Form 10-Q - Quarterly report [Sections 13 or 15(d)]

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE

ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended: March 31, 2025

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE

ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _____to ______

Commission File Number: 001-41575

Lipella Pharmaceuticals Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware		20-2388040
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

7800 Susquehanna St., Suite 505

Pittsburgh, PA 15208

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

(412) 894-1853

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act

Title of each class		Trading Symbol(s)		Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share		LIPO		The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of May 13, 2025, there were 4,467,395 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“Common Stock”), of the registrant outstanding.

Lipella Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Form 10-Q

March 31, 2025

Table of Contents

		Page
Part I	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	1

Item 1	Financial Statements.	1

	Condensed Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2025 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2024	1

	Condensed Statements of Operations (Unaudited) for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024	2

	Condensed Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) (Unaudited) for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024	3

	Condensed Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024	4

	Notes to Condensed Financial Statements (Unaudited)	5

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.	16

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.	26

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures.	26

Part II.	OTHER INFORMATION	27

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings.	27

Item 1A.	Risk Factors.	27

Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.	27

Item 3.	Defaults upon Senior Securities.	27

Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures.	27

Item 5.	Other Information.	27

Item 6.	Exhibits.	27

	Signatures	28

References in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to the “Company,” “Lipella,” “we,” “us,” or “our” mean Lipella Pharmaceuticals Inc. unless otherwise expressly stated or the context indicates otherwise.

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.


	March 31, 2025			December 31, 2024
Assets
Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	4,225,012		$	2,184,863
Grants receivable		85,630			84,712
Accounts Receivable		—			—
Prepaid expenses		512,696			347,676
Total Current Assets		4,823,337			2,617,252
Property and Equipment
Furniture, fixtures and equipment		140,294			140,294
Furniture, fixtures and equipment (accumulated depreciation)		(131,152	)		(130,430	)
Furniture and fixtures, net		9,142			9,864
Other Assets
Operating lease right of use asset		23,572			46,754
Total Assets		4,856,051			2,673,870
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities
Accounts payable		392,115			388,191
Accrued expenses		258,310			237,886
Operating lease liability		23,997			47,605
Payroll liability		102,425			80,735
Total Current Liabilities		776,846			754,417
Operating lease liability, net of current portion		—			—
Total Liabilities		776,847			754,417
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value; 20,000,000 shares authorized;
Series B preferred stock, $0.0001 par value per share, 72,000 shares authorized; 46,025 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2025 and 25,975 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024	$	5		$	3
Series C preferred stock, $0.0001 par value per share, 1,050,000 shares authorized; 536,959 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2025 and 303,041 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024	$	53		$	30
Common stock, $0.0001 par value per share; 200,000,000 shares authorized, 2,548,811 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2025 and 1,208,919 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024	$	254		$	121
Additional paid-in capital		20,725,522			17,259,406
Accumulated deficit		(16,646,630	)		(15,340,107	)
Total stockholders’ equity		4,079,204			1,919,453
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	4,856,051		$	2,673,870

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.


	For the three months ended March 31,
	2025			2024
Grant revenues	$	129,390		$	145,880
Total revenues		129,390			145,880

Cost and expenses
Research and development		993,475			842,600
General and administrative		463,736			520,926
Total costs and expenses		1,457,211			1,363,526
Loss from operations		(1,327,821	)		(1,217,646	)

Other income (expense)
Interest income, net		21,298			25,837
Total other income/(expense)		21,298			25,837
Loss before income taxes		(1,306,523	)		(1,191,809	)
Provision for income taxes		—			—
Net Loss	$	(1,306,523	)	$	(1,191,809	)

Loss per share of Common Stock
Basic		(0.64	)		(1.31	)
Dilutive		(0.64	)		(1.31	)

Weighted-average of shares of Common Stock outstanding:
Basic		2,056,804			911,515
Dilutive		2,056,804			911,515

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

Lipella Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Statement of Stockholder’s Equity (Deficit)


	Series B Convertible Preferred Stock						Series C Convertible Preferred Stock						Common Stock				Additional			Accumulated
	Shares			Amount			Shares			Amount			Shares		Amount		paid-in capital			Deficit			Total
Balances, December 31, 2023		—			—			—			—		$	756,745		75		13,468,216			(10,323,843	)		3,144,448
Net loss		—			—			—			—			—		—		—			(1,191,809	)		(1,191,809	)
Share based compensation		—			—			—			—			—		—		208,639			—			208,639
Warrants exercised for Common Stock		—			—			—			—			62,500		6		(6	)		—			—
Issuance of Common Stock		—			—			—			—			36,227		4		199,996			—			200,000
Shares issued for services		—			—			—			—			24,510		2		199,998			—			200,000
Balances, March 31, 2024		—			—			—			—			879,981		87		14,076,843			(11,515,652	)		2,561,278

Balances, December 31, 2024		25,975		$	3			303,041		$	30			1,208,919	$	121	$	17,259,406		$	(15,340,107	)	$	1,919,453
Net loss		—			—			—			—			—		—		—			(1,306,523	)		(1,306,523	)
Warrants exercised for Common Stock		—			—			—			—			64,702		6		(6	)		—			—
Series B preferred stock converted to Common Stock		(25,975	)		(3	)		—			—			972,149		97		(94	)		—			0
Series C preferred stock converted to Common Stock		—			—			(303,041	)		(30	)		303,041		30		—			—			—
Issuance of warrants to purchase Series B preferred stock		—			—			—			—			—		—		9,000						9,000
Issuance of preferred stock and warrants, net of issuance costs of $382,800		46,025			5			536,959			53			—		—		3,457,217			—			3,457,274
Balances, March 31, 2025		46,025		$	5			536,959		$	53			2,548,811	$	254	$	20,725,522		$	(16,646,630	)	$	4,079,204

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

Lipella Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Statements of Cash Flows


	The three months ended
	March 31,
	2025			2024
Cash flow from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(1,306,523	)	$	(1,191,809	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		722			721
Shares issued for services		—			200,000
Non-cash stock option expense		—			208,639
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Operating right of use asset		(424	)		215
Grants receivable		(918	)		(36,648	)
Prepaid expense		(165,020	)		(733,601	)
Accounts payable		3,925			155,819
Accrued expenses		20,423			7,649
Payroll liability		21,689			576
Net cash used in operating activities		(1,426,126	)		(1,388,438	)
Cash flow from investing activities:
Net cash used in investing activities		—			—
Cash flow from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of Common Stock, net of issuance costs		3,466,275			200,000
Net cash provided by financing activities		3,466,275			200,000
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents		2,040,149			(1,188,438	)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		2,184,863			3,293,738
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	4,225,012		$	2,105,299

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Interest paid	$	4,152		$	6,234
Income taxes paid		—			—

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

Lipella Pharmaceuticals Inc.

NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

Note 1. Description of Business and Basis of Presentation

Nature of Business

Lipella Pharmaceuticals Inc. (the “Company”, “we”, “us” or “our”) is a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on developing new drugs by reformulating the active agents in existing generic drugs and optimizing these reformulations for new applications. Our operations consist of research, preclinical development and clinical development activities, and our most advanced program is in Phase 2 clinical development. Since our inception in 2005, we have historically financed our operations through a combination of federal grant revenue, licensing revenue, manufacturing revenue, as well as equity and debt financing.

Basis of Presentation

The Company’s unaudited condensed financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board.

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited condensed financial statements include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, which are necessary to present fairly the Company’s financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. The interim results of operations are not necessarily indicative of the results that may occur for the full fiscal year. Certain information and footnote disclosure normally included in the financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to instructions, rules, and regulations prescribed by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The unaudited condensed interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, which was filed with SEC on March 28, 2025 (our “Annual Report”).

Note 2. Going Concern

The accompanying condensed financial statements have been prepared in conformity with GAAP, which contemplate continuation of the Company as a going concern. The Company has not established a source of revenues sufficient to cover its operating costs and will require significant additional capital to continue its research and development programs, including progressing clinical product candidates to commercialization and preparing for commercial-scale manufacturing and sales.

The Company’s net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 was $1,306,523 and $5,016,264, respectively. Since inception, the Company has incurred historical losses and has an accumulated deficit of $16,646,630 at March 31, 2025 and $15,340,107 at December 31, 2024, respectively. At March 31, 2025, the Company had available cash and cash equivalents of $4,225,012 and net working capital of $4,046,491. The Company anticipates operating losses to continue for the foreseeable future due to, among other things, costs related to: research, development of product candidates, conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, and administrative organization. These funds, and our funds available under existing government contracts, may not be sufficient to enable us to meet its obligations as they come due at least for the next twelve months from the issuance date of these financial statements.

If we are unable to obtain additional capital (which is not assured at this time), our long-term business plan may not be accomplished, and we may be forced to curtail or cease operations. These factors individually and collectively raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. The accompanying unaudited condensed financial statements do not include any adjustments that may result from this uncertainty.

Note 3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in Note 3, “Accounting Policies,” in the Annual Report. There have been no material changes to the significant accounting policies during the three-month period ended March 31, 2025, except for items mentioned below.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of these financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, no new accounting pronouncement was issued or became effective that had, or is expected to have, a material impact on our Financial Statements.

Concentration of Credit Risk

The Company’s grant revenues and grant receivables are from the National Institute of Health (the “NIH”). The NIH is an agency of the United States Department of Health & Human Services, and the Company believes amounts are fully collectible from this agency. Contract revenues were $129,390 for the three months ended March 31, 2025, and $145,880 for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Earnings Per Share

Basic net loss per share of Common Stock is computed by dividing the net loss for the period by the weighted-average number of shares of Common Stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share of Common Stock is computed giving effect to all dilutive Common Stock equivalents, consisting of stock options, preferred stock, and warrants. Diluted net loss per share of Common Stock for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 is the same as basic net loss per share, as the Common Stock equivalents were anti-dilutive due to the net loss.

At March 31, 2025 and 2024 the Common Stock equivalent shares were, as follows:


	March 31,
	2025		2024
Shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of options		361,624		361,624
Shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of warrants		372,990		265,526
Shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of Series B preferred stock		1,588,172		—
Shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of Series C preferred stock		536,959		—
Shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of Warrants for Series B preferred stock		3,333,319		—
Common Stock equivalents excluded from diluted net loss per share		6,193,064		627,150

Note 4. Fair Value Measurements and Marketable Debt Securities

In accordance with ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures” (“ASC 820”), the Company measures its assets and liabilities at fair value. We apply the three-level valuation hierarchy as described in ASC 820, which is based upon the transparency of input as of the measurement date. The three levels of inputs as defined are:

Level 1 - Inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2 - Inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instruments.

Level 3 - Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.

At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company’s financial instruments consist primarily of: cash and cash equivalents, accounts payable and accrued liabilities. For cash equivalents, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, the carrying amounts of these financial instruments as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were considered representative of their fair values due to their short term to maturity.

The Company held no marketable securities at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. For cash equivalents at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the fair value input levels are summarized below:

March 31, 2025	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Cash Equivalents (maturity less than 90 days)
Commercial Paper		—		—		—		—
U.S. Government		—		—		—		—
Money market funds		4,116,013		—		—		4,116,013
Total Cash equivalents		4,116,013		—		—		4,116,013

Marketable Securities		—		—		—		—
Total Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities	$	4,116,013		—		—	$	4,116,013

December 31, 2024	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Cash Equivalents (maturity less than 90 days)
Commercial Paper		—		—		—		—
Corporate bonds		—		—		—		—
Money market funds		1,692,141		—		—		1,692,141
Total Cash equivalents		1,692,141		—		—		1,692,141

Marketable Securities		—		—		—		—
Total Cash equivalents and marketable securities	$	1,692,141		—		—	$	1,692,141

Note 5. Prepaid Expenses

At March 31, 2025, prepaid expenses were $512,696, and consisted primarily of prepaid insurance of $83,502, prepaid costs of issuance of $16,225, and an advance deposit with our clinical trial management partner of $242,448. The balance also included $17,785 in prepaid testing services related to our clinical trial, and $152,736 in other prepaid expenses related primarily to professional services and annual listing fees. At December 31, 2024, prepaid expenses consisted of $66,128 of prepaid operating expenses, $13,864 in pre-paid testing services related to our clinical trial, and $267,684 of deposits with a third party CRO for our current clinical trial.

Note 6. Accrued Expenses

At March 31, 2025, accrued expenses were $258,310, consisting of unbilled legal and professional fees. At December 31, 2024 accrued expenses consisted of $237,886 in accrued professional service expenses.

Note 7. Letter of Credit

The Company has a letter of credit with a bank for an aggregate available amount of $50,000 due upon demand. The letter of credit is collateralized by substantially all of the Company’s assets and personally guaranteed by Dr. Jonathan Kaufman, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer. The outstanding advances under the line of credit bear interest at the lending bank’s prime rate plus 3.10%. The outstanding balance was $0 at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The letter of credit has been paid in full since February 2023.

Note 8. Segment information

We report segment information based on ASC 280 Segment Reporting, which defines operating segments as components of a company that engage in activities from which it may recognize revenues and incur expenses, and for which operating results are regularly reviewed by the entity’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) to make decisions regarding resource allocation and assess performance, and for which discrete financial information is available. We determined that the Company is a single operating and reportable segment (“Products”) focused on treating the indications previously described through discovery, development, and commercialization of our novel therapeutics. Our chief executive officer acts as the CODM and allocates resources and assesses performance at a consolidated level.

