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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C.  20549
cat-20220930_g1.jpg
 FORM 10-Q 
☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2022
OR
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from                    to
Commission File Number:  1-768
CATERPILLAR INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware
37-0602744
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation)(IRS Employer I.D. No.)
5205 N. O'Connor Boulevard,Suite 100,Irving, Texas75039
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (972) 891-7700 
Former Name, Former Address and Former Fiscal Year, if Changed Since Last Report: N/A
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol (s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock ($1.00 par value)CATNew York Stock Exchange ¹
8% Debentures due February 15, 2023CAT23New York Stock Exchange
5.3% Debentures due September 15, 2035CAT35New York Stock Exchange
¹    In addition to the New York Stock Exchange, Caterpillar common stock is also listed on stock exchanges in France and Switzerland.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes ☒    No  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes ☒   No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company.  See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. 
Large accelerated filer☒Accelerated filer☐
Non-accelerated filer☐Smaller reporting company☐
Emerging growth company☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes ☐  No ☒

At September 30, 2022, 520,409,355 shares of common stock of the registrant were outstanding.

Table of Contents
 
 
* Item omitted because no answer is called for or item is not applicable.

2
Part I.  FINANCIAL INFORMATION
 
Item 1.  Financial Statements
Caterpillar Inc.
Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in millions except per share data)
 Three Months Ended September 30
 20222021
Sales and revenues:  
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation$14,278 $11,707 
Revenues of Financial Products716 690 
Total sales and revenues14,994 12,397 
Operating costs:  
Cost of goods sold10,202 8,617 
Selling, general and administrative expenses1,401 1,340 
Research and development expenses476 427 
Interest expense of Financial Products151 111 
Other operating (income) expenses339 238 
Total operating costs12,569 10,733 
Operating profit2,425 1,664 
Interest expense excluding Financial Products109 114 
Other income (expense)242 225 
Consolidated profit before taxes2,558 1,775 
Provision (benefit) for income taxes527 368 
Profit of consolidated companies2,031 1,407 
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies9 21 
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies2,040 1,428 
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests(1)2 
Profit 1
$2,041 $1,426 
Profit per common share$3.89 $2.62 
Profit per common share – diluted 2
$3.87 $2.60 
Weighted-average common shares outstanding (millions)  
– Basic525.0 544.0 
– Diluted 2
527.6 547.6 
 
1    Profit attributable to common shareholders.
2   Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method.
 
See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Caterpillar Inc.
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in millions)
 Three Months Ended September 30
 20222021
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies$2,040 $1,428 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (Note 13):
   Foreign currency translation:(618)(242)
Pension and other postretirement benefits:(1)(8)
Derivative financial instruments:(191)(31)
Available-for-sale securities:(44)(5)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax(854)(286)
Comprehensive income1,186 1,142 
Less: comprehensive income attributable to the noncontrolling interests(1)2 
Comprehensive income attributable to shareholders$1,187 $1,140 

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Caterpillar Inc.
Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in millions except per share data)
 Nine Months Ended September 30
 20222021
Sales and revenues:  
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation$40,703 $35,091 
Revenues of Financial Products2,127 2,082 
Total sales and revenues42,830 37,173 
Operating costs:  
Cost of goods sold29,736 25,510 
Selling, general and administrative expenses4,172 3,943 
Research and development expenses1,413 1,247 
Interest expense of Financial Products377 352 
Other operating (income) expenses908 854 
Total operating costs36,606 31,906 
Operating profit6,224 5,267 
Interest expense excluding Financial Products326 376 
Other income (expense)755 751 
Consolidated profit before taxes6,653 5,642 
Provision (benefit) for income taxes1,423 1,313 
Profit of consolidated companies5,230 4,329 
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies20 44 
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies5,250 4,373 
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests(1)4 
Profit 1
$5,251 $4,369 
Profit per common share$9.91 $8.00 
Profit per common share – diluted 2
$9.85 $7.94 
Weighted-average common shares outstanding (millions) 
– Basic530.1 545.8 
– Diluted 2
533.2 550.2 

1    Profit attributable to common shareholders.
2   Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method. 
See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Caterpillar Inc.
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in millions)
 Nine Months Ended September 30
 20222021
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies$5,250 $4,373 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (Note 13):
   Foreign currency translation:(1,392)(490)
Pension and other postretirement benefits:(3)(23)
Derivative financial instruments:(254)(19)
Available-for-sale securities:(151)(20)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax(1,800)(552)
Comprehensive income3,450 3,821 
Less: comprehensive income attributable to the noncontrolling interests(1)4 
Comprehensive income attributable to shareholders$3,451 $3,817 

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.



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Caterpillar Inc.
Consolidated Statement of Financial Position
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in millions) 
 September 30,
2022		December 31,
2021
Assets  
Current assets:  
Cash and cash equivalents$6,346 $9,254 
Receivables – trade and other8,158 8,477 
Receivables – finance8,918 8,898 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets2,295 2,788 
Inventories16,860 14,038 
Total current assets42,577 43,455 
Property, plant and equipment – net11,643 12,090 
Long-term receivables – trade and other1,278 1,204 
Long-term receivables – finance11,859 12,707 
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes2,218 1,840 
Intangible assets806 1,042 
Goodwill6,092 6,324 
Other assets4,434 4,131 
Total assets$80,907 $82,793 
Liabilities  
Current liabilities:  
Short-term borrowings:  
Machinery, Energy & Transportation$3 $9 
Financial Products4,199 5,395 
Accounts payable8,260 8,154 
Accrued expenses4,013 3,757 
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits2,204 2,242 
Customer advances1,831 1,087 
Dividends payable— 595 
Other current liabilities2,878 2,256 
Long-term debt due within one year:  
Machinery, Energy & Transportation120 45 
Financial Products6,694 6,307 
Total current liabilities30,202 29,847 
Long-term debt due after one year:  
Machinery, Energy & Transportation9,479 9,746 
Financial Products16,030 16,287 
Liability for postemployment benefits5,038 5,592 
Other liabilities4,536 4,805 
Total liabilities65,285 66,277 
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 11 and 14)
Shareholders’ equity  
Common stock of $1.00 par value:
  
Authorized shares: 2,000,000,000
Issued shares: (9/30/22 and 12/31/21 – 814,894,624) at paid-in amount
6,523 6,398 
Treasury stock: (9/30/22 – 294,485,269 shares; 12/31/21 – 279,006,573 shares) at cost
(30,883)(27,643)
Profit employed in the business43,304 39,282 
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)(3,353)(1,553)
Noncontrolling interests31 32 
Total shareholders’ equity15,622 16,516 
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity$80,907 $82,793 
 
See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Caterpillar Inc.
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in millions) 
 Common
stock		Treasury
stock		Profit
employed
in the
business		Accumulated
other
comprehensive
income (loss)		Noncontrolling
interests		Total
Three Months Ended September 30, 2021      
Balance at June 30, 2021$6,293 $(25,240)$36,934 $(1,154)$47 $16,880 
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies— — 1,426 — 2 1,428 
Foreign currency translation, net of tax— — — (242)— (242)
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax— — — (8)— (8)
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax— — — (31)— (31)
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax— — — (5)— (5)
Change in ownership from noncontrolling interests— — — — (16)(16)
Dividends declared — — 1 — — 1 
Distribution to noncontrolling interests— — — — (2)(2)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 80,571
(5)4 — — — (1)
Stock-based compensation expense58 — — — — 58 
Common shares repurchased: 6,610,438 1
— (1,371)— — — (1,371)
Other6 (1)— — (1)4 
Balance at September 30, 2021$6,352 $(26,608)$38,361 $(1,440)$30 $16,695 
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022      
Balance at June 30, 2022$6,464 $(29,501)$41,263 $(2,499)$32 $15,759 
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies— — 2,041 — (1)2,040 
Foreign currency translation, net of tax— — — (618)— (618)
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax— — — (1)— (1)
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax— — — (191)— (191)
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax— — — (44)— (44)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 75,534
(5)4 — — — (1)
Stock-based compensation expense55 — — — — 55 
Common shares repurchased: 7,575,322 1
— (1,385)— — — (1,385)
Other9 (1)— — — 8 
Balance at September 30, 2022$6,523 $(30,883)$43,304 $(3,353)$31 $15,622 

1 See Note 12 for additional information.


  

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Caterpillar Inc.
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in millions) 
 Common
stock		Treasury
stock		Profit
employed
in the
business		Accumulated
other
comprehensive
income (loss)		Noncontrolling
interests		Total
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021      
Balance at December 31, 2020$6,230 $(25,178)$35,167 $(888)$47 $15,378 
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies— — 4,369 — 4 4,373 
Foreign currency translation, net of tax— — — (490)— (490)
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax— — — (23)— (23)
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax— — — (19)— (19)
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax— — — (20)— (20)
Change in ownership from noncontrolling interests— — — — (16)(16)
Dividends declared 1
— — (1,175)— — (1,175)
Distribution to noncontrolling interests— — — — (4)(4)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 3,410,146
(70)192 — — — 122 
Stock-based compensation expense169 — — — — 169 
Common shares repurchased: 7,772,393 2
— (1,622)— — — (1,622)
Other23 — — — (1)22 
Balance at September 30, 2021$6,352 $(26,608)$38,361 $(1,440)$30 $16,695 
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022      
Balance at December 31, 2021$6,398 $(27,643)$39,282 $(1,553)$32 $16,516 
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies— — 5,251 — (1)5,250 
Foreign currency translation, net of tax— — — (1,392)— (1,392)
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax— — — (3)— (3)
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax— — — (254)— (254)
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax— — — (151)— (151)
Dividends declared 1
— — (1,229)— — (1,229)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 1,529,753
(67)69 — — — 2 
Stock-based compensation expense162 — — — — 162 
Common shares repurchased: 17,007,819 2
— (3,309)— — — (3,309)
Other30 — — — — 30 
Balance at September 30, 2022$6,523 $(30,883)$43,304 $(3,353)$31 $15,622 

1 Dividends per share of common stock of $2.31 and $2.14 were declared in the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
2 See Note 12 for additional information.

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Caterpillar Inc.
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow
(Unaudited)
(Millions of dollars)
 Nine Months Ended September 30
 20222021
Cash flow from operating activities:  
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies$5,250 $4,373 
Adjustments for non-cash items:  
Depreciation and amortization1,661 1,766 
Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes(349)(321)
Other132 102 
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures:  
Receivables – trade and other365 (326)
Inventories(3,088)(2,195)
Accounts payable786 1,232 
Accrued expenses70 46 
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits15 934 
Customer advances751 39 
Other assets – net57 138 
Other liabilities – net(623)(2)
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities5,027 5,786 
Cash flow from investing activities:  
Capital expenditures – excluding equipment leased to others(868)(673)
Expenditures for equipment leased to others(1,023)(1,014)
Proceeds from disposals of leased assets and property, plant and equipment666 877 
Additions to finance receivables(9,914)(9,603)
Collections of finance receivables9,738 9,221 
Proceeds from sale of finance receivables50 44 
Investments and acquisitions (net of cash acquired)(44)(449)
Proceeds from sale of businesses and investments (net of cash sold)1 23 
Proceeds from sale of securities2,080 424 
Investments in securities(2,399)(934)
Other – net15 (8)
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities(1,698)(2,092)
Cash flow from financing activities:  
Dividends paid(1,820)(1,733)
Common stock issued, including treasury shares reissued2 122 
Common shares repurchased(3,309)(1,622)
Proceeds from debt issued (original maturities greater than three months):  
        Machinery, Energy & Transportation— 494 
        Financial Products5,570 6,437 
Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months):  
        Machinery, Energy & Transportation(20)(1,910)
        Financial Products(5,269)(6,710)
Short-term borrowings – net (original maturities three months or less)(1,311)1,324 
Other – net(1)(4)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities(6,158)(3,602)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash(79)(9)
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash(2,908)83 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period9,263 9,366 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period$6,355 $9,449 

 Cash equivalents primarily represent short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of generally three months or less.

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
 
1.                                   A.  Nature of operations
 
Information in our financial statements and related commentary are presented in the following categories:
 
Machinery, Energy & Transportation (ME&T) – We define ME&T as Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries, excluding Financial Products. ME&T’s information relates to the design, manufacturing and marketing of our products.
 
Financial Products – We define Financial Products as our finance and insurance subsidiaries, primarily Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation (Cat Financial) and Caterpillar Insurance Holdings Inc. (Insurance Services). Financial Products’ information relates to the financing to customers and dealers for the purchase and lease of Caterpillar and other equipment.

B.  Basis of presentation
 
In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of (a) the consolidated results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, (b) the consolidated comprehensive income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, (c) the consolidated financial position at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, (d) the consolidated changes in shareholders’ equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 and (e) the consolidated cash flow for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.  The financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year. The information included in this Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto included in our company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 (2021 Form 10-K).
 
The December 31, 2021 financial position data included herein is derived from the audited consolidated financial statements included in the 2021 Form 10-K but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP. Certain amounts for prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period financial statement presentation.

Cat Financial has end-user customers and dealers that are variable interest entities (VIEs) of which we are not the primary beneficiary. Our maximum exposure to loss from our involvement with these VIEs is limited to the credit risk inherently present in the financial support that we have provided. Credit risk was evaluated and reflected in our financial statements as part of our overall portfolio of finance receivables and related allowance for credit losses. See Note 11 for further discussions on a consolidated VIE.

2.                                   New accounting guidance

A. Adoption of new accounting standards

We consider the applicability and impact of all ASUs. We adopted the following ASUs effective January 1, 2022, none of which had a material impact on our financial statements:
ASUDescription
2020-06Debt with conversion and other options and derivatives and hedging
2021-05Lessor - Variable lease payments
2021-10Government assistance

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B. Accounting standards issued but not yet adopted

We consider the applicability and impact of all ASUs. We assessed the ASUs and determined that they either were not applicable or were not expected to have a material impact on our financial statements.

3.                                   Sales and revenue contract information

Trade receivables represent amounts due from dealers and end users for the sale of our products, and include amounts due from wholesale inventory financing provided by Cat Financial for a dealer’s purchase of inventory. We recognize trade receivables from dealers (including wholesale inventory financing) and end users in Receivables – trade and other and Long-term receivables – trade and other in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Trade receivables from dealers and end users were $6,736 million, $7,267 million and $6,310 million as of September 30, 2022, December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Long-term trade receivables from dealers and end users were $448 million, $624 million and $657 million as of September 30, 2022, December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

We invoice in advance of recognizing the sale of certain products. We recognize advanced customer payments as a contract liability in Customer advances and Other liabilities in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Contract liabilities were $2,290 million, $1,557 million and $1,526 million as of September 30, 2022, December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. We reduce the contract liability when revenue is recognized. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recognized $124 million and $781 million, respectively, of revenue that was recorded as a contract liability at the beginning of 2022. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, we recognized $121 million and $795 million, respectively, of revenue that was recorded as a contract liability at the beginning of 2021.

As of September 30, 2022, we have entered into contracts with dealers and end users for which sales have not been recognized as we have not satisfied our performance obligations and transferred control of the products. The dollar amount of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original duration greater than one year is $10.9 billion, with about one-half of the amount expected to be completed and revenue recognized in the twelve months following September 30, 2022. We have elected the practical expedient not to disclose unsatisfied performance obligations with an original contract duration of one year or less. Contracts with an original duration of one year or less are primarily sales to dealers for machinery, engines and replacement parts.

See Note 16 for further disaggregated sales and revenues information.

4.                                    Stock-based compensation
 
Accounting for stock-based compensation requires that the cost resulting from all stock-based payments be recognized in the financial statements based on the grant date fair value of the award.  Our stock-based compensation consists of stock options, restricted stock units (RSUs) and performance-based restricted stock units (PRSUs).

We recognized pretax stock-based compensation expense of $55 million and $162 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, and $58 million and $169 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively.

The following table illustrates the type and fair value of the stock-based compensation awards granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively:

 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
 Shares GrantedWeighted-Average Fair Value Per ShareWeighted-Average Grant Date Stock PriceShares GrantedWeighted-Average Fair Value Per ShareWeighted-Average Grant Date Stock Price
Stock options1,029,202 $51.69 $196.70 1,084,821 $56.30 $219.76 
RSUs484,025 $196.70 $196.70 448,311 $219.76 $219.76 
PRSUs258,900 $196.70 $196.70 266,894 $219.76 $219.76 
 
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The following table provides the assumptions used in determining the fair value of the stock-based awards for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively:
 
 Grant Year
 20222021
Weighted-average dividend yield2.60%2.60%
Weighted-average volatility31.7%32.9%
Range of volatilities
25.3% - 36.8%
29.2% - 45.8%
Range of risk-free interest rates
1.03% - 2.00%
0.06% - 1.41%
Weighted-average expected lives8 years8 years
 
As of September 30, 2022, the total remaining unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested stock-based compensation awards was $173 million, which will be amortized over the weighted-average remaining requisite service periods of approximately 1.8 years.
 
5.                                     Derivative financial instruments and risk management
 
Our earnings and cash flow are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and commodity prices.  Our Risk Management Policy (policy) allows for the use of derivative financial instruments to prudently manage foreign currency exchange rate, interest rate and commodity price exposures.  Our policy specifies that derivatives are not to be used for speculative purposes.  Derivatives that we use are primarily foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts, interest rate contracts and commodity forward and option contracts.  Our derivative activities are subject to the management, direction and control of our senior financial officers.  We present at least annually to the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors on our risk management practices, including our use of financial derivative instruments.
 
We recognize all derivatives at their fair value on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. On the date the derivative contract is entered into, we designate the derivative as (1) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability (fair value hedge), (2) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flow (cash flow hedge) or (3) an undesignated instrument. We record in current earnings changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified, designated and highly effective as a fair value hedge, along with the gain or loss on the hedged recognized asset or liability that is attributable to the hedged risk. We record in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI) changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified, designated and highly effective as a cash flow hedge, to the extent effective, on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position until we reclassify them to earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings.  We report changes in the fair value of undesignated derivative instruments in current earnings. We classify cash flows from designated derivative financial instruments within the same category as the item being hedged on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow.  We include cash flows from undesignated derivative financial instruments in the investing category on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow.
 
We formally document all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as the risk-management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions.  This process includes linking all derivatives that are designated as fair value hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position and linking cash flow hedges to specific forecasted transactions or variability of cash flow.

We also formally assess, both at the hedge’s inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the designated derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flow of hedged items.  When a derivative is determined not to be highly effective as a hedge or the underlying hedged transaction is no longer probable, we discontinue hedge accounting prospectively, in accordance with the derecognition criteria for hedge accounting.
 
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
 
Foreign currency exchange rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the U.S. dollar value of sales made and costs incurred in foreign currencies. Movements in foreign currency rates also affect our competitive position as these changes may affect business practices and/or pricing strategies of non-U.S.-based competitors. Additionally, we have balance sheet positions denominated in foreign currencies, thereby creating exposure to movements in exchange rates.
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Our ME&T operations purchase, manufacture and sell products in many locations around the world. As we have a diversified revenue and cost base, we manage our future foreign currency cash flow exposure on a net basis. We use foreign currency forward and option contracts to manage unmatched foreign currency cash inflow and outflow. Our objective is to minimize the risk of exchange rate movements that would reduce the U.S. dollar value of our foreign currency cash flow. Our policy allows for managing anticipated foreign currency cash flow for up to approximately five years. As of September 30, 2022, the maximum term of these outstanding contracts at inception was approximately 60 months.
 
We generally designate as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract any foreign currency forward or option contracts that meet the requirements for hedge accounting and the maturity extends beyond the current quarter-end. We perform designation on a specific exposure basis to support hedge accounting. The remainder of ME&T foreign currency contracts are undesignated.  
 
In managing foreign currency risk for our Financial Products operations, our objective is to minimize earnings volatility resulting from conversion and the remeasurement of net foreign currency balance sheet positions and future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our policy allows the use of foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts to offset the risk of currency mismatch between our assets and liabilities and exchange rate risk associated with future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our foreign currency forward and option contracts are primarily undesignated. We designate fixed-to-fixed cross currency contracts as cash flow hedges to protect against movements in exchange rates on foreign currency fixed-rate assets and liabilities.
 
Interest Rate Risk
 
Interest rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the amount of our interest payments and the value of our fixed-rate debt. Our practice is to use interest rate contracts to manage our exposure to interest rate changes.
 
Our ME&T operations generally use fixed-rate debt as a source of funding.  Our objective is to minimize the cost of borrowed funds.  Our policy allows us to enter into fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts and forward rate agreements to meet that objective. We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts as fair value hedges at inception of the contract, and we designate certain forward rate agreements as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract.

Financial Products operations has a match-funding policy that addresses interest rate risk by aligning the interest rate profile (fixed or floating rate and duration) of Cat Financial’s debt portfolio with the interest rate profile of our receivables portfolio within predetermined ranges on an ongoing basis. In connection with that policy, we use interest rate derivative instruments to modify the debt structure to match assets within the receivables portfolio. This matched funding reduces the volatility of margins between interest-bearing assets and interest-bearing liabilities, regardless of which direction interest rates move.
 
Our policy allows us to use fixed-to-floating, floating-to-fixed and floating-to-floating interest rate contracts to meet the match-funding objective.  We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts as fair value hedges to protect debt against changes in fair value due to changes in the benchmark interest rate.  We designate most floating-to-fixed interest rate contracts as cash flow hedges to protect against the variability of cash flows due to changes in the benchmark interest rate.
 
