974 |
|
1993–1995 |
Sutton–BHP JV |
37,947 |
North zone |
1997–1999 |
Sutton–Anglo American JV |
56,227 |
|
2000–2004 |
Barrick Gold Corporation |
39,931 |
MNB zone |
2005–2008 |
Glencore–Barrick Gold JV |
64,957
81,256
242,347 |
North Deep zone (scoping study 1) Tembo Zone (scoping study 2) Safari / Kima zones (pre-feasibility study) |
2008–2009 2011–2012 2014 |
Glencore–Barrick Gold JV |
21,368
5,303
3,320 |
(Feasibility study) |
2021–2023 |
KNL |
23,748
768
5,221
4,416
2,633 |
Tembo (infill and extension)
Safari North (infill Tembo and North (metallurgical) Tembo and North
(geotechnical) |
Total |
|
622,484 |
|
| 7.1.1 | Early Regional Exploration |
The first drilling at Kabanga was undertaken between 1976 and 1979
by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) as part of a regional programme targeting ultramafic bodies to identify nickel sulfide
and nickel laterite mineralisation within the EANB in Tanzania and Burundi. This programme of work comprised some 20,068 m of drilling
in 61 drillholes on the Kabanga licence area.
The UNDP drilling within the Kabanga licence area intersected five
separate mafic–ultramafic bodies over a 7.5 km strike length and resulted in the estimation of a resource for the Main zone
of 21.7 Mt grading 0.97% Ni at a 0.5% Ni cut-off grade. Regionally, the UNDP work delineated another 48 geochemical stream
anomalies and 30 magnetic / radiometric anomalies. Work on the Project was stopped in 1979 with the outbreak of hostilities between
Tanzania and Uganda.
| 7.1.2 | Sutton Era Exploration |
Following a 10-year government moratorium on further exploration, Sutton
Resources (Sutton) negotiated the mineral rights to the deposit and formed the Kabanga Nickel Company Limited (KNCL) in 1990. Initial
work on the Main zone was expanded in 1992 to include the Kagera licence to the north-west, with the formation of a JV with BHP. In 1993,
drillhole KN93-36 was drilled targeting the down-dip extension of a gossanous ridge with associated geophysical anomaly, and intersected
a pipe-like ultramafic body, now referred to as North zone, with more than 100 m of massive sulfide mineralisation. KNCL also drilled
nine holes in the Main South area, with the best result 2.15 m at 1.2% Ni in hole KN95-99 (Block 1 South), and two
holes in the Tembo area without intersecting any mineralisation.
By the end of 1995, when BHP exited the KNCL JV, the Main zone resource,
which incorporated the ultramafic-hosted, disseminated and massive nickel sulfide mineralisation, stood at 5.95 Mt at 1.16% Ni,
and the North Zone was estimated to contain a resource of 4.18 Mt with a mean grade of 2.21% Ni.
After the withdrawal of BHP, Sutton and Anglo signed a JV agreement
on both properties in July 1997. The Kabanga camp was refurbished, and drilling commenced in October 1997.
The initial focus of the campaign was to extend the North zone high-grade
massive sulfide resource, which appeared to be open at depth to the north. Little drilling had been completed by BHP below the 1,200 m
level (approximately 400 m below surface). A drilling programme of 18,000 m was initially planned, and this was later extended
to 26,000 m after continuous mineralisation had been shown to extend to depth. The deepest intersection of the Anglo programme (KN98-45)
was 9 m of massive sulfide mineralisation at approximately the 720 m level (800 m below surface).
In April 1998, after drilling a total of 53 holes, the North zone
resource was estimated at 14.3 Mt at 2.56% Ni.
Drilling recommenced in the Main zone in May 1998 and continued
until October 1998. The zone was re-modelled, concentrating on the contact massive sulfide mineralisation.
The Sutton and Anglo JV undertook additional drilling in the Block 1
South area (36 holes), and Nyanzali / Luhuma target areas, with low-grade (<1% Ni) mineralisation encountered.
| 7.1.3 | Barrick Era Exploration |
In 1999, Barrick, through its purchase of Sutton Resources, gained
control of Bulyanhulu and other gold properties, thereby becoming ground holders at Kabanga and JV partners with Anglo. Anglo withdrew
from the project in 2000. Barrick recommenced exploration of the down-dip extension of the North zone massive sulfide body. Drilling in
January 2001 intersected mineralisation at depth that appeared to be separate from North zone, and similar in style to the Main zone
mineralisation. This zone was named MNB.
Initial interpretations suggested a 2 km long body at the base
of an ultramafic conduit which could be interpreted as an extension to the Main zone. Drilling through to 2002 focussed on North zone,
extending the massive sulfide body to the north with an additional six holes. Deep drilling below the North zone (1,500–1,700 m
below surface) intersected massive sulfide mineralisation, which is now interpreted to be part of the Kima mineralised zone. Four exploration
holes were completed by Barrick in the area of the Tembo zone without encountering any nickel sulfide mineralisation.
In 2003, Barrick completed a scoping study that was largely based on
work completed during the Anglo JV. The study used a model generated in 2002 based on drilling undertaken up to the end of 2001. In late
2003, an updated model was generated by the exploration group to include all holes up to (and including) the 2003 drill programme.
In addition to the main Kabanga licence, Barrick also controlled eight
other Prospecting Licence areas at the Project. Reports to the end of 2003 indicate that little work has been conducted on these licences
other than litho-geochemical research studies (mafic–ultramafic rocks and gossans) and geochemical surveys (soil and stream
sediment). Exploration grids for soil surveys were implemented in 2000 on three licences, where a total of 805 samples were taken. The
results of the geochemical soil programmes showed tight linear and coherent nickel, copper, and cobalt anomalies coincident with known
occurrences of mafic and ultramafic bodies. Stream sediment sampling (130 samples) was carried out on a regional licence in 2003
to coincide with a reconnaissance mapping programme.
In February 2004, Barrick began negotiations with Falconbridge
Limited for a JV partnership. In January 2005, with negotiations still in progress, work resumed on an infill drill programme at
Main zone. A total of 10,557 m of drilling had been completed when the JV agreement was signed on 22 April 2005.
In the press release announcing the new JV, Barrick publicly released
an Inferred Mineral Resource number for Kabanga of 26.4 Mt grading 2.6% Ni, representing the sum of the Main and North zone
models from 2003.
A total of 64,957 m in 127 drillholes was completed for the first
scoping study between January 2005 and March 2006. Work focussed on verifying and infilling the mineralisation at Main zone,
North zone, and MNB.
Borehole electromagnetic (BHEM) surveys with physical properties were
completed in 42 drillholes. SQUID (17.6 km) and fixed loop TEM (12 km) surface geophysical surveys, as well as an airborne
helicopter VTEM Survey (2,615 km) were conducted to characterise the mineralised zones and explore the surrounding area.
Collection of metallurgical samples was undertaken between April 2005
and the end of July 2005. A total of 2,908 kg of metallurgical sample was sent for metallurgical testing. Five geotechnical
holes at proposed infrastructure sites were drilled.
From April through November 2006, a further 148 holes were drilled
for a total of 81,256 m.
BHEM surveys with physical properties were completed in 95 drillholes.
Work focussed on verifying and infilling the resource models in North zone and MNB zone.
Fixed loop TEM surface geophysical surveys (327 line-km) were conducted
on Kabanga licences proximal to the then current resource. A high priority, >10 k Siemen conductive target was identified 2 km
to the north-east of the North zone. This anomaly was located along a magnetic trend, which was also coincident with surface gossan boulders.
The anomaly was drill tested and resulted in the discovery of Tembo zone. The significance of this discovery was quickly recognised, resulting
in a reallocation of drill metres to the Tembo resource in lieu of the proposed MNB drilling. At the completion of this work, a total
of 33,589 m in 71 holes had been completed at Tembo.
Collection of metallurgical samples were undertaken between April and
November 2006. A total of 2,600 kg of sample was sent for metallurgical testing.
An exploration programme that was designed to continue to improve the
confidence of the North and Tembo mineralisation and discover additional resources to improve the project’s economics within 15 km
trucking distance of planned mine infrastructure. This programme commenced in December 2006 and ran from December 2006 through
November 2008. Further metallurgical samples were also required for two pilot plant test runs.
A total of 242,347 m in 555 drillholes was completed for this
phase of work, of which 121,051 m in 246 holes was located in the North zone, and 105,735 m in 280 holes in the Tembo zone.
BHEM surveys with physical properties were completed in 134 drillholes.
During 2007, the Kima massive sulfide zone was discovered beneath the lower portion of the North zone.
In 2007, an additional drill programme that totalled 6,836 m tested
10 target horizons outside the then-current modelled limits. Nickel sulfide mineralisation was intersected in two of the drillholes, which
increased the North resource by approximately 125 kt at 2.51% Ni and extended the Kima mineralisation. BHEM surveys were completed
in all 2007 holes.
Regional exploration drilling totalled 8,725 m in 19 holes, testing
seven high priority regional exploration targets at Bonde, Nyoka, Jabali, Balima, Kilimanjaro, Safari, and Nyundo (Keza-3), along with
16 BHEM surveys. In November 2007, massive sulfide mineralisation was intersected at the Safari zone with the discovery hole grading
1.88% Ni over a 10.1 m as drilled width.
Resource estimates were reported for the June 2008 models in the
2008 Xstrata Nickel annual report.
From December 2008 through September 2009, a total of 21,368 m
of drilling was completed. This drilling was successful in transferring an estimated 2.8 Mt in the North Mid area from Inferred to
Indicated status.
From October 2009 through September 2010, work was focussed
on updating all resource models, completing a new North UMAF resource estimate, adding deleterious component estimates (Cr, As, Pb, and
MgO) into the models, estimating density values by kriging methods, and conducting new variographic studies for the North and Tembo models.
Waste models were also produced for North and Tembo.
An independent consultancy performed both a QA/QC audit and a Mineral
Resource audit, with final reports submitted in August 2009.
Extensive geological / geophysical interpretation over the Kabanga
licence area, coupled with assaying of non-sampled historical BHP / Anglo holes in the Main zone area, led to the development of
several high-tenor nickel targets in the southern part of the Project area.
Crone FLEM surveys were conducted from 25 November to 17 December 2010,
a total of eight loops – 40 line-km were surveyed. Preliminary results indicate a >500 m length 50 Siemen conductor
associated with known high-tenor nickel drill intercepts in the BNPU footwall to the Main zone; the best historical drill result is 8.36%
Ni over 4.6 m (Water Pump target).
Regional exploration work in this period was confined to geological
mapping over regional licences and establishing access routes for planned 2011 programmes.
Subsequent drilling in 2014 was limited to four holes at North (KN14-01
through KN14-04 (2,507 m)), which were drilled testing two new target areas, and an additional two holes were drilled into the Tembo
North resource (KL14-01 and KL14-01A (813 m)). Figure 7.1 shows the collar locations of all of the drillholes completed at Kabanga
to date, and which are included within the current database, as well as the vertically projected outlines of the main mineralised zones.
| 7.1.3.6 | Regional Exploration |
The regional exploration programme tested six high-conductance Fixed
loop EM (FLEM) target areas with a total of eight drillholes. All the surface geophysical S1 conductors targeted for drilling have been
attributed to sulfidic metasediments considered to have masked any response from nickel-bearing massive sulfide.
FLEM surveys were conducted over 84.6 line-km. The surveys were targeted
over conductors identified by the 2005 and 2008 VTEM airborne surveys, and also over magnetic highs from the 1992 GEOTEM airborne survey.
The FLEM surveys were conducted over regional licences were primarily Lamontagne UTEM surveys, with minor Crone FLEM follow-up surveys.
Detailed FLEM surveys were also conducted in the Panda target area
to determine if lower frequencies were capable of better resolving massive sulfide targets. It was found that the lower frequency work
was not capable of distinguishing known mineralisation / BHEM plate from conductive metasediments.
Regional exploration work also included geological mapping over nine
licence areas, and a soil sampling survey over the southern part of the Kili FLEM conductor.
KNL recommenced field activities in December 2021 after the granting
of SML 651 / 2021.
Up to 31 December 2022, KNL has conducted two diamond drilling
campaigns across SML 651 / 2021, as follows:
| ● | December 2021 to May 2022: 4,163 m of drilling in 14 holes to provide 2,727 kg of metallurgical sample (in three
bulk samples) from the North and Tembo zones for hydrometallurgical testwork in Perth, Australia. |
| ● | May 2022 to 31 December 2022: 7,186 m of infill drilling in 19 holes at Tembo North to increase confidence in
this zone over a 700 m strike length, and to provide an additional bulk sample (464 kg) for hydrometallurgical testwork in Perth,
Australia. An additional 768 m in one drillhole was completed at the Safari prospect. |
| ● | January 2023 to 17 September 2023 (ongoing): 9,274 m of infill drilling in five holes at North to increase confidence
over a 500 m strike length, 16,727 m of infill drilling in 23 holes at Tembo to increase confidence along the entire strike
length of the deposit and 3,555 m in six holes at Tembo for geotechnical purposes. |
The KNL drilling up to 17 September 2023 has been incorporated
into the Mineral Resource database with the exception of holes yet to be surveyed or with outstanding assay results.
| 7.2 | Exploration and Drillhole Database |
The Project drilling database history spans from 1976 to present and
is maintained in Fusion software. The majority of the drilling was completed during the Glencore–Barrick Gold JV in preparation
for a scoping study, pre-feasibility study, then feasibility study. Globally, the database totals over 598 km of diamond drilling.
| 7.3 | Drilling, Core Logging, Down-hole Survey, and Sampling |
Drilling has been completed exclusively by diamond drilling, with holes
collared in PQ diameter to drill through the highly weathered quartzite, then downsizing to HQ diameter down to 300–600 m,
and then typically finishing in NQ diameter for drilling into the deeper parts of the North zone. The PQ/HQ/NQ combination was considered
essential to be able to successfully drill through the thick Rubona Quartzite formation, which contains frequent narrow schist interbeds
that can cause deflection issues. At Tembo, over 90% of historical holes were collared using HQ diameter down to 50–100 m depth,
and then continued with NQ coring to target due to the much lower amount of Rubona Quartzite drilled.
Core recovery was assessed by trained geotechnical technicians at Kabanga
site, based on the average 3 m core runs. All core was oriented by hand, and any intervals of missing core was noted. In the massive
sulfide intervals, the most common reason for any missing core was grinding by the drill bit, since massive sulfide is less hard than
the hanging wall metasediments. This issue was addressed by informing the drill crews of the expected depth of intercept and slowing down
the drill rate when approaching this depth. All Kabanga drill logs have a separate database table for core recovery.
Core recovery throughout the drill programmes has been excellent with
an average core recovery of 98%.
Kabanga geologists used a standardised geological unit classification
comprising the following principal geological units:
| ● | Massive sulfides (MSSX, MSXI) |
| ● | Net-textured sulfides to semi-massive sulfides (UMAF_1a) |
| ● | Gabbro-gabbronorite (KAB_GAB) |
| ● | Spotted schist (USSC, LSSC) |
Massive sulfide mineralisation is broken into two logged units; remobilised
massive sulfide (>80% sulfide) (MSSX), which carries 90% of the sulfide occurrence, and massive sulfide with xenoliths of metasedimentary,
or gabbro / ultramafic rock (≥50% to 80% sulfides) (MSXI). The ultramafic-hosted UMAF was logged primarily as unit UMAF_1a and
varies from net-textured, to heavily disseminated, to semi-massive sulfide.
The stratigraphic sequence at Kabanga is overturned, therefore the
younging direction is towards the south-east.
Assays are not available for all drilled lengths but only for mineralised
zones with a typical 2–3 m buffer either side.
Sampling procedures at Kabanga were basically unchanged from 2001 through
2023:
| ● | All geological contacts were respected during sampling. |
| ● | Mineralised intervals, including massive sulfide, were sampled keeping a typical maximum of 1.0 m sample length, and a minimum
0.25 m sample length. All samples respected geological contacts. |
| ● | Weakly mineralised intervals (mainly within ultramafic) were sampled keeping a maximum 2.0 m sample length. |
All drill collars from 2001 through 2009 were surveyed to decimetre
scale accuracy by either a TCR703 Leica, or Thales Promark 3 instrument.
DGPS was used following the demobilisation of Direct Systems Australia
from site in late-2009.
Down-hole survey was completed for all Tembo drillholes (100% by Gyro
method), and all but 1% of the drillholes for North (82% by Gyro method, 17% by Maxibor method).
Table 7.2 summarises all surveyed drillholes utilised for the
2023 resource model. In addition, repeat Gyro surveys were conducted in a minimum 10% of all drillholes drilled at Kabanga from 2005 onwards,
and progressive Gyro surveys were conducted in all deep drillholes at North zone. A number of historical holes at North were re-entered
for Gyro surveys and 15 drillholes at North Shallow / Mid were excluded from the MSSX model due to either erroneous historical
survey data or being replaced by 2005–2009 KNCL holes.
In addition, drillholes drilled for metallurgical / geotechnical
purposes were generally only used to shape the wireframe since usually no samples were taken in the massive sulfide zone. As a verification
measure, multi-shot surveys were conducted by the drilling companies in all 2001–2009 drilling at a nominal 30 m
interval and compared with the Gyro surveys. In addition, all holes surveyed by BHEM used a RAD orientation tool (234 holes at North and
Tembo). These results were also compared to Gyro surveys.
Table 7.3 provides the statistics in terms of down-hole survey
for the complete North and Tembo drillhole database.
| Table 7.2 | Down-hole Survey Statistics |
Mineralised Zone |
No. of Drillholes used in the 2023 models |
Down-hole Survey Method |
Gyro Method |
Single/Multi-Shot Method |
North Massive Sulfide |
380 |
90% |
10% |
North UMAF |
86 |
80% |
20% |
Tembo Massive Sulfide |
240 |
100% |
0% |
Tembo UMAF |
99 |
100% |
0% |
| Table 7.3 | Down-hole Survey Statistics for North and Tembo |
Survey Type |
North |
Tembo |
Gyro + Multi-shot |
82% |
100% |
Maxibor |
17% |
none |
No Survey |
1% |
none |
The drilling, core logging, down-hole survey, and sampling activities
can be summarised as follows:
| ● | Diamond drilling is used exclusively, collared in PQ, then downsizing to HQ diameter down to 300–600 m, then typically
finishing in NQ diameter at North; collared in HQ down to 50–100 m, then typically finishing in NQ diameter at Tembo. |
| ● | Core logging geology and geotechnical was performed by experienced geologists following standardised logging codes. |
| ● | Collar survey was completed to within 30 cm accuracy. |
| ● | Down-hole survey was completed for all Tembo drillholes (100% by Gyro method), and all but 1% of the drillholes for North (82% by
Gyro method, 17% by Maxibor method). |
| ● | The average core recovery is 98%. |
| ● | Sampling was routinely done on 1 m intervals, with a maximum of 2 m intervals in weakly mineralised zones. All samples respected
geological contacts. |
Drillhole collar locations are shown in Figure 7.1.
| Figure 7.1 | Kabanga Drillhole Locations Proximal to Mineral Resources
(Local Grid) |
| 7.3.7 | Borehole Electromagnetic Data |
During the various exploration campaigns, borehole electromagnetic
(BHEM) surveys have been completed on a significant number of drillholes: 42 drillholes in scoping study phase I, 95 in scoping study
phase 2, and 134 in the pre-feasibility study. All BHEM surveys at Kabanga were completed by Crone Geophysics using Crone sensors.