Our Products segment measurement of profit is the consolidated loss from operations, and its measure of total assets is consolidated total assets. There was no difference in our consolidated balance sheet and our segment balance sheet. Our CODM uses loss from operations predominantly in the annual budget and forecasting process to monitor variances in budget versus actual results along with consolidated total assets to determine resource allocation. The following is a summary of the significant revenue and expense categories, and net (loss) provided to the CODM during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

Schedule of segment results

*For the year ended December 31,*	2025			2024
*Segment Results*
Grant Revenue	$	129,390		$	145,880
Operating expenses:
Research and development
Salaries and benefits, insurance		399,732			224,900
Outsourced research and development (“R&D”)		486,334			249,766
Stock option expense		—			206,768
Facility and other overhead		107,708			161,166
Total Research and development		993,475			842,600
General and administrative
Salaries and benefits, insurance		142,302			157,118
Outside services		229,115			312,647
Stock option expense		—			1,871
Facility and other overhead		92,318			49,289
Total General and Administrative		463,736			520,926
Total operating expenses		1,457,211			1,363,526
Loss from operations		(1,327,821	)		(1,217,646	)
Other income (expense)		21,298			25,837
Segment loss from operations	$	(1,306,523	)	$	(1,191,809	)
Adjusting and Reconciling items					—
Loss from operations	$	(1,306,523	)	$	(1,191,809	)

Note 9. Stock Options

The Company has two stock incentive plans (each, a “Stock Option Plan”), each of which provides for the grant of both incentive stock options and nonqualified stock options. Under the terms of the Stock Option Plans, the maximum number of shares of Common Stock for which incentive and/or nonqualified options may be issued is 434,750 shares. This number is comprised of 134,750 options already issued and outstanding (non-expired) from the 2008 stock option plan, and 300,000 options as the maximum issuable under the 2020 stock option plan. Incentive stock options are granted with an exercise price determined by the Board of Directors (the “Board”). Unless otherwise provided for in an associated board consent, vesting terminates once the optionee is no longer affiliated with the Company. These options generally expire 10 years from the date of the grant. Stock options are granted with an exercise price not less than the fair market value of the underlying Common Stock on the date of the grant. Unless otherwise specified by the Board, all grants vest fully over a three-year period, provided that the employee continues to be employed. Vesting terminates once the optionee is no longer an employee. If an employee leaves the Company prior to fully vesting their option awards, the remaining unvested portion is considered forfeited, and the earlier recognition of the unvested shares is reversed during the period of forfeiture. As of December 31, 2024, there were no unrecognized compensation costs related to non-vested share-based compensation arrangements granted to be recognized over the remaining vesting period of less than one year.

The Company recognized $0 and $208,639 of compensation costs related to stock option vesting for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The following is an analysis of options to purchase shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

	Shares		Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share ($)		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in Years)		Aggregate intrinsic value ($)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023		306,624	$	21.84		5.19		—
Granted		55,000	$	6.16				—
Expired		—
Cancelled		—
Exercised		—
Outstanding as of December 31, 2024		361,624	$	19.74		5.07		—
Granted		—		—		—		—
Expired		—		—		—		—
Cancelled		—		—		—		—
Exercised		—		—		—		—
Outstanding as of March 31, 2025		361,624	$	19.74		4.82		—
Vested as of March 31, 2025		361,624
Exercisable as of March 31, 2025		361,624
Exercisable as of December 31, 2024		361,624		—		—		—

A summary of status of the Company’s non-vested stock options (exercisable for shares of Common Stock on a one-to-one basis) as of, and changes during, the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 is presented below:

	Number of Stock Options			Weighted- Average Fair Value Grant Date
Nonvested at December 31, 2023		22,582		$	22.48
Granted		55,000			4.40
Vested		(9,250	)		9.04
Expired		—			—
Nonvested at March 31, 2024		68,333		$	5.29

Nonvested at December 31, 2024		—			—
Granted		—			—
Vested		—			—
Expired		—			—
Nonvested at March 31, 2025		—			—

There were no stock options granted in the three months ended March 31, 2025. In the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company granted options as described below.

Stock Option Grants - On March 15, 2024, the Company granted 55,000 stock options at a $6.16 strike price, vesting as follows: one third of such grant vests on April 1, 2024, one third of such grant vests on July 1, 2024, and one third of such grant vests on October 1, 2024.

The weighted-average fair value of stock options on the date of grant and the assumptions used to estimate the fair value of stock options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024 using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model are as follows:

*Three months ended March 31,*	2025		2024
Weighted-average fair value of options granted	$	—	$	4.40
Expected volatility		—		86.17	%
Expected life (in years)		—		5.17
Risk-free interest rate (range)		—		4.33	%
Expected dividend yield	$	—	$	—

Note 10. Preferred Stock

The Company’s second amended and restated certificate of incorporation, as amended (the “Certificate of Incorporation”) authorizes the issuance of 20,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share. Below is a summary of the various series of preferred stock to date:

Series A: There were no shares of Series A Stock outstanding at March 31, 2025 or December 31, 2024. The Series A Preferred Stock was eliminated by the Company on April 11, 2024.

Series B: On December 20, 2024, the Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of Series B Preferred Stock (the “Series B Certificate of Designation”), authorizing 144,000 shares of Series B non-voting convertible preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of the Company (the “Series B Preferred Stock”) and establishing the rights, preferences, privileges, qualifications, restrictions, and limitations of the Series B Preferred Stock, became effective upon the Company’s filing with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware (the “Delaware Secretary of State”) of the Series B Certificate of Designation and a Certificate of Correction to the Series B Certificate of Designation on such date (the “Certificate of Correction”), which corrected the effective date of the Series B Certificate of Designation to December 20, 2024.

Pursuant to the Series B Certificate of Designation, each share of Series B Preferred Stock is convertible at any time into such number of shares of Common Stock obtained by the quotient of (i) the product of (x) such number of shares of Preferred Stock being converted by such holder and (y) a stated value of $100 and (ii) the Minimum Price (as defined in Rule 5635(d)(1)(A) of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC). Holders of shares of Series B Preferred Stock do not have any voting rights other than certain limited voting rights with respect to actions which may adversely affect the Series B Preferred Stock. A holder of shares of Series B Preferred Stock cannot convert such shares to the extent that such holder would own more than 4.99% (or at the election of such holder, 9.99%) of outstanding Common Stock immediately after such conversion. The Series B Preferred Stock ranks senior to the Common Stock and any class or series of capital stock created after the Series B Preferred Stock with respect to the preferences as to dividends, distributions and payments upon the liquidation, dissolution and winding up of the Company. The Series B Certificate of Designation also contains certain standard adjustment provisions as are customarily included in similar derivative securities.

The Company issued shares of Series B Preferred Stock at a purchase price of $100 per share, for aggregate gross proceeds of $7.2 million, in connection with a best-efforts private offering (the “Offering”) in the following closings:

	●	On December 23, 2024, we sold and issued 22,295 shares of Series B Preferred Stock for gross proceeds of $2,229,500. After closing costs, net proceeds to the Company were $1,794,485. Such shares are convertible into 854,205 shares of Common Stock at a conversion price of $2.61 per share.

	●	On December 31, 2024, we sold and issued 3,680 shares of Series B Preferred Stock for gross proceeds of $368,000. After closing costs, net proceeds to the Company were $305,440. Such shares are convertible into 117,946 shares of Common Stock, at a conversion price of $3.12 per share.

	●	On February 25, 2025, we sold and issued 34,750 shares of Series B Preferred Stock for gross proceeds of $3,475,000. After closing costs, net proceeds to the Company were $2,884,250. Such shares are convertible into 1,158,327 shares of Common Stock, at a conversion price of $3.00 per share.

	●	On February 26, 2025, we sold and issued 3,130 shares of Series B Preferred Stock for gross proceeds of $313,000. After closing costs, net proceeds to the Company were $239,790. Such shares are convertible into 100,000 shares of Common Stock, at a conversion price of $3.13 per share.

	●	On March 5, 2025, we sold and issued 7,260 shares of Series B Preferred Stock for gross proceeds of $726,000. After closing costs, net proceeds to the Company were $602,580. Such shares are convertible into 289,241 shares of Common Stock, at a conversion price of $2.51 per share.

●

On March 12, 2025, we sold and issued 885 shares of Series B Preferred Stock for gross proceeds of $88,500. After closing costs, net proceeds to the Company were $73,455. Such shares are convertible into 40,596 shares of Common Stock, at a conversion price of $2.18 per share.

In the quarter ended March 31, 2025, 25,975 shares of Series B Preferred Stock were converted to 972,152 shares of Common Stock.

Series C: On December 23, 2024, the Company filed the Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series C Certificate of Designation”), with the Delaware Secretary of State, authorizing 1,050,000 shares of the Company’s Series C voting convertible preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Series C Preferred Stock”), establishing the rights, preferences, privileges, qualifications, restrictions, and limitations relating to the Series C Preferred Stock. Pursuant to the Series C Certificate of Designation, each share of Series C Preferred Stock is convertible into one share of Common Stock at any time only on or after the date on which the applicable Registration Statement (as defined in the Series C Certificate of Designation) has been declared effective by the SEC. A holder of shares of Series C Preferred Stock cannot convert such shares to the extent that such holder would own more than 4.99% (or at the election of such holder, 9.99%) of outstanding Common Stock immediately after such conversion. The Series C Preferred Stock ranks pari passu to all shares of Common Stock and junior to all other shares of capital stock of the Company authorized or designated before or after the date of designation of the Series C Preferred Stock with respect to the preferences as to dividends, distributions and payments upon the liquidation, dissolution and winding up of the Company. The Series C Certificate of Designation also contains certain standard adjustment provisions as are customarily included in similar derivative securities.

The Company and Spartan Capital Securities, LLC (“Spartan”) entered into that certain (i) placement agent agreement, dated December 5, 2024, as amended by that certain amendment to consulting agreement and placement agent agreement, made as of December 10, 2024, between the Company and Spartan (the “Amendment”), as further amended by that certain second amendment to placement agent agreement, dated February 23, 2025, by and between the Company and Spartan and (ii) consulting agreement and advisory agreement, made as of December 5, 2024, as amended by the Amendment, as further amended by that certain second amendment to consulting agreement and advisory agreement, dated February 28, 2025, by and between the Company and Spartan (collectively, the “Spartan Agreements”), pursuant to which Spartan agreed to provide placement agent and consulting services in connection with the Offering. Also in connection with the Spartan Agreements, pursuant to that certain irrevocable proxy and power of attorney between Spartan and Dr. Kaufman (the “Proxy”), Spartan agreed to grant to Dr. Kaufman all voting power over and power of attorney with respect to all such shares of Series C Preferred Stock, and all shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of such shares or exercise of common stock purchase warrants (each, a “Placement Agent Warrant”), issued or issuable to Spartan or its designee in connection with the Offering.

In accordance with the Spartan Agreements, the Company issued to Spartan and its designee the following:

●

On December 23, 2024, in connection with the initial closing of the Offering, an aggregate of 260,108 shares of Series C Preferred Stock.

●

On December 31, 2024, in connection with an additional closing of the Offering, the Company issued Spartan and its designee an aggregate of 42,933 shares of Series C Preferred Stock.

●

On February 25, 2025, in connection with an additional closing of the Offering, the Company issued Spartan and its designee an aggregate of 405,416 shares of Series C Preferred Stock.

●

On February 26, 2025, in connection with an additional closing of the Offering, the Company issued Spartan and its designee an aggregate of 36,517 shares of Series C Preferred Stock.

●

On March 5, 2025, in connection with an additional closing of the Offering, the Company issued Spartan and its designee an aggregate of 84,700 shares of Series C Preferred Stock.

●

On March 13, 2025, in connection with an additional closing of the Offering, the Company issued Spartan and its designee an aggregate of 10,326 shares of Series C Preferred Stock.

In the quarter ended March 31, 2025, 303,041 shares of Series C Preferred Stock were converted to 303,041 shares of Common Stock.

Note 11. Common Stock

The Certificate of Incorporation authorizes the issuance of 200,000,000 shares of Common Stock. After considering the effects of the Reverse Split, there were 2,548,811 shares of Common Stock outstanding as of March 31, 2025 and 1,208,919 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2024.

On January 23, 2025, we issued 64,702 shares of Common Stock upon the cashless exercise of 97,216 Placement Agent Warrants. See Note 12 – Warrants for more details of the warrant exercises.

On various dates in the quarter ended March 31, 2025, an aggregate of 972,149 shares of Common Stock were issued upon the conversion of 25,975 shares of Series B Preferred Stock.

On various dates in the quarter ended March 31, 2025, an aggregate of 303,041 shares of Common Stock were issued for the conversion of an equivalent number of shares of Series C Preferred Stock.

Notice of Failure to Satisfy Nasdaq Minimum Bid Price Requirement

As disclosed in the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 19, 2024, on April 17, 2024, the Company received a written notification (the “April Nasdaq Letter”) from the Nasdaq Listing Qualifications staff (the “Staff”) of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC notifying the Company that, based upon the closing bid price of the Common Stock for the last 30 consecutive business days, the Company was not in compliance with the requirement to maintain a minimum bid price of $1.00 per share of its Common Stock, as set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (the “Minimum Bid Price Requirement”). The April Nasdaq Letter had no immediate effect on the listing of the Common Stock, which continues to trade on Nasdaq. Nasdaq provided the Company with 180 calendar days, or until October 14, 2024, to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement.

As disclosed in the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 23, 2024, the Company received a letter from the Staff on August 21, 2024 stating that it was not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(b)(1), which requires companies listed on Nasdaq to maintain a minimum of $2,500,000 in stockholders’ equity for continued listing (the “Stockholders’ Equity Requirement”). The Company reported stockholders’ equity of $1,703,798 in its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2024, and, as a result, it was not in compliance with the Stockholders’ Equity Requirement.