We have, at certain times, liquidated fixed-to-floating and floating-to-fixed interest rate contracts at both ME&T and Financial Products. We amortize the gains or losses associated with these contracts at the time of liquidation into earnings over the original term of the previously designated hedged item.
 
Commodity Price Risk
 
Commodity price movements create a degree of risk by affecting the price we must pay for certain raw materials. Our policy is to use commodity forward and option contracts to manage the commodity risk and reduce the cost of purchased materials.
 
Our ME&T operations purchase base and precious metals embedded in the components we purchase from suppliers.  Our suppliers pass on to us price changes in the commodity portion of the component cost. In addition, we are subject to price changes on energy products such as natural gas and diesel fuel purchased for operational use.
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Our objective is to minimize volatility in the price of these commodities. Our policy allows us to enter into commodity forward and option contracts to lock in the purchase price of a portion of these commodities within a five-year horizon. All such commodity forward and option contracts are undesignated.

The location and fair value of derivative instruments reported in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)Fair Value
September 30, 2022December 31, 2021
Assets1
Liabilities2
Assets1
Liabilities2
Designated derivatives
Foreign exchange contracts$692 $(394)$228 $(64)
Interest rate contracts94 (302)38 (15)
Total$786 $(696)$266 $(79)
Undesignated derivatives
Foreign exchange contracts$118 $(78)$46 $(42)
Commodity contracts9 (43)30 (9)
Total$127 $(121)$76 $(51)
1 Assets are classified on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as Receivables - trade and other or Long-term receivables - trade and other.
2 Liabilities are classified on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as Accrued expenses or Other liabilities.
 

The total notional amounts of the derivative instruments as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were $24.8 billion and $18.9 billion, respectively. The notional amounts of the derivative financial instruments do not represent amounts exchanged by the parties. We calculate the amounts exchanged by the parties by referencing the notional amounts and by other terms of the derivatives, such as foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates or commodity prices.

Gains (Losses) on derivative instruments are categorized as follows:

(Millions of dollars)Three Months Ended September 30
Fair Value / Undesignated HedgesCash Flow Hedges
Gains (Losses) Recognized on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations1
Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI
Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI2
202220212022202120222021
Foreign exchange contracts$(2)$46 $18 $42 $289 $90 
Interest rate contracts(5)5 26 3 7 (5)
Commodity contracts(42)(30)— — — — 
Total$(49)$21 $44 $45 $296 $85 
1 Foreign exchange contract and Commodity contract gains (losses) are included in Other income (expense). Interest rate contract gains (losses) are primarily included in Interest expense of Financial Products.
2 Foreign exchange contract gains (losses) are primarily included in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations. Interest rate contract gains (losses) are primarily included in Interest expense of Financial Products in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations.
15
(Millions of dollars)Nine Months Ended September 30
Fair Value / Undesignated HedgesCash Flow Hedges
Gains (Losses) Recognized on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations1
Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI
Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI2
202220212022202120222021
Foreign exchange contracts$(32)$77 $195 $130 $638 $187 
Interest rate contracts12 18 103 11 (2)(23)
Commodity contract3 35 — — — — 
Total$(17)$130 $298 $141 $636 $164 
1 Foreign exchange contract and Commodity contract gains (losses) are included in Other income (expense). Interest rate contract gains (losses) are primarily included in Interest expense excluding Financial Products.
2 Foreign exchange contract gains (losses) are primarily included in Other income (expense). Interest rate contract gains (losses) are primarily included in Interest expense excluding Financial Products.

The following amounts were recorded on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges:

(Millions of dollars)Carrying Value of the Hedged LiabilitiesCumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Value of the Hedged Liabilities
September 30, 2022December 31, 2021September 30, 2022December 31, 2021
Long-term debt due within one year$— $755 $— $5 
Long-term debt due after one year3,796 1,304 (227)(2)
Total$3,796 $2,059 $(227)$3 

We enter into International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) master netting agreements within ME&T and Financial Products that permit the net settlement of amounts owed under their respective derivative contracts. Under these master netting agreements, net settlement generally permits the company or the counterparty to determine the net amount payable for contracts due on the same date and in the same currency for similar types of derivative transactions. The master netting agreements may also provide for net settlement of all outstanding contracts with a counterparty in the case of an event of default or a termination event.

Collateral is typically not required of the counterparties or of our company under the master netting agreements. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, no cash collateral was received or pledged under the master netting agreements.

The effect of the net settlement provisions of the master netting agreements on our derivative balances upon an event of default or termination event was as follows:

(Millions of dollars)September 30, 2022December 31, 2021
AssetsLiabilitiesAssetsLiabilities
Gross Amounts Recognized$913 $(817)$342 $(130)
Financial Instruments Not Offset(282)282 (114)114 
Cash Collateral Received— — — — 
Net Amount$631 $(535)$228 $(16)

16
6.                                     Inventories
 
Inventories (principally using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method) were comprised of the following:
 
(Millions of dollars)September 30,
2022		December 31,
2021
Raw materials$6,335 $5,528 
Work-in-process1,836 1,318 
Finished goods8,387 6,907 
Supplies302 285 
Total inventories$16,860 $14,038 
    

7.                                     Intangible assets and goodwill
 
A.  Intangible assets
 
Intangible assets were comprised of the following:
 
  September 30, 2022
(Millions of dollars)Weighted
Amortizable
Life (Years)		Gross
Carrying
Amount		Accumulated
Amortization		Net
Customer relationships16$2,183 $(1,604)$579 
Intellectual property121,470 (1,287)183 
Other16128 (84)44 
Total finite-lived intangible assets14$3,781 $(2,975)$806 

  December 31, 2021
Weighted
Amortizable
Life (Years)		Gross
Carrying
Amount		Accumulated
Amortization		Net
Customer relationships15$2,421 $(1,709)$712 
Intellectual property121,472 (1,192)280 
Other14156 (106)50 
Total finite-lived intangible assets14$4,049 $(3,007)$1,042 

Amortization expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 was $70 million and $213 million, respectively. Amortization expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 was $75 million and $228 million, respectively. Amortization expense related to intangible assets is expected to be:

(Millions of dollars)
Remaining Three Months of 20222023202420252026Thereafter
$70$222$163$153$85$113
 
B.  Goodwill
 
No goodwill was impaired during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 or 2021.


17
The changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 were as follows: 

(Millions of dollars)December 31,
2021		Acquisitions
Other Adjustments 1
September 30,
2022
Construction Industries
Goodwill$302 $— $(39)$263 
Impairments(22)— — (22)
Net goodwill280 — (39)241 
Resource Industries
Goodwill4,182 — (127)4,055 
Impairments(1,175)— — (1,175)
Net goodwill3,007 — (127)2,880 
Energy & Transportation
Goodwill2,985 25 (81)2,929 
All Other 2
Goodwill52 — (10)42 
Consolidated total
Goodwill7,521 25 (257)7,289 
Impairments(1,197)— — (1,197)
Net goodwill$6,324 $25 $(257)$6,092 


1 Other adjustments are comprised primarily of foreign currency translation.
2 Includes All Other operating segment (See Note 16).


8.                                     Investments in debt and equity securities
 
We have investments in certain debt and equity securities, which we record at fair value and primarily include in Other assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

We classify debt securities primarily as available-for-sale. We include the unrealized gains and losses arising from the revaluation of available-for-sale debt securities, net of applicable deferred income taxes, in equity (AOCI in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position). We include the unrealized gains and losses arising from the revaluation of the equity securities in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations. We generally determine realized gains and losses on sales of investments using the specific identification method for available-for-sale debt and equity securities and include them in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations.

The cost basis and fair value of available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized gains and losses included in equity (AOCI in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position) were as follows:
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Available-for-sale debt securities
September 30, 2022December 31, 2021
(Millions of dollars)
Cost
Basis
Unrealized Pretax Net Gains
(Losses)
Fair
Value
Cost
Basis
Unrealized Pretax Net Gains
(Losses)
Fair
Value
Government debt securities      
U.S. treasury bonds$10 $— $10 $10 $— $10 
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds51 (2)49 61 — 61 
Corporate debt securities     
Corporate bonds and other debt securities2,156 (108)2,048 1,027 19 1,046 
Asset-backed securities185 (5)180 175 1 176 
Mortgage-backed debt securities  
U.S. governmental agency384 (36)348 319 6 325 
Residential3 — 3 4 — 4 
Commercial139 (10)129 98 1 99 
Total available-for-sale debt securities$2,928 $(161)$2,767 $1,694 $27 $1,721 
Available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position:
 September 30, 2022
 
Less than 12 months 1
12 months or more 1
Total
(Millions of dollars)
Fair
Value
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Value
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Value
Unrealized
Losses
Government debt securities      
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds$31 $1 $15 $1 $46 $2 
Corporate debt securities
Corporate bonds1,774 75 218 33 1,992 108 
Asset-backed securities102 4 35 1 137 5 
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency293 27 51 9 344 36 
Commercial88 7 41 3 129 10 
$2,288 $114 $360 $47 $2,648 $161 
 December 31, 2021
 
Less than 12 months 1
12 months or more 1
Total
(Millions of dollars)
Fair
Value
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Value
Unrealized
Losses
Fair
Value
Unrealized
Losses
Corporate debt securities      
Corporate bonds$270 $4 $33 $1 $303 $5 
Mortgage-backed debt securities      
U.S. governmental agency89 1 22 — 111 1 
Total$359 $5 $55 $1 $414 $6 
1 Indicates the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position.
The unrealized losses on our investments in government debt securities, corporate debt securities, and mortgage-backed debt securities relate to changes in interest rates and credit-related yield spreads since time of purchase. We do not intend to sell the investments, and it is not likely that we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their respective amortized cost basis. In addition, we did not expect credit-related losses on these investments as of September 30, 2022.

19
The cost basis and fair value of available-for-sale debt securities at September 30, 2022, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to prepay and creditors may have the right to call obligations.        
September 30, 2022
(Millions of dollars)Cost BasisFair Value
Due in one year or less$696 $687 
Due after one year through five years1,354 1,277 
Due after five years through ten years282 256 
Due after ten years70 67 
U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities384 348 
Residential mortgage-backed securities3 3 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities139 129 
Total debt securities – available-for-sale$2,928 $2,767 
  
Sales of available-for-sale debt securities:  
 Three Months Ended September 30Nine Months Ended September 30
(Millions of dollars)2022202120222021
Proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale securities$204 $97 $474 $322 
Gross gains from the sale of available-for-sale securities— 1 1 3 
Gross losses from the sale of available-for-sale securities— — 1 — 
We did not have any investments classified as held-to-maturity debt securities as of September 30, 2022. We had $964 million of investments in time deposits classified as held-to-maturity debt securities as of December 31, 2021. All these investments mature within one year and we include them in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. We record held-to-maturity debt securities at amortized cost, which approximates fair value.
For the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the net unrealized gains (losses) for equity securities held at September 30, 2022 and 2021 were $(12) million and $46 million, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the net unrealized gains (losses) for equity securities held at September 30, 2022 and 2021 were $(97) million and $65 million, respectively.
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9.                                     Postretirement benefits
 
A.  Pension and postretirement benefit costs    
U.S. Pension
Benefits
Non-U.S. Pension
Benefits
Other
Postretirement
Benefits
September 30September 30September 30
(Millions of dollars)202220212022202120222021
For the three months ended:      
Components of net periodic benefit cost:      
Service cost$— $— $15 $15 $24 $25 
Interest cost100 82 17 16 20 16 
Expected return on plan assets (167)(180)(33)(33)(3)(1)
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)— — — — (1)(11)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) 1
$(67)$(98)$(1)$(2)$40 $29 
For the nine months ended:
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost$— $— $40 $44 $74 $75 
Interest cost301 247 53 43 60 48 
Expected return on plan assets (502)(538)(100)(98)(9)(4)
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)— — — — (4)(31)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) 1
$(201)$(291)$(7)$(11)$121 $88 
1    The service cost component is included in Operating costs in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations. All other components are included in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations.

We made $44 million and $299 million of contributions to our pension and other postretirement plans during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022. We currently anticipate full-year 2022 contributions of approximately $357 million.
 
B.  Defined contribution benefit costs
 
Total company costs related to our defined contribution plans, which are included in Operating Costs in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations, were as follows:
 
 Three Months Ended September 30Nine Months Ended September 30
(Millions of dollars)2022202120222021
U.S. Plans$87 $81 $236 $321 
Non-U.S. Plans29 29 85 83 
 $116 $110 $321 $404 

The decrease in the U.S. defined contribution benefit costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was primarily due to the fair value adjustments related to our non-qualified deferred compensation plans.
 
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10.                              Leases

Revenues from finance and operating leases, primarily included in Revenues of Financial Products on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations, were as follows:
Three Months Ended September 30Nine Months Ended September 30
(Millions of dollars)2022202120222021
Finance lease revenue$105 $120 $326 $369 
Operating lease revenue270 275 819 850 
Total$375 $395 $1,145 $1,219 
We present revenues net of sales and other related taxes.

11.                              Guarantees and product warranty
 
Caterpillar dealer performance guarantees
We have provided an indemnity to a third-party insurance company for potential losses related to performance bonds issued on behalf of Caterpillar dealers.  The bonds have varying terms and are issued to insure governmental agencies against nonperformance by certain dealers.  We also provided guarantees to third-parties related to the performance of contractual obligations by certain Caterpillar dealers. These guarantees have varying terms and cover potential financial losses incurred by the third parties resulting from the dealers’ nonperformance.

In 2016, we provided a guarantee to an end user related to the performance of contractual obligations by a Caterpillar dealer. Under the guarantee, which was set to expire in 2025, non-performance by the Caterpillar dealer could require Caterpillar to satisfy the contractual obligations by providing goods, services or financial compensation to the end user up to an annual designated cap. This guarantee was terminated during the first quarter of 2022. No payments were made under the guarantee.
 
Supplier consortium performance guarantee
We provided a guarantee to a customer in Europe related to the performance of contractual obligations by a supplier consortium to which one of our Caterpillar subsidiaries was a member. The guarantee covered potential damages incurred by the customer resulting from the supplier consortium's non-performance. The damages were capped except for failure of the consortium to meet certain obligations outlined in the contract in the normal course of business. The guarantee expired during the second quarter of 2022.

We have dealer performance guarantees and third-party performance guarantees that do not limit potential payment to end users related to indemnities and other commercial contractual obligations. In addition, we have entered into contracts involving industry standard indemnifications that do not limit potential payment. For these unlimited guarantees, we are unable to estimate a maximum potential amount of future payments that could result from claims made.

No significant loss has been experienced or is anticipated under any of these guarantees.  At September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the related recorded liability was $3 million and $5 million, respectively. The maximum potential amount of future payments that we can estimate (undiscounted and without reduction for any amounts that may possibly be recovered under recourse or collateralized provisions) and we could be required to make under the guarantees was as follows:
 
(Millions of dollars)September 30,
2022		December 31,
2021
Caterpillar dealer performance guarantees$137 $747 
Supplier consortium performance guarantee17 242 
Other guarantees284 232 
Total guarantees$438 $1,221 
 
22
Cat Financial provides guarantees to purchase certain loans of Caterpillar dealers from a special-purpose corporation (SPC) that qualifies as a variable interest entity.  The purpose of the SPC is to provide short-term working capital loans to Caterpillar dealers.  This SPC issues commercial paper and uses the proceeds to fund its loan program. Cat Financial receives a fee for providing this guarantee.  Cat Financial is the primary beneficiary of the SPC as its guarantees result in Cat Financial having both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the SPC’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses, and therefore Cat Financial has consolidated the financial statements of the SPC.  As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the SPC’s assets of $1.09 billion and $888 million, respectively, were primarily comprised of loans to dealers, and the SPC’s liabilities of $1.09 billion and $888 million, respectively, were primarily comprised of commercial paper.  The assets of the SPC are not available to pay Cat Financial’s creditors. Cat Financial may be obligated to perform under the guarantee if the SPC experiences losses. No loss has been experienced or is anticipated under this loan purchase agreement.

We determine our product warranty liability by applying historical claim rate experience to the current field population and dealer inventory.  Generally, we base historical claim rates on actual warranty experience for each product by machine model/engine size by customer or dealer location (inside or outside North America).  We develop specific rates for each product shipment month and update them monthly based on actual warranty claim experience.  
The reconciliation of the change in our product warranty liability balances for the nine months ended September 30 was as follows:
First Nine Months
(Millions of dollars)20222021
Warranty liability, beginning of period$1,689 $1,612 
Reduction in liability (payments)(589)(638)
Increase in liability (new warranties) 562 716 
Warranty liability, end of period$1,662 $1,690 
  

12.                               Profit per share
 
Computations of profit per share:Three Months Ended September 30Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions except per share data)2022202120222021
Profit for the period (A) 1
$2,041 $1,426 $5,251 $4,369 
Determination of shares (in millions): 
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding (B)525.0544.0530.1 545.8 
Shares issuable on exercise of stock awards, net of shares assumed to be purchased out of proceeds at average market price2.63.63.14.4
Average common shares outstanding for fully diluted computation (C) 2
527.6547.6533.2 550.2 
Profit per share of common stock:  
Assuming no dilution (A/B)$3.89 $2.62 $9.91 $8.00 
Assuming full dilution (A/C) 2
$3.87 $2.60 $9.85 $7.94 
Shares outstanding as of September 30 (in millions)520.4 540.9 
1 Profit attributable to common shareholders.
2 Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, we excluded 2.1 million and 1.1 million of outstanding stock options, respectively, from the computation of diluted earnings per share because the effect would have been antidilutive.

23
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, we repurchased 7.6 million and 17.0 million shares of Caterpillar common stock, respectively, at an aggregate cost of $1.4 billion and $3.3 billion, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, we repurchased 6.6 million and 7.8 million shares of Caterpillar common stock, respectively, at an aggregate cost of $1.4 billion and $1.6 billion, respectively. We made these purchases through a combination of accelerated stock repurchase agreements with third-party financial institutions and open market transactions.

In July 2018, the Board approved a share repurchase authorization (the 2018 Authorization) of up to $10.0 billion of Caterpillar common stock effective January 1, 2019, with no expiration. In May 2022, the Board approved a new share repurchase authorization (the 2022 Authorization) of up to $15.0 billion of Caterpillar common stock effective August 1, 2022, with no expiration. Utilization of the 2022 Authorization for all share repurchases commenced on August 1, 2022, leaving approximately $70 million unutilized under the 2018 Authorization as of September 30, 2022. As of September 30, 2022, $13.7 billion remained available under the 2022 Authorization.


13.                         Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)

We present comprehensive income and its components in the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income. Changes in the balances for each component of AOCI were as follows:

24
Three Months Ended September 30Nine Months Ended September 30
(Millions of dollars)2022202120222021
Foreign currency translation:
Beginning balance$(2,282)$(1,158)$(1,508)$(910)
Gains (losses) on foreign currency translation(592)(230)(1,328)(461)
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)26 12 64 29 
Net gains (losses) on foreign currency translation(618)(242)(1,392)(490)
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings— — — — 
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)— — — — 
Net (gains) losses reclassified to earnings— — — — 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax(618)(242)(1,392)(490)
Ending balance$(2,900)$(1,400)$(2,900)$(1,400)
Pension and other postretirement benefits
Beginning balance$(64)$(47)$(62)$(32)
Current year prior service credit (cost)— — — — 
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)— — — — 
Net current year prior service credit (cost)— — — — 
Amortization of prior service (credit) cost(1)(11)(4)(31)
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)— (3)(1)(8)
Net amortization of prior service (credit) cost(1)(8)(3)(23)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax(1)(8)(3)(23)
Ending balance$(65)$(55)$(65)$(55)
Derivative financial instruments
Beginning balance$(66)$12 $(3)$— 
Gains (losses) deferred44 45 298 141 
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)35 3 71 22 
Net gains (losses) deferred9 42 227 119 
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings(296)(85)(636)(164)
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)(96)(12)(155)(26)
Net (gains) losses reclassified to earnings(200)(73)(481)(138)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax(191)(31)(254)(19)
Ending balance$(257)$(19)$(257)$(19)
Available-for-sale securities
Beginning balance$(87)$39 $20 $54 
Gains (losses) deferred(55)(4)(188)(22)
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)(11)— (37)(4)
Net gains (losses) deferred(44)(4)(151)(18)
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings— (1)— (3)
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)— — — (1)
Net (gains) losses reclassified to earnings— (1)— (2)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax(44)(5)(151)(20)
Ending balance$(131)$34 $(131)$34 
Total AOCI Ending Balance at September 30$(3,353)$(1,440)$(3,353)$(1,440)


25
14.                              Environmental and legal matters

The Company is regulated by federal, state and international environmental laws governing its use, transport and disposal of substances and control of emissions. In addition to governing our manufacturing and other operations, these laws often impact the development of our products, including, but not limited to, required compliance with air emissions standards applicable to internal combustion engines. We have made, and will continue to make, significant research and development and capital expenditures to comply with these emissions standards.