The data obtained is representative of the physical properties of the
terrain, and it is likely that the data measured could be used as indicators / confirmation of mineralogical / physical
ground properties such as:
| ● | Temperature = reactive ground relative to sulfide abundance exposed to oxygen; potential mineralisation marker. |
| ● | Conductivity = sulfides would be more conductive, abundance giving greater results; potential mineralisation marker. |
| ● | Magnetic susceptibility = likely associated with Fe (magnetite) alteration, which probably follows the sulfides. Possibly some
other minerals present too. |
| ● | Gamma tool (K, Th, U) = indicative of marker horizons such as shale (higher K, and possible Th). There may be some U alteration markers
also that are potentially useful to help follow the stratigraphy. |
Fusion was the data management software used to facilitate the movement
of data between a central database and a local database. Distributed database upgrades were responsible for moving any changes made to
the configuration of the central database down to the local database. DHLogger was the data capture tool used for logging and editing
drillhole data. Database validations were undertaken routinely.
The massive sulfide (MSSX and MSXI), and mineralised ultramafic (UMAF)
that comprise the mineralisation within the Mineral Resources at all Kabanga zones, lie below the level of oxidation (nominally 90–100 m
below surface), and are competent, unaltered rock units that have no notable porosity.
The upper limit of the North mineralisation wireframe was trimmed to
exclude all weathered / oxidised massive sulfide (based on visual examination of drill core / drill core photos and sulfur content).
The massive sulfide horizon at the Tembo zone is more than 98% within fresh material, with minor oxidation present in the upper southern
and northern parts of the mineralisation.
Almost all Tembo assayed samples and 80% of North assayed samples have
density measurements, which were obtained by pycnometry (i.e., by gravimetric method on pulverised pulp) at ALS-Chemex laboratory in Perth.
Measurement of density by pycnometry started in 2003. Prior to this, during the BHP / Anglo exploration period, 4,831 water
immersion measurements were completed. In 2005, it was decided to exclude the immersion measurements from the resource database as the
technique as practised at Kabanga by BHP / Anglo resulted in a subset of erroneous data in the massive sulfide samples (Figure 7.2),
possibly due to issues with repeatability by various technicians, calibration problems, and/or errors in manual data entry into the database.
An additional theoretical mineralogical density check calculation was
made using the quantitative mineralogical data of samples from the pilot plant product. This was applied to the averaged resource grades
for North and Tembo mineralised material to derive quantitative mineralogy profiles. The theoretical mineralogical density check values
obtained for each material type fall within the expected limits.
Densities for pre-2003 samples (North and Main zones) were calculated
using a regression equation based on sulfur (see below). In the mineralised zones, density is highly-correlated with sulfur content, as
shown in the scatter plots in Figure 7.3 for massive sulfide, and Figure 7.4 for mineralised ultramafic. The following density-to-sulfur
linear equations were used to assign density values to North and Main intervals that had no pycnometry measurements:
| ● | MSSX density = 0.04 x S% + 2.93 based on 4,889 measurements, with r2 = 0.82 |
| ● | UMAF density = 0.04 x S% + 2.85 based on 1,325 measurements, with r2 = 0.80 |
With the exception of the upper part of North (which is not incorporated
into the Mineral Resource estimates), all Tembo and North mineralised material only comprises unweathered rock. The massive sulfide material
as shown by core photos is a competent massive lithology, and it is considered that the pycnometer method is suited to density determination
at Kabanga.
| Figure 7.2 | Comparison of Water Immersion vs. Pycnometry Density for
Massive Sulfide |
| Figure 7.3 | Pycnometer Density Measurements for North and Tembo Massive
Sulfide |
| Figure 7.4 | Pycnometer Density Measurements for North and Tembo UMAF_1a |
| 7.5 | Planned Drilling Campaigns (2023) |
KNL has an ongoing planned drilling programme of approximately 17 km
of exploration drilling, and 7 km of geotechnical drilling. Samples from the exploration drilling will also be used for metallurgical
testwork as required.
The following exploration drilling programmes commenced in January
2023:
| ● | Safari infill drilling – 9,235 m testing 14 targets over 500 m strike length (1 km north-east of Tembo) with
the aim to bring this zone to a resource status. Safari currently has only three historical drillholes (0.4 Mt at 1.7% Ni). A target
composite BHEM plate measures 480 m x 320 m at 350–700 m vertical depth. |
| ● | Tembo–Safari Link drilling lines – 6,000 m testing ten targets on five drill lines over 1,500 m strike length
to outline further potential economic nickel mineralisation at 500–700 m vertical depth along the known Tembo–Safari
intrusive trend. |
| ● | Rubona Hill target – 2,000 m in three holes to test potential ultramafic intrusive at nominal 400 m vertical depth
4 km south-west of planned infrastructure. Five historical drillholes all failed to intersect any ultramafic due to an incorrect
magnetic model – the appropriate Magnetic Vector Inversion modelling was completed in late 2014. |
A geotechnical drilling programme, planning to drill 7,300 m,
commenced in Q1’23. The programme includes drilling for: stress, rock properties, structures, faults, groundwater, mine access and
mine infrastructure. Of this programme, 3,555 m has been drilled to September 2023.
| 8 | SAMPLE PREPARATION, ANALYSES, AND SECURITY |
Kabanga sample preparation, assaying, and quality assurance and quality
control (QA/QC) activities and protocols can be summarised as follows:
| ● | Sample preparation was completed in Tanzania at ALS-Chemex laboratory in Mwanza. |
| ● | All material was crushed to –2 mm and 2 x 250 g pulp bags were sent to ALS-Chemex Perth laboratory for analysis. |
| ● | Perth samples were pulverised to –75 µm and analysed as follows: |
| - | 4-acid digest / ICP for Ni, Cu, Co, Ag, Fe, Cr, Mg, Mg, Mn, As, Pb, Bi, Cd, and Sb |
| - | Fire assay / ICP MS for Au, Pd, and Pt |
| - | Ni and Cu samples exceeding 10,000 ppm, and Au, Pd, and Pt samples exceeding 1.0 g/t were re analysed with a more accurate
technique |
| - | Gravimetric method for density (pycnometry) on all samples |
| ● | Not all samples have been assayed for the complete suite: only 66% for North (10,053 of 15,200 samples), and 95% for Tembo (6,422
of 6,717 samples). |
| ● | QA/QC: An industry standard QA/QC protocol was used at Kabanga with the use of certified reference material standards (CRMs), blanks,
check assays and duplicates. |
From 2003 onwards, sample preparation was completed in Tanzania at
ALS-Chemex laboratory in Mwanza. Drill core was crushed to –2 mm and 2 x 250 g pulps were nitrogen-purged and
vacuum-sealed in plastic bags and sent to ALS-Chemex Perth laboratory (with duplicate insertion at a rate of 1 in every 40 samples) where
samples were pulverised to –75 µm prior to analysis.
Prior to February 2007, quarter core samples (NQ core) were sent
for assaying (only North zone), thereafter, half core samples (NQ core) were used for assaying.
All coarse rejects (–2 mm crusher rejects) were preserved
in vacuum-sealed, nitrogen-purged bags, stored at Kabanga site.
All unused pulverised pulp material was hermetically sealed in a cryovac
bag for long-term storage in Perth.
The ALS-Chemex Perth laboratory was the primary analytical laboratory
for 100% of the Tembo assay results available in the database. For North, all 1994–1995, and 2001–2009 assay results are from
ALS-Chemex, but for the 42 holes drilled in this zone by Anglo in 1997–1998, most of the results are from the Anglo American
Research Laboratory (AARL) in Johannesburg using the ICP technique. The Anglo drillholes used for the North 2021 model update accounts
for 11% of the total metres used to estimate the Mineral Resources.
A detailed list of the analytical laboratory and assaying technique
used by drilling campaign is given below, with details in Table 8.1:
| ● | 1991 – 1992 Sutton Resources – Cominco AA – Main zone only |
| ● | 1992 – 1995 BHP – ALS-Chemex Acid digest ICP primarily – Main and North zones |
| ● | 1997 – 1999 Anglo – AARL Acid digest ICP primarily – Main and North zones |
| ● | 2001 – 2004 Barrick – ALS-Chemex Acid digest ICP – Main, MNB and North zones |
| ● | 2005 – 2014 KNCL JV – ALS-Chemex Acid digest ICP
– Main, MNB, North and Tembo zones |
At the ALS-Chemex Perth laboratory, pulps were analysed as follows:
| ● | 4-acid digest / ICP for Ni, Cu, Co, Ag, Fe, Cr, Mg, Mn, As, Pb, Bi, Cd, and Sb |
| ● | Fire assay / ICP-MS for Au, Pd, and Pt |
| ● | Ni and Cu samples exceeding 10,000 ppm, and Au, Pd, and Pt samples exceeding 1 g/t, were re-analysed by a 3-acid digest /
ICP finish with a high-degree of accuracy and precision |
| ● | All Au, Pd, and Pt analyses exceeding 1.0 g/t also were assayed by a more accurate fire assay / ICP-MS technique (see note
below) |
| ● | Gravimetric method for density (pycnometry) on all samples |
Notes:
1. | Not all samples have been assayed for the complete suite, for example, only 66% for North (10,053 of 15,200 samples), and 95% for
Tembo (6,422 of 6,717 samples). |
2. | The acid digest / ICP method has very limited incorporation of Ni originating from silicate minerals. However, as demonstrated
by the results obtained from umpire assays on Kabanga massive sulfide samples by SGS using XRF, there are essentially no significant nickel-bearing
silicates in Kabanga MSSX, and all nickel mineralisation is present as sulfides. In the ultramafic UMAF_1a material, however, the SGS
XRF results report clearly higher total Ni in comparison to the acid digest / ICP results due to the presence of nickel silicates
in this material. |
| Table 8.1 | Summary of Analytical Techniques for Mineral Resource Drilling |
Years |
Campaign |
Number of: |
Analytical Techniques |
Drillholes |
Analyses |
1976–1979 |
UNDP Regional Exploration |
17 |
3,435 |
<unknown> |
1991–1992 |
Sutton Resources |
34 |
3,897 |
Cominco low level Ni assay (AA) |
1993–1995 |
Sutton – BHP JV |
58 |
3,898 |
Acid digest / ICP, Na peroxide fusion / ICP |
1997–1998 |
Sutton – Anglo American JV |
81 |
3,903 |
Acid digest / AAS, |
1999 |
Sutton – Anglo American JV |
25 |
1,170 |
Acid digest / ICP, Na peroxide fusion / ICP |
2001–2004 |
Barrick Gold Corporation |
56 |
2,419 |
Acid digest / ICP |
2005–2006 |
KNCL (Glencore – Barrick JV) scoping |
78 |
6,046 |
Acid digest / ICP |
2006 |
KNCL scoping |
114 |
2,769 |
Acid digest / ICP |
2006–2008 |
KNCL pre-feasibility |
436 |
12,441 |
Acid digest / ICP |
2008–2013 |
KNCL feasibility |
74 |
2,277 |
Acid digest / ICP |
2014 |
KNCL regional |
6 |
73 |
Acid digest / ICP |
2021–2023 |
LML infill and extension |
52 |
1,413 |
Na peroxide fusion / ICP-OES |
Total |
|
1,031 |
43,741 |
|
| 8.4.1 | QA/QC Sample Frequency |
An industry standard QA/QC protocol was used at Kabanga with screen
tests and the use of duplicates (coarse rejects, core), pulp check assays, certified reference material standards (CRMs), and blanks to
monitor sample preparation and assaying quality.
The detailed QA/QC information and overall frequencies at which QA/QC
samples were inserted in the sample batch stream from 2005 through 2009 are provided in Table 8.2.
Note:
| ● | 100% of the assays in the project database from 2001–2009 are from ALS-Chemex Perth. There are no Genalysis or SGS Lakefield
results in the database used for the Mineral Resource estimation. |
| ● | Since routine QA/QC procedures started in 2005, 73% of the North data and 100% of the Tembo data has been subjected to a standard
QA/QC protocol. |
| Table 8.2 | Frequency of QA/QC Samples 2005–2009 |
QA/QC |
Laboratory |
Number of Samples |
Frequency (1 per …) |
Screen Tests |
ALS Mwanza |
1,075 |
20 |
Coarse Reject Duplicates |
ALS-Chemex Perth |
510 |
40 |
Quarter Core Replicate (2005–2007 only) |
ALS Mwanza Perth |
353 |
50 |
Pulp Check Analysis |
Genalysis SGS Lakefield |
1,006 52 |
20 |
CRM Standards – KNCL – ALS |
ALS-Chemex Perth ALS-Chemex Perth |
872 1,593 |
30 15 |
Blanks |
ALS-Chemex Perth |
378 |
60 |
| 8.4.2 | Sample Preparation QA/QC – Screen Test |
From January through May 2005, Barrick requested that the ALS-Chemex
sample preparation laboratory in Mwanza meet a p75 passing –2 mm criteria. Starting in May 2005, the JV then specified
a p95 passing –2 mm screen criteria – this criterion was met by 99.9% of all crushed reject pulps from 2005 through 2009.
The Barrick p75 screen criteria only affect samples prepared for the Main zone, not North or Tembo.
A total of 1,075 screen tests were performed on coarse pulp rejects
(–2 mm crushed rejects) at ALS preparation laboratory in Mwanza from 2005 through 2009. Figure 8.1 shows the results of
these screen tests.
| Figure 8.1 | Percent Reject Passing – 2 mm Screen –
2005–2009 |
| 8.4.3 | Duplicates and Check Assays – ALS-Chemex Coarse Reject Duplicates |
KNCL routinely submitted coarse reject duplicate samples produced by
splitting the –2 mm crusher product (crusher duplicates) from the Mwanza sample preparation laboratory at a rate of 1 duplicate
in every 20 samples. The duplicates, destined to be analysed by the primary laboratory ALS-Chemex Perth, were sent in the same batch as
the original sample. The comparison between original samples and duplicates are presented as a graph of percentage relative difference
according to grade in Figure 8.2 through Figure 8.4 for Ni, Cu, and Co from 2005 through 2009. These results indicate adequate
precision and an absence of bias within grade ranges.
| Figure 8.2 | ALS-Chemex – Percent Relative Difference for Ni Duplicates
– 2005–2009 |
| Figure 8.3 | ALS-Chemex – Percent Relative Difference for Cu Duplicates
– 2005–2009 |
| Figure 8.4 | ALS-Chemex – Percent Relative Difference for Co Duplicates
– 2005–2009 |
| 8.4.4 | Genalysis Pulp Check Assays |
In addition to the primary laboratory coarse rejects duplicates, since
May 2005, duplicate pulverised sample pulps (every 20th sample) were prepared by ALS-Chemex in Perth and forwarded to Genalysis,
Perth for analysis by the same method as ALS (4-acid digest / ICP). ALS-Chemex nitrogen-purged / sealed all check assay pulps
at the same time as samples were prepared for analyses at their laboratory. Genalysis conducted analyses for the same suite of elements
as ALS Chemex, using the same techniques.
Figure 8.5 through Figure 8.9 illustrate the comparison between
Genalysis and ALS-Chemex pulp results for Ni, Cu, and Co.
In early 2008, 97 check analysis results indicated that for samples
grading above 2,000 ppm Ni (Figure 8.5), 77% of check analyses displayed less than 10% relative difference in Ni grade
(over 60 comparative values). However, as highlighted in the chart, in early 2008 a reduction in Ni grade was noted in the Genalysis values
in comparison to the ALS-Chemex results. This difference was explained by the effect of oxidation of the sample pulps on the liberation
of Ni during assaying. In 2005, a detailed study was completed at the ALS-Chemex laboratory to assess the effect of oxidation of sample
pulps. The test was based on 47 pulp samples which were re-analysed sequentially in time once the oxidation of the pulps started. The
results demonstrated that the oxidation of pulverised sample pulps causes the Ni assay result to linearly decrease with time after approximately
10 days of oxidation of the pulps, from the day of pulverisation to the time of analysis (Figure 8.6).
In the case of the Genalysis pulp checks, in early 2008, 27 pulps were
prepared at ALS-Chemex but not immediately vacuum-sealed, and therefore oxidised prior to their shipment to Genalysis, resulting in the
low bias for Ni% highlighted on Figure 8.5.
When considering check analyses above 1% Ni, 94.7% of values displayed
less than 10% relative difference (34 comparative values) and for samples grading above 2% Ni (essentially MSSX), 100% of values
showed differences <10%. For samples grading above 1% Ni, results from Genalysis averaged 2.2% (relative) higher overall than
those from ALS-Chemex. A limited number of analyses (eight) of MSSX CRMs (average of 2.89% Ni) indicated that Genalysis was also
high-biased for nickel by approximately 3.2% relative to ALS-Chemex during the feasibility study phase – correcting for the shifted
CRM value indicates very close comparative values for massive sulfide during this time. This divergence between the ALS and Genalysis
results prompted KNCL to conduct additional assay tests using a different analysis method – a pyrosulfate fusion followed by XRF
at SGS Lakefield.
For Cu, as displayed in Figure 8.8, the Genalysis check assays
show that the Genalysis results presented a consistent low bias of 0.02% Cu grade in comparison to ALS results, which corroborates
the comparison Genalysis-ALS for the CRM results.
For Co, both laboratories returned comparable results over the 2005
through 2009 period, (Figure 8.9).
| Figure 8.5 | Genalysis vs. ALS-Chemex Pulp Check Assays Percent Relative
Difference for Ni Grades 2005–2009 – Sequential Analysis for MSSX Ni>2% |
| Figure 8.6 | Impact of Oxidation of Pulps on Assay Results –
2005 ALS-Chemex Test – Relative Percentage Decrease in Ni Grade vs. Number of Days between Pulverisation and Analysis (pulps allowed
to oxidise) |
| Figure 8.7 | Genalysis vs. ALS-Chemex Pulp Check Assays Percent Relative Difference for Ni Grades
2005–2009 |
| Figure 8.8 | Genalysis vs. ALS-Chemex Pulp Check Assays Percent Relative
Difference for Cu Grades 2005–2009 |
| Figure 8.9 | Genalysis vs. ALS-Chemex Pulp Check Assays Percent Relative
Difference for Co Grades 2005–2009 |
| 8.4.5 | SGS Lakefield Pulp Check Assays |
For umpire checks on the primary ALS laboratory 4-acid digest /
ICP analyses, a total of 52 pulp samples (in nitrogen-purged / vacuum-sealed bags) were sent to SGS Lakefield. Relative difference
percentages are shown in Figure 8.10. Results for MSSX samples (28) grading >2% Ni indicate that ALS was high-biased by 0.03% Ni
relative to the SGS XRF technique. Note that the SGS XRF technique results for Ni for UMAF-hosted mineralisation are higher than ALS since
XRF provides results for total Ni, i.e., contained in sulfides and silicates.
| Figure 8.10 | SGS Lakefield vs. ALS-Chemex Pulp Check Assays Percent
Relative Difference for Ni Grades |
| 8.4.6 | Quarter Core Replicates |
Quarter core replicates were prepared from April 2005 through
February 2007 for a total of 353 samples. The charted percentage relative differences vs. grades are shown in Figure 8.11 through
Figure 8.13 for Ni, Cu, and Co.
| Figure 8.11 | ALS-Chemex – Percent Relative Difference for Ni Grades
for Quarter Core Replicates – 2005–2007 |
| Figure 8.12 | ALS-Chemex – Percent Relative Difference for Cu Grades
for Quarter Core Replicates – 2005–2007 |
| Figure 8.13 | ALS-Chemex – Percent Relative Difference for Co Grades
for Quarter Core Replicates – 2005–2007 |
| 8.4.7 | Certified Reference Material Standards |
Certified reference material standards (CRMs) for the Project were
collected from the North zone in 2004 by Barrick and shipped to the OREAS laboratory in Australia for certification using industry accepted
practice. A round robin analytical exercise was conducted at seven laboratories worldwide using 4-acid digest / ICP finish for base
metals, and fire assay / ICP for Au, Pd, and Pt. Two CRMs were prepared, a massive sulfide (MSSX) standard, and a disseminated (ultramafic-hosted
UMAF) sulfides standard.