As disclosed in our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 18, 2024, the Staff notified the Company on October 16, 2024 that it would delist the Common Stock from Nasdaq, and in response, the Company timely requested an appeal of such notice to a Nasdaq hearing panel (the “Panel”). The Nasdaq hearing was held on December 12, 2024. Prior to the panel hearing, on November 8, 2024, the Company enacted a 1-for-8 reverse stock split, in order to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement.

On January 10, 2025, the Company received a decision from the Panel granting the Company’s request for continued listing on Nasdaq, subject to the Company demonstrating compliance with the following: (i) on or before April 14, 2025, the Company must file a public disclosure describing any transactions undertaken by the Company to increase its equity and providing an indication of its equity following those transactions; and (ii) on or before April 14, 2025, the Company must provide the Panel with an update on its fundraising plans, updated income projections for the next 12 months, with all underlying assumptions clearly stated, and a description of how the Company intends to achieve, if necessary, and maintain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement and Stockholders’ Equity Requirement.

See Note 15, Subsequent Events, for more information regarding Nasdaq compliance.

Note 12. Warrants

In connection with the Offering and in accordance with the Spartan Agreements, the Company issued to the Placement Agent and its designee the following Placement Agent Warrants:

●

On December 23, 2024, a Placement Agent Warrant to purchase up to 85,421 shares of Common Stock.

●

On December 31, 2025, a Placement Agent Warrant to purchase up to 11,795 shares of Common Stock.

●

On February 25, 2025, a Placement Agent Warrant to purchase up to 115,833 shares of Common Stock.

●

On February 26, 2025, a Placement Agent Warrant to purchase up to 10,000 shares of Common Stock.

●

On March 5, 2025, a Placement Agent Warrant to purchase up to 28,924 shares of Common Stock.

●

On March 12, 2025, a Placement Agent Warrant to purchase up to 4,060 shares of Common Stock.

The Placement Agent Warrants are immediately exercisable at a price of $1.00 per share of Common Stock, or through a cashless exercise according to a formula where the number of shares received is reduced by the difference in the fair market value per share and the exercise price per share. The Placement Agent Warrants expire five years from issuance. In addition, pursuant to the Proxy, Spartan agreed to grant to Dr. Kaufman all voting power over and power of attorney with respect to all shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Placement Agent Warrants. The Placement Agent Warrants qualified for equity accounting treatment, as they do not have any continuing or performance obligations, they are not linked to debt instruments, and do not require net cash settlement.

On January 23, 2025, 97,216 Placement Agent Warrants were exercised for 64,702 shares of Common Stock on a cashless exercise basis.

The Company had no warrant liabilities at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

On March 17, 2025, the Company issued warrants (the “Warrants”) to purchase up to 72,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock at a price per Warrant equal to $0.125 in order to comply with applicable Nasdaq rules, with each Warrant exercisable for shares of Series B Preferred Stock at $100 per share, and such shares of Series B Preferred Stock convertible into shares of Common Stock at a conversion price equal to $2.16 per share, which was the Minimum Price of the Common Stock immediately prior to the execution of the subscription agreements for the purchase and sale of such Warrants (the “Subsequent Offering”).

Note 13. Commitment and Contingencies

Operating Leases

Operating leases are recorded as right of use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet. ROU assets represent our right to use the leased assets for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its estimated incremental borrowing rate at the commencement date to determine the present value of lease payments. The operating lease ROU assets also include any lease payments made and exclude lease incentives.

The Company entered into a lease agreement beginning July 1, 2020, for the Company’s principal headquarters on the fifth floor of 7800 Susquehanna Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, which includes office space and sterile manufacturing operations (the “Lease”). The Lease has a five-year term and includes an option for renewal, which is not reasonably certain and is excluded from the right of use calculation. On July 26, 2023, the Company entered a second lease for additional space on the fourth floor of the same building (the “Fourth Floor Lease”), commencing August 1, 2023 and co-terminating with the existing Lease on September 30, 2025. Subsequently effective January 1, 2024, the Company terminated the Fourth Floor Lease early at no penalty upon mutual agreement with the landlord and replaced it with a lease of additional space that had become available immediately adjacent to our existing offices (the “Suite 504 Lease”, and together with the “Lease”, “the Leases”). The Suite 504 Lease term co-terminates with the Lease. Future minimum rent payments under the Leases as of March 31, 2025 are as follows:

Year ending
2025	$	24,259
2026		—
Total minimum lease payments	$	24,259
Less: amount representing interest	$	(263	)
Present value of minimum lease payments	$	23,996

The Leases are accounted for as a ROU asset and liability. As of March 31, 2025, the Company had $23,572 of an operating lease ROU asset, and $23,997 of current lease liabilities, respectively, recorded on the balance sheets. There was no long term lease liability at March 31, 2025, as the Leases end less than 12 months from the balance sheet date. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had an ROU asset of $46,754 and current and non-current operating lease liabilities of $47,605 and $0, respectively.

The lease expense for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024 was $23,608 and $24,438 respectively. Cash paid for the amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was $24,259 and $23,797, respectively. The payments are included in the operating activities in the accompanying statement of cash flows. The discount rates used for our right-of-use leases range from 6.25% to 7.25%.

Contract Commitments

The Company enters into contracts in the normal course of business with contract research organizations (“CROs”), contract manufacturing organizations, universities, and other third parties for preclinical research studies, clinical trials and testing and manufacturing services. These contracts generally do not contain minimum purchase commitments and are cancellable by us upon prior written notice although, purchase orders for clinical materials are generally non-cancellable. Payments due upon cancellation consist only of payments for services provided or expenses incurred, including non-cancellable obligations of our service providers, up to the date of cancellation or upon the completion of a manufacturing run.

Note 14. Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was $0, resulting in an effective income tax rate of 0% for each period. The Company’s effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was primarily due to the full valuation allowance against the Company’s net deferred tax assets.

The Company regularly evaluates the realizability of its deferred tax assets and establishes a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be utilized. Because of our cumulative losses, substantially all of the deferred tax assets have been fully offset by a valuation allowance as of March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024. We have not paid income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2024. The income tax provision attributable to loss before income tax benefit for the three months ended March 31, 2025 differed from the amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% as a result of the following:


Statutory federal income tax rate	21.00	%
State taxes, net of federal benefit	6.71	%
Change in valuation allowance	(27.71	%)
Effective tax rate	0.00	%

The Company’s 2020 through 2024 tax years remain subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service for federal tax purposes and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania for state tax purposes.

Note 15. Subsequent Events

Subsequent events have been evaluated through the date on which the unaudited condensed financial statements were issued, and no material events were identified, except as disclosed below.

Lease extension

On March 20, 2025, we notified Bridgeway Capital of our intent to renew our Leases for our headquarters at the end of their existing term, on June 30, 2025. The renewal will be for five years beginning July 1, 2025, as per the terms of our existing lease agreements. Rent under the Leases will be as follows:

Schedule of lease extension

*For the year ended*	Total
December 31, 2025 (6 months only)	$	30,087
December 31, 2026		61,435
December 31, 2027		63,957
December 31, 2028		66,478
December 31, 2029		68,999
December 31, 2030 (expires June 30, 2030)		35,130
Total rents under the Leases’ renewal	$	326,087

Issuance of Shares

On April 7, 2025, 35,330 shares of Series B Preferred Stock were converted into 1,209,767 shares of Common Stock, and 260,185 shares of Series C Preferred Stock were converted into 260,185 shares of Common Stock.

On April 8, 2025, 2,200 shares of Series B Preferred Stock were converted into 73,333 shares of Common Stock.

On April 9, 2025, 3,575 shares of Series B Preferred Stock were converted into 119,166 shares of Common Stock, and 28,088 shares of Series C Preferred Stock were converted into 28,088 shares of Common Stock.

On April 10, 2025, 3,660 shares of Series B Preferred Stock were converted into 132,801 shares of Common Stock.

On April 11, 2025, 85,358 shares of Series C Preferred Stock were converted into 85,358 shares of Common Stock.

On April 17, 2025, 9,866 shares of Series C Preferred Stock were converted into 9,866 shares of Common Stock.

Nasdaq Notifications and Responses

As described in Note 11, on January 10, 2025, the Company received a decision from the Panel granting the Company’s request for continued listing on Nasdaq, subject to the Company, on or before April 14, 2025, (i) publicly disclosing any transactions undertaken by the Company to increase its equity and providing an indication of its equity following those transactions, and (ii) providing the Panel with an update on its fundraising plans, updated income projections, and a description of how the Company intends to achieve, if necessary, and maintain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement and Stockholders’ Equity Requirement. On April 14, 2025, the Company provided the Panel with such an update and filed a Current Report on Form 8-K with the SEC stating that it believes it regained compliance with the Stockholders’ Equity Requirement.

On May 12, 2025, the Company received a written notification (the “May Letter”) from the Staff notifying the Company that the Staff determined that the Company failed to comply with Nasdaq’s shareholder approval and voting rights requirements in connection with certain securities issued in connection with the Offering and the Subsequent Offering. The May Letter had no immediate effect on the listing of the Common Stock, which continues to trade on the Nasdaq Capital Market until the Panel issues a decision. The May Letter provides that the Company should present its views to the Panel with respect to these matters to the Panel in writing no later than May 19, 2025, and the Company intends to submit a response to the May Letter as soon as possible before such date. In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(b), the Company intends to disclose receipt of the May Letter by filing a Current Report on Form 8-K with the SEC.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2025 should be read together with our unaudited condensed financial statements and related notes included in Item 1 of Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2025 (this “Form 10-Q”), as well as the audited financial statements, the related notes thereto and management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, that was filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 28, 2025 (our “Annual Report”), and all risk factors disclosed herein and therein. Such discussion contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), as well as information relating to our business that reflect our management’s current views, expectations and assumptions concerning our business, strategies, products, future results and events and financial performance, which are subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause our, or our industry’s, actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Form 10-Q. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity or achievements or that our underlying assumptions will prove to be correct. Except as required by applicable law, including the securities laws of the United States, we expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to disseminate any update or revisions to any such forward-looking statement to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto or to conform such forward-looking statements to actual results. Statements made in this Form 10-Q, other than statements of historical fact, addressing operating performance, events, or developments which our management expects or anticipates will or may occur in the future, and also statements related to expected or anticipated growth, revenues, profitability, new products, adequacy of funds from operations, statements expressing general optimism about future operating results, and other non-historical information, are forward-looking statements. In particular, the words “may,” “will,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “aims,” “potential,” “future,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “estimates,” “continue,” “likely to,” and variations of such words and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements, but such words are not the exclusive means of identifying such forward-looking statements, and their absence does not necessarily mean that such statement is not forward-looking.

Overview

We are a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on developing new drugs by reformulating the active agents in existing generic drugs and optimizing these reformulations for new applications. We believe that this strategy combines many of the cost efficiencies and risk abatements derived from using existing generic drugs with potential patent protections for our proprietary formulations; this strategy allows us to expedite, protect, and monetize our product candidates. Additionally, we maintain a therapeutic focus on diseases with significant, unaddressed morbidity and mortality where no approved drug therapy currently exists. We believe that this focus can potentially help reduce the cost, time and risk associated with obtaining marketing approval.

Consistent with our strategy, we are currently addressing two indications via development of our product candidates, which we have designated as LP-10 for the indication of hemorrhagic cystitis (“HC”) and LP-310 for the indication of oral lichen planus (“OLP”), which is chronic, uncontrolled urinary blood loss that results from certain chemotherapies (such as alkylating agents) or pelvic radiation therapy (also called “radiation cystitis”). Many radiation cystitis patients experience severe morbidity (and in some cases, mortality), and currently, there is no therapy for their condition approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”), or, to our knowledge, any other regulatory body.

LP-310 employs a formulation similar to LP-10, for the treatment of OLP. OLP is a chronic, T-cell-mediated, autoimmune oral mucosal disease, and LP-310 contains tacrolimus which inhibits T-lymphocyte activation. Symptoms of OLP include painful burning sensations, bleeding and irritation with tooth brushing, painful, thickened patches on the tongue, and discomfort when speaking, chewing or swallowing. These symptoms frequently cause weight loss, nutritional deficiency, anxiety, depression, and scarring from erosive lesions. OLP can also be a precursor to cancer, predominately squamous cell carcinoma, with a malignant transformation rate of approximately one percent.

LP-10 is the development name of our reformulation of tacrolimus (an approved generic active agent) specifically optimized for topical deposition to the internal surface of the urinary bladder lumen using a proprietary drug delivery platform that we have developed and that we refer to as our metastable liposome drug delivery platform (our “Platform”). We are developing LP-10 and our Platform to be, to our knowledge, the first drug candidate and drug delivery technology that could be successful in treating cancer survivors who acquire HC.

LP-310 is the development name of our oral, liposomal formulation of tacrolimus (the same approved generic active agent in LP-10) specifically optimized for local delivery to oral mucosa. We believe that our approach of using metastable liposomal tacrolimus as a treatment for OLP is novel. To date, upon review of relevant FDA public data resources on approved drugs and biologics, we are not aware of any other liposomal products developed to treat such disease. In the fourth quarter of 2024, we announced the completion of dosing for the first cohort in a multi-center Phase 2a clinical trial of LP-310. No product-related serious adverse events were reported. Pharmacokinetic data demonstrated that whole blood tacrolimus levels in all patients were either undetectable or minimal, highlighting LP-310’s potential to deliver localized therapeutic effects while minimizing systemic exposure. Additionally, all patients tolerated LP-310 without significant adverse reactions. The trial is expected to be completed in the second quarter of 2025. The top line data from the first two dose cohorts of this trial has been selected for podium presentation at the 2025 American Association of Oral Medicine and European Association of Oral Medicine Joint Meeting that will be held in Las Vegas, NV on May 15, 2025.