We are engaged in remedial activities at a number of locations, often with other companies, pursuant to federal and state laws. When it is probable we will pay remedial costs at a site, and those costs can be reasonably estimated, we accrue the investigation, remediation, and operating and maintenance costs against our earnings. We accrue costs based on consideration of currently available data and information with respect to each individual site, including available technologies, current applicable laws and regulations, and prior remediation experience. Where no amount within a range of estimates is more likely, we accrue the minimum. Where multiple potentially responsible parties are involved, we consider our proportionate share of the probable costs. In formulating the estimate of probable costs, we do not consider amounts expected to be recovered from insurance companies or others. We reassess these accrued amounts on a quarterly basis. The amount recorded for environmental remediation is not material and is included in Accrued expenses in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. We believe there is no more than a remote chance that a material amount for remedial activities at any individual site, or at all the sites in the aggregate, will be required.

On January 7, 2015, the Company received a grand jury subpoena from the U.S. District Court for the Central District of Illinois. The subpoena requested documents and information from the Company relating to, among other things, financial information concerning U.S. and non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries (including undistributed profits of non-U.S. subsidiaries and the movement of cash among U.S. and non-U.S. subsidiaries). The Company has received additional subpoenas relating to this investigation requesting additional documents and information relating to, among other things, the purchase and resale of replacement parts by Caterpillar Inc. and non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries, dividend distributions of certain non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries, and Caterpillar SARL (CSARL) and related structures. On March 2-3, 2017, agents with the Department of Commerce, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the Internal Revenue Service executed search and seizure warrants at three facilities of the Company in the Peoria, Illinois area, including its former corporate headquarters. The warrants identify, and agents seized, documents and information related to, among other things, the export of products from the United States, the movement of products between the United States and Switzerland, the relationship between Caterpillar Inc. and CSARL, and sales outside the United States. It is the Company’s understanding that the warrants, which concern both tax and export activities, are related to the ongoing grand jury investigation. The Company is continuing to cooperate with this investigation. The Company is unable to predict the outcome or reasonably estimate any potential loss; however, we currently believe that this matter will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

In addition, we are involved in other unresolved legal actions that arise in the normal course of business. The most prevalent of these unresolved actions involve disputes related to product design, manufacture and performance liability (including claimed asbestos exposure), contracts, employment issues, environmental matters, intellectual property rights, taxes (other than income taxes) and securities laws. The aggregate range of reasonably possible losses in excess of accrued liabilities, if any, associated with these unresolved legal actions is not material. In some cases, we cannot reasonably estimate a range of loss because there is insufficient information regarding the matter. However, we believe there is no more than a remote chance that any liability arising from these matters would be material. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of these unresolved legal actions, we believe that these actions will not individually or in the aggregate have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

15.                              Income taxes
 
The provision for income taxes for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, reflected an estimated annual tax rate of 23 percent, compared with 25 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, excluding the discrete items discussed below. The comparative tax rate for full-year 2021 was approximately 23 percent.

26
On September 8, 2022, the company reached a settlement with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) that resolves all issues for tax years 2007 through 2016, without any penalties. The company's settlement includes, among other issues, the resolution of disputed tax treatment of profits earned by Caterpillar SARL (CSARL) from certain parts transactions. We vigorously contested the IRS's application of the "substance-over-form" or "assignment-of-income" judicial doctrines and its proposed increases to tax and imposition of accuracy related penalties. The settlement does not include any increases to tax in the United States based on those judicial doctrines and does not include any penalties. The final tax assessed by the IRS for all issues under the settlement was $490 million for the ten-year period. This amount was primarily paid in the nine months ending September 30, 2022, and the associated estimated interest of $250 million is expected to be paid by the end of 2022. The settlement was within the total amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions and enables us to avoid the costs and burdens of further disputes with the IRS. As a result of the settlement, we recorded a discrete tax benefit of $41 million to reflect changes in estimates of prior years' taxes and related interest, net of tax. We are subject to the continuous examination of our income tax returns by the IRS, and tax years subsequent to 2016 are not yet under examination.

In the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the company also recorded discrete tax benefits of $49 million to reflect other changes in estimates related to prior years' U.S. taxes, compared to $36 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2021. In addition, the company recorded a discrete tax benefit of $18 million for the settlement of stock-based compensation awards with associated tax deductions in excess of cumulative U.S. GAAP compensation expense, compared with a $61 million benefit for the nine months ended September 30, 2021.


16.                              Segment information
 
A.    Basis for segment information
 
Our Executive Office is comprised of a Chief Executive Officer (CEO), four Group Presidents, a Chief Financial Officer (CFO), a Chief Legal Officer and General Counsel and a Chief Human Resources Officer. The Group Presidents and CFO are accountable for a related set of end-to-end businesses that they manage.  The Chief Legal Officer and General Counsel leads the Law, Security and Public Policy Division. The Chief Human Resources Officer leads the Human Resources Organization. The CEO allocates resources and manages performance at the Group President/CFO level.  As such, the CEO serves as our Chief Operating Decision Maker, and operating segments are primarily based on the Group President/CFO reporting structure.
 
Three of our operating segments, Construction Industries, Resource Industries and Energy & Transportation are led by Group Presidents.  One operating segment, Financial Products, is led by the CFO who also has responsibility for Corporate Services. Corporate Services is a cost center primarily responsible for the performance of certain support functions globally and to provide centralized services; it does not meet the definition of an operating segment. One Group President leads one smaller operating segment that is included in the All Other operating segment.  The Law, Security and Public Policy Division and the Human Resources Organization are cost centers and do not meet the definition of an operating segment.

Segment information for 2021 has been recast due to a methodology change related to how we assign intersegment sales and segment profit from our technology products and services to Construction Industries, Resource Industries and Energy & Transportation. This methodology change did not have a material impact on our segment results.

B.    Description of segments
 
We have five operating segments, of which four are reportable segments. Following is a brief description of our reportable segments and the business activities included in the All Other operating segment:
 
Construction Industries: A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in infrastructure and building construction applications. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes asphalt pavers; backhoe loaders; compactors; cold planers; compact track and multi-terrain loaders; mini, small, medium and large track excavators; forestry machines; material handlers; motor graders; pipelayers; road reclaimers; skid steer loaders; telehandlers; small and medium track-type tractors; track-type loaders; wheel excavators; compact, small and medium wheel loaders; and related parts and work tools. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment.

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Resource Industries:  A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in mining, heavy construction and quarry and aggregates. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes large track-type tractors; large mining trucks; hard rock vehicles; longwall miners; electric rope shovels; draglines; hydraulic shovels; rotary drills; large wheel loaders; off-highway trucks; articulated trucks; wheel tractor scrapers; wheel dozers; landfill compactors; soil compactors; select work tools; machinery components; electronics and control systems and related parts. In addition to equipment, Resource Industries also develops and sells technology products and services to provide customers fleet management, equipment management analytics, autonomous machine capabilities, safety services and mining performance solutions. Resource Industries also manages areas that provide services to other parts of the company, including strategic procurement, lean center of excellence, integrated manufacturing, research and development for hydraulic systems, automation, electronics and software for Cat machines and engines. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment.

Energy & Transportation:  A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using reciprocating engines, turbines, diesel-electric locomotives and related services across industries serving Oil and Gas, Power Generation, Industrial and Transportation applications, including marine- and rail-related businesses. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management, development and testing manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product and services portfolio includes turbines, centrifugal gas compressors, and turbine-related services; reciprocating engine-powered generator sets; integrated systems and solutions used in the electric power generation industry; reciprocating engines, drivetrain and integrated systems and solutions for the marine and oil and gas industries; reciprocating engines, drivetrain and integrated systems and solutions supplied to the industrial industry as well as Cat machinery; electrified powertrain and zero-emission power sources and service solutions development; and diesel-electric locomotives and components and other rail-related products and services, including remanufacturing and leasing. Responsibilities also include the remanufacturing of Caterpillar reciprocating engines and components and remanufacturing services for other companies; and product support of on-highway vocational trucks for North America. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment.
 
Financial Products Segment:  Provides financing alternatives to customers and dealers around the world for Caterpillar products and services, as well as financing for vehicles, power generation facilities and marine vessels that, in most cases, incorporate Caterpillar products. Financing plans include operating and finance leases, installment sale contracts, repair/rebuild financing, working capital loans and wholesale financing plans. The segment also provides insurance and risk management products and services that help customers and dealers manage their business risk. Insurance and risk management products offered include physical damage insurance, inventory protection plans, extended service coverage and maintenance plans for machines and engines, and dealer property and casualty insurance. The various forms of financing, insurance and risk management products offered to customers and dealers help support the purchase and lease of Caterpillar equipment. The segment also earns revenues from ME&T, but the related costs are not allocated to operating segments. Financial Products’ segment profit is determined on a pretax basis and includes other income/expense items.
 
All Other operating segment:  Primarily includes activities such as: business strategy; product management and development; manufacturing and sourcing of filters and fluids, undercarriage, ground-engaging tools, fluid transfer products, precision seals, rubber sealing and connecting components primarily for Cat® products; parts distribution; integrated logistics solutions; distribution services responsible for dealer development and administration, including a wholly owned dealer in Japan; dealer portfolio management and ensuring the most efficient and effective distribution of machines, engines and parts; brand management and marketing strategy; and digital investments for new customer and dealer solutions that integrate data analytics with state-of-the-art digital technologies while transforming the buying experience. Results for the All Other operating segment are included as a reconciling item between reportable segments and consolidated external reporting.
 
C.    Segment measurement and reconciliations
 
There are several methodology differences between our segment reporting and our external reporting.  The following is a list of the more significant methodology differences:
 
•ME&T segment net assets generally include inventories, receivables, property, plant and equipment, goodwill, intangibles, accounts payable and customer advances. We generally manage at the corporate level liabilities other than accounts payable and customer advances, and we do not include these in segment operations.  Financial Products Segment assets generally include all categories of assets.
 
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•We value segment inventories and cost of sales using a current cost methodology.

•We amortize goodwill allocated to segments using a fixed amount based on a 20-year useful life.  This methodology difference only impacts segment assets. We do not include goodwill amortization expense in segment profit. In addition, we have allocated to segments only a portion of goodwill for certain acquisitions made in 2011 or later.

•We generally manage currency exposures for ME&T at the corporate level and do not include in segment profit the effects of changes in exchange rates on results of operations within the year.  We report the net difference created in the translation of revenues and costs between exchange rates used for U.S. GAAP reporting and exchange rates used for segment reporting as a methodology difference.

•We do not include stock-based compensation expense in segment profit.

•Postretirement benefit expenses are split; segments are generally responsible for service costs, with the remaining elements of net periodic benefit cost included as a methodology difference.

•We determine ME&T segment profit on a pretax basis and exclude interest expense and most other income/expense items.  We determine Financial Products Segment profit on a pretax basis and include other income/expense items.
Reconciling items are created based on accounting differences between segment reporting and our consolidated external reporting. Please refer to pages 30 to 33 for financial information regarding significant reconciling items.  Most of our reconciling items are self-explanatory given the above explanations.  For the reconciliation of profit, we have grouped the reconciling items as follows:
 
•Corporate costs:  These costs are related to corporate requirements primarily for compliance and legal functions for the benefit of the entire organization.

•Restructuring costs: May include costs for employee separation, long-lived asset impairments and contract terminations. These costs are included in Other operating (income) expenses except for defined-benefit plan curtailment losses and special termination benefits, which are included in Other income (expense). Restructuring costs also include other exit-related costs, which may consist of accelerated depreciation, inventory write-downs, building demolition, equipment relocation and project management costs and LIFO inventory decrement benefits from inventory liquidations at closed facilities, all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold. See Note 20 for more information.

•Methodology differences:  See previous discussion of significant accounting differences between segment reporting and consolidated external reporting.

•Timing:   Timing differences in the recognition of costs between segment reporting and consolidated external reporting. For example, we report certain costs on the cash basis for segment reporting and the accrual basis for consolidated external reporting.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, sales and revenues by geographic region reconciled to consolidated sales and revenues were as follows:
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Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region
(Millions of dollars)
North
 America
Latin
 America
EAME
Asia/
 Pacific
External Sales and RevenuesIntersegment Sales and RevenuesTotal Sales and Revenues
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022    
Construction Industries$3,106 $799 $1,247 $1,084 $6,236 $40 $6,276 
Resource Industries1,122 472 526 893 3,013 74 3,087 
Energy & Transportation2,422 468 1,280 827 4,997 1,189 6,186 
Financial Products Segment522 90 100 107 819 
1
— 819 
Total sales and revenues from reportable segments7,172 1,829 3,153 2,911 15,065 1,303 16,368 
All Other operating segment16 — 4 15 35 68 103 
Corporate Items and Eliminations(53)(20)(12)(21)(106)(1,371)(1,477)
Total Sales and Revenues$7,135 $1,809 $3,145 $2,905 $14,994 $— $14,994 
Three Months Ended September 30, 2021    
Construction Industries$2,417 $528 $1,240 $1,076 $5,261 $(6)$5,255 
Resource Industries674 417 456 744 2,291 75 2,366 
Energy & Transportation1,924 329 1,144 744 4,141 936 5,077 
Financial Products Segment478 68 105 111 762 
1
— 762 
Total sales and revenues from reportable segments5,493 1,342 2,945 2,675 12,455 1,005 13,460 
All Other operating segment18 — 3 14 35 84 119 
Corporate Items and Eliminations(56)(13)(9)(15)(93)(1,089)(1,182)
Total Sales and Revenues$5,455 $1,329 $2,939 $2,674 $12,397 $— $12,397 
1 Includes revenues from Construction Industries, Resource Industries, Energy & Transportation and All Other operating segment of $124 million and $87 million in the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region
(Millions of dollars)
North
 America
Latin
 America
EAME
Asia/
 Pacific
External Sales and RevenuesIntersegment Sales and RevenuesTotal Sales and Revenues
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022    
Construction Industries$8,832 $2,061 $3,726 $3,694 $18,313 $111 $18,424 
Resource Industries3,167 1,337 1,609 2,554 8,667 211 8,878 
Energy & Transportation6,637 1,160 3,679 2,193 13,669 3,260 16,929 
Financial Products Segment1,530 250 293 327 2,400 
1
— 2,400 
Total sales and revenues from reportable segments20,166 4,808 9,307 8,768 43,049 3,582 46,631 
All Other operating segment52 — 14 46 112 227 339 
Corporate Items and Eliminations(175)(59)(33)(64)(331)(3,809)(4,140)
Total Sales and Revenues$20,043 $4,749 $9,288 $8,750 $42,830 $— $42,830 
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021    
Construction Industries$7,041 $1,350 $3,612 $4,302 $16,305 $65 $16,370 
Resource Industries2,130 1,309 1,455 1,965 6,859 232 7,091 
Energy & Transportation5,698 835 3,433 1,953 11,919 2,640 14,559 
Financial Products Segment1,442 195 301 359 2,297 
1
— 2,297 
Total sales and revenues from reportable segments16,311 3,689 8,801 8,579 37,380 2,937 40,317 
All Other operating segment42 1 10 54 107 270 377 
Corporate Items and Eliminations(188)(36)(27)(63)(314)(3,207)(3,521)
Total Sales and Revenues$16,165 $3,654 $8,784 $8,570 $37,173 $— $37,173 
1 Includes revenues from Construction Industries, Resource Industries, Energy & Transportation and All Other operating segment of $332 million and $263 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
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For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, Energy & Transportation segment sales by end user application were as follows:
Energy & Transportation External Sales
Three Months Ended September 30Nine Months Ended September 30
(Millions of dollars)2022202120222021
Oil and gas$1,323 $1,088 $3,503 $3,140 
Power generation1,320 1,010 3,518 3,025 
Industrial1,158 948 3,295 2,660 
Transportation1,196 1,095 3,353 3,094 
Energy & Transportation External Sales$4,997 $4,141 $13,669 $11,919 


Reconciliation of Consolidated profit before taxes:  
(Millions of dollars)Three Months Ended September 30Nine Months Ended September 30
2022202120222021
Profit from reportable segments:
Construction Industries$1,209 $866 $3,255 $2,937 
Resource Industries506 280 1,222 941 
Energy & Transportation935 706 2,132 2,119 
Financial Products Segment220 173 675 660 
Total profit from reportable segments2,870 2,025 7,284 6,657 
Profit from All Other operating segment8 5 42 (2)
Cost centers(37)19 1 51 
Corporate costs(168)(189)(670)(576)
Timing(84)(40)(129)(230)
Restructuring costs(49)(35)(90)(124)
Methodology differences:
Inventory/cost of sales138 73 407 80 
Postretirement benefit expense82 116 293 270 
Stock-based compensation expense(55)(58)(162)(169)
Financing costs(75)(103)(269)(342)
Currency53 19 315 255 
Other income/expense methodology differences(109)(80)(287)(201)
Other methodology differences(16)23 (82)(27)
Total consolidated profit before taxes$2,558 $1,775 $6,653 $5,642 

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Reconciliation of Assets:
(Millions of dollars)September 30, 2022December 31, 2021
Assets from reportable segments:
Construction Industries$5,439 $4,547 
Resource Industries5,841 5,962 
Energy & Transportation9,394 9,253 
Financial Products Segment33,982 34,860 
Total assets from reportable segments54,656 54,622 
Assets from All Other operating segment1,729 1,678 
Items not included in segment assets:  
Cash and cash equivalents5,403 8,428 
Deferred income taxes2,112 1,735 
Goodwill and intangible assets4,681 4,859 
Property, plant and equipment – net and other assets3,714 4,056 
Inventory methodology differences(2,833)(2,656)
Liabilities included in segment assets11,973 10,777 
Other(528)(706)
Total assets$80,907 $82,793 


Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization:
(Millions of dollars)
Three Months Ended September 30Nine Months Ended September 30
2022202120222021
Depreciation and amortization from reportable segments:
   Construction Industries$57 $60 $172 $178 
   Resource Industries92 101 275 301 
   Energy & Transportation136 144 405 428 
   Financial Products Segment183 195 556 582 
Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments468 500 1,408 1,489 
Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization:
All Other operating segment56 59 172 181 
Cost centers20 24 63 74 
Other7 10 18 22 
Total depreciation and amortization$551 $593 $1,661 $1,766 

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Reconciliation of Capital expenditures:    
(Millions of dollars)
Three Months Ended September 30Nine Months Ended September 30
2022202120222021
Capital expenditures from reportable segments:
Construction Industries$74 $56 $149 $120 
Resource Industries65 44 129 101 
Energy & Transportation167 115 444 339 
Financial Products Segment295 311 870 900 
Total capital expenditures from reportable segments601 526 1,592 1,460 
Items not included in segment capital expenditures:
All Other operating segment54 59 116 106 
Cost centers16 15 41 34 
Timing(35)(13)173 96 
Other(19)— (31)(9)
Total capital expenditures$617 $587 $1,891 $1,687 

17.                             Cat Financial financing activities
 
Allowance for credit losses

Portfolio segments
A portfolio segment is the level at which Cat Financial develops a systematic methodology for determining its allowance for credit losses. Cat Financial's portfolio segments and related methods for estimating expected credit losses are as follows:

Customer
Cat Financial provides loans and finance leases to end-user customers primarily for the purpose of financing new and used Caterpillar machinery, engines and equipment for commercial use, the majority of which operate in construction-related industries. Cat Financial also provides financing for vehicles, power generation facilities and marine vessels that, in most cases, incorporate Caterpillar products. The average original term of Cat Financial's customer finance receivable portfolio was approximately 50 months with an average remaining term of approximately 26 months as of September 30, 2022.

Cat Financial typically maintains a security interest in financed equipment and requires physical damage insurance coverage on the financed equipment, both of which provide Cat Financial with certain rights and protections. If Cat Financial's collection efforts fail to bring a defaulted account current, Cat Financial generally can repossess the financed equipment, after satisfying local legal requirements, and sell it within the Caterpillar dealer network or through third-party auctions.

Cat Financial estimates the allowance for credit losses related to its customer finance receivables based on loss forecast models utilizing probabilities of default and the estimated loss given default based on past loss experience adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts capturing country and industry-specific economic factors.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, Cat Financial's forecasts for the markets in which it operates reflected a continuation of the trend of relatively low unemployment rates and delinquencies. However, high inflation rates and consequent central bank actions are weakening global economic growth. The company believes the economic forecasts employed represent reasonable and supportable forecasts, followed by a reversion to long-term trends.

Dealer
Cat Financial provides financing to Caterpillar dealers in the form of wholesale financing plans. Cat Financial's wholesale financing plans provide assistance to dealers by financing their mostly new Caterpillar equipment inventory and rental fleets on a secured and unsecured basis. In addition, Cat Financial provides a variety of secured and unsecured loans to Caterpillar dealers.
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Cat Financial estimates the allowance for credit losses for dealer finance receivables based on historical loss rates with consideration of current economic conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

In general, Cat Financial's Dealer portfolio segment has not historically experienced large increases or decreases in credit losses based on changes in economic conditions due to its close working relationships with the dealers and their financial strength. Therefore, Cat Financial made no adjustments to historical loss rates during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Classes of finance receivables
Cat Financial further evaluates portfolio segments by the class of finance receivables, which is defined as a level of information (below a portfolio segment) in which the finance receivables have the same initial measurement attribute and a similar method for assessing and monitoring credit risk. Cat Financial's classes, which align with management reporting for credit losses, are as follows:

•North America - Finance receivables originated in the United States and Canada.
•EAME - Finance receivables originated in Europe, Africa, the Middle East and the Commonwealth of Independent States.
•Asia/Pacific - Finance receivables originated in Australia, New Zealand, China, Japan, Southeast Asia and India.
•Mining - Finance receivables related to large mining customers worldwide.
•Latin America - Finance receivables originated in Mexico and Central and South American countries.
•Caterpillar Power Finance - Finance receivables originated worldwide related to marine vessels with Caterpillar engines and Caterpillar electrical power generation, gas compression and co-generation systems and non-Caterpillar equipment that is powered by these systems.