The massive sulfide and ultramafic material used to prepare the Kabanga
CRMs was collected from the North zone at depths of 150 m and 400 m from surface. The Ni, Cu, and Co accepted grades for the
Kabanga CRMs are as shown in Table 8.3.
| Table 8.3 | Kabanga MSSX and UMAF CRMs – Accepted Grades |
CRM |
Ni% |
Cu% |
Co% |
Kabanga MSSX CRM |
2.68 |
0.38 |
0.23 |
Kabanga UMAF CRM |
0.678 |
0.096 |
0.061 |
The two Project CRMs were stored as nitrogen-purged aliquots at the
ALS-Chemex laboratory in Perth and inserted into the sample sequence according to the overall frequency presented in Table 8.2, using
the appropriate CRM to match the submitted samples, either MSSX material or ultramafic material.
Following an audit of QA/QC procedures in May 2009, the Ni% value
for the MSSX CRM was modified from 2.68% Ni to 2.71% Ni, with all scoping study and pre-feasibility study (charts updated. There
was no change to the UMAF CRM value of 0.659% Ni. Results from MSSX CRM analyses indicate 74% of all values lie within acceptable
limits. Throughout the feasibility study, however, there had been a consistent average elevated mean value for this CRM of 2.80% Ni
(27 samples) versus the (2009 revised) accepted mean value of 2.71% Ni. Figure 8.14 and Figure 8.15 illustrate the Ni%
analytical results for both project CRMs since the start of the scoping study in early 2005. Table 8.4 and Table 8.5 present
the project CRMs Ni% average values from 2005 through 2009.
The observed elevated MSSX CRM values during the feasibility study
period were investigated. Because the two Kabanga CRMs were inserted in all sample batches submitted to both primary laboratory ALS-Chemex
and the check laboratory, Genalysis in Perth, it is possible to follow over time the evolution of the reported CRM results from both laboratories.
The overall rising trend in Ni% values for the MSSX CRM from 2005 is noted at both laboratories as shown on Figure 8.16 for the sequential
Genalysis graph. The cause of the overall rising trend of Ni% grade for the Kabanga MSSX has not been clarified, but it is suspected that
the Kabanga MSSX CRM may have lost its homogeneity during transport and handling of the pails of bulk material with the separation and
settling of the denser nickel minerals (pentlandite density of 4.6–5.0 t/m3) from the pyrrhotite (main nickel-bearing
mineral in the Kabanga massive sulfide density of 4.6 t/m3).
Note that the Kabanga UMAF CRM did not suffer the same issue over the
period, and there was no appreciable variance during the feasibility study for the UMAF CRM (0.01% Ni), as shown in Table 8.4.
The statistical results including accuracy and precision for the Kabanga
CRMs over the 2005–2009 period are detailed in Table 8.6.
The review results for the ALS-Chemex internal reference material standard
(Forrest B) shown in Figure 8.17, and summarised in Table 8.7 with details for Forrest B in Table 8.8, corroborates the
fact that the high Ni bias issue observed on the Kabanga MSSX CRM results for both ALS-Chemex and Genalysis laboratories is inherent to
the Kabanga CRM itself rather than a drift of the ALS-Chemex laboratory results. Note that in 2005, ALS-Chemex results for the Forrest B
standard show several results outside of the acceptable limits. The quality of the results improves from 2006 onwards, likely due to a
better calibration of ALS-Chemex’s analytical equipment to these grade ranges.
The comparison between the ALS MSSX CRM results and those obtained
by Genalysis showed that the Genalysis results were consistently higher than the ALS ones.
The phenomenon observed on Ni grades on the MSSX CRM results did not
occur for Cu results as shown in Figure 8.18 and Figure 8.20, which display the ALS-Chemex sequential results for both project
CRMs for Cu from 2005 through 2009. Cu grade results were not affected.
Co grades for the MSSX and UMAF CRMs are shown by Figure 8.19
and Figure 8.21. These show that approximately half of the Co grade results are below the minimum acceptable value.
Figure 8.14 | Kabanga MSSX CRM Ni Values 2005–2009 |
| Figure 8.15 | Kabanga UMAF CRM Ni Values 2005–2009 |
| Table 8.4 | Kabanga MSSX and UMAF CRMs – Tracking of Ni% Results
2005–2009 |
CRM |
Accepted Ni% Value |
Average Ni% |
No. of
Samples |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
MSSX |
2.71 |
2.75 |
2.72 |
2.77 |
2.78 |
2.80 |
412 |
UMAF |
0.68 |
0.66 |
0.64 |
0.64 |
0.66 |
0.67 |
429 |
| Table 8.5 | Kabanga MSSX CRM – Tracking of Ni% Results by Era |
Accepted Value 2.71% Ni |
Phase |
Years |
Number of Analyses |
Average Ni Values |
Scoping Study |
2005–2006 |
173 |
2.74% |
Pre-feasibility Study |
2006–2008 |
212 |
2.77% |
Feasibility Study |
2008–2009 |
27 |
2.80% |
Total |
2005–2009 |
412 |
2.76% |
| Figure 8.16 | Kabanga MSSX CRM Ni% Values by Genalysis 2005–2009 |
| Table 8.6 | Kabanga CRMs – Summary Statistics 2005–2009 |
CRM |
MSSX |
UMAF |
Ni (%) |
Cu (ppm) |
Co (ppm) |
Ni (%) |
Cu (ppm) |
Co (ppm) |
Number of Samples |
443 |
443 |
443 |
429 |
429 |
429 |
Accepted Value |
2.71 |
3,820 |
2,310 |
6,780 |
962 |
605 |
Mean |
2.74 |
3,757 |
2,161 |
6,550 |
944 |
564 |
Median |
2.76 |
3,770 |
2,160 |
6,540 |
939 |
563 |
Minimum |
2.32 |
2,310 |
1,645 |
5,680 |
827 |
487 |
Maximum |
3.06 |
4,960 |
2,590 |
7,390 |
1,080 |
647 |
Standard Deviation |
0.12 |
274 |
134 |
280 |
41 |
29 |
Accuracy |
1.03 |
–1.93 |
–6.87 |
–3.53 |
–2.04 |
–7.15 |
Precision (at 95%) |
2.90 |
5.54 |
5.27 |
3.14 |
2.73 |
4.40 |
Note:
Accuracy is calculated as the mean of the percent relative
differences.
Precision (at 95%) is calculated as 1.96 x standard
deviation of the absolute percent relative differences / 2.
| Figure 8.17 | ALS-Chemex Internal Forrest B Standard – Results
from 2005–2009 |
| Table 8.7 | ALS-Chemex Internal Reference Material Standards –
Tracking of Ni% Results 2005–2009 |
ALS-Chemex Internal Standard |
Accepted Ni% Value |
Average Ni% |
Number of
Samples |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
Forrest B |
4.52 |
4.61 |
4.51 |
4.53 |
4.58 |
4.54 |
452 |
BM-44 |
1.27 |
1.29 |
1.27 |
1.28 |
1.29 |
– |
354 |
GBM306-12 |
0.95 |
– |
– |
– |
0.96 |
0.94 |
150 |
BM-64 |
0.60 |
0.63 |
0.61 |
0.60 |
0.62 |
– |
475 |
GBM398-4c |
0.41 |
– |
– |
– |
0.40 |
0.40 |
162 |
| Table 8.8 | ALS-Chemex Internal Forrest B Standard – Summary Statistics
2005–2009 |
|
Ni% |
Number of Samples |
452 |
Accepted Value |
4.515 |
Mean |
4.56 |
Median |
4.56 |
Minimum |
4.35 |
Maximum |
5.01 |
Standard Deviation |
0.09 |
Accuracy |
0.95 |
Precision (at 95%) |
1.40 |
Note:
Accuracy is calculated as the mean of the percent relative differences.
Precision (at 95%) is calculated as 1.96 x standard deviation
of the absolute percent relative differences / 2.
| Figure 8.18 | Kabanga MSSX CRM Cu Values 2005–2009 |
| Figure 8.19 | Kabanga MSSX CRM Co Values 2005–2009 |
| Figure 8.20 | Kabanga UMAF CRM Cu Values 2005–2009 |
| Figure 8.21 | Kabanga UMAF CRM Co Values 2005–2009 |
Blanks, prepared and pulverised on-site from pure quartzite, were inserted
into the sample series to monitor possible contamination at both sample preparation stages in Tanzania and in Perth. A total of 378 blanks
were analysed from 2005 through 2009. Figure 8.22 illustrates the results for potential Ni contamination.
An increase (mainly warning level) in contamination for Ni, Cu, and
Co noted in January and February 2009 was addressed at the ALS laboratory in Perth through better cleaning of the pulverising machines
between samples. A 2009 QA/QC audit report recommended lowering of the acceptable level for Ni contamination to 25 ppm (approximately)
from 300 ppm, which is based on the official Ni protocol of 1/20th of the cut-off grade. This discussion was deemed largely academic,
as there is no significant effect on the Kabanga samples due to nickel contamination.
| Figure 8.22 | Blanks – Ni Results 2005–2009 |
In the opinion of the QPs, the sample preparation, security, and analytical
procedures meets industry standards for data quality and integrity. There are no factors related to sampling or sample preparation that
would materially impact the accuracy or reliability of the samples or the assay results. Recent infill drilling results have corroborated
historical results. The outcomes of the QA/QC procedures indicate that the assay results are within acceptable levels of accuracy and
precision and the resulting database is sufficient to support the estimation of Mineral Resources.
| 9.1 | Verifications by the QP |
The QPs, Sharron Sylvester and Bernard Peters, visited the Project
on 20–21 October 2022 and again on 27–30 October 2023. Sharron also visited site between 21–30 March
2023. The site visits included briefings from KNL exploration and corporate personnel, and site inspections of the drill rig, proposed
mine, and plant and infrastructure locations at the Project.
Sharron Sylvester visited the SGS assay laboratories at Mwanza in Tanzania
and had discussions with the SGS management and inspected the facilities.
All aspects that could materially impact the integrity of the data
informing the Mineral Resource estimates (core logging, sampling, analytical results, and database management) were reviewed with LML
staff. The QPs met with KNL staff to ascertain exploration and production procedures and protocols. The QPs observed core from diamond
drillholes and confirmed that the logging information accurately reflects actual core. The lithology contacts checked by the QPs matched
the information reported in the core logs. Verifications of Analytical Quality Control Data
Analytical quality control data typically comprises analyses from reference
material standards, blank samples, and a variety of duplicate data. Analyses of data from reference material standards and blank samples
typically involve time series plots to identify extreme values (outliers), or trends, which may indicate issues with the overall data
quality. To assess the repeatability of assay data, several tests can be performed, of which most rely on certain statistical tools. The
following charts for duplicate data are routinely assessed:
| ● | Quantile-quantile (Q-Q) plots |
| ● | Mean versus half relative deviation (HRD) plots |
| ● | Mean versus half absolute relative deviation plot |
| ● | Ranked half absolute relative deviation (HARD) plot |
Review of results from recent drilling undertaken by KNL have corroborated
the location of the mineralised zones and the tenor of the mineralisation. Assay results are pending.
In the opinion of the QP, the data is adequate for the purposes used
in the 2023MRU. The drill data is considered by the QP to be adequate for the estimation of Mineral Resources.
| 10 | MINERAL PROCESSING AND METALLURGICAL TESTING |
Metallurgical testwork prior to ownership of the project by LML was
carried out from 1999 to 2012 and assumed that the product was to be a nickel sulfide concentrate. This testwork included mineralogy,
comminution, flotation, dewatering and variability assessments.
Kabanga nickel concentrate is now proposed to be processed by use of
the LML hydrometallurgical technology for recovery of nickel, cobalt, and copper. KNL has testwork programmes that are in progress to
test and develop the study assumptions for the concentrator and refinery scenario and to support materials handling, geochemical and backfill
assumptions. This testwork includes:
| ● | Feed and concentrate oxidation assessments |
| ● | Grindmill comminution testwork |
| ● | Concentrator settling/thickening, rheology and filtration testwork |
| ● | Refinery hydrometallurgical testwork |
| ● | Refinery settling/thickening, rheology and filtration testwork |
| ● | Tailings geotechnical testing |
| ● | Tailings and residue geochemical testing |
| 10.1 | Concentrate Testwork Prior to 2012 |
The 2014 draft feasibility study provides a high-level summary of the
historical metallurgical testwork undertaken in support of the development of the concentrator flowsheet as at that time (Table 10.1).
| Table 10.1 | Metallurgical Testwork Summary |
Year |
Company |
Level of Study |
Zone |
Activity |
1999 |
Sutton–Anglo American JV |
Scoping |
North / Tembo |
Mineralogy, Comminution, Flotation |
2006 |
Glencore (Xstrata Nickel (Falconbridge)) –Barrick Gold JV |
Pre-feasibility |
North / Tembo |
Mineralogy, Comminution, Flotation |
2009 |
Glencore–Barrick Gold JV |
Feasibility |
All |
Mineralogy, Comminution, Flotation, Processing Variability assessment |
2012 |
Feasibility |
All |
Mineralogy, Comminution, Flotation, Processing Variability assessment |
The metallurgical testwork was undertaken as part of previous technical
studies, including the 2006 scoping study, the 2008 pre-feasibility study, and the 2009 2.2 Mtpa engineering study (all commissioned
by Glencore), and earlier studies such as the 1999 pre-feasibility study commissioned by Anglo.
Mineralogical studies dating from 2004 and 2006 reported that the Tembo
zone had a much higher ratio of pyrrhotite to pentlandite than was the case at Glencore’s (then Falconbridge) benchmark Canadian
operations (Sudbury and Raglan). The North zone mineralisation was reported to be both coarser grained and endowed with less pyrrhotite
(proportionally) than the Main zone mineralisation; liberation of pentlandite at the selected grind size of 80% passing 100 µm
was reported to be very high (approximately 96%). The pyrrhotite to pentlandite ratio, and the average grain size both reduced moving
from the massive sulfide mineralisation into the disseminated mineralisation material. The concentration of the smelter-associated, and
environmentally deleterious elements, (As, Pb, and Bi), was assessed as being higher in the ultramafic material than the massive sulfide
material, but the absolute concentration remains relatively low and does not present an issue with concentrate payability or necessitate
payment for penalty elements above typical thresholds.
The 1999 pre-feasibility study discusses flotation testwork conducted
on samples from the then recently discovered North zone, complementing earlier work conducted on material from the Main zone. Variability
testwork on samples of massive sulfide produced good rougher flotation nickel grades and recoveries. Adding diluting material negatively
affected metal grade but not recovery, requiring a cleaner stage to achieve good grades, as typically incorporated into flotation circuit
designs. A locked cycle test produced a concentrate assaying 14.5% Ni, 2.1% Cu, and 1.3% Co at recoveries of 91.6%, 96.9%,
and 93.6% respectively.
Testwork conducted on disseminated mineralisation material (largely
from the Main zone) produced much lower concentrate grades, and a more sensitive grade–recovery response than the massive sulfide
mineralisation, due to the much greater proportion (up to one-third) of nickel in this material associated with pyrrhotite.
Subsequent flotation testwork included work conducted by SGS Lakefield
and reported in 2004. This work tested two samples, one of which was identified as being from the ‘Keel’ zone. The samples
had head grades of 2.7%–3.0% Ni, 0.2%–0.4% Cu, and 0.22%–0.25% Co. This work culminated in locked cycle
tests, which produced concentrates assaying 20.0%–20.3% Ni, 1.8%–3.2% Cu, and 1.7% Co at recoveries of 80%–85%,
94%–97%, and 81%–88% respectively.
Ore hardness testwork conducted for the 2008 pre-feasibility study
indicated that the massive sulfide material is relatively soft but that the ultramafic material and surrounding waste rock is relatively
hard. Dilution was therefore expected to be a significant factor in grinding circuit design and operation. This difference in competency
can be managed with appropriate comminution design.
Flotation testwork was conducted by Glencore during the 2006 scoping
study, and the 2008 pre-feasibility, culminating in the running of two mini-pilot plant campaigns in 2007.
The mini-pilot plant had a design capacity of 10 kg/h. The first
campaign consisted of three runs: the first testing a baseline circuit configuration, and the last two an optimised circuit. The first
two runs used a composite of mineralisation from the North zone, and the third run used a life-of-mine (LOM) composite.
The North zone composite consisted of a blend of 47% North Shallow
mineralisation and 53% North Deep mineralisation, with 18.9% dilution (14.9% sediments, 5.0% ultramafic). Its head grade was 2.60% Ni
and 0.36% Cu. The first run produced a concentrate assaying 19.6% Ni and 2.86% Cu at recovery of 88.5% and 91.6% respectively.
The second run, with the optimised flowsheet (shorter pre-aeration time, heated pulp to simulate site conditions and a single cleaner
stage), produced a concentrate assaying 21.3% Ni and 3.20% Cu at a recovery of 86.5% and 90.7% respectively.
The LOM composite consisted of 5.4% Main, 69.3% North, and 25.3% Tembo
mineralisation, with 16.4% to 17.2% diluting material. The composite assayed 2.46% Ni and 0.34% Cu. The run using this material
produced a concentrate assaying 19.6% Ni and 2.86% Cu at a recovery of 89.3% and 91.6% respectively.
An additional circuit was added to the flowsheet for the third run
to investigate pyrrhotite rejection from pentlandite concentrations, however the rejection rate (65%) was lower than had been achieved
in laboratory testing (80%).
The second mini-pilot plant campaign likewise consisted of three runs,
all using the optimised circuit from the first campaign. The first run used a blend representing the first four years of production (32%
North Shallow, 45% North Deep, and 22% Tembo, with 16.9% dilution). This run produced a concentrate assaying 22.0% Ni and 2.33% Cu
at a recovery of 83.3% and 78.4% respectively. The second run tested a LOM composite and produced a concentrate assaying 17.2% Ni
and 2.44% Cu at a recovery of 88.5% and 86.8% respectively. The third run used mineralisation from Tembo only and produced a concentrate
assaying 19.6% Ni and 3.02% Cu at a recovery of 88.6% and 93.6% respectively.