In a third program, the Company is developing an oral, liposomal formulation of tacrolimus, LP-410, for the treatment of oral graft-versus-host disease (“GVHD”). LP-410 is an oral rinse, similar to LP-310, but will have a different containment system. Hematopoietic cell transplantation (“HCT”) is used to treat a wide range of malignancies, hematologic and immune deficiency states, and autoimmune diseases. GVHD is a clinical syndrome where donor-derived immunocompetent T-cells react against patient tissues directly or through exaggerated inflammatory responses following HCT. Oral GVHD is a rare and serious disease, with a prevalence of approximately 30,000 patients in the US annually in 2023 (Bachier et al., 2019; Bachier et al., 2021, Orphanet 2023). GVHD remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality for patients who undergo HCT treatment, with chronic GVHD being the leading cause of non-malignant fatality for such patients who receive such HCT treatment. Topical and local management of symptomatic oral GVHD can reduce oral symptoms that can interfere with oral function and quality of life and can reduce the need for more intensive immunosuppressive systemic therapies. However, there is currently no FDA approved local drug treatment of oral GVHD (Martini et al., 2022). We developed LP-410 for the topical delivery directly to the mouth surface, targeting the underlying mechanisms of oral GVHD, potentially providing a safe and effective treatment option for affected individuals. On November 11, 2023, we received “orphan drug” designation from the FDA for LP-410 for oral GVHD. We received investigational new drug approval from the FDA for LP-410’s treatment of oral GVHD on March 5, 2024.

In a fourth program, the Company is also developing an intravesical formulation of immunoglobulins including checkpoint inhibitors, referred to as LP-50, for the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, offering the potential for increasing efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity. Additional information regarding this preclinical program is included in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2024, 25(9), 4945, titled “Enhancing Therapeutic Efficacy and Safety of Immune Checkpoint Inhibition for Bladder Cancer: A Comparative Analysis of Injectable vs. Intravesical Administration,” as well as in US patent publication number 2024/0115503 titled “Intravesical Delivery of Hydrophilic Therapeutic Agents Using Liposomes.”

Our Platform includes proprietary drug delivery technologies optimized for use with epithelial tissues that coat lumenal surfaces, such as the colon, the various tissues lining the mouth and esophagus and the tissues lining the bladder and urethra. The Company has two issued patents in the United States that should exclude competitors from making, selling or using our LP-10 and LP-310 formulations in the United States until July 11, 2035. We also have issued patents in Australia, Canada, and Europe that do not expire until October 22, 2034. Corresponding patent applications are pending in the United States Patent Offices. We also have a pending United States patent application on an improvement to the technology. In some jurisdictions, such as the US, Europe, Canada, and some Asian countries, such patents may be extendable for regulatory delay. Market data exclusivity may also be available for the approved products.

Since our inception in 2005, we have focused primarily on business planning, progressing our lead product candidates, including progressing LP-10 through clinical development, raising capital, organizing and staffing our company.

Dr. Jonathan Kaufman, our Chief Executive Officer, and Dr. Michael Chancellor, our Chief Medical Officer, co-founded the Company in 2005. On December 22, 2022, we completed our initial public offering, receiving approximately $5.0 million in aggregate net proceeds. Our principal executive offices are located at 7800 Susquehanna Street, Suite 505, Pittsburgh, PA 15208 and include our Facility. Our telephone number is (412) 894-1853. We maintain an Internet website at www.lipella.com. The information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference into this quarterly report.

Recent Developments

At The Market Offering

On April 4, 2025, the Company entered into an At The Market Offering Agreement (the “ATM Agreement”) with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (“Wainwright”) to sell shares of its Common Stock having an aggregate sales price of up to $2,641,881 (the “Shares”), from time to time, through an “at the market offering” program under which Wainwright will act as sales agent (the “ATM Offering”). In connection with the ATM Offering, the Company has agreed to pay Wainwright a cash commission equal to 3.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds from sales of the Shares and has agreed to provide Wainwright with customary indemnification and contribution rights. The Company has also agreed to reimburse Wainwright for certain specified expenses not to exceed $100,000 in connection with entering into the ATM Agreement. As of the date of this Form 10-Q, no Shares have been sold in connection with the ATM Offering. For more information regarding the ATM Offering, please see our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 7, 2025.

Amendment to Certificate of Designation

On April 8, 2025, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of Series C Voting Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series C Certificate of Amendment”) with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware. The Series C Certificate of Amendment amended the Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of Series C Voting Convertible Preferred Stock of the Company (the “Certificate of Designation”) to increase the number of designated shares of the Company’s Series C Voting Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, pursuant to the Certificate of Designation from 1,050,000 shares to 1,260,000 shares.

Nasdaq Notifications

As previously disclosed, on April 17, 2024, and August 21, 2024, the Company received letters from the Nasdaq Listing Qualifications staff (the “Staff”) of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) stating that it was not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (the “Minimum Bid Price Requirement”) and Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(b)(1) (the “Stockholders’ Equity Requirement”), respectively. On October 16, 2024, the Company received a letter from the Staff stating that although the Company submitted a plan to regain compliance with the Stockholders’ Equity Requirement on October 4, 2024, the Common Stock would be delisted from the Nasdaq Capital Market unless such determination was appealed to a Nasdaq hearing panel (the “Panel”) by October 23, 2024. On October 17, 2024, the Company requested a hearing before the Panel to appeal such determination and the hearing occurred on December 12, 2024.

On January 10, 2025, the Company received a decision from the Panel granting the Company’s request for continued listing on Nasdaq, subject to the Company demonstrating compliance with the Stockholders’ Equity Requirement, including the achievement of interim milestones as follows: (i) on or before April 14, 2025, the Company must file a public disclosure describing any transactions undertaken by the Company to increase its equity and providing an indication of its equity following those transactions; and (ii) on or before April 14, 2025, the Company must provide the Staff with an update on its fundraising plans, updated income projections for the next 12 months, with all underlying assumptions clearly stated, and a description of how the Company intends to achieve, if necessary, and maintain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement.

On April 14, 2025, the Company provided the Panel with such an update. Additionally, as previously disclosed in the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company with the SEC on April 14, 2025, the Company believes that it regained compliance with the Stockholders’ Equity Requirement, as of the date of this Form 10-Q the Company believes it remains in compliance with the Stockholders’ Equity Requirement.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

	For the three months ended
	March 31,						Increase
	2025			2024			(Decrease)
*(in thousands)*
Revenue	$	129			146		$	(17	)
Operating expenses:
R&D		993			843			150
General and administrative		464			521			(57	)
Total operating expenses		1,457			1,364			93
Loss from operations		(1,328	)		(1,218	)		(110	)
Other income		21			26			(5	)
Net loss	$	(1,307	)	$	(1,192	)	$	(115	)

Grants and Other Revenue

We have not yet commercialized any products and we do not expect to generate revenue from sales of any product candidates for several years. For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, we recognized revenue from a grant awarded by the National Institutes of Health (“NIH”) in September of 2022 (the “2022 NIH Grant”), which was an award of an aggregate of $673,000. NIH approved an additional year of funding under the 2022 NIH Grant in June 2023, increasing the total funding provided under the 2022 NIH Grant to $1,353,000.

We recognize revenue from grants when the related costs are incurred and the right to payment is realized. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, we earned $129,390 in connection with the 2022 NIH Grant, recognized as revenue, compared with $145,880 of revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2024. The decrease in annual grant revenue from 2025 to 2024 is related to subcontractor costs and time dedicated to the grant project.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses consist of (i) R&D expenses and (ii) general and administrative expenses.

Research and Development Expenses

R&D costs primarily consist of direct costs associated with consultants and materials, biologic storage, third party CRO costs and contract development and manufacturing expenses, salaries and other personnel-related expenses. R&D costs are expensed as incurred. More specifically, these costs include:

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costs of funding research performed by third parties that conduct research and development and nonclinical and clinical activities on our behalf;

●

costs of manufacturing drug supply and drug product;

●

costs of conducting nonclinical studies and clinical trials of our product candidates;

●

consulting and professional fees related to research and development activities, including equity-based compensation to non-employees;

●

costs related to compliance with clinical regulatory requirements; and

●

employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation expense for our research and development personnel.

Costs for certain activities are recognized based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using data, such as information provided to us by our vendors, and analyzing the progress of our nonclinical and clinical studies or other services performed. Significant judgment and estimates are made in determining the accrued expense balances at the end of any reporting period. Advance payments that we make for goods or services to be received in the future for use in R&D activities are recorded as prepaid expenses. Such amounts are recognized as an expense as the goods are delivered or the related services are performed, or until it is no longer expected that the goods will be delivered or the services rendered.

We expect that our R&D expenses will increase substantially in connection with our clinical development activities for our LP-10 and LP-310 programs, and other product candidates. At this time, we cannot accurately estimate or know the nature, timing and costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the clinical development of, or obtain regulatory approval for, any of our current or future product candidates. This is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development and commercialization, including the specific factors set forth in the section of our Annual Report titled “Risk Factors.” If any events described in the applicable risk factors included in the section of our Annual Report titled “Risk Factors” occur, then the costs and timing associated with the development of any of our product candidates could significantly change. We may never succeed in obtaining regulatory approval for, of commercialization of, LP-10, LP-310, or any of our other product candidates.

R&D expenses increased by approximately $150,000, to $993,475, for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to $842,600 for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase in R&D expenses was primarily attributable to an increase in outside services of approximately $232,000 for our current clinical trial for LP-310. Indirect costs related to operational overhead and employee benefits increased $95,000, and stock option expense decreased $207,000.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of management and business consultants and other related costs, including stock-based compensation. General and administrative expenses also include board of directors’ expenses and professional fees for legal, patent, consulting, accounting, auditing, tax services and insurance costs.

General and administrative expenses were $463,736 for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to $520,926 for the three months ended March 31, 2024, a decrease of approximately $57,000. The decrease included a decrease in professional and outside services of $83,000, including in legal, accounting, and investor relations. This was offset by an increase in employee costs, supplies, and taxes and licenses of $26,000.

Net Other Income (Expense)

Net other income for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $21,298, as compared to $25,837 for the three months ended March 31, 2024. There was an approximately $5,000 increase in interest income on the Company’s short-term investment portfolio.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

We have not yet commercialized any products, and we do not expect to generate revenue from sales of any product candidates for several years, if at all. Cash and cash equivalents totaled $4,225,012 as of March 31, 2025. We consider all highly liquid investments that mature in 90 days or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.

We have incurred operating losses and experienced negative operating cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and the year ended December 31, 2024, and we anticipate that we will continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future. Our net loss totaled $1,306,523 and $1,191,809 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 respectively, and $5,016,264 for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Historically, we have financed our operations through a combination of grant revenue and equity financing, however our goals for the foreseeable future will likely require significant equity financing. Our ability to achieve significant profitability depends on our ability to successfully complete the development of, and obtain the regulatory approvals necessary to commercialize, LP-10, LP-310 and/or our other product candidates, which may not occur for several years, if ever. The net losses we incur may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter.

Cash Flows

The following table provides information regarding our cash flows for each of the periods presented (in thousands):

	For the three months ended
	March 31,
*Dollars in thousands*	2025			2024

Net cash (used) provided in operating activities	$	(1,426	)		(1,388	)
Net cash provided in financing activities		3,466			200
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	$	2,040			(1,188	)

Net Cash (Used) Provided in Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was approximately $1,426,000. This comprised a net loss for the period of approximately $1,306,000, and increased prepaid expenses of approximately $165,000, partially offset by changes in operating assets and liabilities of approximately $45,000.

Net cash used in operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was approximately $1,388,000. This comprised a net loss for the period of approximately $1,192,000, and decreased operating liabilities of approximately $164,000, offset by increases in the following assets: grants receivable of approximately $37,000 and prepaid expenses (primarily insurance policies and clinical trial operations services) of approximately $733,000. There were also noncash adjustments to net loss of approximately $208,000 in stock option expense and approximately $200,000 in shares of Common Stock issued for services.

Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was approximately $3,466,000. This reflected net proceeds from the issuance of preferred stock and warrants in connection with a private placement transaction. Net cash provided by financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was $200,000, received for the issuance of Common Stock.

Funding Requirements

We expect our expenses to increase substantially in connection with our ongoing R&D activities, particularly as we continue R&D, advance clinical trials of LP-10 and LP-310, and advance the preclinical development of our other programs. In addition, we expect to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company. As a result, we expect to incur substantial operating losses and negative operating cash flows for the foreseeable future.

Based on our current operating plan, we believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund our operations and capital expenses through the end of 2025. However, we have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could exhaust our capital resources sooner than we expect.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with research, development and commercialization of LP-10, LP-310 and our other and future product candidates, we are unable to estimate the exact amount of our working capital requirements. Our future funding requirements will depend on, and could increase significantly as a result of, many factors, including, but not limited to, those referenced above in “- Results of Operations - Operating Expenses - Research and Development Expenses”.

Going Concern

The unaudited condensed financial statements of the Company have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the discharge of liabilities in the normal course of business. We have generated losses from operations since inception. The Company expects operating losses to continue in the foreseeable future because of additional costs and expenses related to research and development activities, plans to expand its product portfolio, and increasing its market share. The Company’s ability to transition to attaining profitable operations is dependent upon achieving a level of revenues adequate to support its cost structure. The timing and amount of our actual expenditures will be based on many factors, including cash flows from operations and the anticipated growth of our business.