Receivable balances, including accrued interest, are written off against the allowance for credit losses when, in the judgment of management, they are considered uncollectible (generally upon repossession of the collateral). The amount of the write-off is determined by comparing the fair value of the collateral, less cost to sell, to the amortized cost. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance for credit losses when received.

An analysis of the allowance for credit losses was as follows:
   
 (Millions of dollars)Three Months Ended September 30, 2022Three Months Ended September 30, 2021
CustomerDealerTotalCustomerDealerTotal
Beginning balance$290 $82 $372 $354 $44 $398 
Write-offs(30)— (30)(91)— (91)
Recoveries17 — 17 15 — 15 
Provision for credit losses 1
(2)(17)(19)17 38 55 
Other(5)— (5)(3)— (3)
Ending balance$270 $65 $335 $292 $82 $374 
   
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
Allowance for Credit Losses:CustomerDealerTotalCustomerDealerTotal
Beginning balance$251 $82 $333 $431 $44 $475 
Write-offs(68)— (68)(193)— (193)
Recoveries47 — 47 39 — 39 
Provision for credit losses 1
46 (17)29 20 38 58 
Other(6)— (6)(5)— (5)
Ending balance$270 $65 $335 $292 $82 $374 
Finance Receivables$19,363 $1,737 $21,100 $19,967 $1,931 $21,898 
1 Excludes provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments and other miscellaneous receivables.

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Credit quality of finance receivables
At origination, Cat Financial evaluates credit risk based on a variety of credit quality factors including prior payment experience, customer financial information, credit ratings, loan-to-value ratios, probabilities of default, industry trends, macroeconomic factors and other internal metrics. On an ongoing basis, Cat Financial monitors credit quality based on past-due status as there is a meaningful correlation between the past-due status of customers and the risk of loss. In determining past-due status, Cat Financial considers the entire finance receivable past due when any installment is over 30 days past due.
Customer
The tables below summarize the aging category of Cat Financial's amortized cost of finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment by origination year:


35
      
 (Millions of dollars)September 30, 2022
20222021202020192018PriorRevolving
Finance
Receivables 		Total Finance Receivables
North America      
Current$3,151 $3,632 $1,765 $811 $289 $64 $233 $9,945 
31-60 days past due18 25 19 13 6 2 4 87 
61-90 days past due5 9 4 2 1 1 2 24 
91+ days past due5 16 13 8 5 5 5 57 
EAME
Current873 1,014 511 309 179 81 — 2,967 
31-60 days past due6 12 5 4 — — — 27 
61-90 days past due2 4 5 1 1 — — 13 
91+ days past due3 21 11 5 2 1 — 43 
Asia/Pacific
Current805 765 385 95 23 4 — 2,077 
31-60 days past due5 13 11 2 1 — — 32 
61-90 days past due1 6 6 2 — — — 15 
91+ days past due1 8 6 6 1 — — 22 
Mining
Current568 625 240 203 117 112 79 1,944 
31-60 days past due— — — — — — — — 
61-90 days past due— — — — — 3 — 3 
91+ days past due— — 1 — 3 1 — 5 
Latin America
Current584 443 176 86 24 14 — 1,327 
31-60 days past due5 9 5 2 12 — — 33 
61-90 days past due4 4 2 1 — — — 11 
91+ days past due— 14 14 5 4 17 — 54 
Caterpillar Power Finance
Current40 91 145 75 30 170 118 669 
31-60 days past due— — — — — — — — 
61-90 days past due— — — — — — — — 
91+ days past due— — — — — 8 — 8 
Totals by Aging Category
Current$6,021 $6,570 $3,222 $1,579 $662 $445 $430 $18,929 
31-60 days past due34 59 40 21 19 2 4 179 
61-90 days past due12 23 17 6 2 4 2 66 
91+ days past due9 59 45 24 15 32 5 189 
Total Customer$6,076 $6,711 $3,324 $1,630 $698 $483 $441 $19,363 

36
      
 (Millions of dollars)December 31, 2021
20212020201920182017PriorRevolving
Finance
Receivables 		Total Finance Receivables
North America      
Current$4,792 $2,596 $1,426 $630 $182 $32 $182 $9,840 
31-60 days past due27 32 20 12 4 1 5 101 
61-90 days past due7 8 5 3 1 1 5 30 
91+ days past due9 17 12 13 5 4 5 65 
EAME
Current1,499 836 577 352 140 26 — 3,430 
31-60 days past due5 4 3 1 1 — — 14 
61-90 days past due3 3 3 1 — — — 10 
91+ days past due3 11 2 2 — 2 — 20 
Asia/Pacific
Current1,271 803 307 71 16 2 — 2,470 
31-60 days past due10 14 10 2 — — — 36 
61-90 days past due3 7 4 1 — — — 15 
91+ days past due2 10 10 3 — — — 25 
Mining
Current851 347 307 193 36 161 36 1,931 
31-60 days past due6 — — — — — — 6 
61-90 days past due1 — — — 4 — — 5 
91+ days past due— 1 8 9 3 1 — 22 
Latin America
Current617 299 160 70 17 18 — 1,181 
31-60 days past due4 7 3 3 1 — — 18 
61-90 days past due3 3 1 1 — — — 8 
91+ days past due4 9 9 7 7 14 — 50 
Caterpillar Power Finance
Current117 145 97 70 180 104 101 814 
31-60 days past due— — — — — — — — 
61-90 days past due— — — — — — — — 
91+ days past due— — — — — 44 — 44 
Totals by Aging Category
Current$9,147 $5,026 $2,874 $1,386 $571 $343 $319 $19,666 
31-60 days past due52 57 36 18 6 1 5 175 
61-90 days past due17 21 13 6 5 1 5 68 
91+ days past due18 48 41 34 15 65 5 226 
Total Customer$9,234 $5,152 $2,964 $1,444 $597 $410 $334 $20,135 

Finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment are substantially secured by collateral, primarily in the form of Caterpillar and other machinery. For those contracts where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, repayment of the outstanding amounts is generally expected to be provided through the operation or repossession and sale of the machinery.




37
Dealer

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, Cat Financial's total amortized cost of finance receivables within the Dealer portfolio segment was current, with the exception of $58 million and $78 million, respectively, that were 91+ days past due in Latin America, all of which were originated in 2017.


Non-accrual finance receivables

Recognition of income is suspended and the finance receivable is placed on non-accrual status when management determines that collection of future income is not probable. Contracts on non-accrual status are generally more than 120 days past due or have been restructured in a troubled debt restructuring (TDR). Recognition is resumed and previously suspended income is recognized when collection is considered probable. Payments received while the finance receivable is on non-accrual status are applied to interest and principal in accordance with the contractual terms. Interest earned but uncollected prior to the receivable being placed on non-accrual status is written off through Provision for credit losses when, in the judgment of management, it is considered uncollectible.

In Cat Financial's Customer portfolio segment, finance receivables which were on non-accrual status and finance receivables over 90 days past due and still accruing income were as follows:
   
September 30, 2022December 31, 2021
 Amortized CostAmortized Cost
 (Millions of dollars)
Non-accrual
With an
Allowance		Non-accrual
Without an
Allowance		91+ Still
Accruing		Non-accrual
With an
Allowance		Non-accrual
Without an
Allowance		91+ Still
Accruing
   
North America$54 $5 $10 $47 $9 $12 
EAME42 — 4 18 1 2 
Asia/Pacific15 — 7 19 — 7 
Mining6 1 — 8 1 14 
Latin America57 — — 52 4 1 
Caterpillar Power Finance9 11 — 40 11 — 
Total$183 $17 $21 $184 $26 $36 

There was $2 million and $1 million of interest income recognized during the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, for customer finance receivables on non-accrual status. There was $11 million and $9 million of interest income recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, for customer finance receivables on non-accrual status.

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, finance receivables in Cat Financial's Dealer portfolio segment on non-accrual status were $58 million and $78 million, respectively, all of which was in Latin America. There were no finance receivables in Cat Financial's Dealer portfolio segment more than 90 days past due and still accruing income as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 and no interest income was recognized on dealer finance receivables on non-accrual status during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.


Troubled debt restructurings

A restructuring of a finance receivable constitutes a TDR when the lender grants a concession it would not otherwise consider to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties. Concessions granted may include extended contract maturities, inclusion of interest only periods, below market interest rates, payment deferrals and reduction of principal and/or accrued interest. Cat Financial individually evaluates TDR contracts and establishes an allowance based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the receivable's effective interest rate, the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent receivables or the observable market price of the receivable.

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There were no finance receivables modified as TDRs during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 for the Dealer portfolio segment. Cat Financial’s finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment modified as TDRs were as follows:
  
(Millions of dollars)Three Months Ended September 30, 2022Three Months Ended September 30, 2021
Pre-TDR
Amortized Cost		Post-TDR
Amortized Cost		Pre-TDR
Amortized Cost		Post-TDR
Amortized Cost
Customer   
North America$3 $3 $1 $1 
EAME— — 1 1 
Asia/Pacific— — 4 4 
Mining15 15 — — 
Latin America— — 4 4 
Caterpillar Power Finance
11 11 7 3 
Total$29 $29 $17 $13 
 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
 Pre-TDR
Amortized Cost		Post-TDR
Amortized Cost		Pre-TDR
Amortized Cost		Post-TDR
Amortized Cost
North America$4 $4 $5 $5 
EAME1 1 1 1 
Asia/Pacific— — 4 4 
Mining15 15 11 5 
Latin America— — 10 10 
Caterpillar Power Finance20 19 23 19 
Total 
$40 $39 $54 $44 

The Post-TDR amortized costs in the Customer portfolio segment with a payment default (defined as 91+ days past due) which had been modified within twelve months prior to the default date, were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)Three Months Ended September 30Nine Months Ended September 30
Customer2022202120222021
North America$— $— $— $1 
Asia/Pacific— — — 6 
Mining— — 5 — 
Latin America— — — 15 
Caterpillar Power Finance— — — 5 
Total$— $— $5 $27 


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18.                              Fair value disclosures
 
    A. Fair value measurements
 
The guidance on fair value measurements defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants.  This guidance also specifies a fair value hierarchy based upon the observability of inputs used in valuation techniques.  Observable inputs (highest level) reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs (lowest level) reflect internally developed market assumptions.  In accordance with this guidance, fair value measurements are classified under the following hierarchy:
 
•Level 1 – Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.

•Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs or significant value-drivers are observable in active markets.

•Level 3 – Model-derived valuations in which one or more significant inputs or significant value-drivers are unobservable.

When available, we use quoted market prices to determine fair value, and we classify such measurements within Level 1.  In some cases where market prices are not available, we make use of observable market based inputs to calculate fair value, in which case the measurements are classified within Level 2.  If quoted or observable market prices are not available, fair value is based upon valuations in which one or more significant inputs are unobservable, including internally developed models that use, where possible, current market-based parameters such as interest rates, yield curves and currency rates.  These measurements are classified within Level 3.
 
We classify fair value measurements according to the lowest level input or value-driver that is significant to the valuation.  We may therefore classify a measurement within Level 3 even though there may be significant inputs that are readily observable.

Fair value measurement includes the consideration of nonperformance risk.  Nonperformance risk refers to the risk that an obligation (either by a counterparty or Caterpillar) will not be fulfilled.  For financial assets traded in an active market (Level 1 and certain Level 2), the nonperformance risk is included in the market price.  For certain other financial assets and liabilities (certain Level 2 and Level 3), our fair value calculations have been adjusted accordingly.
 
Investments in debt and equity securities
We have investments in certain debt and equity securities that are recorded at fair value.  Fair values for our U.S. treasury bonds and large capitalization value and smaller company growth equity securities are based upon valuations for identical instruments in active markets.  Fair values for other government debt securities, corporate debt securities and mortgage-backed debt securities are based upon models that take into consideration such market-based factors as recent sales, risk-free yield curves and prices of similarly rated bonds.

We also have investments in time deposits classified as held-to-maturity debt securities. The fair value of these investments is based upon valuations observed in less active markets than Level 1. These investments have a maturity of less than one year and are recorded at amortized costs, which approximate fair value.

In addition, Insurance Services has an equity investment in a real estate investment trust (REIT) which is recorded at fair value based on the net asset value (NAV) of the investment and is not classified within the fair value hierarchy.

See Note 8 for additional information on our investments in debt and equity securities.

Derivative financial instruments
The fair value of interest rate contracts is primarily based on a standard industry accepted valuation model that utilizes the appropriate market-based forward swap curves and zero-coupon interest rates to determine discounted cash flows.  The fair value of foreign currency and commodity forward, option and cross currency contracts is based on standard industry accepted valuation models that discount cash flows resulting from the differential between the contract price and the market-based forward rate.

40
See Note 5 for additional information.

Assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis at fair value included in our Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were as follows:
September 30, 2022
 (Millions of dollars)
Level 1Level 2Level 3Measured at NAVTotal
Assets / Liabilities,
at Fair Value
Assets    
Debt securities    
Government debt securities    
U.S. treasury bonds$10 $— $— $— $10 
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds— 49 — — 49 
Corporate debt securities    
Corporate bonds and other debt securities— 1,998 50 — 2,048 
Asset-backed securities— 180 — — 180 
Mortgage-backed debt securities    
U.S. governmental agency— 348 — — 348 
Residential— 3 — — 3 
Commercial— 129 — — 129 
Total debt securities10 2,707 50 — 2,767 
Equity securities    
Large capitalization value183 — — — 183 
Smaller company growth40 — — — 40 
REIT— — — 208 208 
Total equity securities223 — — 208 431 
Derivative financial instruments - assets
Foreign currency contracts - net— 338 — — 338 
Total assets$233 $3,045 $50 $208 $3,536 
Liabilities    
Derivative financial instruments - liabilities
Interest rate contracts - net$— $208 $— $— $208 
Commodity contracts - net— 34 — — 34 
Total liabilities$— $242 $— $— $242 
 
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December 31, 2021
 (Millions of dollars)
Level 1Level 2Level 3Measured at NAVTotal
Assets / Liabilities,
at Fair Value
Assets    
Debt securities    
Government debt securities    
U.S. treasury bonds$10 $— $— $— $10 
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds— 61 — — 61 
Corporate debt securities    
Corporate bonds and other debt securities— 1,046 — — 1,046 
Asset-backed securities— 176 — — 176 
Mortgage-backed debt securities   
U.S. governmental agency— 325 — — 325 
Residential— 4 — — 4 
Commercial— 99 — — 99 
Total debt securities10 1,711 — — 1,721 
Equity securities    
Large capitalization value217 — — — 217 
Smaller company growth98 — — — 98 
REIT— — — 167 167 
Total equity securities315 — — 167 482 
Derivative financial instruments - assets
Foreign currency contracts - net— 168 — — 168 
Interest rate contracts - net— 23 — — 23 
Commodity contracts - net— 21 — — 21 
Total Assets$325 $1,923 $— $167 $2,415 

In addition to the amounts above, certain Cat Financial loans are subject to measurement at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and are classified as Level 3 measurements. A loan is measured at fair value when management determines that collection of contractual amounts due is not probable and the loan is individually evaluated.  In these cases, an allowance for credit losses may be established based either on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the receivables’ effective interest rate, the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent receivables, or the observable market price of the receivable.  In determining collateral value, Cat Financial estimates the current fair market value of the collateral less selling costs. Cat Financial had loans carried at fair value of $90 million and $100 million as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.  
 
    B. Fair values of financial instruments
 
In addition to the methods and assumptions we use to record the fair value of financial instruments as discussed in the Fair value measurements section above, we use the following methods and assumptions to estimate the fair value of our financial instruments:

Cash and cash equivalents
Carrying amount approximates fair value. We classify cash and cash equivalents as Level 1. See Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.
 
Restricted cash and short-term investments
Carrying amount approximates fair value.  We include restricted cash and short-term investments in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. We classify these instruments as Level 1 except for time deposits which are Level 2, and certain corporate debt securities which are Level 3. See Note 8 for additional information.
 
Finance receivables
We estimate fair value by discounting the future cash flows using current rates, representative of receivables with similar remaining maturities.
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Wholesale inventory receivables
We estimate fair value by discounting the future cash flows using current rates, representative of receivables with similar remaining maturities.
 
Short-term borrowings
Carrying amount approximates fair value. We classify short-term borrowings as Level 1. See Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.
 
Long-term debt
We estimate fair value for fixed and floating rate debt based on quoted market prices.

Guarantees
The fair value of guarantees is based upon our estimate of the premium a market participant would require to issue the same guarantee in a stand-alone arms-length transaction with an unrelated party. If quoted or observable market prices are not available, fair value is based upon internally developed models that utilize current market-based assumptions. We classify guarantees as Level 3. See Note 11 for additional information.

Our financial instruments not carried at fair value were as follows:
 
 September 30, 2022December 31, 2021 
(Millions of dollars)
Carrying
 Amount
Fair
 Value
Carrying
 Amount
Fair
 Value
Fair Value LevelsReference
Assets     
Finance receivables – net (excluding finance leases 1 )
$13,931 $13,356 $13,837 $13,836 3Note 17
Wholesale inventory receivables – net (excluding finance leases 1)
768 724 773 753 3
Liabilities     
Long-term debt (including amounts due within one year)
    
Machinery, Energy & Transportation9,599 9,072 9,791 12,420 2 
Financial Products22,724 21,886 22,594 22,797 2 

1    Represents finance leases and failed sale leasebacks of $7,083 million and $8,083 million at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.


19.                         Other income (expense)
 Three Months Ended September 30Nine Months Ended September 30
(Millions of dollars)2022202120222021
Investment and interest income$52 $20 $98 $64 
Foreign exchange gains (losses) 1
134 47 405 110 
License fee income37 31 106 88 
Net periodic pension and OPEB income (cost), excluding service cost67 111 201 333 
Gains (losses) on securities— 50 (59)92 
Miscellaneous income (loss)(48)(34)4 64 
Total$242 $225 $755 $751 

1 Includes gains (losses) from foreign exchange derivative contracts. See Note 5 for further details.


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20.                              Restructuring costs

Our accounting for employee separations is dependent upon how the particular program is designed. For voluntary programs, we recognize eligible separation costs at the time of employee acceptance unless the acceptance requires explicit approval by the company. For involuntary programs, we recognize eligible costs when management has approved the program, the affected employees have been properly notified and the costs are estimable.

Restructuring costs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:
(Millions of dollars)Three Months Ended September 30Nine Months Ended September 30
2022202120222021
Employee separations 1
$39 $17 $62 $79 
Contract terminations 1
1 1 1 1 
Long-lived asset impairments 1
(4)8 1 12 
Other 2
13 9 26 32 
Total restructuring costs$49 $35 $90 $124 
1 Recognized in Other operating (income) expenses.
2 Represents costs related to our restructuring programs, primarily for accelerated depreciation, equipment relocation, inventory write-downs and project management, all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold.

For both the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the restructuring costs were primarily related to actions across the company including strategic actions to address a small number of products.