The pyrrhotite rejection circuit was used in all runs. High-pyrrhotite
rejections (>90%) were achieved, however the circuit was unstable and difficult to operate due to the necessity to run with low froth
levels.
The mini-pilot plant trial reports did not report cobalt assays in
the concentrates.
Subsequent studies determined the as mined mineralisation oxidised
in a matter of weeks if stored in crushed form, with flotation recoveries negatively affected if the sample was stored for more than four
weeks. The concentrates were also prone to self-heating, although not to the same extent as other nickel concentrate samples against which
the Kabanga samples were benchmarked.
Aeration under alkaline conditions was determined to be required ahead
of flotation for pyrrhotite depression (through oxidation), following which a rougher-cleaner-cleaner scavenger circuit at a grind size
of 80% passing 100 µm was determined to be able to produce concentrates at 17%–18% Ni at a recovery of 89%. No material
difference was found in flotation response between the North and Tembo mineralisation.
The introduction of deleterious elements to smelting into the concentrate,
particularly MgO, but also As and Pb, through dilution by ultramafic waste rock, was determined to be not material at dilution levels
of up to 15%. The baseline Pb content of the Tembo mineralisation is higher than for the North mineralisation, and proportionally more
As reports to the concentrate for the Tembo mineralisation than for the North mineralisation.
Some preliminary pre-concentration testwork was conducted in 2009 and
2010, testing both gravity separation (by heavy liquid separation) and through the use of sensor-based sorting. Both techniques showed
promise, more so in potentially rejecting sediments rather than ultramafics, due to the presence of sulfide minerals disseminated in this
material.
| 10.2 | 2023 Testwork Programmes |
The discussion in the 2023MRU is based on historical concentrator testwork
outcomes. There is an ongoing programme of testwork being undertaken in 2023 and 2024 as part of current studies. This is a work in progress
and once completed, the findings will be used to further develop and enhance the understanding of the metallurgical behaviours of the
deposits.
The testwork programme has been designed to align and optimise the
design assumptions for the concentrator and refinery for the Feasibility Study. A summary of workstreams is shown in Table 10.2.
The samples for the testwork were prepared from Tembo and North ore (drill core) and have been composited to be representative of the
massive sulfide and ultramafic mineralisation at the North and Tembo deposits. Safari link drilling composites will be prepared from drilling
in the Safari link zone.
| Table 10.2 | 2023 Concentrator, Refinery and Supporting Testwork |
Description |
Sample(s) |
Laboratory |
Flotation Testwork |
Ore - Tembo, North Shallow, North Deep, Safari Link |
Bureau Veritas, Perth, Australia
ISO 9001 |
Feed and Concentrate Oxidation Assessments |
Ore and Flotation Concentrate |
Regrind Testwork |
Flotation Concentrate |
ALS Iron Ore Technical Centre
(Swiss Tower Mills), Perth, Australia
ISO9001, ISO45001, ISO14001 |
Grindmill Comminution Testwork |
Ore |
ALS, Perth, Australia |
ISO9001, ISO45001, ISO14001 |
Settling and Filtration Testwork |
Flotation Concentrate, Pyrrhotite Tailings, Non-pyrrhotite Tailings |
Metso Outotec, Perth, Australia
ISO9001, ISO45001, ISO14001 |
Concentrator Tailings Rheology Testwork |
Pyrrhotite Tailings, Non-pyrrhotite Tailings |
Newpark Fluids Systems, Perth Australia |
Concentrator Tailings Rheology Testwork |
Pyrrhotite Tailings, Non-pyrrhotite Tailings |
Paterson & Cooke, Cape Town, South Africa
ISO17025 |
Refinery Testwork |
Flotation Concentrate |
Simulus Laboratories, Perth, Australia |
Refinery
Thickening, Rheology, Filtration Testwork |
POX, Primary Neutralisation, Secondary Neutralisation, Anolyte Neutralisation |
Fremantle Metallurgy, Perth, Australia |
Materials handling Testwork |
Ni-Cu-Co concentrate, POX, pre-neutralisation, Iron Residue and Mg residues. |
Jenike & Johanson Pty Ltd, Perth, Australia |
Pastefill Testwork |
Non-pyrrhotite Tailings, Iron Residue, Gypsum Residue |
Minefill Services (Backfill Testing Services), Cardiff, Australia |
Tailings Geotechnical testing |
Pyrrhotite Tailings, Non-pyrrhotite Tailings, Blend Tailings |
WSP, Perth Australia
ISO9001, ISO45001, ISO14001 |
Tailings and Residue Geochemical Testing |
Pyrrhotite Tailings, Non-pyrrhotite Tailings, Blend Tailings, Iron Residue, Gypsum Residue |
WSP, Perth Australia
ISO9001, ISO45001, ISO14001 (outsourced to various labs including Chemcentre (ISO17025, NATA)) |
The Simulus Group Pty Limited (Simulus Group) is a hydrometallurgy
laboratory and engineering company based in Perth Australia. The Simulus Group was acquired by Lifezone Metals in July 2023 and continues
to be used for testwork for the Kabanga project.
| 10.2.1 | Concentrator Metallurgical Testwork |
The concentrator testwork comprises the following main areas of focus:
| ● | Bulk flotation tests to generate samples for refinery, pastefill and tailings testwork |
| ● | Flowsheet development testwork to confirm optimal flowsheet and major design parameters: |
| - | Open circuit rougher and cleaner flotation tests |
| - | Locked cycle flotation tests |
| - | Comminution testing of ore |
| - | Regrind testing of concentrate |
| - | Oxidation assessment of ore and concentrate |
| - | Settling and filtration testing of concentrate and tailings |
| - | Rheology and geochemical testing of tailings |
| ● | Variability assessments to derive performance projections and operating cost estimations: |
| - | Open circuit rougher and cleaner flotation tests |
| - | Locked cycle flotation tests |
| 10.2.2 | Refinery Metallurgical Testwork |
The Refinery metallurgical testwork aims to provide process design
inputs by the end of 2023 with confirmation/optimisation of design parameters by Q3 2024. Samples of concentrate have been prepared to
a representative Ni grade by compositing select concentrate samples from individual batch flotation tests produced from the concentrator
testwork.
| 10.2.3 | 2023 Refinery Assumptions |
Kabanga nickel concentrate is proposed to be processed by use of the
LML hydrometallurgical technology for recovery of nickel, cobalt, and copper.
The process, which is summarised in Figure 10.1, consists of pressure
oxidation (POX) followed by sequential stages of separation using solvent extraction and precipitation, with final metal recovery (nickel,
cobalt, and copper separately) by electrowinning. The main unit operation stages being as follows:
| 1. | Aqueous POX in an acidic sulfate medium to dissolve the sulfides and base metals. |
| 2. | Solid–liquid separation by pressure filtration with washing to recover entrained metals. |
| 3. | Pre-neutralisation of pregnant leach solution (PLS) with limestone to remove excess free acid. |
| 4. | Copper refining from pre-neutralised PLS by solvent extraction and electrowinning. |
| 5. | Secondary neutralisation with limestone in aerated tanks to purify the solution for cobalt and nickel refining. |
| 6. | Cobalt refining by solvent extraction and electrowinning. |
| 7. | Nickel refining by solvent extraction and electrowinning. |
| 8. | Anolyte neutralisation with limestone to remove excess free acid. |
The refinery testwork will be conducted in two phases:
| ● | Phase 1 – Batch open-circuit and locked cycle tests to provide design inputs for the following unit operation stages: |
| - | Secondary Neutralisation |
| - | MHP precipitation and releach (in support of alternative flowsheet option) |
| ● | Phase 2 – Batch open-circuit optimisation tests and semi-continuous pilot operation to confirm metal recoveries and validate
design parameters. |
Residue samples from locked cycle and semi-continuous testing will
be used for: thickening, rheology and filtration testwork; materials handling and transportability testwork; geochemical testing and pastefill
assessment testwork.
The testwork reported in support of the development of the comminution
and flotation flowsheet for concentrate production appears to be robust. For the massive sulfide mineralisation, which is the focus of
the project, the flotation concentrates grade, especially for the primary metal of interest (nickel), are good, and because the recoveries
for all three metals of interest (nickel, copper, and cobalt) are relatively high.
The influence of waste dilution on hardness and flotation response
has been investigated, and control of the level of dilution, especially from ultramafic material, will be important.
KNL is currently engaged in the drilling of additional metallurgical
holes to provide additional samples for an extensive series of planned concentrator and refinery metallurgical testing to finalise the
design of the process facilities. The testing of the samples already available is underway.
In the opinion of the QPs, the data is adequate for the purposes used
in the 2023MRU and the analytical procedures used in the analysis are of conventional industry practice.
| Figure 10.1 | Conceptual Flowsheet for the Proposed Refinery Process |
| 11 | MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATES |
The 2023 Mineral Resource estimates for the Project are based on industry
best practices and conform to the requirements of S K 1300 and are suitable for reporting as current estimates of mineral resources.
The Mineral Resource estimates discussed in this section are those produced by OreWin in 2023 and prepared for KNL. The approach to the
resource modelling and the estimation was similar to the previous resource modelling for the deposits.
| 11.1 | Mineral Resource Modelling |
Mineral Resources for the Project have been estimated using industry
best practices and conform to the requirements of S–K 1300 as Mineral Resource estimates.
The 2023 Mineral Resource estimate was completed by OreWin using Datamine
software, with macros developed to estimate the full suite of component elements and density for each zone. All zones were estimated using
the ordinary kriging (OK) method, with domain specific search and estimation parameters determined by variography and statistical analyses.
The estimate was completed on a truncated UTM grid (MG09 grid), with
the following conversions:
| ● | Subtract 200,000 from the easting, |
| ● | Subtract 9,600,000 from the northing, and |
| ● | Add 10,000 to the elevation. |
Model cell size of cell size of 5 m x 15 m x 10 m
(X x Y x Z), with sub-celling permitted is the same as in previous models. The analysis used to determine the cell
sizes was reviewed and is still considered valid.
| 11.2 | 2023 Mineral Resource Drillhole Database |
The cut-off date for geological and analytical data for the 2023MRU
was 17 September 2023.
Holes that had been drilled up to this date, but for which there remained
outstanding assays or down hole survey information were excluded. Prior to importing and desurveying drillhole data, the raw data was
checked for any notable inconsistencies or errors.
Once imported into Datamine, drillholes were viewed in conjunction
with surface topography to visually inspect and validate collar locations, hole traces, lithology, and mineralisation.
| 11.3 | Mineral Resource Domain Interpretations |
Three distinct units were interpreted for the Main, MNB, Kima, North,
and Tembo zones; the massive sulfide (MSSX), the ultramafic (UMAF) and an intrusive (INTRU) unit which was allowed to encompass any intrusive
lithology. Within these three units, additional domains were created based on spatial continuity, intersecting geological structures,
and geochemical variability.
Solid wireframes were constructed for the intrusive domains at each
zone, which predominantly represented the logged UMAF_KAB lithology, but also served as an ‘umbrella’ unit for any intervals
logged as MAF, GAB_KAB, UMAF_1a, MSSX, and MSXI. The banded pelite (BNPU) and the lower pelite (LRPU) contacts were also used to interpret
folding structures to help guide the shape and to orient the sulfide mineralisation interpretation.
Mineralisation was interpreted interactively on-screen using strings
that were ‘snapped’ (attached) to drillhole intersections on 5–10 m spaced cross-sections that were aligned perpendicular
to the strike of mineralisation. Owing to the gradual change in strike from south to north (Main strikes approximately 005° while
Tembo strikes approximately 045°), the cross-section plane was not always exactly parallel to the adjacent cross-section.
The mineralisation modelling targeted massive sulfides (MSSX) or massive
sulfides with sedimentary xenoliths (MSXI) in combination for each zone. Lower grade mineralisation (disseminated sulfides) in the adjacent
ultramafic rocks was interpreted separately for the semi-massive nickel mineralisation hosted in the UMAF_1a unit for each zone (UMAF).
No nominal grade cut-off was used in the interpretation phase. Interpretations
were initially based on logged lithology. These were later refined to attempt to exclude any drillhole intervals with disparate nickel
tenor or absent assays. MSSX interpretations were at times permitted to capture logged BNPU or LRPU intervals of notable nickel grade
(>0.6%) where these were in direct contact with MSSX or MSXI. For the ultramafic-hosted mineralisation, intervals logged as any intrusive
lithology with greater than 0.6% Ni were also considered for inclusion within the mineralisation boundary.
At the peripheries of the drillhole dataset, end plate strings were
created by projecting the last cross-section interpretation string past the extent of the drilling to distances of half the nominal drillhole
spacing in the local area, with consideration for the vertical behaviour of the mineralised zone by location the end plate up-dip or down-dip
(as appropriate) from the last drilled cross-section.
Estimation was completed separately for each of the mineralised domains
at each of the zones, and these zone models were then combined into one model representing the mineralisation of the entire Project.
The basal contact of the oxidised weathering zone was interpreted from
the drillhole data and used to trim the top of the mineralised domains at Main zone and the southern end of North zone. Almost the entirety
(98%) of the mineralisation at Tembo is below the level of oxidation. Figure 11.1 is a 3D schematic long-section of the modelled
mineralised zones.
A multivariate statistical analysis was completed for all domains within
each zone. Some individual domains were combined where they were found to be statistically similar and could be plausibly related in a
geological and spatial sense.
| Figure 11.1 | Schematic Projected Long-section of the Kabanga Mineralised
Zone Wireframes (looking north-west) |
| 11.3.1 | Grade and Lithology |
The primary mineralised lithologies encountered at Kabanga are:
| ● | massive sulfide (MSSX) and a massive sulfide with xenoliths (MSXI). |
| ● | ultramafics that contain two types of disseminated sulfides: UMAF_1a and UMAF_KAB. |
| ● | pelites: sedimentary country rock at the contact with the massive sulfides or ultramafics. There are two types of pelite: the banded
pelite (BNPU), and the lower pelite (LRPU). |
Other lithologies, (gabbro, quartz, etc.), for which samples have been
assayed, are not significant in terms of mineralisation tenor and frequency.
The Ni% box plot in Figure 11.2 shows all the represented lithologies
across the Project.
| Figure 11.2 | Ni Box Plot for all Assayed Lithologies – All Zones |
North Zone
The pie chart in Figure 11.3 shows that the main lithology of
interest, in terms of number of assayed samples, is MSSX.
The grade characteristics of the mineralisation types at North are
shown in the box plots in Figure 11.4.
| Figure 11.3 | Pie Chart of Assayed Lithologies – North Zone |
| Figure 11.4 | Box Plots for a Suite of Elements for the Mineralisation
Types – North Zone |
Tembo Zone
For Tembo, a pie chart and box plots are shown in Figure 11.5
and Figure 11.6 respectively. Again, the main lithology of interest, in terms of number of assayed samples, is MSSX.
| Figure 11.5 | Pie Chart of Assayed Lithologies – Tembo Zone |
The box and whisker plots in Figure 11.7 summarise the grades
for the main elements of interest by Mineralisation type for North and Tembo. Across all mineralisation types, North has higher grades
than Tembo.
| Figure 11.6 | Box Plots for a Suite of Elements for the Mineralisation
Types – Tembo Zone |
| Figure 11.7 | Box Plot of Grades (Co, Cu, Ni, and S) by Mineralisation
Type |
| 11.3.2 | Drillhole Compositing |
The purpose of compositing drillhole samples is to ensure that all
samples have the same sample support. The term ‘sample support’ is a geostatistical concept that relates to the space on which
an observation is defined (i.e., length of a sample interval, volume of sampled material, percentage recovery, etc.).
While an analysis of drillhole sample lengths should always be undertaken,
the act of compositing is not necessarily an essential step in the resource modelling and estimation process; it is only warranted in
cases where sample support is disrupted by high variability of raw sample lengths in the dataset. The decision to composite or not, and
what composite length to use if proceeding, (i.e., in the case where compositing is considered necessary), should therefore be based on
statistical analysis of the particular dataset in question.
A review was undertaken of the raw sample lengths of the samples in
the data from each zone. Sample length statistics examined for the 2023 work for North are shown in Figure 11.8 and for Tembo in
Figure 11.9. The histograms show that the most prevalent sample length is 1 m. There is a second population of samples less
than 1 m in length at all zones, and a population of samples of 2 m length at North.
Because of the large number of 1 m samples relative to any other
length of sample, it was felt that compositing the 1 m samples to a coarser sample length would result in a statistically significant
reduction in variance of the overall assay data, which is undesirable. Furthermore, the splitting of larger samples into smaller (1 m)
samples would also result in an artificial reduction in variance by creating exact duplicate intervals from the larger original sample
interval.
It was therefore decided to not composite the dataset to a common length
on the basis that sample support was already reasonable, and the negative ramifications of compositing may, in this instance, outweigh
any potential benefit from making the dataset more consistent in length.
| Figure 11.8 | Histograms of Sample Lengths – North Zone (where
assayed) |
| Figure 11.9 | Histograms of Sample Lengths – Tembo Zone (where
assayed) |
Top cutting is a strategy used in grade estimation to limit the influence
of anomalously high values, which may otherwise cause the overestimation of grades, by cutting their value back to a ceiling value determined
using statistics, or eliminating the data completely if the result is considered invalid.
Anomalously high values are generally readily observable on a log probability
plot as being ‘off-trend’ of the lower grade values in the same domain (an inflection in the probability plot).
While an analysis of population statistics to determine the presence
of anomalous values should always be undertaken, the act of top cutting is not necessarily an essential step in the resource modelling
and estimation process; it is only warranted in cases where (a) influential anomalous populations exist, and (b) these occur in a spatial
configuration that renders them unsuitable for segregation into separate domains (i.e. scattered pervasively, rather than co-located).
The decision to top cut or not, and which data to cut (i.e., in the case where cutting is considered necessary), should therefore be based
on statistical analysis of the particular dataset in question.
A statistical analysis was undertaken of the Ni, Cu, Co, and S grades
within each mineralisation type at each zone. While several high grades were identified, these were able to be constrained throughout
the grade estimation process, therefore, no top-cutting was applied.
One drillhole (P60-12) was removed from the dataset on the basis that
it appears to be incongruent with the surrounding information. This hole has no survey data and is therefore assumed to be vertical –
this could be the cause of the disparity in grade characteristics down the hole. This hole also has no lithological log, rendering it
unable to be compared lithologically to surrounding holes.
Contact analysis was undertaken on all major component elements in
each zone to determine the optimal treatment of samples at the boundaries of different zones of mineralisation. Some examples of the contact
plots are shown for Ni% across the INTR:UMIN boundary at North and Tembo (Figure 11.10) and across the UMIN:MSSX boundary (Figure 11.11).
This analysis showed that the contrast between samples on either side
of a mineralisation boundary was definitive. This is not an unexpected finding given the differential in tenor of grade that was clearly
evident at the time of interpretating the boundaries between the different mineralisation types.