Management of the Company may raise additional funds through the issuance of equity securities or debt. There can be no assurance that such financing will be available at terms acceptable to the Company, if at all. Failure to generate sufficient cash flows from operations and raise additional capital could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s ability to achieve its intended business objectives. These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The accompanying unaudited condensed financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary if the Company is unable to continue as a going concern.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We did not have during the three months ended March 31, 2025, or the year ended December 31, 2024, and we do not currently have, any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined under applicable SEC rules.

Contractual Obligations

We did not have during the three months ended March 31, 2025 or the year ended December 31, 2024, and we do not currently have, any material contractual obligations, such as license agreements or similar arrangements, other than as described below and in the financial notes to our unaudited condensed financial statements included in this Form 10-Q and in our Annual Report.

Employment Agreements

We are party to employment agreements with each of Drs. Kaufman and Chancellor and Mr. Johnston, executive officers of the Company, the material terms of each of which are described in the section entitled “Executive Compensation - Executive Employment Agreements” of our Annual Report.

Lease Agreement

We are party to a lease agreement, dated June 1, 2019, with Bridgeway Development Corporation, as amended, for the lease of 2,690 square feet of office and lab and manufacturing space in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania commencing on July 1, 2020 (the “Lease”). The Lease term expires on June 30, 2025 and we have the right to exercise a one-time option to extend the term of the Lease for an additional five-year term. The annual base rent under the Lease is approximately $67,000. On July 26, 2023, the Company entered into a second lease for additional space in the same building (the “Additional Lease”), commencing August 1, 2023 and co-terminating with the Lease on June 30, 2025. Annual rent under the Additional Lease was approximately $28,000. As space became available in the immediate proximity to our existing offices at the beginning of 2024, we terminated the Additional Lease upon mutual agreement with the landlord and replaced it with a lease for Suite 504 (“the Suite 504 Lease”). The Suite 504 Lease became effective January 1, 2024, and the term co-terminates with the Lease. The annual base rent for the current year for the Suite 504 Lease is approximately $29,000. See Note 13 of the notes to our unaudited condensed financial statements included in this Form 10-Q for more details.

Service Agreements

We enter into service agreements in the normal course of business with CROs and for clinical trials, preclinical research studies and testing, manufacturing, and other services and products for operating purposes. These contracts do not contain any minimum purchase commitments. Certain agreements provide for termination rights subject to termination fees or wind down costs. Under such agreements, we are contractually obligated to make certain payments to vendors, mainly to reimburse them for their unrecoverable outlays incurred prior to cancellation. The exact amounts of such obligations are dependent on the timing of termination, and the exact terms of the relevant agreement and cannot be reasonably estimated. The expense we incurred pursuant to these agreements for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was approximately $466,000, which was an increase of approximately $262,000 from the approximately $204,000 expense incurred for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The spending was primarily attributable to expenses relating to our ongoing research and development work, and costs related to our clinical trials for LP-310.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

This management’s discussion and analysis is based on our unaudited condensed financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make judgments and estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reported periods. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events, and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our judgments and estimates in light of changes in circumstances, facts and experience. The effects of material revisions in estimates, if any, will be reflected in the financial statements prospectively from the date of change in estimates.

While our accounting policies are described in more detail in the notes to our financial statements included in our Annual Report, we believe the following accounting policies used in the preparation of our financial statements require the most significant judgments and estimates. See Note 3 of the notes to our financial statements in our Annual Report for a description of our other significant accounting policies.

Accrued Expenses

As part of the process of preparing our financial statements, we are required to estimate our accrued third-party R&D expenses as of each balance sheet date. This process involves reviewing open contracts and purchase orders, communicating with our personnel to identify services that have been performed on our behalf, and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of the actual cost. The majority of our service providers invoice us monthly in arrears for services performed or when contractual milestones are met. We make estimates of our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date based on facts and circumstances known to us at that time. We periodically confirm the accuracy of our estimates with the service providers and make adjustments if necessary. The significant estimates in our accrued R&D expenses include the costs incurred for services performed by our vendors in connection with R&D activities for which we have not yet been invoiced.

We base our expenses related to R&D activities on our estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to quotes and contracts with vendors that conduct R&D activities on our behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract and may result in uneven payment flows. There may be instances in which payments made to our vendors will exceed the level of services provided and result in a prepayment of the R&D expense. In accruing service fees, we estimate the time period over which services will be performed and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from our estimate, we adjust the accrual or prepaid balance accordingly. Non-refundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future R&D activities are expensed when the activity has been performed or when the goods have been received rather than when the payment is made.

Although we do not expect our estimates to be materially different from amounts incurred, if our estimates of the status and timing of services performed differ from the actual status and timing of services performed, it could result in us reporting amounts that are too high or too low in any particular period. To date, there have been no material differences between our estimates of such expenses and the amounts incurred.

Stock-Based Compensation

We measure stock-based compensation based on the grant date fair value of the stock-based awards and recognize stock-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award. For non-employee awards, compensation expense is recognized as the services are provided, which is generally ratably over the vesting period. We account for forfeitures as they occur. On January 1, 2018, we adopted, using the modified retroactive approach, the guidance of Accounting Standard Update 2018-07, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718) - Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting (“ASU 2018-07”), and account for awards to non-employees using the grant date fair value without subsequent periodic remeasurement. The adoption of ASU 2018-07 did not have a material effect on our financial statements.

We classify stock-based compensation expense in our statements of operations in the same manner in which the award recipient’s salary and related costs are classified or in which the award recipient’s service payments are classified. In future periods, we expect stock-based compensation expense to increase, due in part to our existing unrecognized stock-based compensation expense and as we grant additional stock-based awards to continue to attract and retain our employees.

We determine the fair value of restricted Common Stock awards granted based on the fair value of our Common Stock. We have historically determined the fair value of the underlying Common Stock based on input from management and the board of directors and the Company’s enterprise value determined utilizing various methods, including the “back-solve” method. The total enterprise value, determined from the back-solve method, is historically then allocated to the various outstanding equity instruments, including the underlying Common Stock, utilizing the option pricing method (“OPM”) or a hybrid of the probability-weighted expected return method (“PWERM”) and the OPM.

The fair value of each stock option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, which requires inputs based on certain subjective assumptions, including the expected stock price volatility, the expected term of the option, the risk-free interest rate for a period that approximates the expected term of the option, and our expected dividend yield. As the public market for our Common Stock has been limited and prior to the IPO there was no such public market, we have historically determined the volatility for awards granted based on an analysis of reported data for a group of guideline companies that issued options with substantially similar terms. The expected volatility has been determined using a weighted-average of the historical volatility measures of this group of guideline companies along with our own. We expect to continue estimating expected volatility based on the group of guideline companies until we have adequate historical data regarding the volatility of our own traded stock price. The expected term of our stock options granted to employees and non-employees has been determined utilizing the “simplified” method for awards that qualify as “plain-vanilla” options. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the award. We have not paid, and do not anticipate paying, dividends on our Common Stock; therefore, the expected dividend yield is assumed to be zero.

As there was no public market for our Common Stock prior to the IPO, the estimated fair value of our Common Stock prior to our IPO had been approved by our board of directors, with input from management, as of the date of each award grant, considering our most recently available independent third-party valuations of our Common Stock and any additional objective and subjective factors that we believed were relevant and which may have changed from the date of the most recent valuation through the date of each award grant. We estimated the value of our equity using the market approach and a precedent transaction method which “back-solves” the equity value that yielded a specific value for our Series A Stock. We allocated the equity value to our Common Stock and shares of our Series A Stock using either an OPM or a hybrid method, which is a hybrid between the OPM and the PWERM. The hybrid method we utilized estimated the probability-weighted value across multiple scenarios but used the OPM to estimate the allocation of value within at least one of the scenarios. In addition to the OPM, the hybrid method considered the IPO scenario in which the shares of our Series A Preferred Stock converted to Common Stock. The future value of the Common Stock in the IPO scenario was discounted back to the valuation date at an appropriate risk adjusted discount rate. In the hybrid method, the present value indicated for each scenario was probability weighted to arrive at an indication of value for our Common Stock.

In addition to considering the results of the valuations, management considered various objective and subjective factors to determine the fair value of our Common Stock as of each grant date, which may be a date later than the most recent third-party valuation date, including:

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the progress of our R&D efforts, including the status of preclinical studies;

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the lack of liquidity of our equity as a private company;

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our stage of development and business strategy and the material risks related to our business and industry;

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the achievement of enterprise milestones;

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the valuation of publicly traded companies in the life sciences and biotechnology sectors, as well as recently completed mergers and acquisitions of peer companies;

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any external market conditions affecting the biotechnology industry, and trends within the biotechnology industry;

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the likelihood of achieving a liquidity event for the holders of our Series A Preferred Stock and Common Stock, such as an IPO, or a sale of the Company, given prevailing market conditions; and

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the analysis of IPOs and the market performance of similar companies in the biopharmaceutical industry.

There are significant judgments and estimates inherent in these valuations. These judgments and estimates include assumptions regarding our future operating performance, the stage of development of our programs, the timing of a potential offering, or other liquidity event, and the determination of the appropriate valuation methodology at each valuation date. The assumptions underlying these valuations represent management’s best estimates, which involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management judgment. As a result, if factors or expected outcomes change and we use significantly different assumptions or estimates, our stock-based compensation expense could be materially different. Subsequent to the completion of the IPO, the fair value of our Common Stock is determined based on the market price of our Common Stock on Nasdaq.

With respect to stock options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the following table sets forth by grant date the (i) number of shares of our Common Stock issuable upon exercise of such stock options, (ii) per share exercise price of such options and (iii) estimated fair value per share of our Common Stock on each such date. We did not grant any shares of restricted Common Stock during this period.

Grant date	Number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of stock options granted		Exercise price per share of Common Stock		Estimated fair value per share of Common Stock at grant date
03/15/24		440,000	$	0.77	$	0.55

The per share values at each such grant date, which we applied to determine the per share estimated fair value of the respective awards for accounting purposes, were based upon the calculations described above used to determine the fair value of our Common Stock as of each grant date.

Emerging Growth Company Status

In April 2012, the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”) was enacted. Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an “emerging growth company” may take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. Therefore, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected to avail ourselves of this extended transition period and, as a result, we will not be required to adopt new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for other public companies.

In addition, as an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of specified reduced disclosure and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include, among other things:

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reduced disclosure about the compensation paid to our executive officers;

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not being required to submit to our stockholders’ advisory votes on executive compensation or golden parachute arrangements;

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an exemption from the auditor attestation requirement in the pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002; and

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an exemption from compliance with any new requirements adopted by the Public Company Accounting Over-sight Board requiring mandatory audit firm rotation.

We may take advantage of these exemptions until such time that we are no longer an emerging growth company. We would cease to be an emerging growth company upon the earliest of

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the last day of the fiscal year on which we have $1.235 billion or more in annual revenue;

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the date on which we become a “large accelerated filer” (i.e., as of our fiscal year end, the total market value of our common equity securities held by non-affiliates is $700 million or more as of June 30);

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the date on which we issue more than $1.0 billion of non-convertible debt over a three-year period; or

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the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the completion of the IPO.

We may choose to take advantage of some but not all of these exemptions.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

We have reviewed all recently issued accounting pronouncements and have determined that, other than as disclosed in Note 3 to our unaudited condensed financial statements included in this Form 10-Q, such standards will not have a material impact on our financial statements or do not otherwise apply to our operations.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

As a smaller reporting company, as defined in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K, we are not required to provide the information required by this Item.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As required by Rule 13a-15 under the Exchange Act, we have carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-Q. This evaluation was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer.

Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding such required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, cannot provide absolute assurance that the objectives of the controls system are met, and no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within a company have been detected. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2025, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Changes in Internal Controls

There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) that occurred during the three months ended March 31, 2025, that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.

Limitations of the Effectiveness of Controls

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include, but are not limited to, the realities that judgments in decision making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple errors. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of a person, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the control. The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

From time to time, we may become subject to litigation, claims and other legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are not presently a party to any such litigation, claims or legal proceedings that, in the opinion of our management, individually or if taken together, would have a material adverse effect on our business or financial condition. Regardless of outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us due to defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources, negative publicity and reputation harm, and other factors.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Our Common Stock is currently listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market. We have been notified by Nasdaq of our failure to comply with certain continued listing requirements and, if we are unable to regain compliance with all applicable continued listing requirements and standards of Nasdaq, our Common Stock could be delisted from the Nasdaq Capital Market.

Our Common Stock is currently listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market. In order to maintain that listing, we must satisfy minimum financial and other continued listing requirements and standards, including those regarding director independence and independent committee requirements, minimum stockholders’ equity, minimum share price, and certain corporate governance requirements.

On May 12, 2025, the Company received the May Letter from the Staff notifying the Company that the Staff determined that the Company failed to comply with Nasdaq’s shareholder approval and voting rights requirements under Nasdaq Listing Rules 5635(d) and 5640, respectively, in connection with the issuance of certain securities issued in the Offering and the Subsequent Offering. The May Letter had no immediate effect on the listing of the Common Stock, which continues to trade on the Nasdaq Capital Market until the Panel issues a decision. The May Letter provides that the Company should present its views to the Panel with respect to these matters to the Panel in writing no later than May 19, 2025, and the Company intends to submit a response to the May Letter as soon as possible before such date.