In 2022 and 2021, all restructuring costs are excluded from segment profit.
The following table summarizes the 2022 and 2021 employee separation activity:
(Millions of dollars)Nine Months Ended September 30
20222021
Liability balance, beginning of period$61 $164 
Increase in liability (separation charges)62 79 
Reduction in liability (payments)(63)(159)
Liability balance, end of period$60 $84 

Most of the liability balance at September 30, 2022 is expected to be paid in 2022 and 2023.
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Item 2.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) is intended to provide information that will assist the reader in understanding the company’s Consolidated Financial Statements, the changes in certain key items in those financial statements between select periods and the primary factors that accounted for those changes. In addition, we discuss how certain accounting principles, policies and critical estimates affect our Consolidated Financial Statements. Our discussion also contains certain forward-looking statements related to future events and expectations as well as a discussion of the many factors that we believe may have an impact on our business on an ongoing basis. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with our discussion of cautionary statements and significant risks to the company’s business under Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors of the 2021 Form 10-K.
Highlights for the third quarter of 2022 include:
•Total sales and revenues for the third quarter of 2022 were $14.994 billion, an increase of $2.597 billion, or 21 percent, compared with $12.397 billion in the third quarter of 2021. Sales were higher across the three primary segments.
•Operating profit margin was 16.2 percent for the third quarter of 2022, compared with 13.4 percent for the third quarter of 2021. Adjusted operating profit margin was 16.5 percent for the third quarter of 2022, compared with 13.7 percent for the third quarter of 2021.
•Third-quarter 2022 profit per share was $3.87, and excluding the items in the table below, adjusted profit per share was $3.95. Third-quarter 2021 profit per share was $2.60 and, excluding the items in the table below, adjusted profit per share was $2.66.
•Caterpillar ended the third quarter of 2022 with $6.3 billion of enterprise cash.
Highlights for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 include:
•Total sales and revenues were $42.830 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, an increase of $5.657 billion, or 15 percent, compared with $37.173 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2021.
•Operating profit margin was 14.5 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared with 14.2 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Adjusted operating profit margin was 14.7 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared with 14.5 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2021.
•Profit per share for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, was $9.85 and, excluding the items in the table below, adjusted profit per share was $9.99. Profit per share for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, was $7.94, and excluding the items in the table below, adjusted profit per share was $8.13.
•Enterprise operating cash flow was $5.0 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.
•In order for our results to be more meaningful to our readers, we have separately quantified the impact of several significant items. A detailed reconciliation of GAAP to non-GAAP financial measures is included on page 65.
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022Three Months Ended September 30, 2021Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
(Dollars in millions except per share data)Profit Before TaxesProfit
Per Share		Profit Before TaxesProfit
Per Share		Profit Before TaxesProfit
Per Share		Profit Before TaxesProfit
Per Share
Profit$2,558 $3.87 $1,775 $2.60 $6,653 $9.85 $5,642 $7.94 
Restructuring costs49 0.08 35 0.06 90 0.14 124 0.19 
Adjusted profit$2,607 $3.95 $1,810 $2.66 $6,743 $9.99 $5,766 $8.13 
Overview
Total sales and revenues for the third quarter of 2022 were $14.994 billion, an increase of $2.597 billion, or 21 percent, compared with $12.397 billion in the third quarter of 2021. The increase was due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts primarily related to the euro, Japanese yen and Australian dollar. The increase in sales volume was driven by the impact from changes in dealer inventories, higher sales of equipment to end users and higher services. Dealers increased inventories by $700 million during the third quarter of 2022, compared with a decrease of $300 million during the third quarter of 2021. Sales were higher across the three primary segments.
Third-quarter 2022 profit per share was $3.87, compared with $2.60 profit per share in the third quarter of 2021. Profit per share for both quarters included restructuring costs. Profit for the third quarter of 2022 was $2.041 billion, an increase of $615 million, or 43%, compared with $1.426 billion for the third quarter of 2021. The increase was primarily due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by unfavorable manufacturing costs and higher selling, general and administrative (SG&A) and research and development (R&D) expenses. Unfavorable manufacturing costs largely reflected higher material costs, freight and the impact of manufacturing inefficiencies. SG&A/R&D expenses increased primarily due to investments aligned with the company's strategy for profitable growth and higher short-term incentive compensation expense.
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Global Business Conditions:
We continue to monitor a variety of external factors around the world, such as supply chain disruptions, inflationary cost and labor pressures. Areas of particular focus include certain components, transportation and raw materials. Transportation shortages have resulted in delays and increased costs. In addition, our suppliers are dealing with availability issues and freight delays, which leads to pressure on production in our facilities. Contingency plans have been developed and continue to be modified to minimize supply chain challenges that may impact our ability to meet increasing customer demand. We continue to assess the environment and are taking appropriate price actions in response to rising costs. We will continue to monitor the situation as conditions remain fluid and evolve throughout the year. We address these external factors throughout the discussion in the Consolidated Results of Operations section below.
Notes:
•Glossary of terms is included on pages 58 - 60; first occurrence of terms shown in bold italics.
•Information on non-GAAP financial measures is included on page 65.
•Certain amounts may not add due to rounding.
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Consolidated Results of Operations
 
THREE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2022 COMPARED WITH THREE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2021

CONSOLIDATED SALES AND REVENUES
cat-20220930_g2.jpg
The chart above graphically illustrates reasons for the change in consolidated sales and revenues between the third quarter of 2021 (at left) and the third quarter of 2022 (at right). Caterpillar management utilizes these charts internally to visually communicate with the company’s Board of Directors and employees.
Total sales and revenues for the third quarter of 2022 were $14.994 billion, an increase of $2.597 billion, or 21 percent, compared with $12.397 billion in the third quarter of 2021. The increase was due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts primarily related to the euro, Japanese yen and Australian dollar. The increase in sales volume was driven by the impact from changes in dealer inventories, higher sales of equipment to end users and higher services. Dealers increased inventories by $700 million during the third quarter of 2022, compared with a decrease of $300 million during the third quarter of 2021.
Sales were higher across the three primary segments.
North America sales increased 33 percent due to favorable price realization, the impact from changes in dealer inventories, services and higher sales of equipment to end users. Dealers increased inventories during the third quarter of 2022, compared with a decrease during the third quarter of 2021.
Sales increased 36 percent in Latin America due to favorable price realization, higher sales of equipment to end users and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealers increased inventories during the third quarter of 2022, compared with remaining about flat during the third quarter of 2021.
EAME sales increased 8 percent as unfavorable currency impacts, primarily related to the euro and British pound, were more than offset by favorable price realization, the impact from changes in dealer inventories and higher sales of equipment to end users. Dealers increased inventories during the third quarter of 2022, compared with remaining about flat during the third quarter of 2021.
Asia/Pacific sales increased 9 percent driven by favorable price realization and the impact from changes in dealer inventories, partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts, related to the Japanese yen and Australian dollar. Dealers increased inventories during the third quarter of 2022, compared with a decrease during the third quarter of 2021.
Dealers increased inventories by $700 million during the third quarter of 2022, compared with a decrease of $300 million during the third quarter of 2021. Most of the increase related to timing differences between when we ship product to dealers and when the dealers, in turn, are able to deliver completed orders to customers. Dealers are independent, and the reasons for changes in their inventory levels vary, including their expectations of future demand and product delivery times. Dealers’ demand expectations take into account seasonal changes, macroeconomic conditions, machine rentals and other factors. Delivery times can vary based on availability of product from Caterpillar factories and product distribution centers. At year end, we expect dealer inventory levels to be similar to the third quarter of 2022.
47
Compared to the fourth quarter of 2021, we expect higher sales to users and price realization to support the sales growth in the fourth quarter of 2022. We anticipate the fourth quarter will reflect our highest quarterly sales for the year, which is in line with typical seasonality.
Sales and Revenues by Segment
(Millions of dollars)Third Quarter 2021Sales
Volume		Price
Realization		CurrencyInter-Segment / OtherThird Quarter 2022$
Change		%
Change
Construction Industries$5,255 $423 $781 $(229)$46 $6,276 $1,021 19 %
Resource Industries2,366 338 443 (59)(1)3,087 721 30 %
Energy & Transportation5,077 618 409 (171)253 6,186 1,109 22 %
All Other Segment119 2 — (2)(16)103 (16)(13 %)
Corporate Items and Eliminations(1,110)16 2 — (282)(1,374)(264) 
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales
11,707 1,397 1,635 (461)— 14,278 2,571 22 %
Financial Products Segment762 — — — 57 819 57 7 %
Corporate Items and Eliminations(72)— — — (31)(103)(31) 
Financial Products Revenues
690 — — — 26 716 26 4 %
Consolidated Sales and Revenues$12,397 $1,397 $1,635 $(461)$26 $14,994 $2,597 21 %

Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region
North AmericaLatin AmericaEAMEAsia/PacificExternal Sales and RevenuesInter-SegmentTotal Sales and Revenues
(Millions of dollars)$% Chg$% Chg$% Chg$% Chg$% Chg$% Chg$% Chg
Third Quarter 2022          
Construction Industries$3,106 29 %$799 51 %$1,247 1 %$1,084 1 %$6,236 19 %$40 (767 %)$6,276 19 %
Resource Industries1,122 66 %472 13 %526 15 %893 20 %3,013 32 %74 (1 %)3,087 30 %
Energy & Transportation2,422 26 %468 42 %1,280 12 %827 11 %4,997 21 %1,189 27 %6,186 22 %
All Other Segment16 (11 %)— — %4 33 %15 7 %35 — %68 (19 %)103 (13 %)
Corporate Items and Eliminations1 — — (4)(3)(1,371)(1,374)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales6,667 33 %1,739 36 %3,057 8 %2,815 9 %14,278 22 %— — 14,278 22 %
Financial Products Segment522 9 %90 32 %100 (5 %)107 (4 %)819 
1
7 %— — 819 7 %
Corporate Items and Eliminations(54)(20)(12)(17)(103)— (103)
Financial Products Revenues468 6 %70 27 %88 (8 %)90 (8 %)716 4 %— — 716 4 %
Consolidated Sales and Revenues$7,135 31 %$1,809 36 %$3,145 7 %$2,905 9 %$14,994 21 %$— — $14,994 21 %
Third Quarter 2021              
Construction Industries$2,417 $528 $1,240 $1,076  $5,261 $(6) $5,255 
Resource Industries674 417 456 744  2,291 75  2,366 
Energy & Transportation1,924 329 1,144 744  4,141 936  5,077 
All Other Segment18 — 3 14  35 84  119 
Corporate Items and Eliminations(19)— — (2)(21)(1,089)(1,110)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales5,014  1,274  2,843  2,576  11,707  —  11,707  
Financial Products Segment478 68 105 111  762 
1
—  762 
Corporate Items and Eliminations(37)(13)(9)(13) (72)—  (72)
Financial Products Revenues441  55  96  98  690  —  690  
Consolidated Sales and Revenues$5,455  $1,329  $2,939  $2,674  $12,397  $—  $12,397  

1 Includes revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation of $124 million and $87 million in the third quarter of 2022 and 2021, respectively.
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CONSOLIDATED OPERATING PROFIT
cat-20220930_g3.jpg
The chart above graphically illustrates reasons for the change in consolidated operating profit between the third quarter of 2021 (at left) and the third quarter of 2022 (at right). Caterpillar management utilizes these charts internally to visually communicate with the company’s Board of Directors and employees. The bar titled Other includes consolidating adjustments and Machinery, Energy & Transportation's other operating (income) expenses.
Operating profit for the third quarter of 2022 was $2.425 billion, an increase of $761 million, or 46 percent, compared with $1.664 billion in the third quarter of 2021. The increase was primarily due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by higher manufacturing costs and higher SG&A/R&D expenses. Unfavorable manufacturing costs largely reflected higher material costs, freight and the impact of manufacturing inefficiencies, due to ongoing disruptions to the supply chain. SG&A/R&D expenses increased primarily due to investments aligned with the company's strategy for profitable growth, which included services growth and technology, such as digital, electrification and autonomy, as well as higher short-term incentive compensation expense.
Short-term incentive compensation expense was about $400 million in the third quarter of 2022, compared to about $350 million in the third quarter of 2021.
Operating profit margin was 16.2 percent for the third quarter of 2022, compared with 13.4 percent for the third quarter of 2021.
We expect higher sales volume and continued favorable price realization in the fourth quarter of 2022, compared with the fourth quarter of 2021. We anticipate the impact of favorable price realization to more than offset manufacturing cost increases, including manufacturing inefficiencies.
Profit by Segment
(Millions of dollars)Third Quarter 2022Third Quarter 2021$
Change
%
 Change
Construction Industries$1,209 $866 $343 40 %
Resource Industries506 280 226 81 %
Energy & Transportation935 706 229 32 %
All Other Segment8 5 3 60 %
Corporate Items and Eliminations(373)(286)(87) 
Machinery, Energy & Transportation2,285 1,571 714 45 %
Financial Products Segment220 173 47 27 %
Corporate Items and Eliminations30 (7)37  
Financial Products250 166 84 51 %
Consolidating Adjustments(110)(73)(37) 
Consolidated Operating Profit$2,425 $1,664 $761 46 %
Corporate Items and Eliminations included corporate-level expenses, timing differences (as some expenses are reported in segment profit on a cash basis), methodology differences between segment and consolidated external reporting (the company values segment inventories and cost of sales using a current cost methodology), certain restructuring costs and inter-segment eliminations.
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Other Profit/Loss and Tax Items
▪Interest expense excluding Financial Products in the third quarter of 2022 was $109 million, compared with $114 million in the third quarter of 2021. The decrease was due to lower average debt outstanding during the third quarter of 2022, compared with the third quarter of 2021.
▪Other income (expense) in the third quarter of 2022 was income of $242 million, compared with income of $225 million in the third quarter of 2021. The change was primarily driven by favorable impacts from foreign currency exchange and higher investment and interest income, partially offset by lower gains on marketable securities and lower pension and other postemployment benefit (OPEB) plan income.
▪The provision for income taxes for the third quarter of 2022 reflected an estimated annual tax rate of 23 percent, compared with 25 percent for the third quarter of 2021, excluding the discrete items discussed below. The comparative tax rate for full-year 2021 was approximately 23 percent.
In the third quarter of 2022, the company reached a settlement with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) that resolves all issues for tax years 2007 through 2016, without any penalties. The company’s settlement includes, among other issues, the resolution of disputed tax treatment of profits earned by Caterpillar SARL (CSARL) from certain parts transactions. We vigorously contested the IRS’s application of the “substance-over-form” or “assignment-of-income” judicial doctrines and its proposed increases to tax and imposition of accuracy related penalties. The settlement does not include any increases to tax in the United States based on those judicial doctrines and does not include any penalties. The final tax assessed by the IRS for all issues under the settlement was $490 million for the ten-year period. This amount was primarily paid in the third quarter of 2022, and the associated estimated interest of $250 million is expected to be paid by the end of 2022. The settlement was within the total amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions and enables us to avoid the costs and burdens of further disputes with the IRS. As a result of the settlement, we recorded a discrete tax benefit of $41 million to reflect changes in estimates of prior years’ taxes and related interest, net of tax. We are subject to the continuous examination of our income tax returns by the IRS, and tax years subsequent to 2016 are not yet under examination.
The provision for income taxes in third quarter of 2022 also included a $20 million benefit due to a decrease in the estimated annual tax rate, compared to $39 million in the third quarter of 2021. The company also recorded a discrete tax benefit of $36 million to reflect changes in estimates related to the prior year’s U.S. taxes in the third quarter of 2021.
Construction Industries
Construction Industries’ total sales were $6.276 billion in the third quarter of 2022, an increase of $1.021 billion, or 19 percent, compared with $5.255 billion in the third quarter of 2021. The increase was due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts primarily related to the euro, Japanese yen and Australian dollar. The increase in sales volume was driven by the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealer inventory increased during the third quarter of 2022, compared with a decrease during the third quarter of 2021.
▪In North America, sales increased due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume. Higher sales volume was driven by the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealer inventory decreased during the third quarter of 2021, compared with an increase during the third quarter of 2022. Dealer inventories in North America remained at relatively low levels.
▪Sales increased in Latin America primarily due to higher sales volume and favorable price realization. Higher sales volume was driven by higher sales of equipment to end users and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealer inventory increased more during the third quarter of 2022 than during the third quarter of 2021.
▪In EAME, sales were about flat. Unfavorable currency impacts, primarily related to the euro, were offset by favorable price realization.
▪Sales were about flat in Asia/Pacific. Favorable price realization was offset by unfavorable currency impacts, primarily related to the Japanese yen and Australian dollar.
Construction Industries’ profit was $1.209 billion in the third quarter of 2022, an increase of $343 million, or 40 percent, compared with $866 million in the third quarter of 2021. The increase was mainly due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by unfavorable manufacturing costs and higher SG&A/R&D expenses. Unfavorable manufacturing costs largely reflected higher material costs, freight and the impact of manufacturing inefficiencies. The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was primarily driven by investments aligned with strategic initiatives and higher short-term incentive compensation expense.
Construction Industries’ profit as a percent of total sales was 19.3 percent in the third quarter of 2022, compared with 16.5 percent in the third quarter of 2021.
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Construction Industries’ segment profit as a percent of total sales is expected to improve in the fourth quarter of 2022, compared to the fourth quarter of 2021. We expect North America residential construction to moderate due to tightening financial conditions but remain at relatively high levels. We expect non-residential construction to strengthen due to investments related to government infrastructure initiatives. In Asia Pacific, excluding China, we expect moderate growth due to higher infrastructure spending and commodity prices. We expect continued weakness in China in the above 10-ton excavator industry. In EAME, business activity is expected to be flat to slightly down versus last year based on uncertain economic conditions in Europe. Construction activity in Latin America is expected to grow due to supportive commodity prices. We also expect favorable price realization in the fourth quarter of 2022, compared to the fourth quarter of 2021. The favorable impact of price realization is expected to more than offset manufacturing cost increases in the fourth quarter of 2022.
Resource Industries
Resource Industries’ total sales were $3.087 billion in the third quarter of 2022, an increase of $721 million, or 30 percent, compared with $2.366 billion in the third quarter of 2021. The increase was primarily due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume. The increase in sales volume was due to the impact of changes in dealer inventories, higher sales of aftermarket parts and higher sales of equipment to end users. Dealer inventory decreased during the third quarter of 2021, compared with an increase during the third quarter of 2022.
Resource Industries’ profit was $506 million in the third quarter of 2022, an increase of $226 million, or 81 percent, compared with $280 million in the third quarter of 2021. The increase was mainly due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by unfavorable manufacturing costs and higher SG&A/R&D expenses. Unfavorable manufacturing costs largely reflected higher material costs, freight and the impact of manufacturing inefficiencies. The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was primarily driven by investments aligned with strategic initiatives.
Resource Industries’ profit as a percent of total sales was 16.4 percent in the third quarter of 2022, compared with 11.8 percent in the third quarter of 2021.
Resource Industries’ segment profit as a percent of total sales is expected to improve in the fourth quarter of 2022, compared to the fourth quarter of 2021. Commodity prices remain supportive of continued investment. We expect production and utilization levels will remain elevated, and our autonomous solutions continue to gain momentum. We expect the continuation of high equipment utilization and a low level of parked trucks, which both support future demand for our equipment and services. In Heavy Construction and Quarry and Aggregates, we anticipate continued growth in the fourth quarter. We also expect price realization to be favorable in the fourth quarter of 2022, compared to the fourth quarter of 2021. The favorable impact from price realization is expected to more than offset manufacturing cost increases in the fourth quarter of 2022.
Energy & Transportation
Sales by Application
(Millions of dollars)Third Quarter 2022Third Quarter 2021$
Change
%
 Change
Oil and Gas$1,323 $1,088 $235 22 %
Power Generation1,320 1,010 310 31 %
Industrial1,158 948 210 22 %
Transportation1,196 1,095 101 9 %
External Sales4,997 4,141 856 21 %
Inter-segment1,189 936 253 27 %
Total Sales$6,186 $5,077 $1,109 22 %
Energy & Transportation’s total sales were $6.186 billion in the third quarter of 2022, an increase of $1.109 billion, or 22 percent, compared with $5.077 billion in the third quarter of 2021. Sales increased across all applications and inter-segment sales. The increase in sales was primarily due to higher sales volume and favorable price realization, partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts.
•Oil and Gas – Sales increased due to higher sales of reciprocating engine aftermarket parts and engines used in gas compression and well servicing applications. Turbines and turbine-related services were about flat.
•Power Generation – Sales increased in large reciprocating engines, primarily data center applications, and small reciprocating engines. Turbines and turbine-related services increased as well.
•Industrial – Sales were up across all regions.
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•Transportation – Sales increased in reciprocating engine aftermarket parts and marine applications. International locomotive deliveries were also higher.
Energy & Transportation’s profit was $935 million in the third quarter of 2022, an increase of $229 million, or 32 percent, compared with $706 million in the third quarter of 2021. The increase was driven by favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by unfavorable manufacturing costs and higher SG&A/R&D expenses. Unfavorable manufacturing costs largely reflected higher material costs, freight and the impact of manufacturing inefficiencies. The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was primarily driven by investments aligned with strategic initiatives, including electrification and services growth, higher labor-related costs and higher short-term incentive compensation expense.
Energy & Transportation’s profit as a percent of total sales was 15.1 percent in the third quarter of 2022, compared with 13.9 percent in the third quarter of 2021.
Energy & Transportation's segment profit as a percent of total sales is expected to improve in the fourth quarter of 2022, compared to the fourth quarter of 2021. In Oil & Gas, we are encouraged by continued strength in reciprocating engine orders, especially for large engine repowers as asset utilization increases. New equipment orders for turbine and turbine–related services strengthened significantly, particularly in Oil & Gas. Power Generation orders remain healthy due to positive industry dynamics and continued data center strength. Industrial remains healthy with continued momentum in construction, agriculture and electric power. We also anticipate growth in high-speed marine as customers continue to upgrade aging fleets. We also expect favorable price realization in the fourth quarter of 2022, compared to the fourth quarter of 2021. The favorable impact from price realization is expected to more than offset manufacturing cost increases in the fourth quarter of 2022.
Financial Products Segment
Financial Products’ segment revenues were $819 million in the third quarter of 2022, an increase of $57 million, or 7 percent, compared with $762 million in the third quarter of 2021. The increase was primarily due to higher average financing rates in North America and Latin America.
Financial Products’ segment profit was $220 million in the third quarter of 2022, an increase of $47 million, or 27 percent, compared with $173 million in the third quarter of 2021. The increase was mainly due to a favorable impact from a lower provision for credit losses at Cat Financial, partially offset by mark-to-market adjustments on derivative contracts.
At the end of the third quarter of 2022, past dues at Cat Financial were 2.00 percent, compared with 2.41 percent at the end of the third quarter of 2021. Past dues decreased across all our portfolio segments, with the exception of an increase in Latin America. Write-offs, net of recoveries, were $13 million for the third quarter of 2022, compared with $76 million for the third quarter of 2021. As of September 30, 2022, Cat Financial's allowance for credit losses totaled $339 million, or 1.30 percent of finance receivables, compared with $376 million, or 1.41 percent of finance receivables, at June 30, 2022. The allowance for credit losses at year-end 2021 was $337 million, or 1.22 percent of finance receivables.
Corporate Items and Eliminations
Expense for corporate items and eliminations was $343 million in the third quarter of 2022, an increase of $50 million from the third quarter of 2021, primarily driven by increased expenses due to timing differences, partially offset by favorable impacts of segment reporting methodology differences and lower corporate costs.
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NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2022 COMPARED WITH NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2021