As a result, the decision was taken to treat all boundaries between
different mineralisation types as ‘hard’ boundaries that do not allow the intermingling of samples from adjacent domains.
| Figure 11.10 | Contact Plots for Ni% Across INTR:UMIN Boundary |
| Figure 11.11 | Contact Plots for Ni% Across UMIN:MSSX Boundary |
Where sufficient samples existed, variograms were generated for all
estimated constituents, including density, for all mineralisation domains (MSSX, UMAF and INTRU), in all zones.
For the MSSX, it was often the case that the variograms were erratic
from one lag to the next. It is considered that this reflects the narrow nature of the MSSX domains, resulting in small pair counts at
any given lag, which can magnify the variability. Despite this, continuity was invariably able to be modelled where sufficient samples
occur to form the variogram. Downhole variograms were generally robust.
Estimation of grades for all elements was undertaken by ordinary kriging
using the variogram parameters that had been obtained for each component. Where a component/domain had insufficient samples to develop
standalone variogram parameters, alternative parameters were assigned from a comparable domain that was selected following review of the
statistical and geometrical characteristics of the domains in question.
Each mineralisation type and zone combination had its own search strategy
based on the learnings from the preceding statistical analyses and from visual observation or the characteristics of each.
The search strategy used is based on a four-pass approach to maximise
the number of cells receiving estimates, while maintaining reasonably tight search ellipses in the first three passes.
The first search volume is an ellipse generally of the order of 120
x 120 x 40 m. Cells that fail to receive an estimate in the first search pass are then processed through a second search volume,
which has a dimension multiplier generally (but not always) 2.5-times the initial volume. Likewise, cells that remain un-estimated are
processed through a third search pass, with a search volume multiplier set to 5-times the initial volume. The fourth search volume is
set to 20-times the initial volume in an effort to populate as many cells as possible.
Each search pass has its own minimum and maximum numbers of samples
parameters. While the maximum rarely changed, the minimum number reduced slightly in each subsequent pass to permit estimation to succeed
with slightly fewer samples thereby moderating the search distances within the larger search volumes of the second and third passes.
The maximum number of samples per drillhole criteria was utilised to
help assure that estimates were based on more than one drillhole.
For some domains (not all), octant restrictions were imposed to force
selection of a samples from a variety of directions. For select domains, the process of Dynamic Anisotropy was used to orient the search
ellipse used to estimate each cell based on local variations in the interpreted mineralisation boundaries. This process enables better
capture of relevant samples for estimation, resulting in estimates that are locally appropriate.
Search parameters used for grade estimation are shown in Table 11.1.
| Table 11.1 | Grade Estimation Search Parameters |
Zone |
Domain
Description |
Search
Pass Number |
Search
Distances |
Search
Angles |
Octant
Searching |
Min.
No.
Samp’s |
Search
Vol. 2 |
Search
Vol. 3 |
Max.
No.
Samp’s
per
Hole |
Dynamic
Aniso-tropy Used
(Y/–) |
1 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
Used
(Y/–) |
Min.
No.
Octants |
Min.
Samp’s
per
Octant |
Max.
Samp’s
per
Octant |
Volume
Factor |
Min.
No.
Samp’s |
Volume
Factor |
Min.
No.
Samp’s |
MAIN |
MSSX |
½/3 |
60 |
60 |
10 |
095 |
65 |
15 |
Y |
2 |
2 |
6 |
8 |
2.5 |
7 |
5 |
6 |
5 |
Y |
MAIN |
MSSX
#3 |
½/3 |
60 |
60 |
20 |
095 |
-25 |
0 |
Y |
2 |
2 |
6 |
6 |
5 |
5 |
10 |
4 |
5 |
Y |
MAIN |
UMIN |
½/3 |
60 |
40 |
20 |
095 |
60 |
15 |
Y |
2 |
1 |
6 |
8 |
2.5 |
7 |
5 |
6 |
5 |
– |
MAIN |
UMIN
16/17/18 |
½/3 |
60 |
40 |
20 |
095 |
60 |
15 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
2 |
2.5 |
2 |
5 |
2 |
5 |
– |
MAIN |
INTRUSIVE |
½/3 |
100 |
80 |
20 |
095 |
60 |
15 |
Y |
2 |
1 |
6 |
8 |
2.5 |
7 |
5 |
6 |
5 |
– |
MAIN |
MSSX |
4 |
1,200 |
1,200 |
400 |
095 |
65 |
15 |
– |
2 |
– |
– |
6 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
8 |
Y |
MAIN |
MSSX
#3 |
4 |
2,400 |
2,400 |
800 |
095 |
-25 |
0 |
– |
2 |
– |
– |
6 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
8 |
Y |
MAIN |
UMIN |
4 |
1,200 |
1,200 |
400 |
095 |
60 |
15 |
– |
2 |
– |
– |
6 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
8 |
– |
MAIN |
UMIN
16/17/18 |
4 |
1,200 |
1,200 |
400 |
095 |
60 |
15 |
– |
0 |
– |
– |
2 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
8 |
– |
MAIN |
INTRUSIVE |
4 |
1,200 |
1,200 |
400 |
095 |
60 |
15 |
– |
2 |
– |
– |
6 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
8 |
– |
MNB |
MSSX |
½/3 |
60 |
40 |
20 |
105 |
-75 |
-35 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
6 |
2.5 |
5 |
5 |
4 |
5 |
Y |
MNB |
UMIN |
½/3 |
60 |
40 |
20 |
105 |
-75 |
-35 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
6 |
2.5 |
5 |
5 |
4 |
5 |
– |
MNB |
INTRUSIVE |
½/3 |
40 |
60 |
10 |
115 |
-45 |
45 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
8 |
5 |
8 |
10 |
6 |
5 |
– |
MNB |
MSSX |
4 |
1,200 |
1,200 |
400 |
105 |
-75 |
-35 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
6 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
8 |
Y |
MNB |
UMIN |
4 |
2,400 |
2,400 |
800 |
105 |
-75 |
-35 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
6 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
8 |
– |
MNB |
INTRUSIVE |
4 |
1200 |
1200 |
400 |
115 |
-45 |
45 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
4 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
8 |
– |
NORTH |
MSSX |
½/3 |
60 |
60 |
10 |
130 |
-65 |
-15 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
8 |
2.5 |
8 |
5 |
6 |
5 |
Y |
NORTH |
UMIN |
½/3 |
60 |
60 |
10 |
130 |
-65 |
-15 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
8 |
2.5 |
8 |
5 |
6 |
5 |
– |
Zone |
Domain
Description |
Search
Pass Number |
Search
Distances |
Search
Angles |
Octant
Searching |
Min.
No.
Samp’s |
Search
Vol. 2 |
Search
Vol. 3 |
Max.
No.
Samp’s
per
Hole |
Dynamic
Aniso-tropy Used
(Y/–) |
1 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
Used
(Y/–) |
Min.
No.
Octants |
Min.
Samp’s
per
Octant |
Max.
Samp’s
per
Octant |
Volume
Factor |
Min.
No.
Samp’s |
Volume
Factor |
Min.
No.
Samp’s |
NORTH |
INTRUSIVE |
½/3 |
60 |
60 |
10 |
130 |
-85 |
-15 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
8 |
2.5 |
8 |
5 |
6 |
5 |
– |
NORTH |
MSSX |
4 |
1,200 |
1,200 |
400 |
130 |
-65 |
-15 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
6 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
8 |
Y |
NORTH |
UMIN |
4 |
2,400 |
2,400 |
800 |
130 |
-65 |
-15 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
6 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
8 |
– |
NORTH |
INTRUSIVE |
4 |
1,200 |
1,200 |
400 |
130 |
-85 |
-15 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
6 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
8 |
– |
KIMA |
MSSX |
½/3 |
60 |
60 |
10 |
130 |
-65 |
-15 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
8 |
2.5 |
8 |
5 |
6 |
5 |
Y |
KIMA |
UMIN/INTRUSIV |
½/3 |
60 |
60 |
10 |
130 |
-65 |
-15 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
8 |
2.5 |
8 |
5 |
6 |
5 |
– |
KIMA |
MSSX |
4 |
1,200 |
1,200 |
400 |
130 |
-65 |
-15 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
4 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
8 |
Y |
KIMA |
UMIN/INTRUSIV |
4 |
1,200 |
1,200 |
400 |
130 |
-65 |
-15 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
4 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
8 |
– |
TEMBO |
TS
& TCN UMIN/INTR |
½/3 |
60 |
60 |
20 |
145 |
-80 |
20 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
8 |
2.5 |
8 |
5 |
6 |
5 |
– |
TEMBO |
TCS
& TN UMIN/INTR |
½/3 |
60 |
60 |
20 |
145 |
-75 |
-30 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
6 |
2.5 |
8 |
5 |
6 |
5 |
– |
TEMBO |
TS
& TCN MSSX |
½/3 |
60 |
60 |
20 |
145 |
-80 |
20 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
8 |
2.5 |
8 |
5 |
6 |
5 |
Y |
TEMBO |
TCS
& TN MSSX |
½/3 |
60 |
60 |
20 |
145 |
-75 |
-30 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
6 |
2.5 |
8 |
5 |
6 |
5 |
Y |
TEMBO |
TS
& TCN UMIN/INTR |
4 |
1,200 |
1,200 |
400 |
145 |
-80 |
20 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
4 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
8 |
– |
TEMBO |
TCS
& TN UMIN/INTR |
4 |
1,200 |
1,200 |
400 |
145 |
-75 |
-30 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
6 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
8 |
– |
TEMBO |
TS
& TCN MSSX |
4 |
1,200 |
1,200 |
400 |
145 |
-80 |
20 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
4 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
8 |
Y |
TEMBO |
TCS
& TN MSSX |
4 |
1,200 |
1,200 |
400 |
145 |
-75 |
-30 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
6 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
8 |
Y |
The maximum number of samples permitted in each Search Volume = 14
The rotation of the Search Angles occurs around axes 3 : 1 : 3
Grade (and density) estimation was undertaken using ordinary kriging
(OK) for each domain.
Inverse distance weighting to the power of 2 (ID2) was used to
estimate a select group of components in each domain for validation purposes. The global tonnes and grades were compared for each estimation
method, as a check for gross errors in the kriging parameters.
An example cross-section showing Ni% grade estimates at North Zone
is shown in Figure 11.12 and at Tembo Zone in Figure 11.13.
The models were validated visually and statistically for all grade
elements estimated and the density. Visually, the models were reviewed on cross-sections against the input drilling data to ensure that
the models honour the grade profiles and continuity. The following specific verification steps were taken:
| ● | Cross-sections of the estimated grades were reviewed to ensure the estimates honour drillhole data and the geological interpretation. |
| ● | Histograms of the drillhole data were overlain with the estimated model Ni grades to assess grade distribution. |
| ● | Cumulative frequency plots for each of the estimation methods and the drillhole grades illustrate a modest grade distribution distortion. |
| ● | Swath plots were generated for each of the domains within each zone to review and assess the grade distributions. Some example swath
plots along strike are shown for North in Figure 11.14 and Tembo in Figure 11.15. |
| Figure 11.12 | Example Cross-section* of Ni% Grade Estimates at
North Zone (with Kima) |
* Oblique cross-section looking 030°, +/- 15 m projection.
| Figure 11.13 | Example Cross-section* of Ni% Grade Estimates at
Tembo Zone |
* Oblique cross-section looking 038°, +/- 15 m projection.
| Figure 11.14 | Example Swath Plots – Ni% Along Strike for
North Zone |
| Figure 11.15 | Example Swath Plots – Ni% Along Strike for
Tembo Zone |
The classification criteria and zoning used for the 2023 Mineral Resource
estimates were based on the distance from the cell centroid to drillhole samples. The higher classifications were assigned using wireframe
solids defined to enclose areas of consistent geology with drill spacing meeting the recommended drill spacings based on a conditional
simulation study.
The 2023MRU was classified after reviewing the previous classification
criteria and is based on a variety of factors including the geometry, spatial and geochemical continuity of the mineral resource, as well
as the success rate when intersecting the resource at a predicted locations and thicknesses with new drilling. Manually defined wireframe
solids were produced to enclose areas to be defined as inferred, indicated or measured.
Key considerations in the definition of the different resource categories
are:
| ● | Borehole Electromagnetic Surveys (BHEM) |
| ● | Drill Spacing Criteria used for Resource Classification |
| 11.4 | Mineral Resource Cut-off Grade |
As the Kabanga mineralised zones contain multi-element mineralisation,
a grade-equivalent formula has been used for reporting from the Mineral Resource estimates. After a review of the grade equivalent formula
and the cut-off grade assumptions in the Kabanga Technical Report Summary filed in February 2023 it was determined that the assumptions
remain current and have not been changed for this Initial Assessment.
Based on previous work on the Project, nickel was identified as the
primary payable element, and therefore a nickel-equivalent was used for the cut-off grade. A formula was used to convert payable elements
in a model cell, to a nickel-equivalent value, by using the individual relative metal values as compared to nickel, to result in a total
nickel-equivalent for a model cell.
The 2023 nickel-equivalent (NiEq23) formula is as follows:
NiEq23 (%) = Ni% + Cu% x 0.411
+ Co% x 2.765
The 2023 NiEq cut-off grade is 0.58% NiEq.
Metal price and recovery assumptions used for the NiEq23 and cut-off
grade determination are shown in Table 11.2.
| Table 11.2 | NiEq23 Input Parameters |
Metals |
Metal Prices
($/lb) |
Recoveries |
Net Recovered
($/lb) |
NiEq Ratio |
Concentrator
(%) |
Refinery
(%) |
Nickel |
9.50 |
89.00 |
98.00 |
8.29 |
1.000 |
Copper |
4.00 |
86.00 |
99.00 |
3.41 |
0.411 |
Cobalt |
26.00 |
89.00 |
99.00 |
22.91 |
2.765 |
The Initial Assessment is based on the following key assumptions:
| ● | Mining rate: an underground mining rate of 2.2 Mtpa. |
| ● | Mining method: underground stoping with backfill feeding an onsite concentrator. |
| ● | Processing rate: a concentrator located on-site with a capacity of 2.2 Mtpa feed producing a concentrate grading 18% Ni
(producing approximately 220 ktpa of concentrate). |
| ● | Concentrate is assumed to be transported to an offsite hydrometallurgical refining facility to produce final LME-grade nickel, copper,
and cobalt metals. |
| ● | Transport of nickel and copper cathode and cobalt rounds to Dar es Salaam for sale locally or for export. |
| ● | All power requirements are assumed to be supplied from the national grid. |
Modifying factors were estimated using the above project scenario and
comparisons with studies of similar projects. The costs accuracy level is approximately ±50% with a contingency level of 25%.
The NiEq23 cut-off grade used is a Breakeven Cut-off Grade. It is defined
as the Ni grade of a model cell in the resource model at which the net sales return (NSR) is equal to the cost for producing nickel cathode
(Cost).
Table 11.3 details the input assumptions used for determination
of the cut-off grade.
NiEq23 has been calculated in the resource model to account for the
grades of all three primary metals. In the cut-off grade calculation, only the revenue from nickel is considered for the NSR. In the model
cells where there are Cu and Co grades, the NSR calculated from Ni-only can then be applied to the NiEq23.
The formulae for calculating NSR and Cost are as follows:
Net Sales Return
| ● | Mass Pull = Ni Grade * Concentrator Recovery / Concentrate Ni Grade |
NSR = ((Nickel Price* Concentrate Ni Grade * Refinery Recovery) * (1 - Royalties) - Transport
- Insurance)) * Mass Pull
Cost
| ● | Refinery Cost = (Refinery Cost per lb) * (lb/t) * Concentrate Ni Grade * Mass Pull |
| ● | Breakeven Cost = Mining + Process + Refining + G&A |
Breakeven Cut-off Grade
| ● | Cut-off Grade is the Ni Grade when NSR = Cost |
| Table 11.3 | 2023 Cut-off Grade Assumptions |
Description |
Unit |
Value |
Metal Prices |
Nickel |
$/lb |
9.50 |
Copper |
$/lb |
4.00 |
Cobalt |
$/lb |
26.00 |
Concentrator Recovery |
Ni |
% |
89.00 |
Cu |
% |
86.00 |
Co |
% |
89.00 |
Refinery Recovery |
Nickel |
% |
98.00 |
Copper |
% |
99.00 |
Cobalt |
% |
99.00 |
Concentrate |
Nickel Grade |
% |
18.00 |
Moisture Content |
% |
8.00 |
Transport Cost |
$/t.km Concentrate |
0.08 |
Royalties and Fees |
Royalties and Fees |
% |
8.8 |
Refining |
Refinery to Port Transport Cost |
$/t.km Metal |
0.06 |
Port and Sea Freight Cost |
$/t Metal |
75.00 |
Insurance Cost |
% freight value |
0.4% |
Refining Cost |
$/lb recovered metal |
1.55 |
Mine Operating Costs |
Underground Mining |
$/t Mined |
50.00 |
Processing |
$/t Processed |
13.00 |
General and Administration |
$/t Processed |
13.71 |
| 11.5 | Reasonable Prospects for Economic Extraction |
The 2023MRU describes the Mineral Resource estimates of the
Kabanga Project.
The Initial Assessment assumes an underground mining rate of 2.2 Mtpa.
The mining method is underground stoping with backfill feeding an on-site concentrator. Concentrate is assumed to be transported to an
off-site hydrometallurgical processing facility to produce final nickel, copper, and cobalt metals, with transport of final metals to
Dar es Salaam, and export to markets for sale.
A cash flow analysis was not performed for the Project. The Initial
Assessment has been prepared to demonstrate reasonable prospects of economic extraction, not the economic viability of the Mineral Resource
estimates. The Initial Assessment is preliminary in nature, it includes Inferred Mineral Resources that are considered too speculative
geologically to have modifying factors applied to them that would enable them to be categorised as Mineral Reserves, and there is no certainty
that this economic assessment will be realised.
Macroeconomic trends, taxes, royalties, data, and assumptions, interest
rates, marketing information and plans, legal matters such as statutory and regulatory interpretations affecting the mine plan and environmental
matters are outside the expertise of the QP and are within the control of the registrant (see Section 25).
However, as significant environmental and social analysis has been
conducted for the Project over an extended period, LML employs professionals and other personnel with responsibility in these areas and
these personnel have the best understanding of these areas, and following a review of the current supplied information, the opinion of
the QP is that it is reasonable to rely on the information provided by LML.
The QP has concluded that the Mineral Resource estimates meet reasonable
prospects for eventual economic extraction.
| 11.6 | Kabanga 2023 Mineral Resource Statement |
The updated Kabanga 2023 Mineral Resource estimates are based resource
modelling completed by OreWin. After a review of the grade-equivalent formula and the cut-off grade assumptions reported in the Kabanga
Technical Report Summary filed in February 2023, it was determined that the assumptions remain current, and they have therefore not
been changed for this Initial Assessment.
The Mineral Resource estimates are shown in Table 11.4. The subset
of the Mineral Resource estimates that relates to the massive sulfide (MSSX) mineralisation is shown in Table 11.5. The subset of
the Mineral Resource estimates that relates to the ultramafic (UMAF) mineralisation is shown in Table 11.6. Reporting of contained
nickel-equivalent metal is shown in Table 11.7. Only the portion of the total mineralisation that is attributable to LML’s
interest in the property is shown in Table 11.4 through Table 11.7.