There can be no assurances that we will be able to comply with all of the obligations placed on us by the Panel pursuant to the May Letter, and, assuming that we are able to comply with such obligations, that we will be able to continue to comply with all applicable Nasdaq listing requirements now or in the future. If we fail to meet all of the conditions listed in the May Letter, or the Panel agrees with the Staff regarding such delisting determination and does not accept any plan of compliance submitted by the Company in order to regain compliance with the Nasdaq listing requirements discussed in the May Letter, our Common Stock may be delisted from the Nasdaq Capital Market. Additionally, assuming that we are able to comply with all such obligations, if we fail to comply with all applicable Nasdaq continued listing standards now or in the future, our Common Stock may be subject to delisting from the Nasdaq Capital Market.

In the event that our Common Stock is delisted from the Nasdaq Capital Market, as a result of our failure to comply with the obligations in the May Letter or due to the Panel’s determination to delist the Common Stock, or due to our failure to continue to comply with any other requirement for continued listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market, and the Common Stock is not eligible for listing on another exchange, trading in the shares of our Common Stock could be conducted in the over-the-counter market or on an electronic bulletin board established for unlisted securities such as the Pink Market or another over-the-counter market operated by the OTC Markets Group Inc. In such event, it could become more difficult to dispose of, or obtain accurate price quotations for, our Common Stock, and it would likely be more difficult to obtain coverage by securities analysts and the news media, which could cause the price of our Common Stock to decline further. Also, it may be difficult for us to raise additional capital if we are not listed on a national exchange.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

None.

Item 6. Exhibits.

Exhibit
Number		Description
3.1(i)		Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of Series C Voting Convertible Preferred Stock (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on April 9, 2025 and incorporated by reference herein).

4.1

Form of Warrant (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on March 18, 2025 and incorporated by reference herein).

10.1

Second Amendment to Placement Agent Agreement, dated as of February 23, 2025, by and between the Company and the Placement Agent (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on February 24, 2025 and incorporated by reference herein).

10.2		Second Amendment to Consulting Agreement, made as of February 28, 2025, by and between the Company and Spartan (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on March 3, 2025 and incorporated by reference herein).
10.3		Irrevocable Proxy and Power of Attorney (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on March 18, 2025 and incorporated by reference herein).
10.4		Placement Agent Agreement, effective March 17, 2025, by and between the Company and Spartan (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on March 18, 2025 and incorporated by reference herein).
10.5		Consulting and Advisory Agreement, dated March 17, 2025, by and between the Company and Spartan (filed as Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on March 18, 2025 and incorporated by reference herein).
10.6		March Offering Irrevocable Proxy and Power of Attorney (filed as Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on March 18, 2025 and incorporated by reference herein).
10.7		Form of March Offering Subscription Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on March 18, 2025 and incorporated by reference herein).
10.8		Form of March Offering Registration Rights Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10.8 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on March 18, 2025 and incorporated by reference herein).
10.9		Warrant Agency Agreement, effective as of March 17, 2025, between the Company and Nevada Agency and Transfer Company (filed as Exhibit 10.9 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on March 18, 2025 and incorporated by reference herein).

31.1*		Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2*		Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1		Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2		Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS		Inline XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

In accordance with SEC Release 33-8238, Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 are being furnished and not filed.

*	Filed herewith.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	Lipella Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Date: May 14, 2025	By:	/s/ Jonathan Kaufman
		Jonathan Kaufman
		President and Chief Executive Officer
		(Duly Authorized Officer and Principal Executive Officer)

Date: May 14, 2025	By:	/s/ Douglas Johnston
		Douglas Johnston
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Duly Authorized Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION

OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER

PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF

THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Jonathan Kaufman, as the principal executive officer of the registrant, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2025, of Lipella Pharmaceuticals Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 14, 2025	By:	/s/ Jonathan Kaufman
		Jonathan Kaufman
		Chief Executive Officer
		(Duly Authorized Officer and Principal Executive Officer)

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION

OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF

THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Douglas Johnston, as the principal financial officer of the registrant, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2025, of Lipella Pharmaceuticals Inc.;

b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 14, 2025	By:	/s/ Douglas Johnston
		Douglas Johnston
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Duly Authorized Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION

OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER

PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF

THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Lipella Pharmaceuticals Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2025, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Jonathan Kaufman, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1)

The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)

The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: May 14, 2025	By:	/s/ Jonathan Kaufman
		Jonathan Kaufman
		Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION

OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF

THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Lipella Pharmaceuticals Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2025, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Douglas Johnston, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1)

The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)

The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: May 14, 2025	By:	/s/ Douglas Johnston
		Douglas Johnston
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

Cover - shares	3 Months Ended
Cover - shares	Mar. 31, 2025	May 13, 2025
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-Q
Amendment Flag	false
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Transition Report	false
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2025
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q1
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2025
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity File Number	001-41575
Entity Registrant Name	Lipella Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Entity Central Index Key	0001347242
Entity Tax Identification Number	20-2388040
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Address, Address Line One	7800 Susquehanna St.
Entity Address, Address Line Two	Suite 505
Entity Address, City or Town	Pittsburgh
Entity Address, State or Province	PA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	15208
City Area Code	(412)
Local Phone Number	894-1853
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share
Trading Symbol	LIPO
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	true
Elected Not To Use the Extended Transition Period	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		4,467,395

CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 4,225,012	$ 2,184,863
Grants receivable	85,630	84,712
Accounts Receivable
Prepaid expenses	512,696	347,676
Total Current Assets	4,823,337	2,617,252
Property and Equipment
Furniture, fixtures and equipment	140,294	140,294
Furniture, fixtures and equipment (accumulated depreciation)	(131,152)	(130,430)
Furniture and fixtures, net	9,142	9,864
Other Assets
Operating lease right of use asset	23,572	46,754
Total Assets	4,856,051	2,673,870
Current liabilities
Accounts payable	392,115	388,191
Accrued expenses	258,310	237,886
Operating lease liability	23,997	47,605
Payroll liability	102,425	80,735
Total Current Liabilities	776,846	754,417
Operating lease liability, net of current portion
Total Liabilities	776,847	754,417
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $0.0001 par value per share; 200,000,000 shares authorized, 2,548,811 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2025 and 1,208,919 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024	254	121
Additional paid-in capital	20,725,522	17,259,406
Accumulated deficit	(16,646,630)	(15,340,107)
Total stockholders’ equity	4,079,204	1,919,453
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	4,856,051	2,673,870
Series B Preferred Stock [Member]
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, value	5	3
Series C Preferred Stock [Member]
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, value	$ 53	$ 30

CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Mar. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Preferred stock, par value	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Preferred stock, shares authorized	20,000,000	20,000,000
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, shares authorized	200,000,000	200,000,000
Common stock, shares, issued	2,548,811	1,208,919
Common stock, shares, outstanding	2,548,811	1,208,919
Series B Preferred Stock [Member]
Preferred stock, par value	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Preferred stock, shares authorized	72,000	72,000
Preferred stock, shares issued	46,025	25,975
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	46,025	25,975
Series C Preferred Stock [Member]
Preferred stock, par value	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Preferred stock, shares authorized	1,050,000	1,050,000
Preferred stock, shares issued	536,959	303,041
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	536,959	303,041

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (Unaudited) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2025	Mar. 31, 2024
Total revenues	$ 129,390	$ 145,880
Cost and expenses
Research and development	993,475	842,600
General and administrative	463,736	520,926
Total costs and expenses	1,457,211	1,363,526
Loss from operations	(1,327,821)	(1,217,646)
Other income (expense)
Interest income, net	21,298	25,837
Total other income/(expense)	21,298	25,837
Loss before income taxes	(1,306,523)	(1,191,809)
Provision for income taxes
Net Loss	$ (1,306,523)	$ (1,191,809)
Loss per share of Common Stock
Basic	$ (0.64)	$ (1.31)
Dilutive	$ (0.64)	$ (1.31)
Weighted-average of shares of Common Stock outstanding:
Basic	2,056,804	911,515
Dilutive	2,056,804	911,515
Grantrevenues [Member]
Total revenues	$ 129,390	$ 145,880

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (Deficit) (Unaudited) - USD ($)	Series B Convertible Preferred Stocks [Member]	Series C Convertible Preferred Stocks [Member]	Common Stock [Member]	Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]	Retained Earnings [Member]	Total
Beginning balance, value at Dec. 31, 2023			$ 75	$ 13,468,216	$ (10,323,843)	$ 3,144,448
Balance at beginning (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2023			756,745
Net loss					(1,191,809)	(1,191,809)
Share based compensation				208,639		208,639
Warrants exercised for Common Stock			$ 6	(6)
Warrants exercised for Common Stock (in shares)			62,500
Issuance of Common Stock			$ 4	199,996		200,000
Issuance of Common Stock (in shares)			36,227
Shares issued for services			$ 2	199,998		200,000
Shares issued for services (in shares)			24,510
Ending balance, value at Mar. 31, 2024			$ 87	14,076,843	(11,515,652)	2,561,278
Balance at ending (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2024			879,981
Beginning balance, value at Dec. 31, 2024	$ 3	$ 30	$ 121	17,259,406	(15,340,107)	1,919,453
Balance at beginning (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2024	25,975	303,041	1,208,919
Net loss					(1,306,523)	(1,306,523)
Warrants exercised for Common Stock			$ 6	(6)
Warrants exercised for Common Stock (in shares)			64,702
Series B preferred stock converted to Common Stock	$ (3)		$ 97	(94)		0
Series B preferred stock converted to Common Stock (in shares)	(25,975)		972,149
Series C preferred stock converted to Common Stock		$ (30)	$ 30
Series C preferred stock converted to Common Stock (in shares)		(303,041)	303,041
Issuance of warrants to purchase Series B preferred stock				9,000		9,000
Issuance of preferred stock and warrants, net of issuance costs of $382,800	$ 5	$ 53		3,457,217		3,457,274
Issuance of preferred stock and warrants, net of issuance costs of $382,800 (in shares)	46,025	536,959
Ending balance, value at Mar. 31, 2025	$ 5	$ 53	$ 254	$ 20,725,522	$ (16,646,630)	$ 4,079,204
Balance at ending (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2025	46,025	536,959	2,548,811

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (Deficit) (Unaudited) (Parenthetical)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2025 USD ($)
Preferred Stock [Member]
Net of issurance costs	$ 382,800

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2025	Mar. 31, 2024
Cash flow from operating activities:
Net loss	$ (1,306,523)	$ (1,191,809)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	722	721
Shares issued for services		200,000
Non-cash stock option expense		208,639
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Operating right of use asset	(424)	215
Grants receivable	(918)	(36,648)
Prepaid expense	(165,020)	(733,601)
Accounts payable	3,925	155,819
Accrued expenses	20,423	7,649
Payroll liability	21,689	576
Net cash used in operating activities	(1,426,126)	(1,388,438)
Cash flow from investing activities:
Net cash used in investing activities
Cash flow from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of Common Stock, net of issuance costs	3,466,275	200,000
Net cash provided by financing activities	3,466,275	200,000
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents	2,040,149	(1,188,438)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	2,184,863	3,293,738
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	4,225,012	2,105,299
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Interest paid	4,152	6,234
Income taxes paid

Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2025	Mar. 31, 2024
Pay vs Performance Disclosure [Table]
Net Income (Loss)	$ (1,306,523)	$ (1,191,809)

Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
Insider Trading Arrangements	Mar. 31, 2025
Insider Trading Arrangements [Line Items]
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false

Description of Business and Basis of Presentation

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Description of Business and Basis of Presentation

Note 1. Description of Business and Basis of Presentation

Nature of Business

Basis of Presentation

Going Concern

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Going Concern

Note 2. Going Concern

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Note 3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, no new accounting pronouncement was issued or became effective that had, or is expected to have, a material impact on our Financial Statements.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Earnings Per Share

At March 31, 2025 and 2024 the Common Stock equivalent shares were, as follows:


	March 31,
	2025		2024
Shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of options		361,624		361,624
Shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of warrants		372,990		265,526
Shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of Series B preferred stock		1,588,172		—
Shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of Series C preferred stock		536,959		—
Shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of Warrants for Series B preferred stock		3,333,319		—
Common Stock equivalents excluded from diluted net loss per share		6,193,064		627,150

Fair Value Measurements and Marketable Debt Securities

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Measurements and Marketable Debt Securities

Note 4. Fair Value Measurements and Marketable Debt Securities

Level 1 - Inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 3 - Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.