CONSOLIDATED SALES AND REVENUES
cat-20220930_g4.jpg
The chart above graphically illustrates reasons for the change in consolidated sales and revenues between the nine months ended September 30, 2021 (at left) and the nine months ended September 30, 2022 (at right). Caterpillar management utilizes these charts internally to visually communicate with the company’s Board of Directors and employees.
Total sales and revenues were $42.830 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, an increase of $5.657 billion, or 15 percent, compared with $37.173 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase was primarily due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts related to the euro, Australian dollar and Japanese yen. The increase in sales volume was driven by the impact from changes in dealer inventories, services and higher sales of equipment to end users. Dealers increased inventories about $1.6 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared with remaining about flat during the nine months ended September 30, 2021.
Sales were higher in the three primary segments.
North America sales increased 26 percent driven by favorable price realization, the impact from changes in dealer inventories, services and higher sales of equipment to end users. Dealers decreased inventories during the nine months ended September 30, 2021, compared with an increase during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.
Sales increased 30 percent in Latin America due to favorable price realization, higher sales of equipment to end users and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealers increased inventories more during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, than during the nine months ended September 30, 2021.
EAME sales increased 6 percent due to favorable price realization, higher sales of equipment to end users and the impact from changes in dealer inventories, partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts related to the euro and British pound. Dealers increased inventories more during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, than during the nine months ended September 30, 2021.
Asia/Pacific sales increased 3 percent driven by favorable price realization, services and the impact from changes in dealer inventories, partially offset by lower sales of equipment to end users and unfavorable currency impacts related to the Australian dollar and Japanese yen. Dealers increased inventories during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared with a decrease during the nine months ended September 30, 2021.
Dealers increased inventories about $1.6 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared with remaining about flat during the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Dealers are independent, and the reasons for changes in their inventory levels vary, including their expectations of future demand and product delivery times. Dealers’ demand expectations take into account seasonal changes, macroeconomic conditions, machine rentals and other factors. Delivery times can vary based on availability of product from Caterpillar factories and product distribution centers.
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Sales and Revenues by Segment
(Millions of dollars)Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021Sales
Volume		Price
Realization		CurrencyInter-Segment / OtherNine Months Ended September 30, 2022$
Change		%
Change
Construction Industries$16,370 $723 $1,737 $(452)$46 $18,424 $2,054 13 %
Resource Industries7,091 1,005 929 (126)(21)8,878 1,787 25 %
Energy & Transportation14,559 1,314 784 (348)620 16,929 2,370 16 %
All Other Segment377 8 1 (4)(43)339 (38)(10 %)
Corporate Items and Eliminations(3,306)48 (7)— (602)(3,867)(561) 
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales35,091 3,098 3,444 (930)— 40,703 5,612 16 %
Financial Products Segment2,297 — — — 103 2,400 103 4 %
Corporate Items and Eliminations(215)— — — (58)(273)(58) 
Financial Products Revenues2,082 — — — 45 2,127 45 2 %
Consolidated Sales and Revenues$37,173 $3,098 $3,444 $(930)$45 $42,830 $5,657 15 %
Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region
North AmericaLatin AmericaEAMEAsia/PacificExternal Sales and RevenuesInter-SegmentTotal Sales and Revenues
(Millions of dollars)$% Chg$% Chg$% Chg$% Chg$% Chg$% Chg$% Chg
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022          
Construction Industries$8,832 25 %$2,061 53 %$3,726 3 %$3,694 (14 %)$18,313 12 %$111 71 %$18,424 13 %
Resource Industries3,167 49 %1,337 2 %1,609 11 %2,554 30 %8,667 26 %211 (9 %)8,878 25 %
Energy & Transportation6,637 16 %1,160 39 %3,679 7 %2,193 12 %13,669 15 %3,260 23 %16,929 16 %
All Other Segment52 24 %— (100 %)14 40 %46 (15 %)112 5 %227 (16 %)339 (10 %)
Corporate Items and Eliminations(43)(1)(2)(12)(58)(3,809)(3,867)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales18,645 26 %4,557 30 %9,026 6 %8,475 3 %40,703 16 %— — %40,703 16 %
Financial Products Segment1,530 6 %250 28 %293 (3 %)327 (9 %)2,400 
1
4 %— — %2,400 4 %
Corporate Items and Eliminations(132)(58)(31)(52)(273)— (273)
Financial Products Revenues1,398 4 %192 20 %262 (5 %)275 (10 %)2,127 2 %— — %2,127 2 %
Consolidated Sales and Revenues$20,043 24 %$4,749 30 %$9,288 6 %$8,750 2 %$42,830 15 %$— — %$42,830 15 %
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021              
Construction Industries$7,041 $1,350 $3,612 $4,302  $16,305 $65  $16,370 
Resource Industries2,130 1,309 1,455 1,965  6,859 232  7,091 
Energy & Transportation5,698 835 3,433 1,953  11,919 2,640  14,559 
All Other Segment42 1 10 54  107 270  377 
Corporate Items and Eliminations(89)(1)(1)(8)(99)(3,207)(3,306)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales14,822  3,494  8,509  8,266  35,091  —  35,091  
Financial Products Segment1,442 195 301 359  2,297 
1
—  2,297 
Corporate Items and Eliminations(99)(35)(26)(55) (215)—  (215)
Financial Products Revenues1,343  160  275  304  2,082  —  2,082  
Consolidated Sales and Revenues$16,165  $3,654  $8,784  $8,570  $37,173  $—  $37,173  

1 Includes revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation of $332 million and $263 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
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CONSOLIDATED OPERATING PROFIT
cat-20220930_g5.jpg
The chart above graphically illustrates reasons for the change in consolidated operating profit between the nine months ended September 30, 2021 (at left) and the nine months ended September 30, 2022 (at right). Caterpillar management utilizes these charts internally to visually communicate with the company’s Board of Directors and employees. The bar titled Other includes consolidating adjustments and Machinery, Energy & Transportation’s other operating (income) expenses.
Operating profit for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, was $6.224 billion, an increase of $957 million, or 18 percent, compared with $5.267 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase was due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by unfavorable manufacturing costs and higher SG&A/R&D expenses.
Unfavorable manufacturing costs largely reflected higher material costs, freight and the impact of manufacturing inefficiencies. For 2022, price realization is expected to more than offset manufacturing cost increases. The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was driven by investments aligned with the company's strategy for profitable growth, which included services growth and technology, such as digital, electrification and autonomy, as well as higher short-term incentive compensation expense.
Short-term incentive compensation expense is directly related to financial and operational performance, measured against targets set annually. Expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, was about $1.2 billion, compared with about $1.1 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. For 2022, short-term incentive compensation expense is expected to be about $1.6 billion, compared with $1.3 billion in 2021.
Operating profit margin was 14.5 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared with 14.2 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2021.
Profit (Loss) by Segment
(Millions of dollars)Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021$
Change
%
 Change
Construction Industries$3,255 $2,937 $318 11 %
Resource Industries1,222 941 281 30 %
Energy & Transportation2,132 2,119 13 1 %
All Other Segment42 (2)44 n/a
Corporate Items and Eliminations(847)(1,107)260  
Machinery, Energy & Transportation5,804 4,888 916 19 %
Financial Products Segment675 660 15 2 %
Corporate Items and Eliminations30 (55)85  
Financial Products705 605 100 17 %
Consolidating Adjustments(285)(226)(59) 
Consolidated Operating Profit$6,224 $5,267 $957 18 %
Corporate Items and Eliminations included corporate-level expenses, timing differences (as some expenses are reported in segment profit on a cash basis), methodology differences between segment and consolidated external reporting (the company values segment inventories and cost of sales using a current cost methodology), certain restructuring costs and inter-segment eliminations.


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Other Profit/Loss and Tax Items
▪Interest expense excluding Financial Products for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, was $326 million, compared with $376 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The decrease was due to lower average debt outstanding during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared with the nine months ended September 30, 2021.
▪Other income (expense) for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, was income of $755 million, about flat compared with income of $751 million for the nine months September 30, 2021. Favorable impacts from foreign currency exchange were offset by unrealized losses on marketable securities and lower pension and OPEB income.
▪The provision for income taxes for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, reflected an estimated annual tax rate of 23 percent, compared with 25 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, excluding the discrete items discussed below. The comparative tax rate for full-year 2021 was approximately 23 percent.
On September 8, 2022, the company reached a settlement with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) that resolves all issues for tax years 2007 through 2016, without any penalties. The company’s settlement includes, among other issues, the resolution of disputed tax treatment of profits earned by Caterpillar SARL (CSARL) from certain parts transactions. We vigorously contested the IRS’s application of the “substance-over-form” or “assignment-of-income” judicial doctrines and its proposed increases to tax and imposition of accuracy related penalties. The settlement does not include any increases to tax in the United States based on those judicial doctrines and does not include any penalties. The final tax assessed by the IRS for all issues under the settlement was $490 million for the ten-year period. This amount was primarily paid in the nine months ending September 30, 2022, and the associated estimated interest of $250 million is expected to be paid by the end of 2022. The settlement was within the total amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions and enables us to avoid the costs and burdens of further disputes with the IRS. As a result of the settlement, we recorded a discrete tax benefit of $41 million to reflect changes in estimates of prior years’ taxes and related interest, net of tax. We are subject to the continuous examination of our income tax returns by the IRS, and tax years subsequent to 2016 are not yet under examination.
In the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the company also recorded discrete tax benefits of $49 million to reflect other changes in estimates related to prior years’ U.S. taxes, compared to $36 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2021. In addition, the company recorded a discrete tax benefit of $18 million for the settlement of stock-based compensation awards with associated tax deductions in excess of cumulative U.S. GAAP compensation expense, compared with a $61 million benefit for the nine months ended September 30, 2021.
Construction Industries
Construction Industries’ total sales were $18.424 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, an increase of $2.054 billion, or 13 percent, compared with $16.370 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase was due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts related to the euro, Japanese yen and Australian dollar. The increase in sales volume was driven by the impact from changes in dealer inventories and higher sales of aftermarket parts, partially offset by lower sales of equipment to end users. Dealers increased inventories more during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, than during the nine months ended September 30, 2021.
•In North America, sales increased due to favorable price realization, the impact from changes in dealer inventories, higher sales of aftermarket parts and higher sales of equipment to end users. Dealers decreased inventories during the nine months ended September 30, 2021, compared with an increase during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.
•Sales increased in Latin America primarily due to higher sales of equipment to end users and favorable price realization.
•In EAME, sales increased as unfavorable currency impacts related to the euro were more than offset by favorable price realization and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealers increased inventories more during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, than during the nine months ended September 30, 2021.
•Sales decreased in Asia/Pacific due to lower sales of equipment to end users and unfavorable currency impacts related to the Japanese yen and Australian dollar, partially offset by favorable price realization and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealers increased inventories during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared with a decrease during the nine months ended September 30, 2021.
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Construction Industries’ profit was $3.255 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, an increase of $318 million, or 11 percent, compared with $2.937 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase was mainly due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by unfavorable manufacturing costs and higher SG&A/R&D expenses. Unfavorable manufacturing costs largely reflected higher material costs, freight and the impact of manufacturing inefficiencies. The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was primarily driven by investments aligned with strategic initiatives and higher short-term incentive compensation expense.
Construction Industries’ profit as a percent of total sales was 17.7 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared with 17.9 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2021.
Resource Industries
Resource Industries’ total sales were $8.878 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, an increase of $1.787 billion, or 25 percent, compared with $7.091 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase was due to higher sales volume and favorable price realization. The increase in sales volume was driven by higher sales of aftermarket parts, the impact from changes in dealer inventories and higher sales of equipment to end users. Dealer inventory increased during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared with a decrease during the nine months ended September 30, 2021.
Resource Industries’ profit was $1.222 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, an increase of $281 million, or 30 percent, compared with $941 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Unfavorable manufacturing costs and higher SG&A/R&D expenses were more than offset by favorable price realization and higher sales volume. Unfavorable manufacturing costs largely reflected higher material costs, freight and the impact of manufacturing inefficiencies. The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was primarily driven by investments aligned with strategic initiatives.
Resource Industries’ profit as a percent of total sales was 13.8 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared with 13.3 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2021.
Energy & Transportation
Sales by Application
(Millions of dollars)Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021$
Change		%
 Change
Oil and Gas$3,503 $3,140 $363 12 %
Power Generation3,518 3,025 493 16 %
Industrial3,295 2,660 635 24 %
Transportation3,353 3,094 259 8 %
External Sales13,669 11,919 1,750 15 %
Inter-Segment3,260 2,640 620 23 %
Total Sales$16,929 $14,559 $2,370 16 %
Energy & Transportation’s total sales were $16.929 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, an increase of $2.370 billion, or 16 percent, compared with $14.559 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Sales increased across all applications and inter-segment sales. The increase in sales was primarily due to higher sales volume and favorable price realization, partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts.
•Oil and Gas – Sales increased due to higher sales of reciprocating engine aftermarket parts and engines used in well servicing and gas compression applications, primarily in North America, partially offset by lower sales for turbines and turbine-related services.
•Power Generation – Sales increased in small reciprocating engine applications, reciprocating engine aftermarket parts and turbines and turbine-related services.
•Industrial – Sales were up across all regions.
•Transportation – Sales increased primarily in reciprocating engine aftermarket parts and marine applications. Rail services and international locomotives deliveries were also higher.
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Energy & Transportation’s profit was $2.132 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, about flat compared with $2.119 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Unfavorable manufacturing costs and higher SG&A/R&D expenses were offset by favorable price realization and higher sales volume. Unfavorable manufacturing costs largely reflected higher material costs, freight and the impact of manufacturing inefficiencies. The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was primarily driven by investments aligned with strategic initiatives and higher short-term incentive compensation expense.
Energy & Transportation’s profit as a percent of total sales was 12.6 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared with 14.6 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2021.
Financial Products Segment
Financial Products’ segment revenues were $2.400 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, an increase of $103 million, or 4 percent, compared with $2.297 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase was primarily due to a favorable impact from returned or repossessed equipment in North America and higher average financing rates in Latin America.
Financial Products’ segment profit was $675 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, an increase of $15 million, or 2 percent, compared with $660 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase was mainly due to a favorable impact from returned or repossessed equipment and lower provision for credit losses at Cat Financial, partially offset by an unfavorable impact from equity securities in Insurance Services and an increase in SG&A expenses.
Corporate Items and Eliminations
Expense for corporate items and eliminations was $817 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, a decrease of $345 million from the nine months ended September 30, 2021, primarily driven by favorable impacts of segment reporting methodology, a favorable change in fair value adjustments related to deferred compensation plans and lower expenses due to timing differences, partially offset by higher corporate costs.

RESTRUCTURING COSTS

In 2022, we expect to incur about $800 million of restructuring costs primarily related to strategic actions to address a small number of products. Approximately $600 million of the total is a non-cash charge related to the release of accumulated foreign currency translation losses that will be recognized upon the sale of a business containing some of these products, which may not occur until 2023. We expect that prior restructuring actions will result in an incremental benefit to operating costs, primarily Cost of goods sold and SG&A expenses of about $75 million in 2022 compared with 2021.

Additional information related to restructuring costs is included in Note 20 - "Restructuring Costs" of Part I, Item 1 "Financial Statements".
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
1.Adjusted Operating Profit Margin – Operating profit excluding restructuring costs as a percent of sales and revenues.
2.Adjusted Profit Per Share – Profit per share excluding restructuring costs.
3.All Other Segment – Primarily includes activities such as: business strategy; product management and development; manufacturing and sourcing of filters and fluids, undercarriage, ground-engaging tools, fluid transfer products, precision seals, rubber sealing and connecting components primarily for Cat® products; parts distribution; integrated logistics solutions; distribution services responsible for dealer development and administration, including a wholly owned dealer in Japan; dealer portfolio management and ensuring the most efficient and effective distribution of machines, engines and parts; brand management and marketing strategy; and digital investments for new customer and dealer solutions that integrate data analytics with state-of-the-art digital technologies while transforming the buying experience.
4.Consolidating Adjustments – Elimination of transactions between Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.
5.Construction Industries – A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in infrastructure and building construction applications. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes asphalt pavers; backhoe loaders; compactors; cold planers; compact track and multi-terrain loaders; mini, small, medium and large track excavators; forestry machines; material handlers; motor graders; pipelayers; road reclaimers; skid steer loaders; telehandlers; small and medium track-type tractors; track-type loaders; wheel excavators; compact, small and medium wheel loaders; and related parts and work tools.
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6.Corporate Items and Eliminations – Includes corporate-level expenses, timing differences (as some expenses are reported in segment profit on a cash basis), methodology differences between segment and consolidated external reporting, certain restructuring costs and inter-segment eliminations.
7.Currency – With respect to sales and revenues, currency represents the translation impact on sales resulting from changes in foreign currency exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar. With respect to operating profit, currency represents the net translation impact on sales and operating costs resulting from changes in foreign currency exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar. Currency only includes the impact on sales and operating profit for the Machinery, Energy & Transportation line of business; currency impacts on Financial Products revenues and operating profit are included in the Financial Products portions of the respective analyses. With respect to other income/expense, currency represents the effects of forward and option contracts entered into by the company to reduce the risk of fluctuations in exchange rates (hedging) and the net effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on our foreign currency assets and liabilities for consolidated results (translation).
8.Dealer Inventories – Represents dealer machine and engine inventories, excluding aftermarket parts.
9.EAME – A geographic region including Europe, Africa, the Middle East and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).
10.Earning Assets – Assets consisting primarily of total finance receivables net of unearned income, plus equipment on operating leases, less accumulated depreciation at Cat Financial.
11.Energy & Transportation – A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using reciprocating engines, turbines, diesel-electric locomotives and related services across industries serving Oil and Gas, Power Generation, Industrial and Transportation applications, including marine- and rail-related businesses. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management, development and testing manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product and services portfolio includes turbines, centrifugal gas compressors, and turbine-related services; reciprocating engine-powered generator sets; integrated systems and solutions used in the electric power generation industry; reciprocating engines, drivetrain and integrated systems and solutions for the marine and oil and gas industries; reciprocating engines, drivetrain and integrated systems and solutions supplied to the industrial industry as well as Cat machinery; electrified powertrain and zero-emission power sources and service solutions development; and diesel-electric locomotives and components and other rail-related products and services, including remanufacturing and leasing. Responsibilities also include the remanufacturing of Caterpillar reciprocating engines and components and remanufacturing services for other companies; and product support of on-highway vocational trucks for North America.
12.Financial Products – The company defines Financial Products as our finance and insurance subsidiaries, primarily Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation (Cat Financial) and Caterpillar Insurance Holdings Inc. (Insurance Services). Financial Products’ information relates to the financing to customers and dealers for the purchase and lease of Caterpillar and other equipment.
13.Financial Products Segment – Provides financing alternatives to customers and dealers around the world for Caterpillar products and services, as well as financing for vehicles, power generation facilities and marine vessels that, in most cases, incorporate Caterpillar products. Financing plans include operating and finance leases, installment sale contracts, repair/rebuild financing, working capital loans and wholesale financing plans. The segment also provides insurance and risk management products and services that help customers and dealers manage their business risk. Insurance and risk management products offered include physical damage insurance, inventory protection plans, extended service coverage and maintenance plans for machines and engines, and dealer property and casualty insurance. The various forms of financing, insurance and risk management products offered to customers and dealers help support the purchase and lease of Caterpillar equipment. The segment also earns revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation, but the related costs are not allocated to operating segments. Financial Products’ segment profit is determined on a pretax basis and includes other income/expense items.
14.Latin America – A geographic region including Central and South American countries and Mexico.
15.Machinery, Energy & Transportation (ME&T) – The company defines ME&T as Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries, excluding Financial Products. ME&T’s information relates to the design, manufacturing and marketing of its products.
16.Machinery, Energy & Transportation Other Operating (Income) Expenses – Comprised primarily of gains/losses on disposal of long-lived assets, gains/losses on divestitures and legal settlements and accruals.
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17.Manufacturing Costs – Manufacturing costs exclude the impacts of currency and represent the volume-adjusted change for variable costs and the absolute dollar change for period manufacturing costs. Variable manufacturing costs are defined as having a direct relationship with the volume of production. This includes material costs, direct labor and other costs that vary directly with production volume, such as freight, power to operate machines and supplies that are consumed in the manufacturing process. Period manufacturing costs support production but are defined as generally not having a direct relationship to short-term changes in volume. Examples include machinery and equipment repair, depreciation on manufacturing assets, facility support, procurement, factory scheduling, manufacturing planning and operations management.
18.Mark-to-market gains/losses – Represents the net gain or loss of actual results differing from the company’s assumptions and the effects of changing assumptions for our defined benefit pension and OPEB plans. These gains and losses are immediately recognized through earnings upon the annual remeasurement in the fourth quarter, or on an interim basis as triggering events warrant remeasurement.
19.Pension and Other Postemployment Benefits (OPEB) – The company’s defined-benefit pension and postretirement benefit plans.
20.Price Realization – The impact of net price changes excluding currency and new product introductions. Price realization includes geographic mix of sales, which is the impact of changes in the relative weighting of sales prices between geographic regions.
21.Resource Industries – A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in mining, heavy construction and quarry and aggregates. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes large track-type tractors; large mining trucks; hard rock vehicles; longwall miners; electric rope shovels; draglines; hydraulic shovels; rotary drills; large wheel loaders; off-highway trucks; articulated trucks; wheel tractor scrapers; wheel dozers; landfill compactors; soil compactors; select work tools; machinery components; electronics and control systems and related parts. In addition to equipment, Resource Industries also develops and sells technology products and services to provide customers fleet management, equipment management analytics, autonomous machine capabilities, safety services and mining performance solutions. Resource Industries also manages areas that provide services to other parts of the company, including strategic procurement, lean center of excellence, integrated manufacturing, research and development for hydraulic systems, automation, electronics and software for Cat machines and engines.
22.Restructuring Costs – May include costs for employee separation, long-lived asset impairments and contract terminations. These costs are included in Other operating (income) expenses except for defined-benefit plan curtailment losses and special termination benefits, which are included in Other income (expense). Restructuring costs also include other exit-related costs, which may consist of accelerated depreciation, inventory write-downs, building demolition, equipment relocation and project management costs and LIFO inventory decrement benefits from inventory liquidations at closed facilities, all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold.
23.Sales Volume – With respect to sales and revenues, sales volume represents the impact of changes in the quantities sold for Machinery, Energy & Transportation as well as the incremental sales impact of new product introductions, including emissions-related product updates. With respect to operating profit, sales volume represents the impact of changes in the quantities sold for Machinery, Energy & Transportation combined with product mix as well as the net operating profit impact of new product introductions, including emissions-related product updates. Product mix represents the net operating profit impact of changes in the relative weighting of Machinery, Energy & Transportation sales with respect to total sales. The impact of sales volume on segment profit includes inter-segment sales.
24.Services – Enterprise services include, but are not limited to, aftermarket parts, Financial Products revenues and other service-related revenues. Machinery, Energy & Transportation segments exclude most Financial Products revenues.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
 