The Mineral Resource estimates have an effective date of 30 November 2023.
Mineral Resource estimates have been reported in accordance with the US SEC Regulation S-K subpart 1300 rules for Property Disclosures
for Mining Registrants (S-K 1300).
| Table 11.4 | Kabanga Mineral Resource Estimates1
as at 30 November 2023 – Based on $9.50/lb Nickel Price,
$4.00/lb Copper Price, and $26.00/lb Cobalt Price |
Mineral Resource Classification |
LML Tonnage3 (Mt) |
Grades |
Recovery |
NiEq23
(%) |
Ni
(%) |
Cu
(%) |
Co
(%) |
Nickel
(%) |
Copper
(%) |
Cobalt
(%) |
MAIN – Massive Sulfide plus Ultramafic |
Measured |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Indicated |
9.3 |
1.60 |
1.22 |
0.20 |
0.10 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Measured + Indicated |
9.3 |
1.60 |
1.22 |
0.20 |
0.10 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Inferred |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
MNB – Massive Sulfide plus Ultramafic |
Measured |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Indicated |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Measured + Indicated |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Inferred |
1.9 |
1.47 |
1.14 |
0.17 |
0.09 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
KIMA – Massive Sulfide plus Ultramafic |
Measured |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Indicated |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Measured + Indicated |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Inferred |
3.4 |
1.95 |
1.53 |
0.25 |
0.11 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
NORTH – Massive Sulfide plus Ultramafic |
Measured |
6.1 |
2.99 |
2.34 |
0.32 |
0.19 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Indicated |
14.5 |
3.26 |
2.61 |
0.35 |
0.18 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Measured + Indicated |
20.6 |
3.18 |
2.53 |
0.34 |
0.18 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Inferred |
12.2 |
3.24 |
2.60 |
0.35 |
0.18 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
TEMBO – Massive Sulfide plus Ultramafic |
Measured |
8.0 |
2.33 |
1.80 |
0.25 |
0.16 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Indicated |
5.8 |
2.30 |
1.79 |
0.24 |
0.15 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Measured + Indicated |
13.8 |
2.32 |
1.80 |
0.25 |
0.15 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Inferred |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
MINERAL RESOURCE ALL ZONES – Massive Sulfide plus Ultramafic |
Measured |
14.1 |
2.61 |
2.03 |
0.28 |
0.17 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Indicated |
29.5 |
2.55 |
2.02 |
0.28 |
0.15 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Measured + Indicated |
43.6 |
2.57 |
2.02 |
0.28 |
0.16 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Inferred |
17.5 |
2.79 |
2.23 |
0.31 |
0.16 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
1. | This table reports the Mineral Resources for the combined massive sulfide and ultramafic mineralisation types. |
| |
2. | Mineral Resources are reported exclusive of Mineral Reserves. There are no Mineral Reserves to report. |
| |
3. | Mineral Resources are reported showing only the LML-attributable tonnage portion, which is 69.713% of the total. |
| |
4. | Cut-off uses the NiEq23 using a nickel price of $9.50/lb, copper price of $4.00/lb, and cobalt price of $26.00/lb with allowances
for recoveries, payability, deductions, transport, and royalties. NiEq23% = Ni% + Cu% x 0.411 + Co% x 2.765. |
| |
5. | The point of reference for Mineral Resources is the point of feed into a processing facility. |
| |
6. | All Mineral Resources in the 2023MRU were assessed for reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction by reporting only material
above a cut-off grade of 0.58% NiEq23. |
| |
7. | Totals may vary due to rounding. |
| Table 11.5 | Kabanga Mineral Resource Estimates – Massive Sulfide1
(subset of Table 11.4)
as at 30 November 2023 – Based on $9.50/lb Nickel Price,
$4.00/lb Copper Price, and $26.00/lb Cobalt Price |
Mineral Resource Classification |
LML Tonnage3 (Mt) |
Grades |
Recovery |
NiEq23
(%) |
Ni
(%) |
Cu
(%) |
Co
(%) |
Nickel
(%) |
Copper
(%) |
Cobalt
(%) |
MAIN – Massive Sulfide Only |
Measured |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Indicated |
3.2 |
2.38 |
1.86 |
0.28 |
0.15 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Measured + Indicated |
3.2 |
2.38 |
1.86 |
0.28 |
0.15 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Inferred |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
MNB – Massive Sulfide Only |
Measured |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Indicated |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Measured + Indicated |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Inferred |
1.2 |
1.68 |
1.30 |
0.19 |
0.11 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
KIMA – Massive Sulfide Only |
Measured |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Indicated |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Measured + Indicated |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Inferred |
2.6 |
2.27 |
1.78 |
0.29 |
0.13 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
NORTH – Massive Sulfide Only |
Measured |
5.1 |
3.35 |
2.62 |
0.36 |
0.21 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Indicated |
11.6 |
3.76 |
3.02 |
0.40 |
0.21 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Measured + Indicated |
16.7 |
3.64 |
2.90 |
0.39 |
0.21 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Inferred |
9.8 |
3.76 |
3.02 |
0.41 |
0.21 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
TEMBO – Massive Sulfide Only |
Measured |
4.9 |
2.97 |
2.30 |
0.31 |
0.20 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Indicated |
3.5 |
2.85 |
2.23 |
0.29 |
0.18 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Measured + Indicated |
8.4 |
2.92 |
2.27 |
0.30 |
0.19 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Inferred |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
MINERAL RESOURCE ALL ZONES – Massive Sulfide Only |
Measured |
10.0 |
3.16 |
2.46 |
0.34 |
0.20 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Indicated |
18.3 |
3.35 |
2.67 |
0.36 |
0.19 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Measured + Indicated |
28.3 |
3.28 |
2.59 |
0.35 |
0.20 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Inferred |
13.6 |
3.29 |
2.63 |
0.37 |
0.18 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
1. | This table reports the Mineral Resources for the massive sulfide mineralisation only. |
| |
2. | Mineral Resources are reported exclusive of Mineral Reserves. There are no Mineral Reserves to report. |
| |
3. | Mineral Resources are reported showing only the LML-attributable tonnage portion, which is 69.713% of the total. |
| |
4. | Cut-off uses the NiEq23 using a nickel price of $9.50/lb, copper price of $4.00/lb, and cobalt price of $26.00/lb with allowances
for recoveries, payability, deductions, transport, and royalties. NiEq23% = Ni% + Cu% x 0.411 + Co% x 2.765. |
| |
5. | The point of reference for Mineral Resources is the point of feed into a processing facility. |
| |
6. | All Mineral Resources in the 2023MRU were assessed for reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction by reporting only material
above a cut-off grade of 0.58% NiEq23. |
| |
7. | Totals may vary due to rounding. |
| Table 11.6 | Kabanga Mineral Resource Estimates – Ultramafic1
(subset of Table 11.4) as at 30 November 2023 – Based on $9.50/lb Nickel Price,
$4.00/lb Copper Price, and $26.00/lb Cobalt Price |
Mineral Resource Classification |
LML Tonnage3 (Mt) |
Grades |
Recovery |
NiEq23
(%) |
Ni
(%) |
Cu
(%) |
Co
(%) |
Nickel
(%) |
Copper
(%) |
Cobalt
(%) |
MAIN – Ultramafic Only |
Measured |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Indicated |
6.1 |
1.19 |
0.89 |
0.16 |
0.08 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Measured + Indicated |
6.1 |
1.19 |
0.89 |
0.16 |
0.08 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Inferred |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
MNB – Ultramafic Only |
Measured |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Indicated |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Measured + Indicated |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Inferred |
0.7 |
1.14 |
0.90 |
0.14 |
0.07 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
KIMA – Ultramafic Only |
Measured |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Indicated |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Measured + Indicated |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Inferred |
0.8 |
0.96 |
0.76 |
0.10 |
0.06 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
NORTH – Ultramafic Only |
Measured |
1.0 |
1.14 |
0.88 |
0.12 |
0.07 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Indicated |
2.9 |
1.24 |
0.99 |
0.12 |
0.07 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Measured + Indicated |
3.8 |
1.21 |
0.96 |
0.12 |
0.07 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Inferred |
2.4 |
1.08 |
0.87 |
0.11 |
0.06 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
TEMBO – Ultramafic Only |
Measured |
3.1 |
1.31 |
1.00 |
0.15 |
0.09 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Indicated |
2.2 |
1.42 |
1.10 |
0.17 |
0.09 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Measured + Indicated |
5.3 |
1.36 |
1.04 |
0.16 |
0.09 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Inferred |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
MINERAL RESOURCE ALL ZONES – Ultramafic Only |
Measured |
4.1 |
1.27 |
0.97 |
0.14 |
0.09 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Indicated |
11.2 |
1.25 |
0.96 |
0.15 |
0.08 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Measured + Indicated |
15.3 |
1.25 |
0.96 |
0.15 |
0.08 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
Inferred |
3.9 |
1.07 |
0.85 |
0.12 |
0.06 |
87.2 |
85.1 |
88.1 |
1. | This table reports the Mineral Resources for the ultramafic mineralisation only. |
| |
2. | Mineral Resources are reported exclusive of Mineral Reserves. There are no Mineral Reserves to report. |
| |
3. | Mineral Resources are reported showing only the LML-attributable tonnage portion, which is 69.713% of the total. |
| |
4. | Cut-off uses the NiEq23 using a nickel price of $9.50/lb, copper price of $4.00/lb, and cobalt price of $26.00/lb with allowances
for recoveries, payability, deductions, transport, and royalties. NiEq23% = Ni% + Cu% x 0.411 + Co% x 2.765. |
| |
5. | The point of reference for Mineral Resources is the point of feed into a processing facility. |
| |
6. | All Mineral Resources in the 2023MRU were assessed for reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction by reporting only material
above a cut-off grade of 0.58% NiEq23. |
| |
7. | Totals may vary due to rounding. |
| Table 11.7 | Kabanga Mineral Resource Estimates1 –
Showing Contained Metals
as at 30 November 2023 – Based on $9.50/lb Nickel Price,
$4.00/lb Copper Price, and $26.00/lb Cobalt Price |
Mineral Resource Classification |
LML Tonnage3 (Mt) |
Grades |
Contained Metals |
NiEq23
(%) |
Ni
(%) |
Cu
(%) |
Co
(%) |
Nickel-
Equiv.
(kt) |
Nickel
(kt) |
Copper
(kt) |
Cobalt
(kt) |
Massive Sulfide Mineral Resource |
Measured |
10.0 |
3.16 |
2.46 |
0.34 |
0.20 |
316 |
247 |
34 |
20 |
Indicated |
18.3 |
3.35 |
2.67 |
0.36 |
0.19 |
613 |
488 |
66 |
35 |
Measured + Indicated |
28.3 |
3.28 |
2.59 |
0.35 |
0.20 |
929 |
734 |
99 |
56 |
Inferred |
13.6 |
3.29 |
2.63 |
0.37 |
0.18 |
447 |
357 |
50 |
25 |
Ultramafic Mineral Resource |
Measured |
4.1 |
1.27 |
0.97 |
0.14 |
0.09 |
52 |
40 |
6 |
4 |
Indicated |
11.2 |
1.25 |
0.96 |
0.15 |
0.08 |
140 |
108 |
17 |
9 |
Measured + Indicated |
15.3 |
1.25 |
0.96 |
0.15 |
0.08 |
192 |
147 |
23 |
13 |
Inferred |
3.9 |
1.07 |
0.85 |
0.12 |
0.06 |
42 |
33 |
5 |
2 |
Massive Sulfide plus Ultramafic Mineral Resource |
Measured |
14.1 |
2.61 |
2.03 |
0.28 |
0.17 |
368 |
286 |
39 |
24 |
Indicated |
29.5 |
2.55 |
2.02 |
0.28 |
0.15 |
753 |
595 |
83 |
45 |
Measured + Indicated |
43.6 |
2.57 |
2.02 |
0.28 |
0.16 |
1,121 |
881 |
122 |
69 |
Inferred |
17.5 |
2.79 |
2.23 |
0.31 |
0.16 |
489 |
391 |
54 |
27 |
| 1. | This table reports the Mineral Resources for the massive sulfide and ultramafic mineralisation types. |
| | |
| 2. | Mineral Resources are reported exclusive of Mineral Reserves. There are no Mineral Reserves to report. |
| | |
| 3. | Mineral Resources are reported showing only the LML-attributable tonnage portion, which is 69.713% of the total. |
| | |
| 4. | Cut-off uses the NiEq23 using a nickel price of $9.50/lb, copper price of $4.00/lb, and cobalt price of $26.00/lb with allowances
for recoveries, payability, deductions, transport, and royalties. NiEq23% = Ni% + Cu% x 0.411 + Co% x 2.765. |
| | |
| 5. | The Mineral Resource metallurgical recovery assumptions are: nickel 87.2%, copper 85.1%, and cobalt 88.1%. |
| | |
| 6. | The point of reference for Mineral Resources is the point of feed into a processing facility. |
| | |
| 7. | All Mineral Resources in the 2023MRU were assessed for reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction by reporting only material
above a cut-off grade of 0.58% NiEq23. |
| | |
| 8. | Totals may vary due to rounding. |
| 11.6.1 | Comparison to Previous Mineral Resource Estimates – All Mineralisation Types |
Comparison of the previous Mineral Resource estimates (effective as
at 15 February 2023) with the updated November 2023 Mineral Resource estimates (detailed in Table 11.4) shows a tonnage increase of 17.8 Mt
(+68%) in Measured + Indicated and 2.9 Mt (+20%) Inferred, (Table 11.8). While the additional tonnage is associated with a reduction
in grade (NiEq23 –20% relative), the additional tonnage delivers significantly more metal (NiEq23) (Table 11.9).
Upgrade of classification is evident, with an overall total (LML-attributable)
of 43.6 Mt of Measured + Indicated reported in November 2023, versus 25.8 Mt Measured + Indicated in the previous estimates
(69% tonnage increase). While the additional tonnage is associated with a reduction in grade (NiEq23 –23% relative),
the additional tonnage delivers 30% more metal (NiEq23).
A significant proportion of the additional tonnage in the November
2023 estimates is derived from the inclusion of additional ultramafic mineralisation that was previously omitted from the interpreted
ultramafic boundaries at North and Tembo based on notional cut-off grades. The change in the processing flowsheet and the addition of
the hydrometallurgical process improves the prospects of economic extraction of the ultramafic material and the ultramafic mineralisation
interpretation is therefore no longer constrained by cut-off penalties (a cut-off still applies at the reporting stage).
| Table 11.8 | Kabanga Mineral Resource Estimates1 Comparison
– Tonnes and Grades |
Mineral Resource Classification |
LML Tonnage2
(Mt) |
Grades |
NiEq23
(%) |
Ni
(%) |
Cu
(%) |
Co
(%) |
November 2023 – Massive Sulfide plus Ultramafic |
Measured |
14.1 |
2.61 |
2.03 |
0.28 |
0.17 |
Indicated |
29.5 |
2.55 |
2.02 |
0.28 |
0.15 |
Measured + Indicated |
43.6 |
2.57 |
2.02 |
0.28 |
0.16 |
Inferred |
17.5 |
2.79 |
2.23 |
0.31 |
0.16 |
February 2023 – Massive Sulfide plus Ultramafic |
Measured |
9.6 |
3.20 |
2.49 |
0.34 |
0.21 |
Indicated |
16.3 |
3.40 |
2.71 |
0.36 |
0.19 |
Measured + Indicated |
25.8 |
3.33 |
2.63 |
0.35 |
0.20 |
Inferred |
14.6 |
3.21 |
2.57 |
0.34 |
0.18 |
ABSOLUTE DIFFERENCE (November minus February) |
Measured |
4.5 |
–0.58 |
–0.46 |
–0.05 |
–0.03 |
Indicated |
13.2 |
–0.85 |
–0.71 |
–0.09 |
–0.04 |
Measured + Indicated |
17.8 |
–0.75 |
–0.61 |
–0.08 |
–0.04 |
Inferred |
2.9 |
–0.42 |
–0.33 |
–0.03 |
–0.02 |
1. | This table reports the Mineral Resources for the combined massive sulfide and ultramafic mineralisation types. |
| |
2. | Mineral Resources are reported showing only the LML-attributable tonnage portion, which is 69.713% of the total. |
| |
3. | Totals may vary due to rounding. |
The key difference between the previous and updated Mineral Resource
estimates is the increase in Measured and Indicated tonnages. This increase in tonnages is associated with a reduction in grade. Both
of these observations are attributable to the inclusion of the lower grade ultramafic (UMAF) mineralisation, which was not included in
the previous estimates.
| Table 11.9 | Kabanga Mineral Resource Estimates1 Comparison
– Contained Metals |
Mineral Resource Classification |
LML Tonnage2
(Mt) |
Contained Metals |
Nickel-
Equiv.
(kt) |
Nickel
(kt) |
Copper
(kt) |
Cobalt
(kt) |
November 2023 – Massive Sulfide plus Ultramafic |
Measured |
14.1 |
368 |
286 |
39 |
24 |
Indicated |
29.5 |
753 |
595 |
83 |
45 |
Measured + Indicated |
43.6 |
1,121 |
881 |
122 |
69 |
Inferred |
17.5 |
489 |
391 |
54 |
27 |
February 2023 – Massive Sulfide plus Ultramafic |
Measured |
9.6 |
307 |
239 |
33 |
20 |
Indicated |
16.3 |
554 |
442 |
59 |
31 |
Measured + Indicated |
25.8 |
861 |
681 |
91 |
51 |
Inferred |
14.6 |
469 |
375 |
50 |
26 |
ABSOLUTE DIFFERENCE (November minus February) |
Measured |
4.5 |
61 |
47 |
7 |
4 |
Indicated |
13.2 |
198 |
153 |
24 |
14 |
Measured + Indicated |
17.8 |
259 |
200 |
31 |
17 |
Inferred |
2.9 |
20 |
15 |
5 |
1 |
PERCENTAGE DIFFERENCE (November minus February / February) |
Measured |
+47% |
+20% |
+20% |
+20% |
+18% |
Indicated |
+81% |
+36% |
+35% |
+41% |
+44% |
Measured + Indicated |
+68% |
+30% |
+29% |
+34% |
+34% |
Inferred |
+20% |
+4% |
+4% |
+9% |
+4% |
1. | This table reports the Mineral Resources for the combined massive sulfide and ultramafic mineralisation types. |
| |
2. | Mineral Resources are reported showing only the LML-attributable tonnage portion, which
is 69.713% of the total.
|
3. | Totals may vary due to rounding. |
| 11.6.2 | Comparison to Previous Mineral Resource Estimates – Massive Sulfide Only |
The February 2023 Mineral Resource estimates were mostly associated
with the massive sulfide style of mineralisation; therefore, it is most meaningful to compare the previous massive sulfide estimates to
the massive sulfide portion of the November 2023 updated Mineral Resource estimates.
Comparison of the previous massive sulfide Mineral Resource estimates
with the updated November 2023 massive sulfide Mineral Resource estimates (detailed in Table 11.5) shows an increase of 6.3 Mt
(Table 11.10 – Measured + Indicated + Inferred). This represents a tonnage increase of 18%. While
the additional tonnage is associated with a reduction in grade (NiEq23 –7% relative), the additional tonnage delivers
10% more metal (NiEq23).