The Company held no marketable securities at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. For cash equivalents at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the fair value input levels are summarized below:

March 31, 2025	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Cash Equivalents (maturity less than 90 days)
Commercial Paper		—		—		—		—
U.S. Government		—		—		—		—
Money market funds		4,116,013		—		—		4,116,013
Total Cash equivalents		4,116,013		—		—		4,116,013

Marketable Securities		—		—		—		—
Total Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities	$	4,116,013		—		—	$	4,116,013

December 31, 2024	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Cash Equivalents (maturity less than 90 days)
Commercial Paper		—		—		—		—
Corporate bonds		—		—		—		—
Money market funds		1,692,141		—		—		1,692,141
Total Cash equivalents		1,692,141		—		—		1,692,141

Marketable Securities		—		—		—		—
Total Cash equivalents and marketable securities	$	1,692,141		—		—	$	1,692,141

Prepaid Expenses

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Prepaid Expenses

Note 5. Prepaid Expenses

Accrued Expenses

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

Accrued Expenses

Note 6. Accrued Expenses

Letter of Credit

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Letter Of Credit

Letter of Credit

Note 7. Letter of Credit

Segment information

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Segment information

Note 8. Segment information

Schedule of segment results

*For the year ended December 31,*	2025			2024
*Segment Results*
Grant Revenue	$	129,390		$	145,880
Operating expenses:
Research and development
Salaries and benefits, insurance		399,732			224,900
Outsourced research and development (“R&D”)		486,334			249,766
Stock option expense		—			206,768
Facility and other overhead		107,708			161,166
Total Research and development		993,475			842,600
General and administrative
Salaries and benefits, insurance		142,302			157,118
Outside services		229,115			312,647
Stock option expense		—			1,871
Facility and other overhead		92,318			49,289
Total General and Administrative		463,736			520,926
Total operating expenses		1,457,211			1,363,526
Loss from operations		(1,327,821	)		(1,217,646	)
Other income (expense)		21,298			25,837
Segment loss from operations	$	(1,306,523	)	$	(1,191,809	)
Adjusting and Reconciling items					—
Loss from operations	$	(1,306,523	)	$	(1,191,809	)

Stock Options

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Stock Options

Note 9. Stock Options

The Company recognized $0 and $208,639 of compensation costs related to stock option vesting for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The following is an analysis of options to purchase shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

	Shares		Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share ($)		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in Years)		Aggregate intrinsic value ($)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023		306,624	$	21.84		5.19		—
Granted		55,000	$	6.16				—
Expired		—
Cancelled		—
Exercised		—
Outstanding as of December 31, 2024		361,624	$	19.74		5.07		—
Granted		—		—		—		—
Expired		—		—		—		—
Cancelled		—		—		—		—
Exercised		—		—		—		—
Outstanding as of March 31, 2025		361,624	$	19.74		4.82		—
Vested as of March 31, 2025		361,624
Exercisable as of March 31, 2025		361,624
Exercisable as of December 31, 2024		361,624		—		—		—

	Number of Stock Options			Weighted- Average Fair Value Grant Date
Nonvested at December 31, 2023		22,582		$	22.48
Granted		55,000			4.40
Vested		(9,250	)		9.04
Expired		—			—
Nonvested at March 31, 2024		68,333		$	5.29

Nonvested at December 31, 2024		—			—
Granted		—			—
Vested		—			—
Expired		—			—
Nonvested at March 31, 2025		—			—

There were no stock options granted in the three months ended March 31, 2025. In the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company granted options as described below.

*Three months ended March 31,*	2025		2024
Weighted-average fair value of options granted	$	—	$	4.40
Expected volatility		—		86.17	%
Expected life (in years)		—		5.17
Risk-free interest rate (range)		—		4.33	%
Expected dividend yield	$	—	$	—

Preferred Stock

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Equity [Abstract]

Preferred Stock

Note 10. Preferred Stock

Series A: There were no shares of Series A Stock outstanding at March 31, 2025 or December 31, 2024. The Series A Preferred Stock was eliminated by the Company on April 11, 2024.

	●	On December 23, 2024, we sold and issued 22,295 shares of Series B Preferred Stock for gross proceeds of $2,229,500. After closing costs, net proceeds to the Company were $1,794,485. Such shares are convertible into 854,205 shares of Common Stock at a conversion price of $2.61 per share.

	●	On December 31, 2024, we sold and issued 3,680 shares of Series B Preferred Stock for gross proceeds of $368,000. After closing costs, net proceeds to the Company were $305,440. Such shares are convertible into 117,946 shares of Common Stock, at a conversion price of $3.12 per share.

	●	On February 25, 2025, we sold and issued 34,750 shares of Series B Preferred Stock for gross proceeds of $3,475,000. After closing costs, net proceeds to the Company were $2,884,250. Such shares are convertible into 1,158,327 shares of Common Stock, at a conversion price of $3.00 per share.

	●	On February 26, 2025, we sold and issued 3,130 shares of Series B Preferred Stock for gross proceeds of $313,000. After closing costs, net proceeds to the Company were $239,790. Such shares are convertible into 100,000 shares of Common Stock, at a conversion price of $3.13 per share.

	●	On March 5, 2025, we sold and issued 7,260 shares of Series B Preferred Stock for gross proceeds of $726,000. After closing costs, net proceeds to the Company were $602,580. Such shares are convertible into 289,241 shares of Common Stock, at a conversion price of $2.51 per share.

●

In the quarter ended March 31, 2025, 25,975 shares of Series B Preferred Stock were converted to 972,152 shares of Common Stock.

In accordance with the Spartan Agreements, the Company issued to Spartan and its designee the following:

●

On December 23, 2024, in connection with the initial closing of the Offering, an aggregate of 260,108 shares of Series C Preferred Stock.

●

On December 31, 2024, in connection with an additional closing of the Offering, the Company issued Spartan and its designee an aggregate of 42,933 shares of Series C Preferred Stock.

●

On February 25, 2025, in connection with an additional closing of the Offering, the Company issued Spartan and its designee an aggregate of 405,416 shares of Series C Preferred Stock.

●

On February 26, 2025, in connection with an additional closing of the Offering, the Company issued Spartan and its designee an aggregate of 36,517 shares of Series C Preferred Stock.

●

On March 5, 2025, in connection with an additional closing of the Offering, the Company issued Spartan and its designee an aggregate of 84,700 shares of Series C Preferred Stock.

●

On March 13, 2025, in connection with an additional closing of the Offering, the Company issued Spartan and its designee an aggregate of 10,326 shares of Series C Preferred Stock.

In the quarter ended March 31, 2025, 303,041 shares of Series C Preferred Stock were converted to 303,041 shares of Common Stock.

Common Stock

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Equity [Abstract]

Common Stock

Note 11. Common Stock

On January 23, 2025, we issued 64,702 shares of Common Stock upon the cashless exercise of 97,216 Placement Agent Warrants. See Note 12 – Warrants for more details of the warrant exercises.

On various dates in the quarter ended March 31, 2025, an aggregate of 972,149 shares of Common Stock were issued upon the conversion of 25,975 shares of Series B Preferred Stock.

On various dates in the quarter ended March 31, 2025, an aggregate of 303,041 shares of Common Stock were issued for the conversion of an equivalent number of shares of Series C Preferred Stock.

Notice of Failure to Satisfy Nasdaq Minimum Bid Price Requirement

See Note 15, Subsequent Events, for more information regarding Nasdaq compliance.

Warrants

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Warrants

Warrants

Note 12. Warrants

In connection with the Offering and in accordance with the Spartan Agreements, the Company issued to the Placement Agent and its designee the following Placement Agent Warrants:

●

On December 23, 2024, a Placement Agent Warrant to purchase up to 85,421 shares of Common Stock.

●

On December 31, 2025, a Placement Agent Warrant to purchase up to 11,795 shares of Common Stock.

●

On February 25, 2025, a Placement Agent Warrant to purchase up to 115,833 shares of Common Stock.

●

On February 26, 2025, a Placement Agent Warrant to purchase up to 10,000 shares of Common Stock.

●

On March 5, 2025, a Placement Agent Warrant to purchase up to 28,924 shares of Common Stock.

●

On March 12, 2025, a Placement Agent Warrant to purchase up to 4,060 shares of Common Stock.

On January 23, 2025, 97,216 Placement Agent Warrants were exercised for 64,702 shares of Common Stock on a cashless exercise basis.

The Company had no warrant liabilities at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Commitment and Contingencies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitment and Contingencies

Note 13. Commitment and Contingencies

Operating Leases

Year ending
2025	$	24,259
2026		—
Total minimum lease payments	$	24,259
Less: amount representing interest	$	(263	)
Present value of minimum lease payments	$	23,996

Contract Commitments

Income Taxes

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

Note 14. Income Taxes


Statutory federal income tax rate	21.00	%
State taxes, net of federal benefit	6.71	%
Change in valuation allowance	(27.71	%)
Effective tax rate	0.00	%

The Company’s 2020 through 2024 tax years remain subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service for federal tax purposes and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania for state tax purposes.

Subsequent Events

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

Subsequent Events

Note 15. Subsequent Events

Subsequent events have been evaluated through the date on which the unaudited condensed financial statements were issued, and no material events were identified, except as disclosed below.

Lease extension

Schedule of lease extension

*For the year ended*	Total
December 31, 2025 (6 months only)	$	30,087
December 31, 2026		61,435
December 31, 2027		63,957
December 31, 2028		66,478
December 31, 2029		68,999
December 31, 2030 (expires June 30, 2030)		35,130
Total rents under the Leases’ renewal	$	326,087

Issuance of Shares

On April 8, 2025, 2,200 shares of Series B Preferred Stock were converted into 73,333 shares of Common Stock.

On April 10, 2025, 3,660 shares of Series B Preferred Stock were converted into 132,801 shares of Common Stock.

On April 11, 2025, 85,358 shares of Series C Preferred Stock were converted into 85,358 shares of Common Stock.

On April 17, 2025, 9,866 shares of Series C Preferred Stock were converted into 9,866 shares of Common Stock.

Nasdaq Notifications and Responses

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements

Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, no new accounting pronouncement was issued or became effective that had, or is expected to have, a material impact on our Financial Statements.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Concentration of Credit Risk

Earnings Per Share

Earnings Per Share

At March 31, 2025 and 2024 the Common Stock equivalent shares were, as follows:


	March 31,
	2025		2024
Shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of options		361,624		361,624
Shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of warrants		372,990		265,526
Shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of Series B preferred stock		1,588,172		—
Shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of Series C preferred stock		536,959		—
Shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of Warrants for Series B preferred stock		3,333,319		—
Common Stock equivalents excluded from diluted net loss per share		6,193,064		627,150

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

At March 31, 2025 and 2024 the Common Stock equivalent shares were, as follows:


	March 31,
	2025		2024
Shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of options		361,624		361,624
Shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of warrants		372,990		265,526
Shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of Series B preferred stock		1,588,172		—
Shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of Series C preferred stock		536,959		—
Shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of Warrants for Series B preferred stock		3,333,319		—
Common Stock equivalents excluded from diluted net loss per share		6,193,064		627,150

Fair Value Measurements and Marketable Debt Securities (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

For cash equivalents at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the fair value input levels are summarized below:

The Company held no marketable securities at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. For cash equivalents at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the fair value input levels are summarized below:

March 31, 2025	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Cash Equivalents (maturity less than 90 days)
Commercial Paper		—		—		—		—
U.S. Government		—		—		—		—
Money market funds		4,116,013		—		—		4,116,013
Total Cash equivalents		4,116,013		—		—		4,116,013

Marketable Securities		—		—		—		—
Total Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities	$	4,116,013		—		—	$	4,116,013

December 31, 2024	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Cash Equivalents (maturity less than 90 days)
Commercial Paper		—		—		—		—
Corporate bonds		—		—		—		—
Money market funds		1,692,141		—		—		1,692,141
Total Cash equivalents		1,692,141		—		—		1,692,141

Marketable Securities		—		—		—		—
Total Cash equivalents and marketable securities	$	1,692,141		—		—	$	1,692,141

Segment information (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Schedule of segment results

*For the year ended December 31,*	2025			2024
*Segment Results*
Grant Revenue	$	129,390		$	145,880
Operating expenses:
Research and development
Salaries and benefits, insurance		399,732			224,900
Outsourced research and development (“R&D”)		486,334			249,766
Stock option expense		—			206,768
Facility and other overhead		107,708			161,166
Total Research and development		993,475			842,600
General and administrative
Salaries and benefits, insurance		142,302			157,118
Outside services		229,115			312,647
Stock option expense		—			1,871
Facility and other overhead		92,318			49,289
Total General and Administrative		463,736			520,926
Total operating expenses		1,457,211			1,363,526
Loss from operations		(1,327,821	)		(1,217,646	)
Other income (expense)		21,298			25,837
Segment loss from operations	$	(1,306,523	)	$	(1,191,809	)
Adjusting and Reconciling items					—
Loss from operations	$	(1,306,523	)	$	(1,191,809	)

Stock Options (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

The following is an analysis of options to purchase shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

	Shares		Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share ($)		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in Years)		Aggregate intrinsic value ($)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023		306,624	$	21.84		5.19		—
Granted		55,000	$	6.16				—
Expired		—
Cancelled		—
Exercised		—
Outstanding as of December 31, 2024		361,624	$	19.74		5.07		—
Granted		—		—		—		—
Expired		—		—		—		—
Cancelled		—		—		—		—
Exercised		—		—		—		—
Outstanding as of March 31, 2025		361,624	$	19.74		4.82		—
Vested as of March 31, 2025		361,624
Exercisable as of March 31, 2025		361,624
Exercisable as of December 31, 2024		361,624		—		—		—

	Number of Stock Options			Weighted- Average Fair Value Grant Date
Nonvested at December 31, 2023		22,582		$	22.48
Granted		55,000			4.40
Vested		(9,250	)		9.04
Expired		—			—
Nonvested at March 31, 2024		68,333		$	5.29

Nonvested at December 31, 2024		—			—
Granted		—			—
Vested		—			—
Expired		—			—
Nonvested at March 31, 2025		—			—

Schedule Of Share Based Payment Award Stock Options Valuation Assumptions

*Three months ended March 31,*	2025		2024
Weighted-average fair value of options granted	$	—	$	4.40
Expected volatility		—		86.17	%
Expected life (in years)		—		5.17
Risk-free interest rate (range)		—		4.33	%
Expected dividend yield	$	—	$	—

Commitment and Contingencies (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Future minimum rent payments under the Leases as of March 31, 2025 are as follows:

Year ending
2025	$	24,259
2026		—
Total minimum lease payments	$	24,259
Less: amount representing interest	$	(263	)
Present value of minimum lease payments	$	23,996

Income Taxes (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of income tax provision attributable to loss before income tax benefit


Statutory federal income tax rate	21.00	%
State taxes, net of federal benefit	6.71	%
Change in valuation allowance	(27.71	%)
Effective tax rate	0.00	%