Sources of funds
 
We generate significant capital resources from operating activities, which are the primary source of funding for our ME&T operations. Funding for these businesses is also available from commercial paper and long-term debt issuances. Financial Products’ operations are funded primarily from commercial paper, term debt issuances and collections from its existing portfolio. On a consolidated basis, we had positive operating cash flow in the first nine months of 2022 and ended the third quarter with $6.35 billion of cash, a decrease of $2.91 billion from year-end 2021. In addition, ME&T has invested in available-for-sale debt securities that are considered highly liquid and are available for current operations. These securities are included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position and were $982 million at the end of September 30, 2022. We intend to maintain a strong cash and liquidity position.
Consolidated operating cash flow for the first nine months of 2022 was $5.03 billion, down $759 million compared to the same period a year ago. The decrease was primarily due to payments for short-term incentive compensation in the first quarter of 2022 as well as higher cash taxes paid which includes payments related to settlements with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service. Partially offsetting these items was higher profit adjusted for non-cash items during the first nine months of 2022 compared to the same period last year.
Total debt as of September 30, 2022 was $36.53 billion, a decrease of $1.26 billion from year-end 2021. Debt related to ME&T decreased $192 million in the first nine months of 2022 while debt related to Financial Products decreased $1.07 billion.
As of September 30, 2022, we had three global credit facilities with a syndicate of banks totaling $10.50 billion (Credit Facility) available in the aggregate to both Caterpillar and Cat Financial for general liquidity purposes. Based on management’s allocation decision, which can be revised from time to time, the portion of the Credit Facility available to ME&T as of September 30, 2022 was $2.75 billion. Information on our Credit Facility is as follows:
•In September 2022, we entered into a new 364-day facility. The 364-day facility of $3.15 billion (of which $825 million is available to ME&T) expires in August 2023.
•In September 2022, we amended and restated the three-year facility (as amended and restated, the "three-year facility"). The three-year facility of $2.73 billion (of which $715 million is available to ME&T) expires in August 2025.
•In September 2022, we amended and restated the five-year facility (as amended and restated, the "five-year facility"). The five-year facility of $4.62 billion (of which $1.21 billion is available to ME&T) expires in September 2027.
At September 30, 2022, Caterpillar’s consolidated net worth was $15.69 billion, which was above the $9.00 billion required under the Credit Facility. The consolidated net worth is defined in the Credit Facility as the consolidated shareholders’ equity including preferred stock but excluding the pension and other postretirement benefits balance within Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
At September 30, 2022, Cat Financial’s covenant interest coverage ratio was 2.59 to 1. This was above the 1.15 to 1 minimum ratio calculated as (1) profit excluding income taxes, interest expense and net gain (loss) from interest rate derivatives to (2) interest expense calculated at the end of each calendar quarter for the rolling four quarter period then most recently ended, required by the Credit Facility.
In addition, at September 30, 2022, Cat Financial’s six-month covenant leverage ratio was 7.03 to 1. This was below the maximum ratio of debt to net worth of 10 to 1, calculated (1) on a monthly basis as the average of the leverage ratios determined on the last day of each of the six preceding calendar months and (2) at each December 31, required by the Credit Facility.
In the event Caterpillar or Cat Financial does not meet one or more of their respective financial covenants under the Credit Facility in the future (and are unable to obtain a consent or waiver), the syndicate of banks may terminate the commitments allocated to the party that does not meet its covenants. Additionally, in such event, certain of Cat Financial’s other lenders under other loan agreements where similar financial covenants or cross default provisions are applicable may, at their election, choose to pursue remedies under those loan agreements, including accelerating the repayment of outstanding borrowings. At September 30, 2022, there were no borrowings under the Credit Facility.
Our total credit commitments and available credit as of September 30, 2022 were:
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 September 30, 2022
(Millions of dollars)ConsolidatedMachinery,
Energy &
Transportation		Financial
Products
Credit lines available:   
Global credit facilities$10,500 $2,750 $7,750 
Other external3,352 172 3,180 
Total credit lines available13,852 2,922 10,930 
Less: Commercial paper outstanding(3,723)— (3,723)
Less: Utilized credit(684)(3)(681)
Available credit$9,445 $2,919 $6,526 
The other external consolidated credit lines with banks as of September 30, 2022 totaled $3.35 billion. These committed and uncommitted credit lines, which may be eligible for renewal at various future dates or have no specified expiration date, are used primarily by our subsidiaries for local funding requirements. Caterpillar or Cat Financial may guarantee subsidiary borrowings under these lines.
We receive debt ratings from the major credit rating agencies. Moody’s, Fitch and S&P maintain a “mid-A” debt rating. A downgrade of our credit ratings by any of the major credit rating agencies would result in increased borrowing costs and could make access to certain credit markets more difficult. In the event economic conditions deteriorate such that access to debt markets becomes unavailable, ME&T’s operations would rely on cash flow from operations, use of existing cash balances, borrowings from Cat Financial and access to our committed credit facilities. Our Financial Products’ operations would rely on cash flow from its existing portfolio, existing cash balances, access to our committed credit facilities and other credit line facilities of Cat Financial, and potential borrowings from Caterpillar. In addition, we maintain a support agreement with Cat Financial, which requires Caterpillar to remain the sole owner of Cat Financial and may, under certain circumstances, require Caterpillar to make payments to Cat Financial should Cat Financial fail to maintain certain financial ratios.
We facilitate voluntary supply chain finance programs (the “Programs”) through participating financial institutions. The Programs are available to a wide range of suppliers and allow them the option to manage their cash flow. We are not a party to the agreements between the participating financial institutions and the suppliers in connection with the Programs. The range of payment terms we negotiate with our suppliers is consistent, irrespective of whether a supplier participates in the Programs. The amounts payable to participating financial institutions for suppliers who voluntarily participate in the Programs and included in accounts payable in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position were $894 million and $822 million at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The amounts settled through the Programs and paid to participating financial institutions were $4.0 billion and $2.9 billion during the first nine months of 2022 and 2021, respectively. We account for payments made under the Programs, the same as our other accounts payable, as a reduction to our cash flows from operations. We do not believe that changes in the availability of supply chain financing will have a significant impact on our liquidity.
Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Net cash provided by operating activities was $3.19 billion in the first nine months of 2022, compared with net cash provided of $4.90 billion for the same period in 2021. The decrease was primarily due to payments for short-term incentive compensation in the first quarter of 2022, higher payments for taxes which includes payments related to settlements with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service and increased working capital requirements during the first nine months of 2022 compared to the same period last year. Within working capital, changes in inventory, accounts payable and accrued expenses unfavorably impacted cash flow but were partially offset by favorable changes in customer advances and accounts receivable. Partially offsetting these unfavorable items was higher profit adjusted for non-cash items during the first nine months of 2022 compared to the same period a year ago.
Net cash used by investing activities in the first nine months of 2022 was $881 million, compared with net cash used of $487 million in the first nine months of 2021. The change was primarily due to decreased activity related to intercompany lending with Financial Products and was partially offset by decreases in net investment activity.
Net cash used for financing activities during the first nine months of 2022 was $5.29 billion, compared with net cash used of $4.67 billion in the same period of 2021. The change was primarily due to higher share repurchases in the first nine months of 2022 and the absence of proceeds from debt issuances which occurred in the first nine months of 2021. These items were partially offset by lower repayments of maturing debt during the first nine months of 2022.
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While our short-term priorities for the use of cash may vary from time to time as business needs and conditions dictate, our long-term cash deployment strategy is focused on the following priorities. Our top priority is to maintain a strong financial position in support of a mid-A rating. Next, we intend to fund operational requirements and commitments. Then, we intend to fund priorities that profitably grow the company and return capital to shareholders through dividend growth and share repurchases. Additional information on cash deployment is as follows:
Strong financial position – Our top priority is to maintain a strong financial position in support of a mid-A rating. We track a diverse group of financial metrics that focus on liquidity, leverage, cash flow and margins which align with our cash deployment actions and the various methodologies used by the major credit rating agencies.
Operational excellence and commitments – Capital expenditures were $880 million during the first nine months of 2022, compared to $693 million for the same period in 2021. We expect ME&T’s capital expenditures in 2022 to be about $1.4 billion. We made $299 million of contributions to our pension and other postretirement benefit plans during the first nine months of 2022. We currently anticipate full-year 2022 contributions of approximately $357 million. In comparison, we made $229 million of contributions to our pension and other postretirement benefit plans during the first nine months of 2021.
Fund strategic growth initiatives and return capital to shareholders – We intend to utilize our liquidity and debt capacity to fund targeted investments that drive long-term profitable growth focused in the areas of expanded offerings and services, including acquisitions.
As part of our capital allocation strategy, ME&T free cash flow is a liquidity measure we use to determine the cash generated and available for financing activities including debt repayments, dividends and share repurchases. We define ME&T free cash flow as cash from ME&T operations less capital expenditures, excluding discretionary pension and other postretirement benefit plan contributions and cash payments related to settlements with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service. A goal of our capital allocation strategy is to return substantially all ME&T free cash flow to shareholders over time in the form of dividends and share repurchases, while maintaining our mid-A rating.

Our share repurchase plans are subject to the company’s cash deployment priorities and are evaluated on an ongoing basis considering the financial condition of the company and the economic outlook, corporate cash flow, the company’s liquidity needs, and the health and stability of global credit markets. The timing and amount of future repurchases may vary depending on market conditions and investing priorities. In July 2018, the Board approved a repurchase authorization (the 2018 Authorization) of up to $10.0 billion of Caterpillar common stock effective January 1, 2019, with no expiration. In May 2022, the Board approved a new share repurchase authorization (the 2022 Authorization) of up to $15.0 billion of Caterpillar common stock effective August 1, 2022, with no expiration. Utilization of the 2022 Authorization for all share repurchases commenced on August 1, 2022, leaving $70 million unutilized under the 2018 Authorization as of September 30, 2022. In the first nine months of 2022, we repurchased $3.31 billion of Caterpillar common stock, with $13.7 billion remaining under the 2022 Authorization as of September 30, 2022. Our basic shares outstanding as of September 30, 2022 were approximately 520 million.
Each quarter, our Board of Directors reviews the company’s dividend for the applicable quarter. The Board evaluates the financial condition of the company and considers the economic outlook, corporate cash flow, the company’s liquidity needs, and the health and stability of global credit markets to determine whether to maintain or change the quarterly dividend. In October 2022, the Board of Directors approved maintaining our quarterly dividend representing $1.20 per share, and we continue to expect our strong financial position to support the dividend. Dividends paid totaled $1.82 billion in the first nine months of 2022.

Financial Products
Financial Products operating cash flow was $1.25 billion in the first nine months of 2022, compared with $1.10 billion for the same period a year ago. Net cash used for investing activities was $228 million for the first nine months of 2022, compared with net cash used of $468 million for the same period in 2021. The change was primarily due to portfolio related activity. Net cash used for financing activities was $872 million for the first nine months of 2022 compared with net cash used of $289 million for the same period in 2021. The change was primarily due to lower portfolio funding requirements.
Financial Products ended the third quarter of 2022 with $943 million of cash, including $142 million in Russia which is currently subject to local government restrictions that substantially limit transfer outside of the country.

RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

For a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements, see Part I, Item 1. Note 2 - “New accounting guidance”.
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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
 
For a discussion of the company’s critical accounting estimates, see Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have been no significant changes to our critical accounting estimates since our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

OTHER MATTERS
 
Information related to legal proceedings appears in Note 14—Environmental and Legal Matters of Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Retirement Benefits
We recognize mark-to-market gains and losses immediately through earnings upon the remeasurement of our pension and OPEB plans. Mark-to-market gains and losses represent the effects of actual results differing from our assumptions and the effects of changing assumptions. We will record the annual mark-to-market adjustment as of the measurement date, December 31, 2022. It is difficult to predict the December 31, 2022 adjustment amount, as it will be dependent primarily on changes in discount rates during 2022, and actual returns on plan assets differing from our expected returns for 2022.

Order Backlog
At the end of the third quarter of 2022, the dollar amount of backlog believed to be firm was approximately $30.0 billion, about $1.6 billion higher than the second quarter of 2022. The order backlog increase was primarily driven by Energy & Transportation and Construction Industries. Of the total backlog at September 30, 2022, approximately $5.7 billion was not expected to be filled in the following twelve months.
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NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
 
We provide the following definitions for the non-GAAP financial measures used in this report. These non-GAAP financial measures have no standardized meaning prescribed by U.S. GAAP and therefore are unlikely to be comparable to the calculation of similar measures for other companies. Management does not intend these items to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the related GAAP measures.
 
We believe it is important to separately quantify the profit impact of one significant item in order for our results to be meaningful to our readers. This item consists of restructuring costs, which were incurred to generate longer-term benefits. We do not consider this item indicative of earnings from ongoing business activities and believe the non-GAAP measure provides investors with useful perspective on underlying business results and trends and aids with assessing our period-over-period results. In addition, we provide a calculation of ME&T free cash flow as we believe it is an important measure for investors to determine the cash generation available for financing activities including debt repayments, dividends and share repurchases.

Reconciliations of adjusted results to the most directly comparable GAAP measures are as follows:

(Dollars in millions except per share data)Operating ProfitOperating Profit MarginProfit Before TaxesProvision (Benefit) for Income TaxesEffective Tax RateProfitProfit per Share
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 - U.S. GAAP
$2,425 16.2 %$2,558 $527 20.6 %$2,041 $3.87 
Restructuring costs49 0.3 %49 9 18.4 %40 $0.08 
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 - Adjusted
$2,474 16.5 %$2,607 $536 20.6 %$2,081 $3.95 
Three Months Ended September 30, 2021 - U.S. GAAP
$1,664 13.4 %$1,775 $368 20.7 %$1,426 $2.60 
Restructuring costs35 0.3 %35 6 15.0 %29 $0.06 
Three Months Ended September 30, 2021 - Adjusted
$1,699 13.7 %$1,810 $374 20.7 %$1,455 $2.66 
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022- U.S. GAAP
$6,224 14.5 %$6,653 $1,423 21.4 %$5,251 $9.85 
Restructuring costs90 0.2 %90 13 14.0 %77 $0.14 
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 - Adjusted
$6,314 14.7 %$6,743 $1,436 21.3 %$5,328 $9.99 
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021 - U.S. GAAP
$5,267 14.2 %$5,642 $1,313 23.3 %$4,369 $7.94 
Restructuring costs124 0.3 %124 19 15.0 %105 $0.19 
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021 - Adjusted
$5,391 14.5 %$5,766 $1,332 23.1 %$4,474 $8.13 

Reconciliations of ME&T free cash flow to the most directly comparable GAAP measure, net cash provided by operating activities are as follows:
(Millions of dollars)Nine Months Ended September 30
20222021
ME&T net cash provided by operating activities 1
$3,191 $4,899 
ME&T capital expenditures(880)(693)
Cash payments related to settlements with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service467 — 
ME&T free cash flow$2,778 $4,206 
1 See reconciliation of ME&T net cash provided by operating activities to consolidated net cash provided by operating activities on pages 73 - 74.

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Supplemental Consolidating Data
 
We are providing supplemental consolidating data for the purpose of additional analysis.  The data has been grouped as follows:
 
Consolidated – Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries.
 
Machinery, Energy & Transportation – We define ME&T as it is presented in the supplemental data as Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries, excluding Financial Products. ME&T’s information relates to the design, manufacturing and marketing of our products.
 
Financial Products – We define Financial Products as it is presented in the supplemental data as our finance and insurance subsidiaries, primarily Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation (Cat Financial) and Caterpillar Insurance Holdings Inc. (Insurance Services). Financial Products’ information relates to the financing to customers and dealers for the purchase and lease of Caterpillar and other equipment.
 
Consolidating Adjustments – Eliminations of transactions between ME&T and Financial Products.
 
The nature of the ME&T and Financial Products businesses is different, especially with regard to the financial position and cash flow items. Caterpillar management utilizes this presentation internally to highlight these differences. We believe this presentation will assist readers in understanding our business.

Pages 67 to 74 reconcile ME&T and Financial Products to Caterpillar Inc. consolidated financial information. Certain amounts for prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

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Caterpillar Inc.
Supplemental Data for Results of Operations
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
(Unaudited)
(Millions of dollars)
  Supplemental Consolidating Data
 ConsolidatedMachinery,
Energy &
Transportation 		Financial
Products		Consolidating
Adjustments
Sales and revenues:    
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation$14,278 $14,278 $— $— 
Revenues of Financial Products716 — 852 (136)
1
Total sales and revenues14,994 14,278 852 (136)
Operating costs:    
Cost of goods sold10,202 10,203 — (1)
2
Selling, general and administrative expenses1,401 1,271 136 (6)
2
Research and development expenses476 476 — — 
Interest expense of Financial Products151 — 151 — 
Other operating (income) expenses339 43 315 (19)
2
Total operating costs12,569 11,993 602 (26)
Operating profit2,425 2,285 250 (110)
Interest expense excluding Financial Products109 110 — (1)
3
Other income (expense)242 160 (27)109 
4
Consolidated profit before taxes2,558 2,335 223 — 
Provision (benefit) for income taxes527 464 63 — 
Profit of consolidated companies2,031 1,871 160 — 
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies9 11 — (2)
5
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies2,040 1,882 160 (2)
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests(1)(1)2 (2)
6
Profit 7
$2,041 $1,883 $158 $— 
 
1Elimination of Financial Products’ revenues earned from ME&T.
2Elimination of net expenses recorded by ME&T paid to Financial Products.
3Elimination of interest expense recorded between Financial Products and ME&T.
4Elimination of discount recorded by ME&T on receivables sold to Financial Products and of interest earned between ME&T and Financial Products as well as dividends paid by Financial Products to ME&T.
5Elimination of equity profit (loss) earned from Financial Products’ subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.
6Elimination of noncontrolling interest profit (loss) recorded by Financial Products for subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.
7Profit attributable to common shareholders.
67
Caterpillar Inc.
Supplemental Data for Results of Operations
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
(Unaudited)
(Millions of dollars)
 
  Supplemental Consolidating Data
 ConsolidatedMachinery, Energy & Transportation Financial
Products		Consolidating
Adjustments
Sales and revenues:    
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation$40,703 $40,703 $— $— 
Revenues of Financial Products2,127 — 2,493 (366)
1
Total sales and revenues42,830 40,703 2,493 (366)
Operating costs:    
Cost of goods sold29,736 29,741 — (5)
2
Selling, general and administrative expenses4,172 3,714 475 (17)
2
Research and development expenses1,413 1,413 — — 
Interest expense of Financial Products377 — 377 — 

Other operating (income) expenses908 31 936 (59)
2
Total operating costs36,606 34,899 1,788 (81)
Operating profit6,224 5,804 705 (285)
Interest expense excluding Financial Products326 327 — (1)
3
Other income (expense)755 497 (26)284 
4
Consolidated profit before taxes6,653 5,974 679 — 
Provision (benefit) for income taxes1,423 1,250 173 — 
Profit of consolidated companies5,230 4,724 506 — 
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies20 26 — (6)
5
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies5,250 4,750 506 (6)
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests(1)(1)6 (6)
6
Profit 7
$5,251 $4,751 $500 $— 
 