Upgrade of classification is evident, with an overall total (LML-attributable)
of 28.3 Mt of Measured + Indicated reported in November 2023, versus 24.5 Mt Measured + Indicated in the previous estimates
(15% tonnage increase). While the additional tonnage is associated with a reduction in grade (NiEq23 –4% relative),
the additional tonnage delivers 11% more metal (NiEq23).
| Table 11.10 | Kabanga Massive Sulfide1 Mineral Resource
Estimates Comparison – Tonnes and Grades |
Mineral Resource Classification |
LML Tonnage2
(Mt) |
Grades |
NiEq23
(%) |
Ni
(%) |
Cu
(%) |
Co
(%) |
MASSIVE SULFIDE1 – November 2023 |
Measured |
10.0 |
3.16 |
2.46 |
0.34 |
0.20 |
Indicated |
18.3 |
3.35 |
2.67 |
0.36 |
0.19 |
Measured + Indicated |
28.3 |
3.28 |
2.59 |
0.35 |
0.20 |
Inferred |
13.6 |
3.29 |
2.63 |
0.37 |
0.18 |
MASSIVE SULFIDE1 – February 2023 |
Measured |
9.6 |
3.20 |
2.49 |
0.34 |
0.21 |
Indicated |
15.0 |
3.54 |
2.83 |
0.38 |
0.20 |
Measured + Indicated |
24.5 |
3.41 |
2.70 |
0.36 |
0.20 |
Inferred |
11.0 |
3.77 |
3.02 |
0.40 |
0.21 |
ABSOLUTE DIFFERENCE (November minus February) |
Measured |
0.4 |
–0.03 |
–0.03 |
0.00 |
–0.003 |
Indicated |
3.3 |
–0.19 |
–0.17 |
–0.02 |
–0.01 |
Measured + Indicated |
3.8 |
–0.12 |
–0.11 |
–0.01 |
–0.01 |
Inferred |
2.5 |
–0.47 |
–0.39 |
–0.04 |
–0.03 |
1. | This table reports the Mineral Resources for the massive sulfide mineralisation only. |
| |
2. | Mineral Resources are reported showing only the LML-attributable tonnage portion, which is 69.713% of the total. |
| |
3. | Totals may vary due to rounding. |
The November 2023 Mineral Resource estimates have been reported from
entirely new mineralisation interpretations and new models, and the parameters used to complete grade estimation were derived new from
first principles. The similarity of the new massive sulfide Mineral Resource estimates to the previous estimates supports the increased
confidence in those estimates.
| 11.7 | Risks and Opportunities |
Risk factors that could materially impact the Mineral Resource estimates
and cost / revenue assumptions, and therefore the reporting cut-off grade include:
| ● | Metal price and exchange rate assumptions. |
| ● | Changes in the interpretations of mineralisation geometry and continuity of mineralised zones as additional information becomes available. |
| ● | Changes to geotechnical, mining, and metallurgical recovery assumptions. |
| ● | Changes to the assumptions related to the continued ability to access the site, retain mineral and surface right titles, maintain
environment and other regulatory permits, and maintain the licence to operate. |
The classification of the estimate of Mineral Resources may be materially
affected by environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-political, marketing, or other relevant issues. At present there
are no known environmental, permitting, legal, title, taxation, socio-economic, marketing, or political issues that would adversely affect
the Project Mineral Resource estimates presented in this TRS. However, Mineral Resources, which are not Mineral Reserves, do not have
demonstrated economic viability. There is no assurance that KNL will be successful in obtaining any or all of the requisite consents,
permits or approvals, regulatory or otherwise, for the Project.
In terms of discovery, the mineralisation has not yet been closed off
between the North and Tembo zones, and between the Tembo and Safari zones. There remains opportunity to identify extensions of the mineralisation
in these areas. Regional targets also provide opportunities for potential additional mineralisation.
A resource model update is planned for 2024 following the completion
of currently ongoing drilling campaigns. This will incorporate KNL infill and extensional drilling. The infill drilling completed to date
has succeeded in confirming the presence and location of the pre-KNL drilling and has therefore provided additional confidence in the
Mineral Resource estimates.
The 2023MRU QP has not identified any relevant material technical and/or
economic factors that require resolution with regards to the Mineral Resource estimates.
Based on the Initial Assessment in this TRS, the QP concludes that
there are reasonable prospects for economic extraction of the Mineral Resource estimates. The Mineral Resource estimates were prepared
in accordance with the definitions and standards in S-K 1300.
| 12 | MINERAL RESERVE ESTIMATES |
This Section not used.
This Section not used.
| 14 | PROCESSING AND RECOVERY METHODS |
This Section not used.
This Section not used.
16.1 | Marketing and Metal Prices |
The metal prices used in the 2023MRU are based on an assessment by
the 2023MRU QP of recent market prices, long-term forward curve prices, and consensus prices from analysts and institutions. The metal
prices selected are at the upper range of long-term consensus price forecasts over the last 10-years; this is an optimistic view of prices
for use in the cut-off grade analysis to ensure that the reasonable prospect of economic extraction considerations do not exclude material
that may be able to be included in future studies for defining Mineral Reserves. For the Initial Assessment analysis in the 2023MRU, the
metal prices shown in Table 16.1 were used.
Metal |
Value
($/lb) |
Nickel |
9.50 |
Copper |
4.00 |
Cobalt |
26.00 |
A nickel concentrate is assumed to be produced on-site and then transported
to an off-site hydrometallurgical processing facility to produce final nickel, copper, and cobalt metals, with transport of final metals
to Dar es Salaam and export to markets for sale.
Markets for nickel, copper, and cobalt metals are well established,
and demand for these metals is expected to be robust in the long-term given the global trend to decarbonisation. As yet, no contracts
or detailed marketing studies have been prepared by LML.
There is a market for nickel, copper, and cobalt that supports the
conclusion that KNL will be able to sell the products from the Project. Macroeconomic trends, taxes, royalties, data, and assumptions,
interest rates, and marketing information and plans are outside the expertise of the QP and are within the control of the registrant (see
Section 25).
| 17 | ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, PERMITTING, AND PLANS, NEGOTIATIONS, OR AGREEMENTS WITH LOCAL INDIVIDUALS OR GROUPS |
| 17.1 | Environmental, Social, and Governance |
| 17.1.1 | Key Features of the Environmental and Social Setting |
This area of Tanzania is largely devoid of large mammals. The most
numerous types of fauna identified during the EIA and update of the EMP included reptiles, birds, and small rodents. All plant communities
identified during the EIA and updated EMP have already been affected to some degree by human activity.
There are no protected areas within the immediate vicinity of the Project
site. The nearest protected area within Tanzania is a small Forest Reserve several kilometres to the north-east.
To the south-west, in Burundi, there is a National Park that shares
a border with Tanzania. The national border, and the park border, are marked by the Ruvubu river that drains north-west before turning
east flowing into the Kagera River that in turn empty into the Lake Victoria, (Figure 17.1).
The Project area is situated mainly within Bugarama ward, and also
Bukiriro and Muganza wards. Five villages are located within the Project area, and one village is just outside the Project area. There
are an additional nine villages along the north and south access roads, (Figure 17.2). The 15 villages were included in the Environmental
Impact Statement (EIS) (2012) and updated EMP (2023) and cover a broad area with small clusters of houses making the settlements dispersed.
According to the 2014 draft feasibility study, the total population of the 15 villages is 52,000, predominantly belonging to the Shubi
ethnic group, and largely practicing Christianity. The populations of these 15 villages are young, with median ages of approximately
15 years. Females generally outnumber males, particularly in the young adult age group of 20–39 years. The total working-age population
is approximately 25,000.
Within the Project area, sources of domestic water include springs,
tributary streams, and traditional shallow dug wells in valley bottom lands. The rivers are not used for domestic water supply.
| Figure 17.1 | Project Location and Protected Areas |
The local economy is based on subsistence agriculture and, to a lesser
extent, on animal husbandry (cattle and goats). The primary natural resource use in the area is the collection of fuel wood, building
materials, and medicinal plants, beekeeping, and livestock grazing. Local markets serve the villages, providing locally grown products
with some imported products. Most businesses within the 15 villages are small, and include those that process and sell agricultural products,
small wholesale / retail shops, and food vendors. There is limited access to workforce skills, markets, credit, and agricultural extension
services that would allow the small businesses to grow in scope and diversity.
As identified in the EIS (2012) and updated EMP (2023), due to the
proximity to Burundi, cross-border trade contributes significantly to the local economy, particularly for those villages along the south
access road to Nyakahura, and in Mumiramira and Bugarama villages. Most people travel by foot or bicycle, and some villages are not serviced
by roads. Anecdotal information indicates that it is common for Burundians to walk across the international boundary to visit local markets
and seek day-labour opportunities during the agricultural planting and harvesting seasons.
| Figure 17.2 | Local Area Plan |
The only professional wage employment in the Project area is with various
government agencies (health care, education, administration, and the army). According to the EIS (2012), there are 32 schools and 13 health
facilities in the Project area.
Although all 15 villages in the Project area have at least one primary
school, and all wards have secondary schools, only 60% of the working-age population completed primary school, and 10% completed secondary
education. A significant barrier to wage employment is the lack of basic education and employment skills and/or experience.
One of the legacies of Tanzania’s post-colonial socialist heritage
is a highly organised system of administration, which extends down to the village level. Villages are governed by elected Village Government
Councils (VGCs) that have between 15 and 25 members. The villages of Bugarama, Rwinyana, Nyabihanga, Muganza, and Mukubu, have administrative
control over land inside the Project area boundary.
| 17.1.2 | Environmental and Social Management |
The EIS produced for the project in 2012 contains a series of social
and environmental commitments to which the Project will be required to adhere. Following the submission of the EIS to the Government Authorities,
an Environmental Certificate was issued to Kabanga Nickel Mining Company in 2013. This certificate was transferred to TNCL in June 2021,
and all the commitments within the EIS are therefore transferred to the new Company.
The environmental management plan (EMP) was developed in 2012 as part
of the EIA to comply with The Mining Act [Cap 123 R.E. 2019]. The EMP has supporting management plans to mitigate the negative
impacts, and enhance the positive impacts, including the biophysical management plan, the social management plan, the 2013 relocation–resettlement
action plan (RRAP), the local stakeholder engagement plan (LSEP), plus various operational management plans. This EMP was updated in 2023
in accordance with the requirements of the Environmental Management Act (EMA), 2004 and the EIA and Audit Regulations 2005 & Amendment
in 2018. The EMP was then submitted to the National Environmental Management Council (NEMC) for review and was approved in June 2023.
The EIS states the Company’s commitment to the goal of sustainable
development through its sustainable development policy and framework. The framework provides the organisational arrangements for implementing,
reviewing, and continually improving the organisation’s management of sustainability, and guided the development of the EMP and
the supporting management plans. The sustainable development framework is supported by a detailed set of 17 sustainable developments standards,
and is also aligned with international guidelines, such as the UN Global Compact, and ICMM’s sustainable development framework.
KNL has also made public commitments via its group website (Lifezone
Metals) to adhere to industry leading practices for the production of nickel metal and is in the process of adding to the existing ESG
management team, including the successful recruitment of community relations personnel to re-engage with the local project stakeholders.
| 17.1.3 | Stakeholder Engagement and Grievance Management |
Stakeholder engagement is an integral part of KNL’s corporate
responsibility. A local stakeholder engagement plan (LSEP), developed in 2013, describes the Company’s strategy and programme for
engaging with stakeholders in a culturally appropriate manner through the timely provision of relevant and understandable information.
The LSEP documents engagement activities prior to 2007, through the
EIA process and during the development of the 2013 RRAP. According to the LSEP over 170 consultation meetings were held in 2007, 2008,
2009, and 2011, with local stakeholder representatives from various groups, including potentially-affected villages, government officials
at the national, regional, district, and village level, and other interested groups.
At the time, there was overall support for the Project particularly
due to limited alternative large-scale economic opportunities, however people from the local villages were increasingly voicing impatience
with the slow pace of project development. Other local community concerns frequently raised during the ongoing engagement included concerns
around water quality, resettlement and compensation, and in-migration.
Another key point of importance noted in the LSEP is the high expectations
placed on the Project to contribute to improved living standards of the local community through transparent, and gender sensitive employment
opportunities of local people, procurement of local goods and services, and community development activities.
A grievance management process has been developed for the Project,
and the 2013 LSEP and the documented grievance resolution mechanism will be the process followed by the Project going forwards.
The company has engaged independent consultants to carry out a survey
of current relations with both the local administrative personnel and local community members, and that it intends to use the findings
of this survey to re-establish formal engagement as per the LSEP. This process will be critical as there is likely to be an increased
demand by local stakeholders for information on the Project that is transparent and consistent.
The relocation–resettlement action plan (RRAP) prepared in 2013
describes the baseline conditions and anticipated impacts of land acquisition and resettlement on affected persons. This 2013 RRAP also
serves as the foundational resettlement policy framework (RPF) to guide the overall resettlement process for the Project.
The 2013 RRAP details the consultation process that took place through
the resettlement planning process between KNL, displaced households, and other stakeholders. It includes the negotiations with regards
to entitlements, compensation, and mitigation measures. In compliance with Tanzanian legislation, this 2013 RRAP was submitted as part
of the application for the SML.
A resettlement execution plan was also prepared in 2013 detailing the
structure and process for undertaking the resettlement activities. This plan covers all work elements including the engineering, procurement,
construction and handover of the resettlement houses, community buildings, and associated infrastructure.
Five potential host sites had been identified in 2013, and signed agreements
had been obtained. Since then, site selection has been reviewed and seven host resettlement sites have been identified. The resettlement
sites will remain under the authority of the local Village Councils, with resettled households acquiring customary rights of occupancy
from the relevant Village Council, with KNL providing necessary support to ensure early grant and registration of rights of occupancy.
The resettlement programme as part of the 2023 RRAP has been costed
with costs allocated between resettlement planning, and resettlement implementation. The former is associated with land acquisitions,
compensation, livelihood restoration, and the latter associated largely with the replacement of physical infrastructure.
KNL engaged independent consultants to undertake a new RRAP in 2022
and in 2023 a resettlement action plan and report to Tanzanian regulatory standards has been submitted to the Tanzanian Mining Commission.
Further surveys are ongoing including livelihood assessment and planning, as the RRAP is supplemented to meet international standards
and as it moves to the next stage and then implementation.
KNL has committed to being an active participant in the sustainable
development of the local community, in partnership with affected people, the government and other development partners. Previous community
development initiatives have been implemented in response to participatory engagements with the local communities and local government
authorities.
As part of its social performance programme, KNL’s strategy for
community development will be guided by community development plans aimed at generating shared value for both the community and company
that are also appropriate for the stage of the project. KNL has identified key areas through consultation with local stakeholders including
health and hygiene, and education. As the project advances, the community development strategy will look to include further areas such
as institutional capacity building, local livelihoods development, education, and environmental health. Decisions around the development
and implementation of initiatives will be led by a multi-stakeholder and participatory forum.
| 17.4 | Local Employment, Procurement, and Training |
To ensure compliance with Tanzanian legislation and regulations, the
Project will provide local employment, procurement, and training opportunities. A local procurement plan has been prepared to maximise
opportunities for farmers and local businesses and in alignment with the CD strategy.
KNL has made preferential employment commitments through a concentric
hiring approach. It is expected that for entry level jobs priority will be given first to those residents in the six villages adjacent
to the Project area, and then to the residents of the nine villages along the access roads, before looking further afield for potential
candidates.
An employment, learning and development plan and associated recruitment
procedure has been developed to guide the process through which the company will provide technical skills training, entry level apprenticeship
positions for higher skilled jobs, and scholarship initiatives with local secondary schools. KNL is also committed to investing and developing
the local workforce to prepare them for advancement opportunities within the organisation through its Succession Planning.
The
Project lies within the Lake Victoria basin, in a moist sub-humid climate zone dominated by a wet monsoon season from around November
to May, and a dry season for the rest of the year. The long-term average annual rainfall at the Project site is around 1,000 mm/year,
with average annual (actual) evapotranspiration estimated at around 930–970 mm/year.
The
site is located only a few kilometres upstream from the Burundi border, which is demarcated by the Muruhamba River. The proposed tailings
storage facility (TSF) is located on a tributary of the Nyamwongo river within the Muruhamba sub-watershed, approximately 7 km upstream
from the Tanzania–Burundi border.
A
comprehensive programme of field investigations and baseline monitoring was undertaken across the Project area between 2005 to 2009 and
2012 to 2013 during the previous feasibility-related studies, including continuous and manual streamflow monitoring, packer testing,
pumping tests (up to 30-day duration), continuous and manual water level measurements, seepage surveys, and a water user census. The
water monitoring programme has resumed in 2022 and is ongoing.
Groundwater
flow through the various bedrock units at the Project is dominated by flow within secondary porosity (fracture flow) and controlled mainly
by the extent and degree of interconnection of fractures. Permeability is generally low-to-moderate (10E–7 to 10E–8 m/s)
and anisotropic along the plane of dominant fracturing, which is generally orientated parallel to the main ridge (north–north-east
trend). Matrix (unfractured) permeability is estimated to be in the order of 10E–10 m/s. A general trend of decreasing hydraulic
conductivity with depth has been observed. In the area of the TSF, the saprolite and upper weathered bedrock were estimated to have a
permeability in the order of 10E–7 m/s.
Depth
to groundwater is between 5–40 m and groundwater contours follow topography. Groundwater discharge to streamflow is estimated
to represent up to 70% of streamflow during low flow periods. Recharge beyond the shallow soil zone is limited due to high soil evapotranspiration
rates.
Baseline
water quality monitoring shows groundwater concentrations exceed Tanzanian water quality standards for pH, Al, Fe, and Mn, and surface
water exceedances for pH, Al, Fe, Mn, and Ni.
Groundwater
modelling, including inflow estimation and prediction of groundwater drawdown impacts, has been previously undertaken.
The
predicted inflows to the underground mine are expected to reach a maximum of approximately 3,500 m³/day (41 L/s) at around
five years after the start of decline development, before falling to 2,200–2,700 m³/day (26–31 L/s) for the
remainder of the mine life.
A
contact water pumping system was selected during the 2014 draft feasibility study using modular positive displacement pumps capable of
pumping water with a high suspended solids load. The proposed dewatering option sees a combination of transfer pumping and main pumping
stations equipped with helical rotor pumps. Travelling decline helical rotor pumps were specified for the decline advancement. Some electrical
submersible pumps have been allocated for general transfer and trash pumping duties.
A
predictive water balance has been developed for the Project, which has been integrated with the TSF design studies given the critical
role that the TSF plays in the Project in terms of water storage. The water balance is deterministic, using only average climate parameters.
However, it did look at both a dry season and wet season starts to TSF construction. The water balance model is sensitive to mine water
inflows, which have a high-degree of uncertainty in their prediction. Some consideration has been made of the potential for higher or
lower storage requirements in the TSF due to uncertain mine water inflows.