Subsequent Events (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

Schedule of lease extension

*For the year ended*	Total
December 31, 2025 (6 months only)	$	30,087
December 31, 2026		61,435
December 31, 2027		63,957
December 31, 2028		66,478
December 31, 2029		68,999
December 31, 2030 (expires June 30, 2030)		35,130
Total rents under the Leases’ renewal	$	326,087

Going Concern (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
Going Concern (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Net loss	$ 1,306,523	$ 5,016,264
Accumulated deficit	(16,646,630)	(15,340,107)
Cash and cash equivalents	4,225,012	$ 2,184,863
Working capital	$ 4,046,491

At March 31, 2025 and 2024 the Common Stock equivalent shares were, as follows: (Details) - shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2025	Mar. 31, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of options	361,624	361,624
Shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of warrants	372,990	265,526
Shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of Series B preferred stock	1,588,172
Shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of Series C preferred stock	536,959
Shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of Warrants for Series B preferred stock	3,333,319
Common Stock equivalents excluded from diluted net loss per share	6,193,064	627,150

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2025	Mar. 31, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Revenues	$ 129,390	$ 145,880

For cash equivalents at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the fair value input levels are summarized below: (Details) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash equivalents	$ 4,116,013	$ 1,692,141
Marketable securities
Total cash equivalents and marketable securities	4,116,013	1,692,141
Commercial Paper [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash equivalents
US Government Corporations and Agencies Securities [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash equivalents
Money Market Funds [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash equivalents	4,116,013	1,692,141
Corporate Bonds [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash equivalents
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash equivalents	4,116,013	1,692,141
Marketable securities
Total cash equivalents and marketable securities	4,116,013	1,692,141
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member] \| Commercial Paper [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash equivalents
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member] \| US Government Corporations and Agencies Securities [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash equivalents
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member] \| Money Market Funds [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash equivalents	4,116,013	1,692,141
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member] \| Corporate Bonds [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash equivalents
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash equivalents
Marketable securities
Total cash equivalents and marketable securities
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member] \| Commercial Paper [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash equivalents
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member] \| US Government Corporations and Agencies Securities [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash equivalents
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member] \| Money Market Funds [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash equivalents
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member] \| Corporate Bonds [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash equivalents
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash equivalents
Marketable securities
Total cash equivalents and marketable securities
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member] \| Commercial Paper [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash equivalents
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member] \| US Government Corporations and Agencies Securities [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash equivalents
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member] \| Money Market Funds [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash equivalents
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 [Member] \| Corporate Bonds [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash equivalents

Prepaid Expenses (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Prepaid expenses	$ 512,696	$ 347,676
Prepaid insurance	83,502
Prepaid costs of issuance	16,225
Prepaid insurance	242,448
Prepaid testing services	17,785	13,864
Other prepaid expenses	$ 152,736
Deposits with Contract Research Organization		$ 267,684

Accrued Expenses (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Payables and Accruals [Abstract]
Accrued Liabilities	$ 258,310
Accrued Liabilities, Current	$ 258,310	$ 237,886

Letter of Credit (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
Letter of Credit (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]
Notes Payable	$ 0	$ 0
Letter of Credit [Member]
Variable Interest Entity [Line Items]
Aggregate available borrowing	$ 50,000
Prime rate	3.10%

Schedule of segment results (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
Schedule of segment results (Details) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2025	Mar. 31, 2024
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Grant Revenue	$ 129,390	$ 145,880
Research and development
Total Research and development	993,475	842,600
General and administrative
Total General and Administrative	463,736	520,926
Total operating expenses	1,457,211	1,363,526
Operating Income (Loss)	(1,327,821)	(1,217,646)
Other income (expense)	21,298	25,837
Segment loss from operations	(1,306,523)	(1,191,809)
Adjusting and Reconciling items
Loss from operations	(1,306,523)	(1,191,809)
Salaries And Benefits Insurance [Member]
Research and development
Total Research and development	399,732	224,900
General and administrative
Total General and Administrative	142,302	157,118
Outsourced R And D [Member]
Research and development
Total Research and development	486,334	249,766
Stock Option Expense [Member]
Research and development
Total Research and development		206,768
General and administrative
Total General and Administrative		1,871
Facility And Other Overhead [Member]
Research and development
Total Research and development	107,708	161,166
General and administrative
Total General and Administrative	92,318	49,289
Outside Services [Member]
General and administrative
Total General and Administrative	$ 229,115	$ 312,647

The following is an analysis of options to purchase shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024: (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Outstanding at beginning	361,624	306,624
Outstanding at beginning	$ 19.74	$ 21.84
Outstanding at beginning (in years)	5 years 25 days	5 years 2 months 8 days
Outstanding at beginning	$ 0	$ 0
Granted	0	55,000
Granted	$ 0	$ 6.16
Expired	0	0
Cancelled	0	0
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Options, Exercises in Period	0	0
Expired	$ 0
Cancelled	0
Exercised	$ 0
Outstanding at ending	361,624	361,624
Outstanding at ending	$ 19.74	$ 19.74
Outstanding at ending (in years)	4 years 9 months 25 days
Outstanding at ending	$ 0	$ 0
Options vested	361,624
Options exercisable	361,624	361,624

A summary of status of the Company’s non-vested stock options (exercisable for shares of Common Stock on a one-to-one basis) as of, and changes during, the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 is presented below: (Details) - $ / shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2025	Mar. 31, 2024
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Nonvested at beginning		22,582
Nonvested at beginning		$ 22.48
Granted	0	55,000
Granted	$ 0	$ 4.40
Vested	0	(9,250)
Vested	$ 0	$ 9.04
Expired	0	0
Expired	$ 0
Nonvested at ending	0	68,333
Nonvested at ending	$ 0	$ 5.29

Schedule Of Share Based Payment Award Stock Options Valuation Assumptions (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2025	Mar. 31, 2024
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Weighted-average exercise price of options granted		$ 4.40
Expected volatility		86.17%
Expected life (in years)		5 years 2 months 1 day
Risk-free interest rate (range)		4.33%
Expected dividend yield

Stock Options (Details Narrative) - USD ($)		3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
Stock Options (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	Mar. 15, 2024	Mar. 31, 2025	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2024
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Common stock, shares, issued		2,548,811		1,208,919
Common stock, shares outstanding		2,548,811		1,208,919
Expected term (in years)			5 years 2 months 1 day
Weighted average remaining contractual life		5 years 25 days		5 years 2 months 8 days
Options granted		$ 0		$ 6.16
Stock Option Plans [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Common stock, shares, issued	55,000
Expected term (in years)		10 years
Unrecognized compensation				$ 0
Weighted average remaining contractual life		1 year
Compensation cost		$ 0	$ 208,639
Options granted	$ 6.16
Common Class A [Member] \| Stock Option Plans [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Common stock, shares, issued		434,750
Common Class A [Member] \| Stock Option Plans2008 [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Common stock, shares outstanding		134,750

Preferred Stock (Details Narrative) - USD ($)				1 Months Ended					3 Months Ended
Preferred Stock (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	Mar. 13, 2025	Mar. 12, 2025	Mar. 05, 2025	Feb. 26, 2025	Feb. 25, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 23, 2024	Dec. 20, 2024	Mar. 31, 2025
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, par or stated value per share						$ 0.0001			$ 0.0001
Common Stock [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Shares converted		40,596	289,241	100,000	1,158,327	117,946	854,205
Series A Preferred Stock [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares issued									20,000,000
Preferred stock, par or stated value per share									$ 0.0001
Series B Preferred Stock [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares issued						25,975			46,025
Preferred stock, par or stated value per share						$ 0.0001			$ 0.0001
Preferred Stocks Shares Issued		885	7,260	3,130	34,750	3,680	22,295	144,000	25,975
Preferred Stocks Par Or Stated Value Per Share								$ 0.0001	$ 100
Proceeds from Issuance of Preferred Stock and Preference Stock		$ 88,500	$ 726,000	$ 313,000	$ 3,475,000	$ 368,000	$ 2,229,500
Net Proceeds From Issuance Of Preferred Stock And Preference Stock		$ 73,455	$ 602,580	$ 239,790	$ 2,884,250	$ 305,440	$ 1,794,485
Shares converted									25,975
Preferred Stock, Convertible, Conversion Price		$ 2.18	$ 2.51	$ 3.13	$ 3.00	$ 3.12	$ 2.61
Convertible Preferred Stock, Shares Issued upon Conversion									972,152
Series C Preferred Stock [Member]
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares issued						303,041			536,959
Preferred stock, par or stated value per share						$ 0.0001			$ 0.0001
Preferred Stocks Shares Issued	10,326		84,700	36,517	405,416	42,933	260,108		303,041
Convertible Preferred Stock, Shares Issued upon Conversion									303,041

Common Stock (Details Narrative) - shares				1 Months Ended				3 Months Ended
Common Stock (Details Narrative) - shares	Mar. 12, 2025	Mar. 05, 2025	Jan. 23, 2025	Feb. 26, 2025	Feb. 25, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 23, 2024	Mar. 31, 2025
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Common stock, shares authorized						200,000,000		200,000,000
Common stock, shares, outstanding						1,208,919		2,548,811
Class of Warrant or Right, Outstanding			97,216			0		0
Series B Preferred Stock [Member]
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, Conversion of Units								25,975
Common Stock [Member]
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Common stock, shares, outstanding						1,208,919		2,548,811
Shares of common stock for the execution			64,702
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, Conversion of Units	40,596	289,241		100,000	1,158,327	117,946	854,205
Common Stock [Member] \| Series B Preferred Stock [Member]
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Shares of common stock for the execution								972,149
Common Stock [Member] \| Series C Preferred Stock [Member]
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Shares of common stock for the execution								303,041

Warrants (Details Narrative) - $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2025	Mar. 12, 2025	Mar. 05, 2025	Feb. 26, 2025	Feb. 25, 2025	Dec. 23, 2024	Mar. 31, 2025	Jan. 23, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Class of Warrant or Right, Exercise Price of Warrants or Rights							$ 1.00
Warrant Liabilities							0	97,216	0
Common Stock [Member]
Warrants to purchase		4,060	28,924	10,000	115,833	85,421
Class of Warrant or Right, Number of Securities Called by Warrants or Rights								64,702
Common Stock [Member] \| Subsequent Event [Member]
Warrants to purchase	11,795

Future minimum rent payments under the Leases as of March 31, 2025 are as follows: (Details)	Mar. 31, 2025 USD ($)
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
2025	$ 24,259
2026	0
Total minimum lease payments	24,259
Less: amount representing interest	(263)
Present value of minimum lease payments	$ 23,996

Commitment and Contingencies (Details Narrative)	3 Months Ended
Commitment and Contingencies (Details Narrative)	Mar. 31, 2025 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Operating lease ROU assets	$ 23,572		$ 46,754
Operating lease liability current	23,997		47,605
Operating lease liability noncurrent
Lease expense	23,608	$ 24,438
Cash Paid for Amounts Included in Measurement of Lease Liabilities	$ 24,259	$ 23,797
Minimum [Member]
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Leases range, percent	0.0625
Maximum [Member]
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Leases range, percent	0.0725
Use Rights [Member]
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Operating lease ROU assets	$ 23,572		$ 46,754

Schedule of income tax provision attributable to loss before income tax benefit (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2025
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Statutory federal income tax rate	21.00%
State taxes, net of federal benefit	6.71%
Change in valuation allowance	(27.71%)
Effective tax rate	0.00%

Income Taxes (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
Income Taxes (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2025	Mar. 31, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Provision for income taxes
Effective income tax rate	0.00%	0.00%
Statutory federal income tax rate	21.00%

Schedule of lease extension (Details)	Mar. 31, 2025 USD ($)
Subsequent Events [Abstract]
December 31, 2025 (6 months only)	$ 30,087
December 31, 2026	61,435
December 31, 2027	63,957
December 31, 2028	66,478
December 31, 2029	68,999
December 31, 2030 (expires June 30, 2030)	35,130
Total rents under the Leases’ renewal	$ 326,087

Subsequent Events (Details Narrative) - shares								1 Months Ended					3 Months Ended
Subsequent Events (Details Narrative) - shares	Apr. 11, 2025	Apr. 10, 2025	Apr. 09, 2025	Apr. 08, 2025	Apr. 07, 2025	Mar. 12, 2025	Mar. 05, 2025	Apr. 17, 2025	Feb. 26, 2025	Feb. 25, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 23, 2024	Mar. 31, 2025
Common Stock [Member]
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Shares converted						40,596	289,241		100,000	1,158,327	117,946	854,205
Series B Preferred Stock [Member]
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Preferred Stock, Shares Outstanding											25,975		46,025
Shares converted													25,975
Series C Preferred Stock [Member]
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Preferred Stock, Shares Outstanding											303,041		536,959
Subsequent Event [Member] \| Series B Preferred Stock [Member]
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Preferred Stock, Shares Outstanding		3,660	3,575	2,200	35,330
Subsequent Event [Member] \| Series B Preferred Stock [Member] \| Common Stock [Member]
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Shares converted		132,801	119,166	73,333	1,209,767
Subsequent Event [Member] \| Series C Preferred Stock [Member]
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Preferred Stock, Shares Outstanding	85,358		28,088		260,185			9,866
Subsequent Event [Member] \| Series C Preferred Stock [Member] \| Common Stock [Member]
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Shares converted	85,358				260,185			9,866
Subsequent Event [Member] \| Series C Preferred Stock Me [Member] \| Common Stock [Member]
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Shares converted			28,088