1Elimination of Financial Products’ revenues earned from ME&T.
2Elimination of net expenses recorded by ME&T paid to Financial Products.
3Elimination of interest expense recorded between Financial Products and ME&T.
4Elimination of discount recorded by ME&T on receivables sold to Financial Products and of interest earned between ME&T and Financial Products as well as dividends paid by Financial Products to ME&T.
5Elimination of equity profit (loss) earned from Financial Products’ subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.
6Elimination of noncontrolling interest profit (loss) recorded by Financial Products for subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.
7Profit attributable to common shareholders.
68
Caterpillar Inc.
Supplemental Data for Results of Operations
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2021
(Unaudited)
(Millions of dollars)
  Supplemental Consolidating Data
 ConsolidatedMachinery,
Energy &
Transportation		Financial
Products		Consolidating
Adjustments
Sales and revenues:    
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation$11,707 $11,707 $— $— 
Revenues of Financial Products690 — 787 (97)
1
Total sales and revenues12,397 11,707 787 (97)
Operating costs:    
Cost of goods sold8,617 8,618 — (1)
2
Selling, general and administrative expenses1,340 1,147 200 (7)
2
Research and development expenses427 427 — — 
Interest expense of Financial Products111 — 111 — 

Other operating (income) expenses238 (56)310 (16)
2
Total operating costs10,733 10,136 621 (24)
Operating profit1,664 1,571 166 (73)
Interest expense excluding Financial Products114 114 — — 
Other income (expense)225 143 9 73 
3
Consolidated profit before taxes1,775 1,600 175 — 
Provision (benefit) for income taxes368 331 37 — 
Profit of consolidated companies1,407 1,269 138 — 
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies21 23 — (2)
4
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies1,428 1,292 138 (2)
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests2 1 3 (2)
5
Profit 6
$1,426 $1,291 $135 $— 
 
1Elimination of Financial Products’ revenues earned from ME&T.
2Elimination of net expenses recorded by ME&T paid to Financial Products.
3Elimination of discount recorded by ME&T on receivables sold to Financial Products and of interest earned between ME&T and Financial Products as well as dividends paid by Financial Products to ME&T.
4Elimination of equity profit (loss) earned from Financial Products’ subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.
5Elimination of noncontrolling interest profit (loss) recorded by Financial Products for subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.
6Profit attributable to common shareholders.
69
Caterpillar Inc.
Supplemental Data for Results of Operations
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
(Unaudited)
(Millions of dollars)
 
  Supplemental Consolidating Data
 ConsolidatedMachinery,
Energy &
Transportation		Financial
Products		Consolidating
Adjustments
Sales and revenues:    
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation$35,091 $35,091 $— $— 
Revenues of Financial Products2,082 — 2,371 (289)
1
Total sales and revenues37,173 35,091 2,371 (289)
Operating costs:    
Cost of goods sold25,510 25,515 — (5)
2
Selling, general and administrative expenses3,943 3,471 483 (11)
2
Research and development expenses1,247 1,247 — — 
Interest expense of Financial Products352 — 352 — 
Other operating (income) expenses854 (30)931 (47)
2
Total operating costs31,906 30,203 1,766 (63)
Operating profit5,267 4,888 605 (226)
Interest expense excluding Financial Products376 376 — — 
Other income (expense)751 819 56 (124)
3
Consolidated profit before taxes5,642 5,331 661 (350)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes1,313 1,158 155 — 
Profit of consolidated companies4,329 4,173 506 (350)
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies44 52 — (8)
4
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies4,373 4,225 506 (358)
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests4 3 9 (8)
5
Profit 6
$4,369 $4,222 $497 $(350)
 
1Elimination of Financial Products’ revenues earned from ME&T.
2Elimination of net expenses recorded by ME&T paid to Financial Products.
3Elimination of discount recorded by ME&T on receivables sold to Financial Products and of interest earned between ME&T and Financial Products as well as dividends paid by Financial Products to ME&T.
4Elimination of equity profit (loss) earned from Financial Products’ subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.
5Elimination of noncontrolling interest profit (loss) recorded by Financial Products for subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.
6Profit attributable to common shareholders.
70
Caterpillar Inc.
Supplemental Data for Financial Position
At September 30, 2022
(Unaudited)
(Millions of dollars)
  Supplemental Consolidating Data
 ConsolidatedMachinery,
Energy &
Transportation		Financial
Products		Consolidating
Adjustments
Assets    
Current assets:    
Cash and cash equivalents$6,346 $5,403 $943 $— 
Receivables – trade and other8,158 3,134 652 4,372 
1,2
Receivables – finance8,918 — 13,446 (4,528)
2
Prepaid expenses and other current assets2,295 2,013 316 (34)
3
Inventories16,860 16,860 — — 
Total current assets42,577 27,410 15,357 (190)
Property, plant and equipment – net11,643 7,810 3,833 — 
Long-term receivables – trade and other1,278 319 512 447 
1,2
Long-term receivables – finance11,859 — 12,338 (479)
2
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes2,218 2,745 106 (633)
4
Intangible assets806 806 — — 
Goodwill6,092 6,092 — — 
Other assets4,434 3,663 1,946 (1,175)
5
Total assets$80,907 $48,845 $34,092 $(2,030)
Liabilities    
Current liabilities:    
Short-term borrowings$4,202 $3 $4,199 $— 
Accounts payable8,260 8,149 267 (156)
6
Accrued expenses4,013 3,622 391 — 
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits2,204 2,160 44 — 
Customer advances1,831 1,831 — — 
Other current liabilities2,878 2,126 807 (55)
4,7
Long-term debt due within one year6,814 120 6,694 — 
Total current liabilities30,202 18,011 12,402 (211)
Long-term debt due after one year25,509 9,511 16,030 (32)
8
Liability for postemployment benefits5,038 5,038 — — 
Other liabilities4,536 3,659 1,565 (688)
4
Total liabilities65,285 36,219 29,997 (931)
Commitments and contingencies    
Shareholders’ equity    
Common stock6,523 6,523 905 (905)
9
Treasury stock(30,883)(30,883)— — 
Profit employed in the business43,304 38,898 4,395 11 
9
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)(3,353)(1,946)(1,407)— 
Noncontrolling interests31 34 202 (205)
9
Total shareholders’ equity15,622 12,626 4,095 (1,099)
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity$80,907 $48,845 $34,092 $(2,030)
 
1     Elimination of receivables between ME&T and Financial Products.
2     Reclassification of ME&T’s trade receivables purchased by Financial Products and Financial Products’ wholesale inventory receivables.
3     Elimination of ME&T’s insurance premiums that are prepaid to Financial Products.
4     Reclassification reflecting required netting of deferred tax assets/liabilities by taxing jurisdiction.
5     Elimination of other intercompany assets between ME&T and Financial Products.
6     Elimination of payables between ME&T and Financial Products.
7     Elimination of prepaid insurance in Financial Products’ other liabilities.
8     Elimination of debt between ME&T and Financial Products.
9     Eliminations associated with ME&T’s investments in Financial Products’ subsidiaries.
71
Caterpillar Inc.
Supplemental Data for Financial Position
At December 31, 2021
(Unaudited)
(Millions of dollars)
  Supplemental Consolidating Data
 ConsolidatedMachinery,
Energy &
Transportation		Financial
Products		Consolidating
Adjustments
Assets    
Current assets:    
Cash and cash equivalents$9,254 $8,428 $826 $— 
Receivables – trade and other8,477 3,279 435 4,763 
1,2
Receivables – finance8,898 — 13,828 (4,930)
2
Prepaid expenses and other current assets2,788 2,567 358 (137)
3
Inventories14,038 14,038 — — 
Total current assets43,455 28,312 15,447 (304)
Property, plant and equipment – net12,090 8,172 3,918 — 
Long-term receivables – trade and other1,204 375 204 625 
1,2
Long-term receivables – finance12,707 — 13,358 (651)
2
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes1,840 2,396 105 (661)
4
Intangible assets1,042 1,042 — — 
Goodwill6,324 6,324 — — 
Other assets4,131 3,388 1,952 (1,209)
5
Total assets$82,793 $50,009 $34,984 $(2,200)
Liabilities    
Current liabilities:    
Short-term borrowings$5,404 $9 $5,395 $— 
Accounts payable8,154 8,079 242 (167)
6
Accrued expenses3,757 3,385 372 — 

Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits2,242 2,186 56 — 
Customer advances1,087 1,086 1 — 
Dividends payable595 595 — — 
Other current liabilities2,256 1,773 642 (159)
4,7
Long-term debt due within one year6,352 45 6,307 — 
Total current liabilities29,847 17,158 13,015 (326)
Long-term debt due after one year26,033 9,772 16,287 (26)
8
Liability for postemployment benefits5,592 5,592 — — 
Other liabilities4,805 4,106 1,425 (726)
4
Total liabilities66,277 36,628 30,727 (1,078)
Commitments and contingencies    
Shareholders’ equity    
Common stock6,398 6,398 919 (919)
9
Treasury stock(27,643)(27,643)— — 
Profit employed in the business39,282 35,390 3,881 11 
9
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)(1,553)(799)(754)— 
Noncontrolling interests32 35 211 (214)
9
Total shareholders’ equity16,516 13,381 4,257 (1,122)
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity$82,793 $50,009 $34,984 $(2,200)
 
1     Elimination of receivables between ME&T and Financial Products.
2     Reclassification of ME&T’s trade receivables purchased by Financial Products and Financial Products’ wholesale inventory receivables.
3     Elimination of ME&T’s insurance premiums that are prepaid to Financial Products.
4     Reclassification reflecting required netting of deferred tax assets/liabilities by taxing jurisdiction.
5     Elimination of other intercompany assets between ME&T and Financial Products.
6     Elimination of payables between ME&T and Financial Products.
7     Elimination of prepaid insurance in Financial Products' other liabilities.
8     Elimination of debt between ME&T and Financial Products.
9     Eliminations associated with ME&T’s investments in Financial Products’ subsidiaries.
72
Caterpillar Inc.
Supplemental Data for Cash Flow
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
(Unaudited)
(Millions of dollars)
  Supplemental Consolidating Data
 ConsolidatedMachinery,
Energy &
Transportation		Financial
Products		Consolidating
Adjustments
Cash flow from operating activities:    
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies$5,250 $4,750 $506 $(6)
1
Adjustments for non-cash items:    
Depreciation and amortization1,661 1,072 589 — 
Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes(349)(294)(55)— 
Other132 (83)(123)338 
2
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures:
Receivables – trade and other365 97 21 247 
2,3
Inventories(3,088)(3,074)— (14)
2
Accounts payable786 701 74 11 
2
Accrued expenses70 28 42 — 
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits15 27 (12)— 
Customer advances751 752 (1)— 
Other assets – net57 128 (28)(43)
2
Other liabilities – net(623)(913)239 51 
2
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities5,027 3,191 1,252 584 
Cash flow from investing activities:    
Capital expenditures – excluding equipment leased to others(868)(860)(10)2 
2
Expenditures for equipment leased to others(1,023)(20)(1,024)21 
2
Proceeds from disposals of leased assets and property, plant and equipment666 63 612 (9)
2
Additions to finance receivables(9,914)— (10,584)670 
3
Collections of finance receivables9,738 — 10,328 (590)
3
Net intercompany purchased receivables— — 678 (678)
3
Proceeds from sale of finance receivables50 — 50 — 
Net intercompany borrowings— — 5 (5)
4
Investments and acquisitions (net of cash acquired)(44)(44)— — 
Proceeds from sale of businesses and investments (net of cash sold)1 1 — — 
Proceeds from sale of securities2,080 1,820 260 — 
Investments in securities(2,399)(1,925)(474)— 
Other – net15 84 (69)— 
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities(1,698)(881)(228)(589)
Cash flow from financing activities:    
Dividends paid(1,820)(1,820)— — 
Common stock issued, including treasury shares reissued2 2 — — 
Common shares repurchased(3,309)(3,309)— — 
Net intercompany borrowings— (5)— 5 
4
Proceeds from debt issued (original maturities greater than three months)5,570 — 5,570 — 
Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months)(5,289)(20)(5,269)— 
Short-term borrowings – net (original maturities three months or less)(1,311)(138)(1,173)— 
Other – net(1)(1)— — 
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities(6,158)(5,291)(872)5 
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash(79)(42)(37)— 
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash(2,908)(3,023)115 — 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period9,263 8,433 830 — 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period$6,355 $5,410 $945 $— 
 
1    Elimination of equity profit earned from Financial Products' subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.
2    Elimination of non-cash adjustments and changes in assets and liabilities related to consolidated reporting.
3    Reclassification of Financial Products’ cash flow activity from investing to operating for receivables that arose from the sale of inventory.
4    Elimination of net proceeds and payments to/from ME&T and Financial Products.

73
Caterpillar Inc.
Supplemental Data for Cash Flow
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
(Unaudited)
(Millions of dollars)
  Supplemental Consolidating Data
 ConsolidatedMachinery,
Energy &
Transportation		Financial
Products		Consolidating
Adjustments
Cash flow from operating activities:    
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies$4,373 $4,225 $506 $(358)
1,5
Adjustments for non-cash items:    
Depreciation and amortization1,766 1,162 604 — 
Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes(321)(255)(66)— 
Other102 104 (135)133 
2
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures:
Receivables – trade and other(326)(338)40 (28)
2,3
Inventories(2,195)(2,194)— (1)
2
Accounts payable1,232 1,194 28 10 
2
Accrued expenses46 117 (71)— 
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits934 905 29 — 
Customer advances39 39 — — 
Other assets – net138 133 24 (19)
2
Other liabilities – net(2)(193)144 47 
2
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities5,786 4,899 1,103 (216)
Cash flow from investing activities:    
Capital expenditures – excluding equipment leased to others(673)(670)(11)8 
2
Expenditures for equipment leased to others(1,014)(23)(997)6 
2
Proceeds from disposals of leased assets and property, plant and equipment877 71 818 (12)
2
Additions to finance receivables(9,603)— (10,292)689 
3
Collections of finance receivables9,221 — 9,946 (725)
3
Net intercompany purchased receivables— — 100 (100)
3
Proceeds from sale of finance receivables44 — 44 — 
Net intercompany borrowings— 1,000 3 (1,003)
4
Investments and acquisitions (net of cash acquired)(449)(449)— — 
Proceeds from sale of businesses and investments (net of cash sold)23 23 — — 
Proceeds from sale of securities424 44 380 — 
Investments in securities(934)(542)(392)— 
Other – net(8)59 (67)— 
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities(2,092)(487)(468)(1,137)
Cash flow from financing activities:    
Dividends paid(1,733)(1,733)(350)350 
5
Common stock issued, including treasury shares reissued122 122 — — 
Common shares repurchased(1,622)(1,622)— — 
Net intercompany borrowings— (3)(1,000)1,003 
4
Proceeds from debt issued (original maturities greater than three months)6,931 494 6,437 — 
Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months)(8,620)(1,910)(6,710)— 
Short-term borrowings – net (original maturities three months or less)1,324 (10)1,334 — 
Other – net(4)(4)— — 
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities(3,602)(4,666)(289)1,353 
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash(9)(14)5 — 
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash83 (268)351 — 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period9,366 8,822 544 — 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period$9,449 $8,554 $895 $— 

1    Elimination of equity profit earned from Financial Products' subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.
2    Elimination of non-cash adjustments and changes in assets and liabilities related to consolidated reporting.
3    Reclassification of Financial Products’ cash flow activity from investing to operating for receivables that arose from the sale of inventory.
4    Elimination of net proceeds and payments to/from ME&T and Financial Products.
5     Elimination of dividend activity between Financial Products and ME&T.
74
Forward-looking Statements

Certain statements in this Form 10-Q relate to future events and expectations and are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as “believe,” “estimate,” “will be,” “will,” “would,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “forecast,” “target,” “guide,” “project,” “intend,” “could,” “should” or other similar words or expressions often identify forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, statements regarding our outlook, projections, forecasts or trend descriptions. These statements do not guarantee future performance and speak only as of the date they are made, and we do not undertake to update our forward-looking statements.

Caterpillar’s actual results may differ materially from those described or implied in our forward-looking statements based on a number of factors, including, but not limited to: (i) global and regional economic conditions and economic conditions in the industries we serve; (ii) commodity price changes, material price increases, fluctuations in demand for our products or significant shortages of material; (iii) government monetary or fiscal policies; (iv) political and economic risks, commercial instability and events beyond our control in the countries in which we operate; (v) international trade policies and their impact on demand for our products and our competitive position, including the imposition of new tariffs or changes in existing tariff rates; (vi) our ability to develop, produce and market quality products that meet our customers’ needs; (vii) the impact of the highly competitive environment in which we operate on our sales and pricing; (viii) information technology security threats and computer crime; (ix) inventory management decisions and sourcing practices of our dealers and our OEM customers; (x) a failure to realize, or a delay in realizing, all of the anticipated benefits of our acquisitions, joint ventures or divestitures; (xi) union disputes or other employee relations issues; (xii) adverse effects of unexpected events; (xiii) disruptions or volatility in global financial markets limiting our sources of liquidity or the liquidity of our customers, dealers and suppliers; (xiv) failure to maintain our credit ratings and potential resulting increases to our cost of borrowing and adverse effects on our cost of funds, liquidity, competitive position and access to capital markets; (xv) our Financial Products segment’s risks associated with the financial services industry; (xvi) changes in interest rates or market liquidity conditions; (xvii) an increase in delinquencies, repossessions or net losses of Cat Financial’s customers; (xviii) currency fluctuations; (xix) our or Cat Financial’s compliance with financial and other restrictive covenants in debt agreements; (xx) increased pension plan funding obligations; (xxi) alleged or actual violations of trade or anti-corruption laws and regulations; (xxii) additional tax expense or exposure, including the impact of U.S. tax reform; (xxiii) significant legal proceedings, claims, lawsuits or government investigations; (xxiv) new regulations or changes in financial services regulations; (xxv) compliance with environmental laws and regulations; (xxvi) the duration and geographic spread of, business disruptions caused by, and the overall global economic impact of, the COVID-19 pandemic; and (xxvii) other factors described in more detail under the section entitled "Part I - Item 1A. Risk Factors" of Caterpillar's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, as such factors may be updated from time to time in Caterpillar's periodic filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Item 3.  Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
 
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from Note 5 – “Derivative financial instruments and risk management” included in Part I, Item 1 and Management’s Discussion and Analysis included in Part I, Item 2 of this Form 10-Q.
 
Item 4.  Controls and Procedures
 
Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures
 
An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of the company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Financial Officer (CFO), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the company’s disclosure controls and procedures, as that term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report.  Based on that evaluation, the CEO and CFO concluded that the company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report.

Changes in internal control over financial reporting
 
During the third quarter of 2022, there has been no change in the company’s internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company’s internal control over financial reporting.


75
PART II.  OTHER INFORMATION
 
Item 1.  Legal Proceedings
 
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from Note 14 – “Environmental and legal matters” included in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.    

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes to the risk factors we previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Item 2.  Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
 
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Period
Total Number
of Shares
Purchased2
Average Price
Paid per Share2
Total Number
of Shares Purchased
as Part of Publicly Announced Program
Approximate Dollar
Value of Shares that
May Yet be Purchased
under the Program (in billions)1
July 1-31, 2022591,861 $177.08 591,861 $0.070 
August 1-31, 20223,015,701 $192.33 3,015,701 $14.420 
September 1-30, 20223,967,760 $176.42 3,967,760 $13.720 
Total7,575,322 $182.80 7,575,322 
1 In July 2018, the Board approved a share repurchase authorization (the 2018 Authorization) of up to $10.0 billion of Caterpillar common stock effective January 1, 2019, with no expiration. In May 2022, the Board approved a new share repurchase authorization (the 2022 Authorization) of up to $15.0 billion of Caterpillar common stock effective August 1, 2022, with no expiration. Utilization of the 2022 Authorization for all share repurchases commenced on August 1, 2022, leaving approximately $70 million unutilized under the 2018 Authorization as of September 30, 2022. As of September 30, 2022, $13.7 billion remained available under the 2022 Authorization.
2 In July, August and September of 2022, we repurchased 0.6 million, 3.0 million and 4.0 million shares respectively, for an aggregate of $1.4 billion in open market transactions at an average price per share of $177.08, $192.33 and $176.42, respectively.
Non-U.S. Employee Stock Purchase Plans
 
As of September 30, 2022, we had 28 employee stock purchase plans (the “EIP Plans”) that are administered outside the United States for our non-U.S. employees, which had approximately 13,000 active participants in the aggregate. During the third quarter of 2022, approximately 81,000 shares of Caterpillar common stock were purchased by the EIP Plans pursuant to the terms of such plans.



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Item 6. Exhibits
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
10.10
10.11
10.12
10.13
10.14
10.15
10.16
31.1
31.2
32
101.INSInline XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document)
101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104Cover Page Interactive File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101)
*Management contracts and compensatory plans and arrangements required to be filed as exhibits pursuant to Item 6 of this report.

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The agreements and other documents filed as exhibits to this report are not intended to provide factual information or other disclosure other than with respect to the terms of the agreements or other documents themselves, and you should not rely on them for that purpose. In particular, any representations and warranties made by us in these agreements or other documents were made solely within the specific context of the relevant agreement or document and may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time.

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SIGNATURES
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
 
 CATERPILLAR INC. 
   
   
November 2, 2022/s/ D. James Umpleby IIIChairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
 D. James Umpleby III 
   
November 2, 2022/s/ Andrew R.J. BonfieldChief Financial Officer
 Andrew R.J. Bonfield 
   
   
November 2, 2022/s/ Suzette M. LongChief Legal Officer and General Counsel
 Suzette M. Long
   
   
November 2, 2022/s/ William E. SchauppVice President and Chief Accounting Officer
 William E. Schaupp 

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