Potable
water requirements during construction and LOM will be met by water wells located at the quartzites zone on the ridge of North zone along
North mine. Mine water inflows will require treatment via a high-density sludge (HDS) plant before being pumped to the TSF. Process water
demand is expected to be met by concentrate thickener overflow, treated water from the HDS plant, and return water from the TSF, with
make-up water abstraction required from the Ruvubu river during the dry season only.
The
site water balance is in excess from early within the Project timeline. A number of water surplus management scenarios were considered
during the 2014 draft feasibility study, with the selected option requiring year-round discharge to the Ruvubu river via a HDS and reverse
osmosis plant on occasions when the water balance is in excess.
| 17.5.3 | Surface
Water Management |
Stormwater
drainage has been designed for the Project, which includes management of contact run-off from facility areas with either potential pollutants
and/or high sediment loads, as well as diversion of all other stormwater run-off around the mine facilities.
Sediment
control ponds or Pollution Control Dums (PCDs), supported by silt fences and small check dams, have been designed to contain run-off
areas with potential for high sediment loads, such as the waste stockpile, decline box-cut and TSF. The sediment retention dam at the
decline box-cut area is also intended to provide a source of water supply during the construction phase of the project.
The
2012 environmental impact statement (EIS) and updated environmental management plan (EMP) (2023) considers groundwater and surface water
impacts during operations, closure, and post-closure. All of the predicted surface water and groundwater impacts were rated low or negligible.
Numerical
groundwater modelling was undertaken to predict the extent of drawdown impacts from mine development, dewatering, and potable water abstraction.
The zone of influence in groundwater is expected to be relatively limited, and to be within the project site boundaries. There is also
a drawdown associated with perpetual pumping post-closure, which is only slightly reduced from the operational footprint. Up to 56% maximum
reduction in baseflow is predicted for local tributaries, although most stations are predicted to experience less than 10%.
Hydrological
modelling was undertaken for a number of tributary catchments of the Nyamwongo, Muruhamba (draining south), Mu Kinyangona (draining south-west),
and Muhongo (draining north) with the potential to be impacted by the Project. Flow reduction due to drainage area interception is predicted
to be up to 95% for the areas directly around the mine facilities and downstream of the TSF, but generally less than 10% in other areas.
The
combined impact of reduction in flow when considering the cumulative effect of reduction in baseflow run-off across all tributary catchments
is predicted to be up to 16% for the Nyamwongo, and 4% for the Muruhamba, reducing to less than 1% at the Ruvubu. These numbers are predicted
to be similar or lower post-closure.
Due
to potential impacts from acid rock drainage and metal leaching (ARDML) from the mine, waste dumps, and TSF, several specific water management
measures are required to limit potential water quality impacts from the project during operations and into post-closure. These are:
| ● | Emplacement
of a course rock fill cover over the TSF in order to maintain an elevated groundwater level
and ensure that the emplaced tailings remain saturated. |
| ● | Operation
of the TSF seepage collection system until seepage from the TSF meets water quality criteria
set out in the closure plan. |
| ● | Collection
and active water treatment (high-density sludge and reverse osmosis) of water emanating from
the underground mine, quarries, ore and waste rock piles, and TSF seepage collection system
to meet Tanzania in requirements for liquid effluent discharge. Treated water would be reused
where possible during operations and surplus water would be discharged to the Ruvubu river.
Resulting sludge and brine from treatment plants will be sent to the TSF together with tailing
slurry. |
| ● | After
the closure of the underground mine, it is expected that there will be a need for hydraulic
containment pumping to prevent the discharge of mine water seepage into the environment.
The seepage is expected to have poor quality due to high ARDML potential. The pumping process
will need to continue until the mine water quality meets the criteria specified in the closure
plan. The duration of the containment pumping will depend on the time it takes to meet the
quality criteria. |
The
project has a detailed closure plan prepared during the 2012 EIA process. The plan is comprehensive and has been incorporated in the
project execution as part of the 2014 draft feasibility study programme. A detail cost breakdown has also been prepared that includes
severance payments and other social costs linked to social transitioning post-closure, though this will require updating to reflect the
Project as now envisaged. This closure plan was updated as part of the EMP update in 2023.
Data
for the social and environmental baseline was updated in 2023 as part of the EMP update in accordance with the Conditions of the Special
Mining Licence (SML 651/2021). The baseline data will be supplemented to meet international standards.
| 17.7.2 | Environmental
Certificate |
The
Tanzanian authorities have recognised the validity of the 2013 EIA certificate and authorised the transfer of the certificate to TNCL.
However, there are several project design changes being considered, and it will need to be ensured that these are taken into account
with regards to environmental and social management. During the transfer of EIA Certificate, TNCL were required by NEMC to update the
EIS and EMP to capture the design changes that happened between 2007 and 2022 to reflect the current baseline conditions at the project
location. In 2022, TNCL commissioned a consultant to update the EIS/EMP and was approved by NEMC in June 2023.
| 17.7.3 | Stakeholder
Expectations |
Given
the high importance of the project at national level, the expectations that result at a community level are high. This expectation is
also built on the legacy of the project given the project has had a number of false starts. Despite this, key community relations personnel
continued to work with the community stakeholders from when the project was shelved by the previous owners through the transition of
ownership to KNL. These community relations personnel are key members of the current KNL community relations and community development
team at site, which has grown to 15 employees with capability for engagement, development, grievance resolution, livelihoods, and vulnerable
support.
The
KNL community relations team has re-engaged as new owners and as TNCL with the local communities and other local stakeholders. Their
focus includes:
| ● | Ensuring
inclusive two-way dialogue that incorporates feedback into project or programme design, |
| ● | Managing
the grievance resolution mechanism, |
| ● | Supporting
the resettlement team and consultants with the 2023 RRAP, |
| ● | Maintaining
engagement records and the commitments register, and |
| ● | Meeting
the high employment, procurement and development expectations of local stakeholders and the
commitments made in the various social management plans. |
Resettlement
typically has a long lead time and requires intensive stakeholder engagement and planning prior implementation. The legacy of previous
efforts to resettle the affected communities that were not carried through at the time will likely add to the challenges of the resettlement
process.
KNL
started the resettlement process for the Project and has prepared a scoping report following a field study visit in May 2021 by
an independent consultant. The resettlement action plan (RAP) process started in June 2022 followed by the announcement of the cut-off
date on 18 July 2022 for the commencement of the asset survey and valuation process of the project affected households land parcels
and required studies for the completion of the RAP report submitted to the Mining Commission in August 2023.
The
RAP process covered the identification of the seven host resettlement sites and gained host community approval through the local village
land administrative procedures and popular support. Environmental and Social Impact Assessments of the host sites are currently underway
to determine suitability. The identified host villages have been shared with the project affected households to inform location and provide
options of preference.
Stakeholder
engagement is crucial through the process and a key forum is the Resettlement Working Group where sub-committees have been active on
a monthly basis since the start of the KNL RAP process together with regular follow-up meetings. Key stakeholders are the Project Affected
Persons (PAPs), village leaders and district officials. In addition to the formalised forum, focus group engagement with PAPs and engagements
at regional and national government level play a central role in the process.
A
project of this scale in a remote setting will lead to significant in-migration associated with job opportunities. The risks associated
with this in terms of community health, crime, social disruption, natural resource pressure, etc., are well documented. Mitigation of
the negative impacts associated with in-migration will require a coordinated approach from the district authorities and the mine management
to minimise the effects. An in-migrations study is currently ongoing.
The
2012 EIA and 2023 EMP update lack commentary and detail on energy requirements for the project, assessment of renewable energy options,
and opportunities to improve energy efficiency and minimise the project carbon footprint. However, this is a fundamental expectation
for mining projects in the current era and is planned to be included in EIA uplift process to meet International Standards.
| 17.7.7 | Water
and Geochemistry |
Several
changes are being considered as part of the introduction of the hydrometallurgical process. This includes:
| ● | The
production of a material that may be transported back to the Kabanga site from Kahama and
used as part of the paste backfill recipe to take advantage of its paste-binding properties,
and |
| ● | The
potential to maximise use of tailings in the paste backfill. This will need to be assessed
from a geochemistry perspective and updates included in the ESIA addendum with changes to
mitigating and management measures as required. |
Previous
geochemistry work on the project identified potential for acid generation and metal release from the mine, waste rock, and tailings.
The
planned work programme therefore should include an assessment of the project water management within the wider catchment within which
the project is located. Good practice now requires mine water use to be approached as part of a holistic water stewardship assessment
taking into account other water users within the wider catchment. In particular, treatment of mine water to the appropriate standards
will be required if water discharge were to be necessary.
| 18 | CAPITAL
AND OPERATING COSTS |
This
Section not used.
This
Section not used.
Adavale
Resources Limited (Adavale) has conducted exploration activities since 2021 on prospecting licences surrounding SML 651 / 2021.
Adavale refers to its collective tenements as the Kabanga Jirani Nickel Project.
Work
undertaken to date by Adavale’s at its Kabanga Jirani Nickel Project has been reported to have included soil geochemistry, a helicopter-borne
EM / magnetics survey, ground / borehole EM surveys, ground gravity surveys, and diamond / RC drilling.
To
date, Adavale’s activities on, and results from, its Kabanga Jirani Nickel Project are not considered material to LML’s Kabanga
nickel project.
| 21 | OTHER
RELEVANT DATA AND INFORMATION |
This
Section not used.
| 22 | INTERPRETATION
AND CONCLUSIONS |
The
Mineral Resource estimates are based on resource modelling completed by OreWin in 2023. The 2023MRU QP has prepared the updated modelling
and reviewed supplied data and considers the estimates to be acceptable.
Mineral
Resource estimates in the 2023MRU are reported in accordance with subpart 1300 of US Regulation S-K subpart 1300 rules for Property Disclosures
for Mining Registrants (S-K 1300).
The
2023MRU Mineral Resource estimates were shown to meet reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction through an Initial Assessment
analysis. A cash flow analysis was not performed for the Project. The Initial Assessment has been prepared to demonstrate reasonable
prospects of economic extraction, not the economic viability of the Mineral Resource estimates. The Initial Assessment is preliminary
in nature, it includes Inferred Mineral Resources that are considered too speculative geologically to have modifying factors applied
to them that would enable them to be categorised as Mineral Reserves, and there is no certainty that this economic assessment will be
realised.
This
section provides an overview of the recommendations and the proposed workplan developed by LML to address these and advance the Project
to the next stage. In the opinion of the QP the LML proposed workplans are adequate for the purposes of the 2023MRU.
The
scope of the Project includes:
| ● | The
resettlement of families currently residing within the Project Area, |
| ● | An
underground mine, and |
| ● | A
conventional grinding and flotation concentrator to produce a nickel sulfide concentrate
plus an (off-site) concentrate treatment plant (CTP) and refinery located at Kahama, 340 km
from the mine site, to produce nickel, cobalt, and copper metal products, plus the associated
infrastructure, services, and facilities to support both these operations. |
Key
recommendations from the 2023MRU are:
| ● | Complete
the ongoing targeted exploration and resource definition drilling programme. |
| ● | Complete
the ongoing geotechnical and hydrological studies. |
| ● | Continue
to update and evaluate the Mineral Resources as additional information becomes available. |
| ● | Continue
to review further opportunities for resource extension. |
| ● | Ensure
any Project design changes being considered are taken into account with regards to environmental
and social management. |
| ● | Continue
to collect and update the social and environmental baseline data. |
| ● | Continue
engagement with the local communities and other local stakeholders and retaining the key
members of the previous community relations team. |
| ● | Continue
with the relocation action and resettlement plans. |
| ● | Further
study of the 2023MRU Initial Assessment scenario and advance to next stage of study: |
| - | Update
Mineral Resources |
| - | EIA
and permitting updates |
| 23.1 | Environment,
Social, and Governance |
The
primary social and environmental data was collected as part of an EIA process almost ten years ago and will require validating and/or
updating.
Expectations
for mining project environmental and social assessments have also evolved significantly in the last few years. The validity of the social
and environmental baselines, which date back to between 2009 and 2011, and the assessment was carried out on the basis of a project design
that has changed over time. KNL is preparing a new ESIA that includes analysis of greenhouse gas emissions, a climate change assessment,
and consideration of climate change adaptation.
The
hydrometallurgical plant situated in Kahama, will also require a new ESIA be completed and related permitting as this is a new project
component.
The
new ESIA, which includes the updated EIS and subsequent annexures reflecting the updated feasibility study, should cover the following:
| ● | Updated /
validated baseline information. |
| ● | A
review of project updates and design modifications currently being contemplated against the
modelled impacts and associated mitigation and management measures. |
| ● | Assessment
of the overall water management strategy taking into consideration climate change predictions
and a catchment management approach to water use. |
| ● | Quantitative
assessment of acid generation and metal release to optimise water management and treatment
strategies for operations and closure. |
| ● | A
review of energy use and options for the use of electrical equipment as well as renewable
energy options for the mine site. |
| ● | Consideration
of opportunities to reduce the project footprint, and in so doing, review the requirements
for resettlement. |
| ● | Continued
stakeholder engagement and associated communication channels along with a formal recording
and feedback mechanism linked to all stakeholder interactions. This includes the formalised
grievance resolution mechanism. |
| ● | An
update to the resettlement action plan and initiation of the plan in a timely manner as this
is likely to be on the project critical path. An updated EIA was submitted to the National
Environment Management Council (NEMC) in December 2022 and approved in June 2023. The
EIA will be updated according to the updated feasibility study and aligned to international
standards. |
| 23.1.1 | Stakeholder
Expectations and Resettlement |
Previous
project proponents carried out several rounds of stakeholder engagement and resettlement negotiations. KNL and its appointed consultants
have started the process of re-engaging with the local communities with a view to managing community expectations for the project and
re-establishing the basis for the resettlement programme. The lead time for the resettlement programme will have to be factored into
the overall project execution schedule.
A
project of this scale in a remote setting will lead to significant in-migration associated with job opportunities. The risks associated
with this in terms of community health, crime, social disruption, natural resource pressure, etc., are well documented. Mitigation of
the negative impacts associated with in-migration will require a coordinated approach from the district authorities and the mine management
to minimise the effects.
| 23.1.3 | Water
and Geochemistry |
Geochemistry
studies have identified the potential for acid generation and metal leaching from the mine, waste rock, and tailings. The studies require
updating in light of planned changes to the overall design. Water management requires review to ensure that the project is considered
as part of the overall catchment management for the wider area and that suitable discharge criteria are established and can be achieved.
The
work plan and budget has been developed by KNL from reports previously prepared for various studies of the Project, geological review,
preliminary mine designs and processing conceptual analysis by LML. The following activities have been incorporated in the work plan:
| ● | Resource
confirmation: infill and expansion |
| ● | Update
the Mineral Resource estimates |
| ● | Concentrate
treatment and refinery testwork |
| ● | Prepare
studies for the Project development |
| ● | Continue
baseline monitoring programmes for the EIA / EIS revision |
| ● | Complete
the ESIA for the hydrometallurgical plant to be located on the Buzwagi SML in Kahama |
| ● | Resettlement
implementation at the Project site |
| 23.2.1 | Work
Plan Cost Estimate |
The
work plan covers a period of 14 months commencing immediately and summarises the LML budget for the Project. The work plan cost estimate
broken down by cost area is presented in Table 23.1.
| Table 23.1 |
Work Programme Cost Estimate |
Cost
Area |
Description |
Total
Cost |
$’000 |
Drilling |
Resource,
geotechnical, metallurgy |
3,758 |
Testwork |
Pastefill
testwork |
94 |
Concentrate
treatment and refinery testwork |
2,658 |
Studies |
Mining
related studies |
2,674 |
Concentrator
and site facilities |
5,247 |
Refinery |
2,576 |
Tailings
storage facility |
990 |
Water
Balance |
2,199 |
Environmental |
EIA /
EIS revision and update |
830 |
Kahama
MMPF / Refinery EIA / EIS |
992 |
ESG
Mine Closure & General |
866 |
Social |
Resettlement
planning and implementation |
22,088 |
Owners
Costs |
Exploration
geology, Kabanga and Kahama sites |
18,055 |
Corporate |
KNL
and regional office costs |
17,600 |
Total |
|
80,533 |
LML
has prepared a work plan for the Project to increase and update the available information and understanding of the project development
requirements. LML should continue to assess information as it is prepared and adapt the development plans to suit the findings.
AMEC
(2009), AMEC Kabanga Mineral Resource Audit Final, September 2009, AMEC Pty Ltd.
AMEC
(2009), AMEC Kabanga Ni Resource Audit Geology Database QAQC Final, September 2009, AMEC Pty Ltd.
Barrick
(2016), Announcement; Barrick Gold Corporation Annual Information Form for the year ended December 31, 2016, 24 March 2017.
Glencore
(2017). Announcement: Glencore 2016 Annual Report, 1 March 2017.
KNCL
(2010), Technical Report on the Kabanga Nickel Project, 31 December 2010.
KNCL
(2014), Unpublished Technical Report on the Kabanga Nickel Project, 31 December 2014.
KNCL
(2014), Draft Feasibility Study, 15 January 2014.
LHL
(2022), Internal Report: Kabanga Nickel Project – 2022 ESG Status Report, 30 November 2022.
LHL
(2022), Internal Report: Kabanga Nickel Project – 2022 Forward Work Plan, 30 November 2022.
LHL
(2022), Internal Report: Kabanga Nickel Project – 2022 Ownership Report, 30 November 2022.
LHL
(2023), Kabanga 2023 Mineral Resource Technical Report Summary, 30 March 2023.
Internal
Company reports:
| ● | Feasibility
Study Report North Resource Update 2010 |
| ● | Feasibility
Study Report Tembo Resource Update 2010 |
| ● | Feasibility
Study Report Main Resource Update 2010 |
| ● | Feasibility
Study Report MNB Resource Update 2010 |
| 25 | RELIANCE
ON INFORMATION PROVIDED BY THE REGISTRANT |
The
2023MRU QP has relied on the following information provided by KNL in preparing the findings and conclusions in this Technical Report
Summary regarding the following aspects of modifying factors:
| ● | Macroeconomic
trends, taxes, royalties, data and assumptions, and interest rates. |
| ● | This
has been used in Section 11, as described in that section. |
| ● | Marketing
information and plans within the control of the registrant. |
| ● | This
has been used in Sections 11 and 16, as described in those sections |
| ● | Legal
matters outside the expertise of the QP, such as statutory and regulatory interpretations
affecting the mine plan. |
| ● | Content
in Sections 3 and 17 are based exclusively on information and data supplied by KNL. |
| ● | Environmental
matters outside the expertise of the QP. |
| ● | Content
in Sections 3 and 17 are based exclusively on information and data supplied by KNL. |
| ● | Accommodations
the registrant commits or plans to provide to local individuals or groups in connection with
its mine plans. |
| ● | Content
in Sections 3 and 17 are based exclusively on information and data supplied by KNL. |
| ● | Governmental
factors outside the expertise of the QP. |
| ● | Content
in Sections 3 and 17 are based exclusively on information and data supplied by KNL. |
Following
a review of the information supplied, the opinion of the QP is that it is reasonable to rely on the information provided by KNL as outlined
above for use in the 2023MRU, because a significant environmental and social analysis has been conducted for the Project over an extended
period, KNL employs professionals with responsibility in these areas and these personnel have the best understanding of these areas.
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